eS ape ease . Le " Ee we Ss —_—_— a 5 ’ 4 4 « 4 — Eee VAs see) oe ae ae Cnt -» —— a i eS r hi hee eS Be * i —_ =a — a oe Sheik! es or = = 7 iz . i ' . “ : A =e at te PT B03013684C 7 - a : . 7 nh = * Vian RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. LOX DON * WENT, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS, HATTON GARDEN, &.C, Q //. 4004 =e ek S95. 78095} RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA; A DESCRIPTION OF THE BUTTERFLIES THE MALAY PENINSULA. BY W. L. DISTANT, M.A.I. FELIOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; MEMBERED OF THE EXTOMOLOGICAL BOCIETY OF FRANCE, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENXTOMOMMICAL AOCIETY OF STOCKHOLM, AXD OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, With 46 Coloured Plates and 129 Woodrnts. LONDON: W. L. DISTANT, care or WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C. PENANG: D. LOGAN, Ese. 1652—1886. 75.18 PREFACE. A prescription of Malay Butterflies needs neither apology nor defence. All such publications appeal to two universal sentiments, the love of Nature—the keystone of the sense of beauty—and the love of Science*—which is equivalent to man’s innate craving after knowledge; and the first has frequently prompted the second, so that a mere collector of butterflies often develops into an excellent entomologist. There are three methods under which a faunistic study may be pursued, and these seldom appeal in an equal degree to the same worker. They may be described. as the classificatory, in which the species and genera are analytically described and enumerated in their proper families or groups; the comparative, by which an analysis of different faunas affords the materials which support the generalisations us to geographical distribution; and the evolutionary or really biological method—often the first only—which seeks in embryonic development, and the peculiarities of surface colouring und markings to form some conception of how living animals came to have the forms and appearance which they possess. These methods are dependent on each other, and the most profound generalisations have been made by those who have done much of that pure and simple anatomical and classificatory work, + which by’ some theorists of the day, who would explain the problems of Nature from the revelations of their own inner consciousness, is looked upon as the amusement of a few unphilosophiecal pedants. To understand these Malay butterflies, of which 503 species, arranged in 143 genera, are here described, and, with very few exceptions, figured, several preliminary positions require to be mastered, such as the physical dimensions and position of the area on which our fauna is found, the extent to which at present that fauna has been investigated, and what relationship it bears to the various insular and continental faunas which surround it. To define our area is to commence our difficulties, for most faunistic works bear the name of a region which has not been thoroughly—often very imperfectly—explored by the collecting naturalist, and consequently we are sometimes only describing a part under the designation of the whole. ‘This element of partial knowledge is very pronounced in ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,’ for though the Malay Peninsula may be described roughly as extending from the Isthmus of * The butterfly has frequently fulfilled an unscientific réle, as in the notion of the “leyp-bya," or butterfly spirit of the Burman, & corrupt exerescence of Buddhism (ef. ‘The Burman, his Life, and Notions,’ by Shway Yoe, vol. ii. chap. xi), According to Friederich (‘Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur’) the butterfly was a symbol of death, as signifying the soul separated from the body; for which reason it was represented as sitting on an empty skull. One species was specially thought to announce disaster and a dry summer. + As Darwin, who produced the *‘Monvograph of the Cirripedia," and Huxley, Haeckel, Wallace, Bates, and others, who have all contributed much to the same class of Biological literature. b vi PREFACE, Krah or the southern extremity of Tenasserim on the north, to Cape Romania, the Tanjung- bulus, or “naked headland” of the Malays, in the south, including the many islands on the western and the less numerous islands on the eastern coasts;* unfortunately the Zoology of the whole of this areat 1s unknown, and our information is almost entirely derived from the collections made at the different settlements along the western coast. It must therefore be remembered that our knowledge of the butterflies and other living animals of the Malay Peninsula is principally based on collections made at Kedah, Penang, Province Wellesley, Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Johore, and Singapore; and although there is no reason to suppose that the fauna of the eastern portion of this narrow peninsula is much different from that of the western, there are probably still many local species to be found there, which will add considerably to our faunistic catalogues. } In comparing an insect fauna with those of surrounding areas, the physical geography, geology, and botany of the different areas become factors of first importance in showing us not only the road by which much specific migration may have taken place, but also whether the surrounding conditions are capable of maintaining the emigrant species, and in an unmodified form. Now a study of the Rhopalocera of the Malay Peninsula gives unmistakable proof of the relationship both in genera and species to those of Burma and North-Eastern India on one side and to the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and—in a less degree—to Java at its southern extremity. This is exactly what the physical geography and geology of the Peninsula would lead us to expect. As Logan has remarked, ‘it is directly united not only geographically but geologically with the continental mass, and, through the islands to the south and Sumatra on the west, a connection with the rest of the Malayan Archipelago can be established.”’§ Of the classificatory details of the vegetation I do not possess sufficient knowledge to warrant an assertion, but we must remember—as Spruce truly remarks when speaking of the distribution of the Lepidoptera of the Amazon Valley—that it ‘‘can rarely correspond to the grander features of the vegetation, for the simple reason that the food of caterpillars is scarcely ever the foliage, &ec., of the loftier forest trees, but chiefly of soft-leaved undershrubs and low trees, (1) which grow under the shade of the forest, and have, many of them, a restricted range, or (2) which spring up where the primeval woods have been destroyed, and in waste places * The reader who may wish to consult some of the best and original descriptions of the Peninsula may be safely referred to the ‘Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Malay Peninsula,’ by J. R. Logan (Journ, Ind. Archip, vol. ii. p. 88 (1848), the previously published chap. vii. of the first vol. of Newbold's ‘ British Settlementa in the Straits of Malacca’ (1899), and also the excellent compilation of Crawfurd in his ‘Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries,’ p. 255 (1856), More modern accounts are often largely indebted to the above. + Much ingenuity has been displayed in identifying the Malay Peninsula with the Awrea Chersonesus of the ancients, and many modern writers have adopted the view. Prof. Haeckel, however, states his conviction that “The Tarshish of the ancient Phoenicians and Hebrews can only have been Galle; the apes and peacocks, ivory and gold, which these navigators brought from the legendary Tarshish, were actually known to the old Hebrew writers by the same names as they now bear among the Tamils of Ceylon, and all the descriptions we derive from them of the much-frequented port of Tarshish apply to none of the seaports of the island, but the Rockpoint—Punto Galla” (‘A Visit to Ceylon,’ p. 178). On this subject one must cite the nameless commentator alluded to by Jortin, “ who, explaining 1 Kings x. 22, Once in three years came the navy of Tarshish, bringing gold and silver, apes, and peacocks, says that by the apes wo are to understand heretics" (‘ Remarks on Eccles. Hist.’ vol. i. p. 148). { As these pages are passing through the press, Mr. J. K. Birch has forwarded to me a specimen of the ubiquitous * Painted Lady," Pyramets cardut, Linn., which he captured on Penang Hill. § Journ. Ind. Archipel. vol. ii. p. 90 (1848), PREFACE. vii near the habitations of men, &e.”* It appears, however, that the flora follows more or less the main features of the Rhopalocerous fauna, for Prof. Thiselton Dyer, with the knowledge acquired from the vast Indian Collection contained in the Kew Herbarium, has found that ‘there is a marked difference between the vegetation of the greater part of the Peninsula of Hindostan and that of the areas to the north and north-east of it. The latter belongs to the type characteristic of the Malayan region, which is also represented on the Malabar coast and in Ceylon.” + Too little attention is often paid to the physical characteristics of a region which, qualifying the flora, greatly influences the nature of the insect fauna, and this doubtless will be clearly shown in the Malay Peninsula, when the central highlands have been more fully worked, and collections made there compared with those acquired on the alluvial coasts.} Even introduced plants will often add a corresponding diversity in insect life. Mr. Uhler found from an examination of the country in and around Denver in North Ameriea, particularly on the west side, that the common weeds of the eastern division of the continent had already established themselves there, and that, as was to be expected, many of the common insects dependent upon them were present in abundance. § The material is not yet collected and tabulated by which the Rhopalocera of the Malay Peninsula can be thoroughly and analytically compared with that of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; but our facts are sufficient to show that the Malay butterflies have their nearest relationship with those of Borneo—especially North Borneo; || im a lesser degree with those * Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. ix. p. 852. +: Proc. Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. xxii. no. vi. p. 25 (1878). } This particularly struck the late Dr. Stoliczka when at the Nicobars, and he gave the following table, based on the information of Hochsetter, to illustrate the fact :— GEOLOGICAL CHANACTER OF THE UNDERLYING Ke alluvium. 2. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, dry marine alluvium. 8. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, beside dry fresh-water allnovium. 4, Fresh-water swamp and damp fresh-water alluvium. 5. Plastic clay, magnesian clay, marls and partially serpentine. 6. Sandstone, slate gabbro, dry river alluvium. Coanacten or Sor. Swampy ground, not capable of cultivation. Fertile calcareous soil, principal constituents carbonate and phosphate of lime. Fertile caleareous sandy soil. Swampy ground, capable of being cultivated, Not fertile, clayey soil, de constituents silicate of alumina an Loose clayey sandy soil, rich in alkalies and silicate of magnesia. Mangrove forest. HespectTive CHARACTER oF VroErraTron. Cocoa-palm forest. Large forest trees. Pandanua forest. Grassy plains. Jungle (the true pri- lime, very fertile. | meval forest). —(‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. ii. p. 44.). § Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. vol. iii. p. 856. Mr. E. L. Layard has given a most interesting account of a similar oceurrenee:—'' Many years ago, on my old magistracy at Point Pedro, in Ceylon, we had a very rainy season. Up sprang a flower I had not previously noticed in the north, the Aristolochia indica. Two beautiful insects, one a moth, the other a large Papilio, frequented it in the south of the island, both unknown in the north. I said to my wife, ‘Remember the marbled white; let us watch.’ True enough in due time I captured the Papilios hovering over it, and found the glorious caterpillar of the moth feeding on it. Whence had they come? Thoy were unknown in the north! I believe from what I have experienced, that with insects a species may remain dormant in the egg, and even at the pupa state, for years, until some peculiar state of the atmosphere or other occult causes bring them out” (‘ Field,’ June 9, 1877, p. 674). || I am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer for the opportunity—by the aid of his large collection—of forming a somewhat thorough acquaintance with the Rhopalocera of Northern Borneo. witt PREFACE. respectively of Sumatra, Burma and the North-Hastern Indian districts,* and in a still much less degree to those of Java and Ceylon. In fact, without some reference to the butterflies of Borneo, Sumatra, and North-Eastern India, a knowledge of those of the Malay Peninsula is as superficial as would be that of those of England when restricted and uncompared with the Rhopalocera of the other portions of the Palearctic region. So closely are many of these Malay species allied to other surrounding local forms or species, that far more accuracy could have been attained had a larger and wider fauna been described. Thus, owing to the exigency of the case, I have treated Fuplea diocletianus as a distinct species from the Continental Indian E. rhadamanthus and the Bornean FE. lowei. Now had the Rhopalocera of the whole Indo-Malayan region been enumerated the identification would have been more philosophically as follows :— Euplea diocletianus. Var. a. rhadamanthus. Continental India. Var. b. diocletianus. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Cochin China, Sumatra. Var. c. alcidice. Java. Var. d. loweix. Borneo. This would point out to the student that he is dealing with a number of distinct local races, or, as might be better expressed, local phases of one dominant form or species. Through this cause the enumeration of a local fauna, such as of the Malay Peninsula, is necessarily narrow in principle, and lacks the philosophical breadth which raises descriptive Entomology to a true biological standard. It is very satisfactory to find how many good observations are made by collectors abroad, and how much our knowledge is increased by not only their facts, but frequently also by their suggestions. It is not to be accepted as canonical, though frequently tacitly advanced, that all good work in entomological literature can only be done at home. The observer abroad is untrammelled by much of the obscurations of the Scribes and Pharisees found in our learned societies, and many a good naturalist has been spoilt by the jealousies and opposition of many who profess the same study as himself.t When one recalls the names of such observers as Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace, Bates, Belt, and Fritz Miller, Emerson’s opinion of Thoureau is recalled: “he saw as with a microscope, heard as with ear-trumpet, and his memory was a photographic register of all he saw and heard.” The study of butterflies does not consist only in a recognisable knowledge of their imago condition, but the egg} is a structure of wonderful diversity, and the larval or caterpillar condition affords a field of research of which the ground may be said to be only just broken. It would be in breeding that the writer—were he permitted to sojourn in the Peninsula again—would find his employment, and till the life-histories are worked out, and the egg and larval stages properly described and figured, * As found in the valleys and plains, and not above an height of 8500 or 4000 feet. } It is not uncommon to find that the elnim to have originally described a species, or to be acknowledged aa the authority on some genus which no one else has studied, affords as much satisfaction as though the writer had created ‘Hamlet’ or written the ‘ Origin of Species.’ { A new classification of Rhopalocera, based on the structure of the egg, has just been proposed by Mr. Wm. Doherty (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. lv. p. 108 (1886). PRIEFACE. ix the ‘Rhopalocera Malayana’ cannot be thoroughly studied, and this publication is simply an introduction to the subject. There is little doubt that when the Malay butterflies are carefully and systematically bred by some careful and accurate observer, many of the so-called species described in this volume will be found to be but seasonal forms of some other species» whilst, on the other hand, forms which we have degraded from specific rank on account of smallness in divergence of character, may show in larval conditions true specifie differences. The standard of biological study, in a philosophical sense, has been wonderfully raised during the last few years, and entomological science has necessarily followed the same path. The literature of the Rhopalocera has now been sufficiently long in the iconographic condition. There was a time when the importance of this description of work could scarcely be over-estimated, and the publications of Cramer and Drury may be said to have culminated in the beautifal works of Hewitson. ‘The next epoch may be called the search for a classificatory or methodical arrangement. It began with the publication of the excellent and still valuable ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ to which the names of Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson are attached, and eventually produced Mr. Kirby's ‘ Synonymie Catalogue,’ a compilation which has been universally used, and which—in the opinion of the writer—has helped the study as much as any other single work yet published. We have now approached the critical and philosophical epoch in which curiosity as to the constituents of a fauna is submerged in the enquiry as to the derivation or evolution of that fauna. ‘The key-note was struck when Bates eloquently remarked, as to the wings of butterflies, “that on these expanded membranes Nature writes, as on a tablet, the story of the modifications of species, so truly do all changes of the organisation register themselves thereon.” * It now becomes my pleasant duty to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of those, who in one case was directly instrumental in this work being published, and im the other instances have helped to make it what it is, by reducing its errors and contributing information. ‘ Hamlet’ without the Prince of Denmark, would be ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana’ without the name of my friend D. Logan, of Penang. The inception of the publication is due to him; the clauses of our arrangement were very simple—I was to write as a labour of love, and he agreed to act as the financial Mecenas. He has thoroughly fulfilled his obligation—I hope he may think that I have tried to do the same. I also have to return thanks to the Army, the Navy, and the Church for much help on the spot. It was fortunate that the “ Inniskillings’” were quartered at Singapore, and I thus secured the assistance of Lieut. A. Mainwaring Goodrich and Paymaster Jno. Manners Kerr, whilst Capt. M. J. Godfery, of the Commissariat and Transport Staff placed me under no inconsiderable obligation, not only by the gift and loan of specimens, but also by the contribution of many original observations. A call made at Singapore by H. M.5. ‘ Penelope,’ with that enthusiastic entomologist Mr, Gervase F. Mathew on board, naturally added to our knowledge; and that the Rev. L. C. Biggs has been Chaplain both at Malacca and Penang ® ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 8rd edit., p. 348. One is almost reminded of the words of Sir Thomas Browne, though alluding to “bees, ants, and spiders":—“ Ruder heads stand amazed at these prodigious picces of nature, whales, elephants, dromedaries, and camels; these, I confess, are the colossuses and majestick pieces of her hand; but in these narrow engines there is more curious mathematicks; and the civility of these little citizens more neatly sets forth the wisdom of their Maker” (' Religio Medici"). ¢e x PREFACE, during this publication is a cireumstance that cannot be too warmly acknowledged. Not only have I received many specimens direct from Mr. Biggs, but that veteran naturalist, Mr. P. H. Gosse,—who I am happy to say is still living, and naturally still working, at Torquay,—also placed in my hands the specimens he had previously received from Malacca through the same instrumentality. Mr. Durnford proved a tower of strength at Sungei Ujong, whilst Messrs. J. K. Birch and W. Egerton sent me several species not hitherto known to form part of the fauna. Herr Kiinstler has made large collections at Perak for various ento- mologists, and I have had the fortune to examine a considerable portion of these through the kindness of Dr. John Anderson, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Herr Ribbe, of Dresden,* and Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, whilst Herr HE. Honrath, of Berlin, has afforded me much information as to similar consignments. To Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, I am indebted for the examination of a most valuable and interesting Malaccan collection, which contained many new species, whilst the collections and adyice of Mr. F. Moore and Messrs. Godman and Salvin have been freely at my service. Mr. L. de Nicéville, of Calcutta, has found time—with his many engagements—to give me much kindly help, which has been thoroughly appreciated; whilst both Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. A. G. Butler have given me any assistance I required at the British Museum, the first-named having also contributed the General Index to this volume. To my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, thanks are also due for the careful way—regardless of trouble—in which he has drawn the figures, and without which the results of chromo-lithography would have been much less satisfactory. The preparation of this publication has been the pleasure—in the scant leisure—of a busy man of other occupations during the last few years, commenced during ill health which threatened a speedy termination of all such undertakings, but which he is thankful to say has been removed. It has recalled again the scenes of other days, and reawakened that burning love of Nature which the tropics implant in the mind of any naturalist, and which tends to prove that he also belongeth to that order of things which is capable of endless modification, but which changeth not. ; * My attention has just been directed to a paper published in the ‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift’ for 1885 (p. 225), in which Herr C. Plotz has described several species of Heaperiide collected by Kiinstler “auf Malacca (Perak),” and which are contained in the collection of Herr Ribbe. I am, however, to my regret, quite unable to identify these by the short descriptions given, and incline to the opinion that in some cases synonymy has been created. FAMILIES, GENERA, AND es SYSTEMATIC LIST Sub-fam. DANAIN AL. Group DANAINA., Genus Hestta. Tab. & Fig, 1. Hestia lynceus Sie ek Igoe 2. » lintenta wid oe : Tee | B.. 4, leuconos ana xxxix., 8 Genus [pKopsts. 4, Ideopsisdaos ... aie — 1., 8, 4 Genus RapeENa. 5. Radena vulgaris ns ime i., § 6. ss juventa ona see xXxxix., 4 Genus Danats. 7. Danais aspasia, var. crocea ... Pe & 86, melaneus wae i, 6 f oo “tylie. «ss ane aes xli., 15 10. 4, agleoides ela oF L, 5 ll. ,, septentrionis ... aed LL, 9 1a; 5; utia vie «ee ., 2, 8 13. 4 melonippus ... rie i. 1 var. hegesippus s+. 14, , abigar ... aa one xli., 11 15. , ¢chrysippus... £2 L, 10 “8 var, aleippoides : xl., 18 Genus Eveima. 16. Euplea malayica ay ai lie, 7 17: » bremeri : a ii., 4 18. » Mmarsdeni cv fe xxxix., 1 19, » castelnaui Per = 6 20. » tmidamus eu nr 8, 0 91. a» muleiber re tan ia, 1,2 22. » ledereri x = il., 10 23. » vestigiata ... ace Adiey 6, 7 24. » diocletianus ... - iv., 4,6 25. ve Crash .. . en 5 26. «» dejeani E iv., 1 07. iy ble ws firs 2} 98. , margarita . © iv, 8 29, 4 distanti m so HO. podart. ‘ lii., 5 Bl. = 4g «2S MOnbtriési : ii., 4,5 a aie ws «= ds | 20 BS. = arrisi (mec. grotei) . li., B Page ew. 6; 405 we 13 406 Lee 406 eo 8; 407 ae 10 . 407 see la 14; 408 408 1h 16 18; 408 r 19 409 20 : 408 ee pe 23; 410 411 od 24; 410 een “5 fe et | 26; 410 ' 28 29; 410 ee ry! 2 40 << 1 ihe 32 ane 4 Tr? Bea ake ao 6; 411 OF SPECIES Sub-fam. SATYRINAS. Genus MELANITIS. Tab, & Fig, Page 84. Melanitis leda . ons FS iv., 10° 41; 411 B4 a. Pe ismene ash wan WS 9, 11,12 42; 411 aa. Pa zitenius x “yi Xxxviii., 2 412 36. “ suyndana ... = xxuix.,2 ... 412 a7. ist abdulle ee sa xix., 3 418 Genus LETHE. 38. Lethe europa ... PE aa V., 5,6 sas 43 Bo. ,, mekara ... aus ar xxxix., 9 418 40, ,, minerva ... = xxxvi., 8 ... 414 Genus Ceres. . Celites euptychioides ... ae woodcut, 15 45 ot var. humilis = 42, 4 epiminthia ... “ xixs,°8) ss 415 Genus NEORINA. 48. Neorina lowii, var. «+ ae Xxxvil., 8... 416 Genus ERrres. 44. Erites angularis ok Wag eee Genus saan 45. Mycalesis anaxins XXxvi., 7 416 46. 7 maianeas — .., — vil., 4 + 48 47. a orsels one v., 4 49; 416 48. ne medus == iv., 8 Gj 49 49. se mineus ate : iv., 18, 14... 60 os var. aan 1v., 7 ae 61 50. 7 nautilus = re xi, 4 « Alf 61. blasius ine “ar vil, 7 a 52 52. a mnnsicles ... aos XXXVI, 5... 417 5a. is fusca ons aes ¥., 1 = 58 54. = anapita os ans xxxix. 8 ... 418 55, - janardana ... ine V4 2 L 64 5G. = ustulata re os xli., 16 . 418 Genus Yrromia. 57. Ypthima pandocus ... ss Vin 8 55; 419 “! var, coricaria ae oa. _ meéethora = — vi, 9 56; 419 50. = newboldi sae iv., 6 ; 57 GU, ms hiibneri fe vii., 6 57 61. on fasciata as “hs woodeut, 122 420 #4 Uir. aaa ne Genus Ragaptia. 2. Ragadia crisia nan ane an xix. 7 41) rr Xi SYSTEMATIC LIST OF Tab. & Fig. Page Genus EyMstas. Elymnias diserepans ... «as Wily 3,8 60 : | ‘vi., 1 rr nigrescens ... sie ee tt a ol + Intescens ... — th, 4:0 i. 62 . lais - IX, 2 ats 62 ” penanga _ r. vie’ Ms ate G3 = abrisa ie “SS slii.,5 «.. 421 " ensiphone ios ana vi, 10 an Hee p saiieri fp oF ix., 8 ane 5 tl kiinstleri rae one xli., 9 =. 422 vs godferyi : xxxix., 5 ... 423 Subfam. NYMPHALIN AB. Group MORPHINA. Genus AMATHUSIA. Ps rien phidippns ... . 6,7 70; ro re lucida seri. Tae 4258 Genus ZEUXIDIA. Zeuxidia amethystus ... Vi 12} 72; 424 XxxVill., 5) A alti (xxxviil., 6,9 494 76. an donbledaii mee ioe | woodout, 124, ad Aah 77. a aurelins Gs eas XXXVil., 1... 425 Genns Discornora. 78. Diseophora tullia var, ... oka vil., 8,9 74; 426 79. ss sondaica ... AS xliii., 7 «. 426 80, “5 eelinde ... Hes ¥., 10, 11 ... 75 Genns THAUMANTIS. 81. Thaumantis Incipor ... —... IX, 8,9 .. TT 62. e noureddin of Na a 78; 496 83. 5 odana ... a xxxvi., 8... 427 84. a pseudaliris mae viii., 8 cae 79 Genus Tewxarrs, 85. Tenaris birchi . ri =xxix., 7 ... 428 Genus CLEROME. 86. Clerome gracilis 5 viii., 1 81; 428 87. nn arcesilans ,., a xl., 6 a. 428 88. ue fannula eas fen Vill., 2 oom §1 Genus XANTHOTAENIA. 89. Xanthotmnia busiris Ae mas vi, 7 he 82 aap NYMPHALINA. enus KALLIMa, 90. Kallima buxtoni var. ... a Xxxvil., 2... 499 Genus DoLescnannta. : xi., 8 sige 91. Doleschallia pratipa ova { tee 8} DS 88 Genus VANESSA. 92. Vanessa porakana ons xi, 1 «re 480 Genus Precrs. 95. Precisiphita ... Soe a xi., 9; ix., 6 90 Od, on ide ome eee XL, 10 oe 92 : Genus Junontra. 95. Junonia atlites ... : + 3h, 11,125. 03 96. Ae asteric ne wee om 9 *X,1,3 a a4 yf Ae wallacei tie oa xi, 3,4 4... 95 98, xt lemonins ir ane xi., 6 % 06 Genus RurNopaupa, 99. Rhinopalpa fulvea 3 aS Si. cs Re 8k 98 1 . 9 ? eudoxin .. eee xvii rT fi eae 99 Genus ART 101. Symbrenthia hyppoclus sia xlii., 4,5... 481 102. ms hypatia ... xi., G6 .. 482 Genus Eviacura, 108. Eulacura osteria bon we xii, 65,6 ... 100 | Tab. & Fig. Page Genus CHARAXES. 104. Charaxes echo ... eat a woodcut, 38 108 105, o schreiberi ... aa xiii., 3 . 104 106. fi delphis =e XV. 1 » 105 107. + athamas rer. samatha xii, 8 .. 106 108, ‘i hehe ... oer ome XV, as 107 109, se moori ope i xiii... 8 .. 108 110, - jalysus — xiii., 4 . 106 Lil, a durnfordi ... +1,, 8 . 493 113. = borneénsia var, KXXVii., 6... 488 118, ms harpax wie a xiii., 1 .. 109 114. - haya .. B 7 ZxxvL, 1... 488 115. - distanti ae aee KxXVI., B sis 434 Genus PRoTHOE. ia 116. Prothoe uniformis ... ... | XXxxvili., 4... 434 117. » angelica i ens not figured 435 118. ,, ealedonin ... «» xii, 9 «. 110 Genus SyYMPHEDRA. — 119. Symphedra dirten — ... wes x, 7,8 .. 112 120. i ardalis ... sab ww. «©: 443 121. fe omales ... ane not figured 114 Genus EUTHALIA. 122. Enthalia derma... «2 +» MIX 4 ws | 116 123. " dunya... se is esa » 486 ( XXxvii., 4 194. uP bellata 2 ee | xliii., 12 436 125. “ anosia eee AS. xiv., 6 «. 17 126, a garuda sae Prey XM. 1, 2 . 117 127. ve parta ... = aes EXXViL., 7... 437 Ce hoy Cae ek ae 129, 7. merta ... vas wid xliii, 1,2... 487 180, m laverna aaa a Fr 40 119 181. i zichri ... Sie 5 xlii., 6 ... 488 182. 3 adonia var, ... az xix., 10,11... 120 138. 4 lubentina ... a Xiv., 4 138; 435° 184, i bipunetata ... oe slit, 8 .. 496 185. 5 decorata—..., - xiv. @ 199; 459 136. e ramada wae =e xix., 6 122; 439 137. 5 macnairi a. =» Xiv., 6,10... 198 188. < stoliczkana ... a “iv., 11 ... 194 139. ” maclayi sie att xiv. 12 ... 194 140, es cocytina oat sav MV, T .. 195 “ViiL, 8 141. + puseda oA oie Bs 3 } we «=6.1 85 ee abe |, the fehl 3} we 197 145. ‘2 xiphiones... ons xxxvi., 9,10 489 144, “i ‘lepidea var. ... ace xxxvi., 4,5 439 Genus TaNaArctra, 145. Tanaéeia flora ... a vas xviili., 6 1... 199 146. ‘i supereilin aks xv., 5 180 147. * violaria “5: xv., 9 ws 80 if. pulasara =... fee ie .. 180 rm rT Var, de oon xvili., 9 «.. 181 149, + consanguinea = xli., 4 1. ©6440 150, ” arnnn... one see xv. 7 182 151. robertsi és + not figured ‘182; 440) 152. i nicévillei =... don xh, a. 440 : Genus Evarrvs, 158. Euripus enpleoides ... ace xili., 6,7 ... 184 154. halitherses ... xiii, 11... 44 155. » Ppfeiffere eet ii woodout, 42 195 Genus KuryTEta. : +3 xv., 10, ¢ ' 156. Eurytela castelnani | Sh, 10, a }136; 441 Genus Ereorts. 157. Ergolis ariadne ... =a cat xi., O o- 157 168. 4, merione... oo xv., 6 188 159. LB | 1 us na oe 7 xxxix., 6 189; 41 FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES. Tab. & Fig. Genus Crests, Page 160. Cyrestis nivea var. nivalis ... xii, 8 .. 140 161. rc cocles ... wae kes xli., 18 «... 442 162. “ formosa ice eo» woodent, 125 44 168. » earl ... ane ain xiii., 6 . <&IA41 164. ae periander eee eee xii, 1 oom 443 Genus CHERSONESIA. 165. Chersonesiarabria .. .. ii, 4 «.. 142 166, on peraka ese See xi., 6 oe 443 Genus ParRTHENos. 167. Parthenos cere per Dy 30 800 412d. ,, mestor .., cea eed xxvii., 3, 7 #41 re se EXVL, aL 41230. ,, achates... .. w. ‘g Fin, 6,7. Amathusia phidippus 8. ¥pthima pandocus rer. corticarin, 9. " methora 10. Elymnias casiphone 11. + penanga TAB, VU. 1,2. Aeuxidia amethvatus 3. Thaumantis noureddin 4, Mycalesia mainnena Ypthima hiibneri Elymnias penanga Mycalesis blasina 8,9. Diseophora tullia, var. TAB. VIII. 1. Clerome gracilis 2. » fannuola 4. Thaumantis peeudaliris 4. Copha e this 5. Gethosia logani 6,7, 3. » hypsina i, a methypsea ‘ TAB, TX. 1. Elymnias nigrescens 2. ns lois a. aa satieri 4, Atella Sore 5. Precis iphita 6. Doleschallia pratipa 7. Thaumantis noureddin a, lucipor TAB. ole 1,2. Cynthia deione 3,4. Cirrochroa malaya 5. Oynthia cantori 6. Terinos teuthras 7. eh robertsia 8. Atella sinha _ 9. Cirrochrona orissa 10. = rotundata TAB. XL. 1,2. Junonia asteric 3, 4. » wallacei 5, » lemonias 6. Ergolis ariadne 7. Parthenos gambrisius rer. lilacinus 8. Doleschallia pratipa 9. Precis iphita 10. ide 11,12. Junonia atlites TAB. XII. ie 2, Rhinopalpa fulva 3. Cyrestis nivea rar. nivalis ’ 4. Chersonesia 5,6. Eulacura osteria 7.8. = ae ra dirtea | ypolimnas misippus 10. - bolina ll. ‘ misippus 13, = i 13, Pandita sinope TAB. XIII. 1. Charaxes harpax 2 Fie achreiberi a nf moori 4 » jolysus 5. Cyrestis earli 6,7. Euripos eupleoides 8. Charaxes athamas ver, samatha 9, Prothoe caledonia TAB, XIV. 1,2. Euthalia garoda a. “ asoka 4. 1 lubentina 5. * anosia fi, fF MACnAIri ae Ae laverna a. sa jama F ‘ decorata 10. ~ macnairi 11. c atolicxkana 12. maclayi 18. Tanabcla pulasara TAB. XY, 1, Charaxes delphia 2 ‘ hebe 43. Euthalia puseda 4 - jama 5 a9 nsoka 4. Ergolis merione ig Tanadécia arona supercilia 9, » Violaria 10. Eurytela castelnaui ll. Hypolimnas misippue bolina = ‘ih TAB. AVL 1. Athyma vi fa var. 2. * a. bl ok 4. » 8ubrata f. » &mbhara, rar, 6, 7. » nhefte rar, nivifern Fi, 8. Athyma abiasa rar, clerica 9, 10. H iditn Il. » pravara 12. » wrvasl 1%. Neptis vikasi ld. 3,, eurynome tar, MAMAja 15. ,, duryodana, ver, TAB. XVI. L. Limenitis procria 2. Neptis peraka Ba Rg rar. dorelia 4, liga dindin clagia 8,9. Hypolimnas incommoda 10, i. Lebadea martha 12. Neptia ophiana 15. » hordonia 14. ,, leneonata TAB. XVIII. lL. Neptis nata 2. ™ fononata 3,4. Zemeros emesoides &. Abisara savitri 6. Tanaéocia flora 7. Euthalia cocytina » puseds 9. Tanadcia pulasara, var. 10,11. Abisara kausambi 12. Zemeros alhipunctata 18. Abisara haquinua 14. » = tanita TAB. XIX. 1,2. Cirrochroa bajadeta 3%. Melanitis abdullm rs Euthalia derma +» Tramadn 6. Tanaécia pulasara 7. adin crisia §. Coplites epiminthia 9. Cirrochroa satellita 10,11. Euthalia adonia, rer. TAB. XX. 1. Polyommatus barticus 2. Gerydus symethus 8. Nacaduba TT cee eth aitia - 7 ct an elna : ' ‘aene erylus 7. Paragerrdie horsfieldi 8. Polyommatus bwticus 9. Zizera lysizone Fic. 10. Cheritra freja 11. Lampides kankena 12. Poritia sumatrm var. ! 18, 14. Nacaduba aluta 15, Neocheritra amrita 16,17. Nacaduba berod 18. Lampides kankena 19. Hypolyewna tharis 20, = Drupadia moorei . Nacadoba almora 28. Hypolyemna etalus 24. Nacaduba viola 25. Bindahara phocides 26, Deudorix jarbas 27,28. Lampides elpis ver, psendelpis 20. Biduanda lapithia 40. Drupadia moorei #TAB, XXII. 1. Narathora kurzi 2. Catochrysops cnejus 8. Lycmnesthes lycanina 4,5. Narathura centaurua 6. Cyaniris haraldus 7. Nacaduba sp.? 8. Catochrysops strabo 9,10, Narathura amphimuta 11, Tajuria mantra 12, , relata 13. Semanga superba 14. Catochrysopa strabo 14. Jncoona anasuja 16. Jamides bochus, var. 17. Catochrysops pandava 18. Lampides mlianus 19. Jamides bochus, rar. 20. Narathora anniella 21. Poritia phraatica 22. Cyaniris lambi 23. Amblypodi cares 24. Lampides a . 20, 26. ss 4 27. Dacalana vidura 28. Purlisa gigantea 2. Narathura agnis i). - ameria TAB. XXIL. lL. Sithon nedymond, rar. 2.5. Foritia earaatins i - io q. .» plalena 9,10. ,,. pheretia 11. Paragerydus nivalis 12. Gerydus biggsii 18. Neomyrina hiemalis 14. Gerydus symethus 15, Neopithecops horsfieldi 16. Poritin pediada 17. Catapmcilma elegans 18, Liphyra brassolis 1%. Lampides wlianus, rar. 90. Castalius:‘rosimon 21. Logania malayica - 20. Zizera karsandra 28. Tracin bosawelliana 94, Castalins roxus O5. a ethion Of. Curetis felderi 27. + Sperthi« ae, » mMalayica DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. TAB, MXIT. , Narathura adatha . . farquhari “ anthelus atosin 7. Dendorix domitia Spindasis syania . Narathura maxwelli ik antimuta 9, Neocheritra amrita . Rapala amisena . Panchala diardi . Sithon chitra . Gen. ? marcana . Narathura aron Fs metamata, var, ? | si metimote Tajuria longinue . Deudorix sequeira . utimiutis TAB. XXIV. . Catopsilia seylia Curetis felderi . Delias oe ATepeliy 7. Loxura atymnua- . Poritia phraatica . Appias nero Stiboges nymphidia. . Curetis meopna * . Delias hyparete rar, metarete . Dendorix jarbaa . Prioneris clemanthe TAB. XXV. . Catopsilia chryseis Terias sari . Appias hippo i » lem, ter. . Terias tilaha . Appias leptis, var, plana «= es, war. . Catopsilia crocale . Terias harina » #enne . Catopsilia catilla TAB. XXXVI. Saletara nathalia 3. Terias sari, rar. . Ixias birdi . Udaiana cynis 7. Terias sari, rer. Leptosia xiphin . Hebomoia glanecippe . Terias Saucon ruth. i - ecnbe, tar. Nepheronia hippia mir. 2a 4, Terias senna . Nepheronin lntescens . Terias hecabe, var. 1}, Nepheronia hippia, rar, Fea . Terias vallivolans . Dereas gobrias . Terias hecabe . Catopsilia chryseis, var. TAB. AXVIT. . Ornithoptera rnficollis . os hephwstua, ver, tt bh] Fra. ™ 5. Papilio onpape » butleri TAB. XXVIL."a 1. Ornithoptera ruficollia, 2,3. Papilio leucothod 4. Ornithoptera brookeana rhadamanthus a. 6. Papilio butleri TAB. XXVITI. n. 1. Ornithoptera brookeana 2. Papilio clytia a. » demolion 4. » delessertii 5. ~ ©ehunns 6 7 var, mginlus » @€rithonina var. malayanus » pheonix TAB. XXVIII. 1.. Papilio esperi 2. 3,4, 5. » sechates 5 » esperi 1. » Mestor TAB, XXTX. 1. Papilio agenor » prexaspes TAB. XXX, , 2. Papilio iswara ~o » Hephelus rar, saturnus TAB, XXXI 1,2. Papilio erebus 3,4. . Varuna é. » f&ntiphates var, pompilius 6,7 » &ristolochim var, diphilus 1. Papilio evemon 2. fe hathyclea 8, Leptovireus meges 4, Papilio brama & =©60CSsaycles 6. +» sarpedon 7. » agamemnon TAB. XXXII. 1, Appins amalia as ea andersoni 8. » cardena 4. Papilio doubledayi a, 6. » heptunus | 4 &,0,10. ,, polytea TAB, XXXIV. 1. Tagiades Ast 2. na 3. U daspes folus 4. Hyarotis adrastus 5. Tagiades lavata o. + attioug var. calligane 7. Plesioneura alysos 8. Kerana diocles 9. Baoris chaya 10. , moolata 11. Unkana batara 12. Baoris naroon 13. Gangara thyrsis 14. Tabougis calathus 15. Hidari irava 16. Abaratha surn 17. Erionota thrax 18, Abaratha pygela 19. Kerana anrivittata tor, cameroni 20. Tagiades trichoneura rar, 21. Astictopterus salsala 22. Choaspes hariaa 23. Telicota augias 24. a masoides 25. Unkana elin 26, Choaspes crawfurdi Zi. a chuza 28. Astictopterus xanites 99, Kernana gemmifer 30. Unkana attina TAB, AXXY. Lotongus maculatus Choaspes? malayanus Hasora Li wveig Paduka and ulosa . Pirdana hyela . Zea mythecn . Matapa aria . Pithanria murdava 10. Baoris mathins 1. =, unicolor 12. Telicota bambusre » foloides SOAR Sie 13. 14,15, ,, maro 16. nigrolimbata ig Satarupa affinis tur, cognata 18. Casyapa phanaus 10. Isma obseurn 20, ,, bononia 21. Tagiades dealbata 29, Baoria? insignis 25. Isma? homolon 24. Hidari sybirita 25, ,, staudingeri 26. Plastingia callineura 27. Coladenia dan 28, Plesioneura asmara 2. ‘s pinwilli 40. Astictopterus sindu 31, Kerana armata $2. Plesioneura? anthea TAB. XXXVI. 1. Charaxes baya 2. ve di istanti 3. Thaumantis odana 4, A. Euthalia lepidea, anys 6. Abisara neophron 7. Mycalesis anaxias 8. Lethe minerva 9,10, Euthalia xiphiones 11, Neptis anjana, var, TAB. XXXVI. 1. Kenxidia nurelius 9, Kallima baxtoni, rar. 3. Neorina lowii, rir. 4. Euthalio bellata 5. Mycalesis mnasicles Fria. 6. Charaxes borntensis, var. 7. Euthalia parta TAB. XXXVI. 1. Euthalia derma 2. Melanitis zitenius 8. Cethosia biblis 4. Prothoe uniformis 5. Zeuxides amethyatus i | | aa ] aa ‘ 7. Amathusia dilucida TAB. XXXIX. lL, Euplea maredeni 2. Melanitis euyudana 3. Hestia leuconoe 4. Radena juventa 5. Elymnias godferyi 6. Ergolis ismus 7. Tenaria birchi 8. Mycalesis anapita 9, Lethe mekarn TAB, XL. 1, Vanessa perakana 2,5. Abisara telesia DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Fra, 4. Mycalesis nautilus 5. Clerome arcesilans “3 Member peraka phedra pardalis a: Chatanee durnfordi . Tanaéecia nicévillai 10,11. Abisara damajanti 12. Paduca fasciata 13. Danais ain yeas var, aleippoides TAB. XLI. 1,2, 4 4. Hypolimnas anomala §. Deudorix epijarbas 6.7. Curetis insularis 8. Sater haryge 12. Cirrochroa rotundata 13, Cyrestis cocles 14. Neptis miah, var. 15. Danaia t 16, Mycalesis ustulata TAB. XLII. 1. Leptocireus curius 2. Libythea myrrha Filo, 3. Simiskina fulgens 4,5. Symbrenthia hyppoclus a. hypatia 7. Papilio anticrates, var. 8 a, i, Datei 1. Dannis abigar 12, Nacaduba kerriana a SE neapeci tessellatn L4. ias pyramus 15. Daraninn livens | 16. Delias descombesi TAB. XLII. 1,2. Euthalia merta ao bipunctata 4. inktcia consanguines 5. Elymnias abrisa 6. Euthalia zichri 7. Discophora sondaica 8. Neptis vikasi car. harita | 9, Hestina nama 10. Eurytela castelnaui 11. Euripus halitherses, rar, 12. Euthalia bellata = TAB, XLIV. - Deudorix xenophon . Allotinus alkamah Megiaba thwaitesii Zizera usta Cyaniris jynteana » _ placida Nacadaba macropthalma » Lycwnesthes bengalensis . Cyaniris sp.? rupadia moorei, rar. 12, Sinthusa amba 18. Polyommatus bagua 14. Curetis asopus * eae ei F oo ar _ Mb, Catochrysops enejus 16. Logania sriwa 17. Evores exiguus 18. Narathura buxtoni 19. Sinthusa amba 20. - amata 21. Lycmnesthes tesselluta 22. Lampides abdula 23. Horaga halba a Pinatt arehh lyph ls tingia hieroglyphica 26. Catapecilma bubnses RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Order LEPIDOPTERA. Suborder RHOPALOCERA. Rhopalocéres, Boisd, Spec. Gén, Lépid., i, p. 162 (1836). Tmts suborder includes the Butterflies as distinguished from the Moths, and is indicated by several characters which are common, but not invariable. The antenne are more or less clubbed or thickened at the apex, except in the family Hesperide, when they are generally hooked. ‘The wings in repose are folded vertically over the back, thus exposing the whole of their under surface; but exceptions to this rule also occur, as in the case of the well-known Ageronia feronia, Linn., a butterfly which is somewhat abundant in the orange groves of Brazil, and whose habits have been recorded by Mr. Darwin and other naturalists and travellers.* As a rule, also, these insects are diurnal in their flight, though a few are erepuscular in habit. However, the totality of these characters apply to the group, and the Fhopalocera may therefore, with such reservations, be described as possessing more or less ‘clubbed antenne, in flight diurnal, and in repose having the wings vertically folded above the back. The proper arrangement and classification of the Rhopalocera long absorbed the attention of Lepidopteral systematists, and as a resultant many rival and somewhat artificial systems were promulgated, all, however, more or less based on thorough and exhaustive examination. In this way facts slowly accumulated, and these, with a clear estimation of the important natural affinities afforded by the form of the anterior legs, together with the development theory in the hands of Mr. Bates, supplied the rest. We now possess a good natural classification which is almost universally followed, and which, with some slight modifications, will be used in this work. It represents the transition from a butterfly, whose aérial nature is shown by possessing only four ambulatory feet, with its pupa suspended by the tail to a branch or other substance, through gradual and approximating stages, towards the moths, which have always six perfect legs, and whose pup» are so frequently subterranean. Other systems of classification have been proposed, notably and almost concurrently with the above, by Herrich-Schiiffer,t and since by Guénée,} Seudder,§ Constant Bar,|| and * Tn the Pam. Heaperide the wings in repose are sometimes folded vertically; other species rest with the wings expanded horizontally; frequently the anterior wings are raised vertically, whilst the posterior ones remain in a horizontal position, See A. BR. Wallace, * Zoologist,’ vol. xi., p. 3884 (1853). } Corresp,-Blatt Zool.-mineral. Ver. Regensh. (1564), } Statistique Scientifique du Département d’Eure-et-Loire, Lépidoptores. Chartres, 1875, § ‘Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vi., p. 69 (1877). || Ann, Soc. Ent. France, Ser, V., t. viii., p. 6 (1878), March 81, 1882. Lh 2 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Rissler.* A careful examination of these systems may with advantage and instruction be made, but I have not found it necessary to depart from the classificatory views of Mr. Bates. Fam. NYMPHALIDA, Nymphalide, Bates, Trans. Linn, Soe, xxiii., p.515 (1861). Journ. Entomol., i. p. 220 (1861); ii. p. 176 (1864), Front legs imperfect in both sexes; in the female, at least, wanting the tarsal claws; in the male the fore tarsi quite rudimentary, consisting of one or two spineless joints. Pupa suspended freely by the tail. This family corresponds with ‘The brush-footed butterflies or Nymphales”’ of Scudder,}+ and is placed at Rate er pe the head of the Lhopalocera, a position so long held by e! Fy " ehrysippus. the Papilionide. In that family, however, both sexes ee denaricr tarsi of (From oem) 2 are in the possession of six perfect legs, and the pupa is secured not only by the tail, but by a girdle across the middle, characters which approximate towards those of the Hesperide and Moths. That the atrophy of the fore legs in the Nymphalide is a character that should elevate the family in rank, is well advocated by Scudder, who remarks:—‘‘ Now when we remember that this atrophy affects only the legs borne by the first segment of the thorax, and that this very segment, and this only, in passing from the low larval stage to the perfect form, has become greatly reduced in size, we must accept atrophy of these legs as a conclusive mark of high organization.” The same author has also remarked, in reference to the suspension of the chrysalis by the tail alone being considered a stage beyond that of hanging by tail and girth, ‘‘We have clear proof that all the ‘suspensi,’ as Boisduval happily calls them, have passed through the stage of the ‘succincti,’ since the straight ventral surface of the abdomen, assumed perforee by the succincti, when they left the cocoon stage, and became attached to hard surfaces, still remains in the chrysalis of the brush-footed butterjlies, where it no longer serves any purpose—as clear and striking an indication that the suspensi outrank the succincti, as that the pupa is higher than the larva.” On the contrary, however, it must be stated that so accomplished an entomologist and naturalist as Mr. A. R. Wallace has strongly argued for the retention of the Papilionidw at the head of the hopalocera, though he has since§ used the arrangement proposed by Mr. Bates; whilst our entomological Nestor, Prof. Westwood, still maintains that he sees ‘‘ no reason or even advantage in removing the six-legged J’apilionide from the head of the order, and substituting in their stead the Nymphalide, with their imperfect fore feet, advocated by the German writers, and servilely adopted by their English followers.’’ || * Jahrb. nass. Ver. fiir Naturk., xxxi. & xxxii., p. 220—231. Wiesbaden, 1880, ¢ Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vi., p. 60 (1877). + The male is represented by the sign ¢; the female by ¢. § Geogr. Distr. Anim. || Trans. Linn. Soc. Sec, ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 157 (1875). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 8 Subfam. DANAIN As. Danaine, Bates, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 176 (1864). Euplaine, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i., p, 1 (1881). Lower disco-cellular nervule of the hind wing perfect. Larv® smooth, with fleshy processes. Fore-wing submedian nervure of the imago double at its origin. 65 bd bo 2 b1 o bb ‘h im Fri. 3. Larva of Danais ehrysippus. (From Moore's * Lep. Ceylon.’) Fic. 4, Fic. 4. Anterior wing of Euplea phebus:—a, costal nervore; 6, subcostal nervure; 61, 62, 64, b4, 65, subcostal nervules; ¢1, ¢2, discoidal nervules; @, median nervure; dl, 22, d¢3, median wervules; ¢, submedian neryure; fl, f2, disco-cellular nervules; h, costa Or anterior margin; i, posterior or outer margin; j, inner margin; k, apex or anterior angle; |, posterior or unal angle; m, discoidal cell, . Fra. 5, Posterior wing (under side) of Danais septentrionia:—a, b, 61, 62, d, d1, d2, ds, e, ¢1, asin fig. 4; g, internal nervare; m, precostal nervure; #, abdominal or inner margin; o, discoidal cell. This subfamily is divided into two groups the first of which only is found in, but not restricted to, the Oriental region, the other being peculiar to Tropical America. This division of the Danaine into two groups, corresponds to the proposals originally made and admirably argued by Fritz Miiller,* to some of whose conclusions we shall subsequently refer. If we compare these two groups of Danae, or more roughly the Danaine of the Old and New Worlds, we are at once struck with the fact that im each case there is a transition between more or less diaphanous winged butterflies, such as Hestia and Ideopsis (Oriental) and Ithomia part (Tropical American), on the one hand, and opaque or closely-scaled winged butterflies, on the other. Miiller,} in discussing the progenitors of these groups, is inclined to the belief that the darker insects indicate the original marking and colouring; for he holds that if such progenitors had possessed wings with large transparent spaces, it is improbable that such a large number of the existing species should have reverted to a still earlier type of wing completely clothed with scales. This view is even more strongly evidenced in the Old World Danaine, Group DANAINA. Danaina, Godm, & Saly,, Biol. Centr. Am., Rhopal., p. 1 (1879). Male with a pair of anal pencils of hair; basal joints of palpi short; distal end of tarsus and tarsal joints of front leg of female fattened, so as to give a club-shaped termination to the leg; tibia of male as long as the femur; tarsus (in some form) always present. * «Kosmos, 1879, p. 100; and translation by Meldola, ‘ Proc, Ent. Soc.,’ 1879, p. xx. + Ibid. 4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This group, as here understood, contains, in addition to all the Old World Danaine, two Tropical American genera. Five genera are here included, which with Amauris, peculiar to the Ethiopian region, and Hamadryas, not found west of Wallace's line, constitute the Danaine of the extra-American regions as understood (with the exception of one additional genus, Radena) by all writers at the time of publication of Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue in 1871, and as used by Mr. Wallace in his work on the ‘Geographical Distribution of Animals.’ Since that time many other genera have been proposed, some founded on Hiibnerian names and others quite novel. These, although not all followed in this work, will be alluded to when placed under older generic names, and applying to Malayan butterflies. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. I. Antennm* slender, almost filiform, searcely thickened at the tip. A. Wings semidiaphanous. a. Tarsal elaws of middle and posterior legs, short and curved. b. Claws accompanied with pulvilli. ¢. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing with costal nervure. d. Costal margin of hind wings strongly curved, subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Hestta. IT. Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. aa. Tareal claws of middle and posterior legs long and eurved, bb. Claws with pulvilli obsolete or absent. oe Pesca ot Hie tye dd. Costul margin of hind wings very slightly eurved, sub- ceux, b. Antenna of Ideopsie costal nervules not widely separated and subequal ssa in length. e. Hind wings more or less obovate. . : . Lpeopsts. J. Male with no specialised scent-gland. B. Wings more or less opaque. ddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight. ee. Hind wings broad, subtriangular. . : . TtapENa. ec. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anasto- mosing with costal nervure. dddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight or slightly eurved. Jf. Males with one or more distinctly specialised scent- glands situated on posterior wings. ; - Danars. bbb, Claws accompanied with pulvilli. Jif. Males with no seent-glands to posterior wings, but Fic. 7.— a. Intermedinte tarsus of ; sometimes with one or more pseudo-scent glands Hestia lynceus. 6. Posterior . : tarsus of Ideopsis dacs. or brands on anterior wings. . : . HKurpea. * Dr. Murray's contributors have carried back ‘‘antennw" to 1698, whien it is used apparently as a well-known term, in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ p. 877. Yet it is not given by Bailey in his vol. ii, (technical), 1731. It is a striking instance of how little is known of the history of words that no clue has yet been discovered to the author, date, or explanation of this curious application of a word meaning the “ top-sail yard” of a vessel to the horn of an insect or lobster. It is not even known in what language the entomological use first appeared, and whether it was a popular figure or a scientific fancy. M. Littré did not raise the question which the editor of the Philological Society's Dictionary wants to solve.—' ATHENzuM,’ No. 2830, p. 95 (1882). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 5 Genus HESTIA. Hestia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15 (1816); Doubl. Gen, Diurn, Lep., p. 94 (1847); Seudder, Proc. Am, Acad. Arts & Be., x., p. 189 (1874). Idea, Fabr. Tl. Mag., vi., p. 288 (1808); Latr. Ene. Meth., ix., p. 10 (1819). Nectaria, Dalm., in Billb, Enum. Ins., p. 76 (1820); Seudder, Proc. Am. Acad, Arts & B8e., x., p. 224 (1875); Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2 (1881). Antenne long, slender, almost filiform, scarcely thickened at apex. Wings large and semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded ; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less concave. Costal nervure extending to more than half the length of costal margin; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure. Cell long; upper discocellular nervule inwardly oblique and slightly angled near subcostal nervure, lower outwardly convex. Submedian nervure much recurved. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin strongly curved; apex and anal angle rounded ; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Tarsi of the intermediate and posterior legs long, with the claws curved rather short, and provided with pulvilli. Sendder has proposed the division of Hestia, as hitherto understood, into two genera,— Hestia, type lynceus, and Nectaria, type idea,—and Moore has adopted this view. But despite the assertion of Mr. Scudder that those two species are generically distinct, I cannot consider them so from my point of view, and therefore only follow all previous writers in recognising but one genus for these peculiar and beautiful butterflies. According to Dr. Thwaites,* the Ceylon species of the genus is known by the name of the ‘* Sylph,”’ and frequents the glades of woods.+ The Rey. L. C. Biggs, in a popular article on ‘* Butterflies in Malaya,’’{ states that species of the genus are found in old jungle throughout the Straits, and are known by the name of the ‘‘ Ghost.” The same author writes, ‘‘ They are not usually very common, but may be seen in great numbers where their favourite honey can be gathered. This is usually at the top of a tree some thirty to fifty feet high.” When collecting in Province Wellesley myself, the colloquial term used was the ‘* Widow,” and I saw the genus in greatest abundance on Penang Hill. Mr. Moore records that his H. malabarica is ‘found in woody places on the western coast, Sea S on the thick-wooded mountain-passes up the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.” Larnva.—The only published figure of a larva of this genus is in Horf. and Moore's Lep. Ins. Mus. E.LC.,i., pl. iv., fig. 11, where it is described, on the authority of Prof. Westwood, § as being that of Ideopsis daos, Boisd. This is an error. The drawings were made by Capt. Hamilton, and Mrs. Hamilton, in a letter to my friend Mr. F¥ Moore (the contents of which that gentleman, with his usual kindness, has communicated to me) has inforfued him that they really represent the larva and pupa of the Malabar species of Hestia, H. malabarica, from specimens taken on the Western Ghats of Southern India. Mr. Moore has also since received verification of the same from other observers. As, however, that species is not found in our fauna, and its larva is the only one of which we have a published description, it would be hazardous to describe the same as of typically generic character. * Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2. + Tennent (Nat. Hist. Ceyl., p. 426) states that in Ceylon it is also known by the names of “ Floater,” “Spectre,” and *“ Silver-paper-fly.”" | ‘Month. Packet,’ 1881. § Proc. Ent, Soc., n.5., 1, pp. 85, 36. Marcu 31, 1882. c 6 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Pur.—The pupa of the above, and also of H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, is figured by Horsf. and Moore, ibid., pl. iv., figs. 1la@ and 12. The genus Hestia in the east, like the genus Morpho of the western tropics, may be taken as exhibiting what has been described as ‘excess of wing area,” which, with the comparatively small and light body, is more productive of lofty rather than of swift flight. Pettigrew, i i has exhaustively treated on the mechanical properties of animal locomotion, has laid do the postulate that ‘The wing area decreases as the size and weight of the volant animal increases”;* and the same author has not only shown a law of “ weight necessary to flight,” but also that when the body is light and the wings very ample when they are driven at a comparatively low speed (both in insects and birds), ‘‘the reaction elicited by the ascent and descent of the wing displaces the body to a marked extent,”’+ or, in other words, an enormous expanse of wings or pinions readily explains an irregular flight on the “ principle of recoil.” This principle applies to large-winged and light-bodied species of Hestia, who though of lofty, are not of swift flight. Bigg describes a Penang species as ‘‘a slowly sailing object,’’ which I can corroborate from my own experience; and Tennent,{ writing of the Ceylon species, speaks of its wings ‘that bend and undulate in the act of flight,” by this sentence probably referring to the course of the whole insect.§ On the other hand, confining ourselves to the Kast, the more robust-bodied Papilionide have, as Collingwood has truly remarked, “ strength of wing and straight headlong course.’’|} This is particularly the case with the large and heavy-bodied Ornithopterw, of which O. brookeana may be taken as an example; Wallace, its discoverer, not only speaking of its swift flight, but Burbidge] stating that im that respect its flight resembles that of a bird. Probably about sixteen species exist, although some of the deseribed forms may prove to be but varieties of other species. The area over which this genus is distributed includes Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and extending also throughout the Archipelago, including Papua. Only two species appear to be found in this fauna. Mr. Bigg remarks that ‘‘ There are at least three distinct sizes of ‘Ghosts’ in the Straits.” In this enumeration he evidently includes the species of the following genus Ideopsis. The food-plants being unrecorded, no knowledge of the geographical distribution of the same can be obtained. 1. Hestialynceus. (Tab. L., fig. 2.) Pap. lynceus, Drury, Ill. Ex, Ent., ii., t. 7, fig. 1 (1773), Idea tyncea, Godt. Enc. Méth., ix., p. 195, n. 2 (1819), Male and female. Wings semihyaline and more or less fuliginous; neuration fuseous. Anterior wings above with the following black macular markings :—two contiguous spots above and a little before centre of cell, and a subquadrate costal spot at apex of first subcostal nervule; a large irregular spot about * * Animal Locomotion,’ p. 132. + Ibid., p. 119. | Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 426. § Wallace speaks admiringly of a species of Hestia at Singapore, “ sailing or rather floating along, and having, to my eye, a far more striking and majestic appearance than even the Morphoa of Brazil.”—* Zoologist,’ 1864, p. 4390. || ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 182. { ‘Gardens of the Sun,’ p. 260. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 7 centre of cell, and a much angulated spot enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a discal oblique series of irregular spots, the upper two near costa fused and subquadrate, the remaining six more or less oblong or rounded, in straight oblique series between the nervules; a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each: nervule, and a marginal series of pyriform spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it,a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and subcostal nervures, a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each nervule, but becoming irregular, much broken and partially effaced towards anterior angle, and a marginal row of pyriform spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black above, with the sides and under surface white; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white ; sternum black, broadly streaked with white. Underside of wings marked as above. Exp. wings, 147 to 180 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca.—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).—Java (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore).—Borneo (colls. Brit. Mus. and Godm. & Salv.). This species appears to be peculiar to, and dominant in, the trne Malayan region. It is extremely variable in size and also in hue, the amount of fuliginous shading being inconstant, and some specimens are very much paler than the melanic form here figured. It also varies in the size of the black macular markings. Two varieties have been elsewhere figured :— Var. a. Pap. idea, Stoll (nec. Linn.), Suppl. Cram., t. 42, fig. 1 (1787—1791). Var. b. Hestia idea, Doub. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep., t. 18, fig. 1 (1847). 2. Hestia linteata. (Tab.4., fig. 1). Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, i., p. 586, pl. Ixix., fig, 6 (1879). Male and female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, neuration black. Anterior wing above with a pitchy basal costal streak, and the following black macular markings :—a much waved and angulated spot about centre of cell which reaches the subcostal nervure, and is contiguous to a smaller spot situated above that nervure ; a large angulated spot, enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a diseal oblique series of irregular spots, consisting of four suboval spots in a waved line situated between the nervules near apex, and a straighter more oblique and broken series on and between the median nervules; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, and a marginal series of obovate spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it; a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and subcostal nervures; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, which become exceedingly irregular, broken, and partially eradicated near anterior angle, and a marginal row of large obovate spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black above, with the sides and under surface white; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum white, streaked with black. Under- side of wings marked as above. Exp. wings 145 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Malacea (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore). Hi. linteata 1s allied to H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, to which Mr. Moore also compares his H. malabarica from 8. India. It appears to be constant in form, and I have seen no dark specimens. It is probably quite confined to the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula. 8 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus IDEOPSIS. Ideopsis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.LC., i., p. 183 (1857). Danats, Sect. 4, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 90 (1847). Antennw gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less coneave; costal nervure extending to more than half its length; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin oblique and moderately straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules not widely separated and subequal in length. Claws of middle and posterior legs long and slightly curved ; pulvilli absent or obsolete. Male without sexual mark or scent-gland to posterior wings. Larve and pupe apparently undescribed. About seven species of this genus are now known to exist, and its recorded area includes the Malay Peninsula, extending throughout the Archipelago to Waigiou and Mysore Islands. It has also been received from China. It is not found in Ceylon, and appears to be also absent from the lepidopteral fauna of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. One species only is found in the Malay Peninsula. Snellen, in writing on Celebesian butterflies," places one of the above seven species in the genus Hestia; the differential generic characters, however, here given, prevent my following that author in so doing. 1. Ideopsis daos. (Tab. L, figs. 37 & 4¢.) Idea Daos, Boisd., Spéc. Gén. Lép., i., t. 24, fig. 8 (1836), Hestia Eudora, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep., p. 10, t. 9, £. 8 (1846). Ideopsis Daos, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., i., p. 184 (1857). lilea Thardi, Voll., Tijd. Ent., iil, p- 44, t. 2, f. 4 (1860). Male. Wings semihyaline and more or less pale fuliginons; neuration dark fuscous. Anterior wings above with the costal area black, and with the following black macular markings:—a broad irregular patch at each subcostal nervule; a large spot at end of cell; a narrow streak at each diseoidal nervure (sometimes coalescing); an oblique submarginal series of irregular spots, situated between the nervules, the lower three largest, and a marginal series of large spots, placed on the nervules, those at apex smallest; between the marginal spots are faint longitudinal streaks, and a thickened streak on apex of submedian neryure. Posterior wing with a large spot at apex of cell; a discal series of six irregular spots between the nervules (that near submedian nervure somewhat indistinct), and a marginal row of spots (at end of nervules these are somewhat obovate, and between which they are pyriform). Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen pale fuscous, white beneath; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum black, spotted with white. Underside of wings marked as above. Female. Differs from the male in having the anterior wings broader, and less deeply sinuate externally. Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 104 millim.; 9? 92 to 112 millim. * Tijdschr. Ent., xxi., p. 5 (1878). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 9 Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).— Malacca (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Singapore (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Gray).—Borneo (coll. Brit. Mus.).—China; Hong Kong (coll. Brit. Mus.). This species, even in the male sex, varies much in the shape of the anterior wings, and affords thereby an illustration of the caution necessary before such a character can be used as of differential value in separating species. The nearest allied species is /. gawra, Horsf., which inhabits Java, and which, with J. daos, I take as typical of the genus. These two species in colour and markings approximate closely to species of Hestia; the remaining species belonging to /deopsis are more or less tinged with yellow, have the fuscous shadings broader, and approach the true Danaids. Notr.—Although Gray described this insect in his ‘ Lepid. Ins. Nepaul,’ he gives the habitat Sumatra, which also applies to other insects in the same work. Genus RADENA., Radena, Moore, Lep. Ceylon. p. 8 (1881). Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque, thickly covered with scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave. First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before end of cell, and anastomosed with costal nervure ; second subcostal nervule emitted slightly before end of cell. Posterior wings broad, subtriangular; costal margin nearly straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure convex at base, and extending paralle! to margin; subcostal nervules not widely separated, first arched and longest. Male with no specialised seent-gland. This genus is intermediate between Danais and IJdeopsis. Agreeing thoroughly with the first in general appearance and coloration, it yet possesses no specialised scent-gland ; while with Jdeopsis it agrees in the position of the first subcostal nervule of anterior wing, but differs strongly from that genus by the shape of the posterior wings. About ten described species or varieties are known, of unequal value, some showing strong specific differentiation, whilst others appear to be simply constant geographical races of one species; such as ff. vulgaris, Butl., the only species received from the Malay Peninsula, which probably, as Mr. Wood-Mason®* considers, is but a constant local race or form of R. similis, Linn., a Chinese species, of which other constant and allied forms are found in Borneo, Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. The last author, however, describes the male of his var. nicobarica as ‘provided with a distinct, though little specialised, sexual mark or scent-gland.”’ I have not seen that form, but from an examination of other species of the genus, have been unable to discover anything similar. The area of this genus is of wide extent. Specimens of #. vulgaris labelled ‘‘ Bengal” and ‘‘Nepaul”’ are contained in the British Museum; but Mr. Wood-Mason, writing from the Calcutta Museum,+ considers this a mistake, and states that he has seen no specimen of it from any region farther to the west than Upper Tenasserim. We ought therefore to accept * Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl., vol. L., p. 226 (1881). { Thbid. Marcu 31, 1882. D 10 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Continental India as a questionable habitat at least; but Radena is represented in, and has been recorded from, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Batchian, Gilolo, Bouru, and Ceram in the east, and northward from Siam, Formosa and China. The larva and pupa of A. juventa, Cram., from Java, are figured in Horsf. and Moore’s ‘Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C.,' i., pl. v., figs. 4nd 4a, and Dr. Horsfield (p. 123) states that the larva there feeds on a plant bearing the native name of ‘‘ Simbukan-rambat.” 1. Radena vulgaris. (Tab. L., fig. 8.) Danais vulgaris, Butl., Ent. Month. Mag., xi., p. 164 (1874). Danais melissa, Doubleday (nee Cramer), List Lep. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 49 (1844); Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 92, n. 28 (1847. Danais similis (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.LC., i., p, 122, n, 287 (1857). Danais similis, Linn., race vrwygaris, Butl. Query. Male and female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish markings. Anterior wings above with a long narrow basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures followed by three elongate spots; a large gradually widening streak in cell, deeply notched externally and transversely broken before apex, followed by two elongate spots; two long and linear fasci# beneath cell, united at base, one running subparallel to submedian nervure, the other directed parallel to median nervure and deflexed before third median nervule; a diseal oblique series of five spots, the first and upper one elongate, third smallest, and fourth and fifth largest; a submarginal row of seven spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which tend to become obsolete at apex. Posterior wings with two elongate fasciw in cell joined together at base, but widely divergent at apex, where there is a linear slightly curved intermediate spot; a long curved linear fascia commencing from beneath base of cell and deflected before third median nervule, followed by a discal series of five limear spots; a submarginal series of about eleven small spots and a marginal series of smaller ones—all these spots and fasciw pale bluish; two long greyish streaks on each side of internal nervure along abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler; anterior wing with an additional eighth spot to submarginal series, and the cellular streak quite divided before apex; other markings of both wings generally as above. Head and thorax above black, with a linear marginal series of white spots, and a central discal thoracic white streak. Abdomen fuscous above, much paler beneath ; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; fore tibim and intermediate and posterior femora streaked with white. Exp. wings 78 to 85 millim. Hazs.—Continental India; Nepaul and Bengal ?? (Brit. Mus.).—Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Penang, Malacca, Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Java.—Borneo (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). Mr. H. G. Smith" gives this species as an inhabitant of Sumatra, which is doubtless correct; he, however, also adds its pseudo-parent form D. similis, from the same locality, which has hitherto only been recorded from China and Formosa. Although, as previously stated, this is probably but a constant geographical race of R. similis, I have treated it here, with this reservation, as a distinct species, and shall follow this qualified course where necessary throughout. The question of species and varieties can only be properly estimated by breeding, and it is hoped that some Malay entomologist in whose way this work may fall will add to our knowledge by so doing. At present we can only * In Bock. ‘ Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 11 fall back upon the dictum of Mr. C. Darwin, that ‘in determining whether a form should be ranked as a species or variety, the opinion of naturalists having sound judgment and wide experience seems the only guide to follow. We must, however, in many cases, decide by a ’ majority of naturalists, for few well-marked and well-known varieties can be named which have not been ranked as species by at least some competent judges.” * Genus DANAIS. Danais, Latreille, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 10 (1819); Boisd., Lec. Lep. Am. Sept., p. 183 (1883); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 89 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 84 (1862); Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr. Am., Rhop., p. 1 (1879). Danaida, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust, Ins., xiv., p. 108 (1805). Panaus, Latr., Gen. Crust. Ins., iv., p. 201 (1809). As some modern writers do not use this old and well-known name for the genus, it is perhaps necessary, before giving a diagnosis of the same, to state the reasons why they have discarded it, and why it is still used here. Latreille, finding his earlier name Danaida preoccupied in Botany, supplanted it (1809) by the title Danaus. Mr. Scudder} argues that as the first name is only used in Botany it ought to be restored. But Mr. Butler? has remarked that ‘‘ Danaida”’ is but the ‘‘plural form’’ of Danais, a term first used by Godart § and systematically more euphonious than Danaus, which last is, however, adopted in preference by Mr. Kirby in his supplementary Catalogue (1877). Mr. Crotch || traces the name to Linnzus, { who used it, however, only as a division of his genus /’apilio; and therefore Mr. Moore’s objection** that Danaus was adopted in a generic sense by Esper in 1777 and Panzer in 1801 for species of Picrine, and therefore cannot be retained in this group of butterflies, is an argument that has not, at least hitherto, secured universal acceptance. Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque and thickly covered with scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave. First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of cell; second emitted sometimes immediately before the end of cell, but generally not before termination of the same. Posterior wings broad, subtriangular; costal margin nearly straight or slightly curved; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure and nervules variable. Male with one or more specialised scent-glands. It is difficult to definitely assess the exact number of known species and varieties of this widely represented genus, but probably there are now about eighty distinct forms described. Its distribution is almost universal, and if is found in both the warm-temperate and tropical zones. One, an almost cosmopolitan species, is found in South-Eastern Europe, and others are particularly abundant throughout the Malayan Archipelago, Papua, and the Pacific Region. * ‘Origin of Species,’ 6th ed., p. 37. + Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Scienc., p. 153 (1875). | Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 291. § Enc. Meth., ix., p. 172 (1819). || Cist. Ent., i., p. 60 (1872). "| Syst. Nat., ed. x. (1758). ** Lep. CeyL, p. 1, uote (1861). 12 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Besides this species, which is found in Europe, and which does not oceur much above 41°N., there is also an American species, which extends throughout the length of its tropical regions, and is found as far north as Canada. Mr. Bates* acutely observes that it is interesting to find that this, the only genus of the Danaine which is common to the three tropical regions, is the sole one of the subfamily that occurs in high latitudes. And further that ‘the only means of communication between the intertropical lands.of America and Asia seems to have been a circuitous route by the north (or south); and the essentially tropical forms do not appear to have passed along it.” This American species, however, has in quite recent times, become (and the process seems still going on) distributed through many of the Pacific Islands, to New Guinea and Australia, and has even been found in Europe, which its previous appearance at the Azores had somewhat rendered probable. A few years ago + I endeavoured to trace the course and cause of this migration, and had reason to come to the conclusion that its distribution was apparently governed by the range of its food-plants, which are species of Asclepias, and that the directing causes were probably due to the accidental agency of man in the first place, and possibly also to prevalent winds and currents. It has been well pointed out by Mr. Wallace that the most widely distributed species are probably the most ancient, and it will particularly apply here, if we qualify that statement by the proposition made by Dr. Buchanan White,{ that unless circumstances (not necessarily or always some form of human agency, as Dr. White apparently relies upon) have been exceptionally favourable, species which have the widest distribution are probably of greater antiquity than those whose distribution is less extensive. The most widely distributed species of Danais is D, chrysippus, the species to which we have alluded as even occurring in §.E, Kurope, and which is of a similar tawny hue to the American D, plexippus, which has also an exceedingly wide habitat (though probably recent in extent of distribution), and likewise occurs in high latitudes. All the tawny species of the genus with which I am acquainted have, also, but one subcostal nervule emitted distinctly before the end of the discoidal cell; and therefore, if we accept these tawny species as representing the original colour of the genus, we may also accept this as the primitive neuration. This view receives apparent confirmation from observing that it is amongst the green-spotted species that we find the second subcostal nervule emitted before the end of the cell, thus leading on to Radena, Ideopsis, and Hestia in that respect; but which last-named genera take a fresh departure in having the first subcostal nervule anastomosed with the costal nervure. This also appears concurrent testimony to the views of Miiller to the same effect, and which we have previously endeavoured to convey (ante, p. 3). Ina curiously marked East African species in which the tawny and green-spotted facies are combined, and which was lately described by Mr. Godman,§ a fresh departure is taken from the ordinary type by the first and second subcostal nervules being anastomosed. The males possess on the posterior wings one or more dull-coloured patches, situated on or in the neighbourhood of the third median nervule and submedian neryure. These were long known only as ‘sexual spots,” but Miiller|| has ably and strongly shown that they are really scent-producing organs. ‘They are, indeed, glands or pouches, but as they open only by * Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii., p. 495 et seg. (1862). + Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 98. | ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xiv., p. 270 (1881). $ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 183. || Trans. Ent. Soe., 1878, p. 213. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 15 a narrow slit, Miller remarks that odours could hardly be freely emitted. He therefore hazards the speculation that the anal tufts of hair might be introduced into the pouches, to be impregnated there with odoriferous matter. A proposition like this, though probable, necessarily requires verification, which an observer of such exactitude and patience as Miiller will doubtless endeavour to supply. It is possibly towards such at present unproyed postulates that Karl Semper, quoting Jaeger," remarks that enough has been done in the way of philosophising by Darwinists, and that the task that now hes before us is to apply the test of exact investigation to the hypotheses we have laid down. This genus represents, with the other members of the Danaine, a ‘* protected” group of insects, which, from distastefulness or other causes, enjoys an immunity from the attacks of birds and other enemies. ‘The testimony to this fact 1s undoubted and too voluminous to insert here; but even in tenacity of life Danais is remarkable, and Mr. Trimen} records how South African specimens, caught, pinched and pinned by his native collectors, would nearly all, on the withdrawal of the pins, ‘fly off in a ‘nonchalant’ manner, as if nothing had befallen them.’’ Mr. Meldola} was disposed to consider (and with good reason) that these insects possess an immunity after death from the attacks of mites and other museum pests. He had in his possession a box of old Indian insects, the greater part of which had been demolished by mites; the only surviving specimens, in addition to a Papilio, beng Danaids. This view, however, will require further confirmation, as in some Hast African insects which have lately passed through my hands, specimens of D. dorippus have the bodies nearly destroyed by these attacks. Seven species alone are at present known from the Malayan Peninsula. Criiger,§ in a short notice of Malaccan Lepidoptera, refers to another species, D. aylea, but this may prove to rest on a mistaken determination. A. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of discoidal cell, a. Male possessing two distinct scent-glands on posterior wings. b. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule curved and longer than the second, 1. Danais aspasia, var. crocea. (Tab. I., fig. 7.) Papilio aspasia, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., u., p. 15, n. 145 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 170, n. 626 (1793). Danais cracea, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 57, n. 58, pl. 4, fig. 5; Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool. vol. i., p. 536, 7 (1877). Danais uspasia, Gutl., Cat. Fabr, Lep., p. 7 (1860). Bahora aspasia, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings above black or fuscous, with the following pale hyaline markings :—three subcostal spots, the inner one situated between first and second subcostal nervules; beneath these are two elongated streaks, followed by four small subapical spots placed in slightly curved oblique series, the upper one very indistinct; two irregularly shaped spots above first median nervule, three between first and second median nervyules, three between second and third median nervules, the inner one large and subquadrate; a very large spot (tinged with yellow) occupying basal two-thirds of area between third median nervule and submedian nervure, followed by a small irregular spot; and a marginal series of small * ‘Animal Life,’ (Preface, 1881). + Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. iv., p. 217. { Proc. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. xii. § Verhandl, d. Ver. f. naturwissensch. Unterh. z. Hamb., iii., p. 29 (1878), Mancu 31, 1882. E 14 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. spots placed in pairs between the nervules, which become obsolete towards apex. Cell with either the apex only or whole discal centre more or less pale subhyaline. Posterior wings above black or fuscous, with the space between costal nervure and first subcostal nervule; the whole of cell, followed by two elongated spots, situated beneath bases of first and second subcostal nervules, and two near bases of median nervules; basal two-thirds of submedian interspace acutely dentate at apex, and basal two-thirds of internal area pale yellow; a diseal row of small pale spots divided by the nervules, and a submarginal series of much smaller, irregularly shaped and arranged spots, both series becoming obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath generally as above, but with the spots much more distinct, and with a marginal series to hind wings. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen fuscous above, white beneath. Sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; femora streaked with white. Posterior wings with two distinct spatular scent-glands, largest on third median nervule and smallest on submedian nervyure. Female. Larger than the male, with the apex of the anterior wings much broader, and the cell clearer and paler; marginal spots to hind wings clearly visible above. Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 78 millim.; 9? 86 millim. Han.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore.—Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). The form designated by Butler as D). crocea, which he originally described as distinet, but which he afterwards * submitted as a var. of D. aspasia, seems to be a dominant, larger, brighter and somewhat more melanie race of the Fabrician species. A very closely allied species or race, D. philomela, Zink., is found in Java. I have been unable to examine and measure more than one female, a specimen which I captured myself in Province Wellesley. bb. Posterior wings with costal margin nearly straight, and with the first subcostal nervule curved and longer than the second. 2. Danais melaneus. (Tab. I., fig. 6.) Papilio melaneus, Cramer, Pap, Exot., i., t. 80, fig. p (1775). Danais melaneus, Godart, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 192, 58 (1819 ); Doubleday, List Lep. Brit, Mus., pl. 1, p. 50 (1844); Doubl. & Hewits., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 93, n. 36 (1847); Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 128, n. 242 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1866, p. 65, n. 47; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 536, 6 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 822. Caduga melaneus, Moore, M8. Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior wing dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings:—three small elongate subcostal spots, the first commencing just beyond first subcostal nervule; beneath these spots are two elongated streaks, followed by a subapical oblique series of three small and rounded spots; nine irregularly sized and shaped spots on disk, situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three between second and third median nervules, and one near posterior angle a little beyond a large streak (generally but not always longitudinally divided) which occupies about basal two-thirds of interspace between third median nervule und submedian nervure, and a submarginal series of small spots which become obsolete and obliterated towards apex; discoidal cell with a large discal streak (this is very irregular in size in different specimens). * Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 7 (1869). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 15 Posterior wings dark fusecous, with the following pale bluish markings:—a large basal subcostal streak, followed by a small elongate spot; the interior of discoidal cell followed and apically surrounded by five elongate spots situated between the nervules, of which the two interior are each followed by a smaller and rounded spot; four long, basal, longitudinal streaks, two situated before median nervure and connected at base, and two on abdominal margin; two or three subdiscal spots, situated between the nervures near apex, and a submarginal series of small spots, which are obsolete and obliterated near apex and anal angle. Wings beneath generally as above, but with the submarginal spots continuous and -distinct, and the subdiscal series of three spots, as seen above, continued in regular but smaller series to near anal angle. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with bluish white; abdomen fusecous above, testaceous beneath; sternum black, spotted with white ; undersides of palpi, femora, and trochanters white. Male with two linear scent-glands on posterior wings, the longest situated on submedian nervure near apex, the smaller one near apex of internal nervure. Exp. wings 79 to 92 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Wood-Mason).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Java (coll. Dist.).—Sumatra.*—Formosa (Brit. Mus.). This species varies much in amount of melanism, and also in the size of the pale markings ; some males have also the apex of the anterior wings more produced than in other specimeus of the same sex, thus further illustrating the little specific value of such characters. About six species with similar structural characters and common facies are allied to this species, as pointed out to me by my friend Mr. Moore, who has specially studied the Danainw. These form a group which are represented in Continental India, Java, Phillipine Islands, and Japan. 8. Danais agleoides. (Tab. I., fig. 5.) Danais aglevides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0. 17 (1860); Moore, Proc. “Zool. Soc., 1877, ]). 581; Wood-Mason & Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 1., p. 224 (1881). Danais qrammica, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 55, n. 44; Trans, Linn, Soce., ser. 2, Zool, vol, i., p. 536, u. (1877), nec. Boisd. Parantica ayleoides, Moore, MS. Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a basal longitudinal streak, situated between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by three subcostal spots, the first situated immediately after first subcostal nervule, beneath which are two short linear streaks, divided by upper discoidal nervule; nine irregularly shaped discal spots situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three beneath second median nervule, and one near posterior angle a little beyond two narrow fascie, joined at base, the first running parallel to median nervure, and then deflexed subparallel to third median nervule, the other running subparallel to submedian nervure; a narrow fascia commencing at base and extending along about half the length of submedian nervure; two long discal streaks in discoidal cell, the upper one straight and divided, the lower more or less recurved; a submarginal row of seven irregular spots, and a marginal row of very small spots placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming obsolete and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a long basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by a small elongate spot; two fasciz in cell, united at base, and from thence running subparallel to subcostal and median nervures, between apex of each is a short intermediate streak ; following and surrounding apex of cell are five irregular * Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters Borneo,’ Append. V. 16 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. aud elongate spots, the first situated above second subcostal nervule, the others between the nervules, the last two of which are followed by two irregularly shaped spots; two long narrow fasciw, united at base, the upper of which runs parallel to median nervure, and is then deflexed along inner side of third median nervule, the lower parallel to submedian nervure; two long fasci# on abdominal margin, divided by internal nervure; a waved submarginal row of small spots (obsolete near base in male and continuous in female), and a marginal row of small spots, inconstant in size and distinctness. Underside of wings somewhat paler; marginal rows of spots to both wings, and submarginal row to posterior wings, continuous and distinct. Posterior wings with two basal spots before precostal nervure, and a curved basal fascia above costal nervure, which is hidden above by the inner margin of anterior wing. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fuscous above, white beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; undersides of palpi, trochanters and femora white. The posterior wing of the male is provided with two spatular scent-glands, the largest situated on third median nervule, and the smallest on submedian nervure. Exp. wings, 69 to 76 millim. Har.— Nicobar Islands (Caleutta Mus.).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra. (Smith.) A female form is here figured. By a curious accident the specimens of this species in the Collection of the British Museum have hitherto stood in the name of D. yrammica, and probably this error may have had somewhat wide circulation, by collectors having accepted the Museum name without the necessary certification by reference to Boisduval’s figure. B. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule not emitted distinctly before the end of diseoidal cell. e. Male provided with one scent-gland on poatertor wings. d. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule not longer than the second. 4. Danais septentrionis. (Tab. L., fig. 9.) Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xi., p. 168 (1874; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, 4 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zoal, Soc., 1878, p. 822; Semper, Journ. Mus. Godefir,, vol. xiy., p. 140, tab. 8, fig. 7 (1879). Tirumala septentrionis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, vol. i., p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2 (1881). Male and female. Wings above dark glossy fuscous, with pale bluish spots and markings. Anterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a longitudinal basal streak in cell, followed near its apex by a transverse irregular and much sinuated fascia; beyond cell are three elongate and linear subcostal spots, the inner two placed close together near end of cell; beneath these are three linear streaks, the first and smallest situated above and the second and largest beneath the first discoidal nervule; thirteen irregular spots on diseal surface, upper three divided between discoidal nervules, and the remainder thus situated—four between first and second median nervules, three between second and third median nervules, and three between third median nervule and submedian nervure, which nervure is also preceded by a subparallel linear basal streak; and a marginal series of small spots irregularly sized and placed. Posterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—two long fasci@ in cell, broadly united at base, and widely divergent at apex; the cell is followed and surrounded by the following streaks or fascis :—a narrow linear and outwardly thickened one above subcostal nervure, three which are much broader divided by lower subcostal and diseoidal nervules, two which are very narrow, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 17 linear, and dentate separated by second median nervule, and two united at base between median and submedian neryures ; two long linear streaks on abdominal margin divided by internal nervure, and a narrow linear streak on inner side and about centre of submedian nervure; a discal and much waved series of fourteen irregularly sized spots (in some specimens the inner two are united to the two abdominal-marginal streaks), and a much waved marginal series of smaller spots. Underside of wings much paler, markings as above, and two spots at base of posterior wings divided by precostal nervure. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above brown, ochraceous beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters and femora white. Male with a large and distinct scent-gland situated between third median nervule and median nervure. Exp. wings 82 to 108 millim. Has.—Continental India ; Cachar ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.).— Ceylon (colls. Moore and Dist.) —Tenasserim (Limborg.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Moore). Males from the Malay Peninsula exhibit probably the maximum of size, and are in strong contrast, in that respect, to some Ceylon specimens. Mr. Butler appends to his description the very applicable remark that “ there can be no doubt that this is the Indian representative of the Australian species D. hamata, M‘Leay.” All the differential characters relied upon by Butler are found in Malayan specimens, but certainly do not apply so strongly to all the Ceylon forms, some of which in size and markings approximate much more closely to the Australian species. G, Semper, in a valuable paper, ‘“ Beitrag zur Rhopaloceren-Fauna von Australien,’ * has urged that D. septentrionis and some other described forms are probably “local forms” of D. hamata, which really agrees with Butler’s views, already quoted, that the first-named may be considered the ‘Indian representative” of the Australian species. It is necessary that these qualitative views and potentialities should be clearly understood, as they afford pregnant illustration to the conclusions of Gabriel Koch.+ This author, from an examination of the species found in the South Asiatic and Australian Regions, concludes that in many cases the differences between what are generally considered as distinct species are merely variations consequent upon a change of habitat. (It is doubtless implied that the surrounding conditions are also different.) This, however, with the manifold readings of the much-vexed term “species,” is unimportant. He, however, considered that these facts warranted a belief in an Indian or South Asiatic fauna, which included the warmer parts of Asia, Malasia, Polynesia, and Australia, and Prittwitz,{ in a notice of Koch’s results, supplemented by his own examination of Vollenhoven’s Pieride derived from the Dutch East Indian Possessions, agrees with Koch in formulating the existence of an Indo-Australian Region. Koch, however, in 1870,§ modified his views, dividing this proposed fauna into two parts,—a South Asiatic or Indian and an Australian and Polynesian fauna, which last he considers, without doubt, has been derived from the Indian by migration, the principal agents of which are the prevalent monsoons. He then, however, seems to infer that the greatest modifying agent in the formation of new species is the influence of climate. Oscar Schmidt, || after a study of Koch’s labours, * Journ. Mus. Godefir., vol. xiv., p. 198. + ‘Die Indo-Anstralische Lepidopteren-Fauna’ (1866). } Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1866, p. 259. § ‘Die geographische Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge iiber die Erde,’ Geogr. Mitth, (1870). || ‘The Doctrine of Descent,’ p. 227. Marca 51, 1882. FP 18 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. summarises his agreement in the statement that butterflies “‘which are an easy prey to currents of air, defy geological barriers, and, above all, that important partition which from the tertiary era has been erected, or rather excavated, in the bottom of the sea, between Australia and India.” 5. Danais genutia. (Tab. 2, figs. 2, 3.) Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., iii., t. 206, 0, D (1782). Papilio plexippus, Fabr., Byst. Ent., p. 481, n. 170 (1775); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 281 (1787), nec. Linn, Danais plexippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 186, n. 35 (1819); Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lepid., p. 6, mn. 10 (1869) ; Trans, Linn. Soc., 2 ser., Zool,, vol. i,, p. 686, 0.1 (1877); Wood-Mason & Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Bengl., vol. L., p. 226 (1881). Salatura genutia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i., p. 6, pl. iv., figs. 2, 2@ (1881). Male and female. Wings above fulvous-red; neuration, apex of anterior and margins of both wings dark fuscous, spotted and marked with white. Anterior wings fulvous-red; costal margin, apical third, outer and inner margin, nervures and nervules dark fuscous; the fuscous portion contains the following white markings :—a small subcostal spot before end of cell, three somewhat larger spots just beyond end of cell, and a transverse subapical series of six large spots, the upper two smallest and divided by second sub- costal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by second discoidal nervule, sixth much smaller and rounded, on the outer side of which is a smaller spot followed below by two still smaller ones; and a marginal series of small spots, becoming indistinct and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red ; nervures, nervules, and outer margin dark fuscous, the median nervules very broadly so; a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, and abdominal margin much paler. Anterior wings beneath generally as above, but with a distinct white spot on inner side of fuscous margin between second and third median neryules; a distinct and continuous marginal and snbmarginal series of spots, and with the dark shading paler and brownish, beyond the large transverse subapical spots. Posterior wings very much paler than above; the nervures and neryules margined with very pale greenish, and with a distinct costal spot near apices of costal nervure and first subcostal nervule. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fulyous-red above, a little paler beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black ; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white. (A variety in which the posterior wings haye the fulvous-red much suffused with white is not infrequent, and is represented by fig. 3). Male with a broad suboyate scent-gland situated on posterior wing adjoining third median nervule. Exp. wings 73 to 90 millim, Has.—Continental India; Bengal; Cachar (Brit. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands.—Ceylon (coll. Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Moore).—Java.—Siam,—N. China; Hong Kong; Hainan.—Formosa (eolls. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.). This species has until quite recently been recognised by the name of D. plexippus, Linn. It has, however, been shown by Hermann Strecker,* and also by Godman and Salvin, + that the name and description given by Linneus really applied to a well-known and widely distributed species, which for a long time had passed under the designation of D. archippus. As if is impossible for two species in one genus to be known under the same name, that of Cramer must henceforth be applied to this insect. The only Javan specimen in my collection * Butt. N. America, p. 105. + Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop., p. 2. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 19 is the smallest of the series, and the darkest in coloration. Capt. de la Chaumette* states that in India the insect is common throughout the year, frequenting fields, gardens, and woods alike. Mr. Biggs + speaks of it as circling in the sunshine “round a lantana bush” or resting in damp shady spots on the pale blue flowers of a small plant which the Malays call “ bulalei gajah” (Elephant’s trunk). 6. Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus. (Tab. IL., fig. 1.) Papilio melanippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, A, B (1779). Danais melanippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 48 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 125, n. 247 (1857); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, n. 2 (1877). Var. Papilio hegesippus, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii., t. 180, A (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins., p. 56, mn. 248 (1781); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 287 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 52, n. 160 (1798); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C., p. 125 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 49. Danais hegesippus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 42 (1819); Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 10, t. 9, f. 1 (1846); Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xx., p. 66 (1877). Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus, Suellen, Tijd. Bnt., xix., p. 144 (1876). Salatura hegesippus, Moore, MS. Male and female. Anterior wing fulvous-red, nearly apical half, the costal margin, inner margin, nervures and nervules dark fuscous. J'uscous portion with the following white spots :—two small subcostal spots divided by first subcostal nervule, almost beneath which are two others, more rounded and placed just beyond cell; a transverse subapical row of five larger spots, upper two smallest and divided by second subcostal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by lower diseoidal nervure ; a discal row of two small spots divided by second median nervule; a submarginal series of three or four spots about centre, and a marginal series which become almost effaced between third median nervule and submedian nervure, and also towards apex, where, however, they are denoted by a much larger spot preceded by one or two smaller ones. Posterior wing white; nervures and nervules broadly infuseated and with fuscous marginal border, in which are placed a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Underside of wings as above, but anterior wings possessing a distinct marginal and submarginal series of small spots at apex; posterior wing with the nervures and nervules much less strongly infuscated, but margined with very pale greenish. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen above dull ochraceous, with the base black; underside pale ochraceous. Sternum black, spotted with white ; legs black. Under surfaces of palpi, femora, and trochanters white. Male with a distinct subovate scent-gland on posterior wings, placed on inner side and adjoining third median nervule. Exp. wings 70 to 85 millim. Has.—Andaman Islands (coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Snellen, coll. Moore).—Java (Snellen and Brit. Mus.). In considering this form as only a variety of D. melanippus, Iam in agreement with Messrs. Moore, Butler, and Snellen, who have at least at one time published that view (see supra). The chief difference between the two forms is that the ground colour of the posterior wings in D, melanippus is fulvous-red, whilst in D. hegesippus it is white, and the four small spots near the end of cell of anterior wing of the last named are considerably effaced in D. melanippus. * Ent. Mo, Mag., vol. ii., p. 37. + Month. Pack., vol. ii., p. 188 (1881). 20 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. However, we have already seen in the closely allied D. genutia that such variation does take place, and the only peculiarity in this case seems to be that the white variety has become the dominant race in the Malay Peninsula, whilst the form D. melanippus is, as far as I am aware, absent. Such being the case, it is necessary to notice that Mr. Butler, in his paper on the “ Butterflies of Malacca,” * in enumerating D. melanippus, Cram., as belonging to that district, has by an oversight referred also to the illustration of Cramer, which depicts the typical coloration, not found in Malacca, as the specimens in the British Museum testify. 7. Danais chrysippus. (Tab. I., fig. 10.) Papilio chrysippus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 268 (1764); Syst. Nat., i., 2, p. 767, n. 119 (1767); Fabr. Syst. Ent., i, p, 482, n. 172 (1775); Sp. Ins., p. 56, m, 245 (1781); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 284 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 50, n. 154 (1793); Cramer, Pap. Ex., ii., t. 118, B, 0 (1779); Herbst, Naturs,. bek. Ins. Schmett., vil., pl. 155, figs. 1 & 2. Fuplea chrysippus, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett,, p. 15, t, 138, figs. 678 & 679 (1916), Danais chrysippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 187, n. 88 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus, E. I. C., i, p. 126, n. 249 (1857); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 88, n. 56 (1862); Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 46, n. 14. Salatura chrysippus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7 (1881). Male and female, Anterior wing above fulvyous-red, with the costal margin, apical third, and outer margin dark fuscous. On the fuscous portion are the following white markings:—a small subquadrate spot beneath costa before end of cell; an elongate subcostal spot near end of cell, beyond which is a much angulated and oblique fascia, composed of transverse spots, commencing beneath first subcostal nervule and terminating at first median nervule; at end of cell are two (sometimes but one) small spots, and a larger one on disk between first and second median nervules; a submarginal series of spots consisting of two between first and second median nervules, and one near apex (in some specimens these are connected by a series of very small spots); and a marginal series of spots, generally absent, but sometimes obsoletely present near apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red, with a fuscous marginal border, containing a marginal series of white spots; a fuscous spot margined with white on costal margin, above first subcostal nervule, and a small spot above costal nervure; three irregular fuscous spots (the middle one smallest) at end of cell, situated at bases of second subcostal, discoidal, and first median nervules. Underside of anterior wings as above, but beyond the subapical fascia to near margin the fuscous is replaced with ochraceous, and between second and third median nervules a small white spot is visible; underside of posterior wings much paler than above; marginal white spots larger, and two fuscous costal spots visible above first subcostal neryule. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above fulvous-red, beneath much paler; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white. Male with a large fuscous-coloured scent-gland on posterior wing, on inner side of third median nervitle. Exp. wings 58 to 86 millim. Has.—8.E. Europe.—Western and Southern Africa.—Madagascar.—Rodriquez.—-Island Johanna.— Mauritius.—Socotra.—Turkey in Asia.—Afghanistan ; Candahar.—Continental India.—Ceylon.—Burma. Upper Tenasserim (colls. God. & Salv., Moore, and Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley; Singapore (coll. Dist.)—Java.—Malay Archipelago; Lombock; Kaiéa Islands (coll. Dist.).— Siam (coll. Godm. & Saly.).—China; Hong Kong; Hainan-(colls, Moore and Brit. Mus.). * Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 2 ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 536 (1877). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 21 A female specimen from Province Wellesley is here figured. The smallest specimen which I possess (58 millim.) is from West Africa, although ordinarily sized specimens are venerally received from that district; the largest specimens in my collection are from Northern India and Southern Africa, though no rule can be postulated in this respect. Figures of both the larva and pupa of this insect have been given (ante pp. 2 & 3). The larva in Ceylon feeds on Culotropis gigantea and Aselepias curasavica;* in Java, according to Dr. Horsfield, on the first named, called by the natives ‘‘ Widuri"’; in Continental India on Calotropis sp.;} and in §. Africa on Gomphocarpus fruticosus and Asclepias sp. | This species is not only remarkable for its wide distribution, but also for the extraordinary phenomenon of its being mimicked by six or eight other butterflies and moths, a fact which will be treated more fully subsequently when describing some of the mimicking species. Genus KEUPLOSA. Euplea, Fabricius, Nliger’s Mag., vi., p. 280 (1808); Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 86 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr., p. 88 (1862). Antenne gradually clavate. Wings opaque and dark coloured. Anterior wings more or less triangular and varying much in shape, but in the male sex generally having the inner margin more or less produced and convex, and covering some basal portion of the posterior wings; in the female sex the inner margin is non-produced and sometimes slightly emarginate.$ First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of the cell, second emitted at end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule shortest. Posterior wings broad and subtriangular; costal nervure somewhat short, and curved near base. Males usually provided with one or more psendo-scent glands or brands on anterior wings, and very frequently with a pale diseoidal patch to posterior wings. Awaiting Mr. Moore’s intended enumeration and revision of the genus Euplwa (as formerly and in this work understood), wherein many new species are to be described, it would prove misleading to give any approximate estimate as to the number of species comprised in this very extensive genus. | Euplwa is widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago and Polynesia; in fact, we may accept these regions as tlie head-quarters of the genus. It is likewise found throughout the warmer parts of Asia (including its neighbouring islands) and Australia; it also inhabits the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar. Trimen|| gives South Africa as the habitat of a species (£. youdotii, Boisd.), from specimens contained in the British Museum. As, however, Butler, in his two subsequent papers on the genus,’ does not give that habitat for the Museum specimens, South Africa may be considered for the present as a doubtful locality. The short vittw so frequently found on the anterior wings of the males, have been, * Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7. | Lang., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., p. 1815 and De la Chaumette, ibid., ii., p. 37. | Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 00. § This sexual difference in the shape of the anterior wings is found in all the species here described. | Ithop. Afr. Austr, p. 84 (1862), “ Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 301, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298. Manca $1, 1882. 22 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. judging from analogy, considered as scent-producing organs, and I have alluded to them here as pseudo scent-glands or brands. On the other hand, they may serve for purposes of ‘strigillation,” as proposed by Butler,* being impressed upon that portion of the anterior wings which comes in contact with the anterior margin and prominent costal nervure of the posterior wings. Like other genera of the Danaine, and especially Danais, this genus enjoys an immunity from the ordinary enemies of butterflies, and hence may be deseribed as possessing a strongly “protective” character. In tropical America, the widely distributed and extensive genus Heliconius was first shown to enjoy this protection or immunity by Bates,+ a fact subsequently and amply confirmed by Belt. Wallace, who enjoyed the unusual opportunity of observing both these genera in a state of nature and in their widely separated habitats, writing from Singapore, states, ‘* The Huplwas here quite take the place of the Heliconide of the Amazons, and exactly resemble them in their habits.” § I at present only include seventeen species of Euplaa as found in the Malay Peninsula, though it is probable that more remain to be discovered, particularly in the Northern and Kastern districts.|| These species (in whatever way we may define that term) are also of very unequal value. What appears to be three distinct and constant local forms of one species frequently occur, of which we have three instances in this fauna. Thus /. malayica and H. midamus have distinct and constant representatives both in Java and Borneo (of the last named, the Bornean representative is reported as having been received from Malacca), and F. diocletianus possesses distinct and representative forms both in North India and Borneo. A. Males neither provided with a pseudo scent-gland or brand té anterior wings, nor with pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. a. Males with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex. 1. Euploca malayica. (Tab. IL., fig. 7.) Crastia malayica, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878). Puplad ochsenheimert, var. (b), Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 271. Kuplea ochsenheimeri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 585, mn. 2 (1877). Adiqama malayica, Moore, MS. - Male. Wings above dark shining brown, spotted with white. Anterior wings with the following white spots :—one before and one after second subcostal nervule; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; a waved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, the upper three of which are largest, and the upper one placed above first disco-cellular nervule, the last and most linear one being below third median nervule ; a submarginal series of eight spots, the upper and innermost one of the series being situate between third and fourth subcostal nervules, the lower one placed between third median nervule; and & marginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Wings beneath marked as above, but posterior wings possessing in addition seven small white discal * Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 292. + Trans, Linn, Soe., vol. xxiii., 1862, p. 495 ef seq. } Proc. Ent. Soe., 1866, p. xly., and ‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 316. § ‘ Zoologist,” p. 4996 (1854), || Butler (Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 41) gives another species, E. egyptus, as having been received from Singapore. That Singapore specimen, however, no longer remains in the National Collection under that name, and was probably so recorded in error. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 23 spots, one in and near end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen above dark fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Female. I have not seen this sex, but Butler describes it as having on the posterior wings “a spot in the cell, followed by three complete series.’ This probably could be somewhat expressed by saying, posterior wing of the female above marked as underside of the same wing in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 110 to 115 millim. Har.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This is but a constant local race of EH. ochsenheimeri, Moore, a species which Butler considers is probably the FE. gyllenhalii, Lucas,* and is apparently confined to Java. The Bornean form has also been separated, under the name of F. scudderi. i. malayica is in itself variable, as in a second male specimen which I possess the spots on the upper surface are much smaller, and the submarginal spots to the posterior wings are very faint and obscure towards the anal angle. 2. Euploea bremeri. (Tab. II., fig. 4.) Euplea Bremeri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0, 16 (1860); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 277, 28 ; Trans. Lin. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, n. 6 (1877). Crastia Lremeri, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. xiv., Zool., p. 298, n. 9 (1878). Tronga Bremeri, Moore, MS. Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, becoming somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings with the following white spots:—one near costa between first and second subcostal nervules, one beneath end of cell, between first and second median nervules (in some specimens there is an additional spot in and before end of cell and another between second and third median nervules); a submarginal series of eight spots, the upper three divided by third and fourth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth much the largest, eighth placed between second and third median nervules; and a marginal row of small spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal row of small white spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings spotted as above, but with four additional discal spots, one in and near end of cell, one beyond end of cell, and one on each side of third median nervule ; posterior wings spotted as above, but also with six or seven discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and six (in some specimens five) surrounding apical portion of cell, placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Exp. wings 90 millim. Has,—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.); Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.). I have not as yet received the female of this species, nor did I capture one myself in Province Wellesley. As will be seen by the above description, which agrees with Felder’s original diagnosis, the discal spots on the anterior wings are variable in number. * Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 207 (1878). 24 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. B. Males not provided with a pseudo seent-gland or brand to anterior wings, but possessing a pale discoidal patch on posterior winga. b. Mates with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex. 3. Eupleea castelnaui. (Tab. IL, fig. 6.) Fuplea castelnani, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., ii., p. 815, n. 427 (1665). Euplea phelus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 270, n. 3; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 108, 1; Butl., Trans, Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool,, vol. 1,, p. 585, 1 (1877). Selping (Macroplea) pheius, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 202, 3 (1878). Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming gradually paler towards apex, and with the following pale spots:—one in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, two near costa, divided by second subcostal nervule, followed by a curved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, a submarginal series of eight spots, of which the upper and innermost one is placed between the third and fourth subcostal nervules, and a marginal series of smaller and more linear spots. Posterior wings dark olivaccous-brown, with a large pale diseoidal patch situated near costal margin, and indications of two submarginal and a marginal series of pale spots, which are somewhat distinct near apex, but become obsolete towards anal angle. Underside of wings generally as above, but anterior wings with the discal series of spots larger posteriorly, the marginal series to posterior wings more continuous and distinct towards anal angle, and the posterior margins of anterior wings mucli paler, especially towards anal angle. Head, thorax and abdomen blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside of head, sternum and legs black; palpi and sternum spotted with white. Female. Somewhat larger and paler, with the discal series of spots to the anterior wings more obscure, and of the submarginal series those near apex have large pale inner reflections. Posterior wings with a distinct marginal and submarginal series of spots, the last preceded by an inner and more obseure series. Exp. wings, ¢ 120 millim.; ? 125 millim. Hav.—Burma; Moulmein,—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.). A female specimen is here figured. As Mr. Butler has himself admitted the identity of his 2. phebus and EF. castelnaui, Feld.,* of which there can be no doubt, it becomes necessary to use the earlier and Felderian name to this insect, though Butler still retains his own designation.| Some uncertainty appears to have arisen as to the exact date of Felder’s descriptions of species of Huplwa, Kirby giving 1867! as the year of publication. Felder’s plates bear date 1865, though the text is stated to have been published from 1864 to 1867, and as Butler himself§ gives 1865 as the date of a subsequent description by Felder, it is difficult to see why the apparent law of priority cannot in this case be followed. bb. Males with the inner margins of anterior wings slightly produced and convex. 4. Euplea midamus. (Tab. IL, figs.8 ¢ & 9 2.) Papilio midamus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 261 (1764); Syst. Nat., ii, p. 765, n. 108 (1767). Danais midamus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 179, n. 12 (1819). ‘uplea midamus (part), Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204, n. 76. * ‘Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i, p. 585, 1 (1877). { This author has (Trans. Ent. Soc., ser. 3, vol. v., p. 471) argued that Felder's work was antedated. | Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. § Trans. Linn, 5oc., ser, 2, Zool., p. 535, 3 (1877). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 25 Finplea midamus, Butl., Trans, Linn, Soe., ser, 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 685, n. 9 (1877). Trepsichrois midamus, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 828. Male. Anterior wings above dark violet-blue, with bright blue reflections towards apex, and with the following pale spots :—a small one between first and second subcostal nervules (this is sometimes absent) ; one in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule, two beneath cell situate on each side of second median nervule, three beyond cell divided by discoidal nervules, a submarginal series of about seven irregularly shaped spots, and a marginal series of very small spots which become obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings dark brown, with the costal and apical third pale brown and subgranulose, and with a small pale patch in cell. Underside of wings pale brown; anterior wings spotted generally as above, but with the apical marginal spots more distinct and continuous; posterior wings with five small white discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and four surrounding apical portion of cell, situated between the nervules; a marginal series of small spots of the same colour, and a submarginal series which only extends about half-way from apex (in one specimen from Province Wellesley this series is continuous) to anal angle. Head and upper part of thorax black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted and marked with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white, Female. Anterior wings pale brown, with a paler longitudinal streak in cell, a similar one between third median nervule and submedian nervure, a large ill-defined but bright blue patch on apical third of wing, and spotted with white as in male. Posterior wings pale brown, with a long white streak on each side of cell, and an intervening and shorter one of the same colour at its apex; three narrow white streaks following cell, divided by the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules; a submarginal series of narrow elongate spots, which at basal half of wing are continued upwards and united in pairs near median nervure ; two narrow longitudinal streaks on abdominal margin, the outer one of which is broadly bifurcate posteriorly, and a marginal series of smaller white spots. Underside of wings pale brown, marked and spotted with white as above; on the anterior wings, however, the two pale longitudinal streaks above are distinet and wlute beneath. Exp. wings, @ 90 to 96 millim.; 9? 96 millim. Has.—Continental India; Khasia Hills; Nepaul; Silhet.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.). This widely-spread, abundant, and protected species is mimicked by several other butterflies belonging to different and non-protected families. In particular it is mimicked by Papilio paradoxza and P. wniqgma, and Mr. Wallace* states that he often captured those species under the impression that they were simply the more common F. midamus. 5. Euploea mulciber. (Tab. ITL., figi1 ¢, 2 ¢.) Papilio wutciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, C, D (1799). Fuplea midanus (part), Butl., Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204,°76; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Dus. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 188, n. 265 (1857). Trepsichyots muleiber, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 296, 2 (1878). Male. Closely allied to the male of FE. midamus, but smaller, with the apical portion of the anterior wings less prominent, the submarginal spots above smaller, and the marginal spots absent; the reflections towards apex of the same wing are more violet than bright blue as in the other species. Beneath * Contribut. to Nat, Seleet., p. 87. Maren 31, 1882. H 26 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. the anterior wings have the marginal spots faintly indicated; the posterior wings have the discal spots as in E. midamus, but the marginal and submarginal spots are obsolete or absent. Female. Smaller than corresponding sex of E. midamus; the blue reflections to anterior wings much less prominent and more violaceous, and the white markings on both wings smaller and less prominent. Exp. wings, ¢ 87 millim.; 9? 87 to 94 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.; colls. Moore and Dist.). E. muleiber is only here included on the strength of a female specimen, described as from Malacca, and contained in the British Museum. Ihave seen no other specimen from the Malay Peninsula, and it has hitherto been considered as the constant Bornean race or form of E.. midamus, and peculiar to that island. 6. Euplcea ledereri. (Tab. II., fig. 10.) Fuplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 397, n. 14 (1860); Reise, Nov. Lep., i1., p. 917, n. 481, t. 40, f. 6, 6 (1865); Butl., Proe. Zool. Soe., 1666, p. 291, 66. Euplea inguinata, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 291, n. 65; p. 268, fig. 2. Calliplea ledereri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, 3 (1877); Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 295, 1 (1878). Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming darker with dark blue reflections towards apex, and marked with the following bluish spots :—one between first and second subcostal neryules; one beyond cell above upper discoidal nervule; one above first median nervule; another in cell a little before lower diseo-cellular nervule; and a submarginal row of five spots, of which the upper and subapical one is very large and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings with the base olivaceous-brown; remainder much paler, and with a pale discoidal patch. Underside of wings pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings marked generally as above, but the spots white and smaller, the submarginal series having the large subapical spot above only indicated by a small spot beneath, and a more or less distinet (varying in different specimens) marginal series of very small spots. Posterior wings with the following white spots :—a submarginal series, of which the upper three are the largest, and which with the fourth are placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series which does not extend to apex. Head and thorax above blackish ; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath; underside of head sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white. Exp. wings, ¢ 72 millim. Has.—Continental India ; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). I have not yet received a female specimen of this species, and both Felder and Butler described male specimens. It appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula, especially if there should be any error in the locality of Assam as given by Mr. Warwick to the British Museum. According to Smith, it is also found in Sumatra.* ec. Males provided with a pseudo acent-gland or brand to anterior wings, and with a pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. 7. Eupleea vestigiata. (Tab. II1., fig 64,7 2.) Fuplea restiytata, Butler, Proe. Aool. Boc., 1866, I'- YsR, Tl. 58, iE: Calliplea vestigiata, Butl,, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 6385, 2 (1877). * Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appendix V., p. 836. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 27 Salpine vestigiata, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298, 12 (1878). Var. Salpinn leueogonis, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 586, 1, t. 68, £. 6* (1877). Male. Anterior wings above very dark velvety blue, with the following pale bluish spots:—one between first und second subcostal nervules, one beyond cell between second discoidal and first median nervules; a submarginal series of five spots placed one above and one below fourth subcostal nervule, one above and one below upper discoidal nervule, and the other beneath lower discoidal nervule; a small and indistinct spot between second and third median nervules, a still smaller and more indistinct one beneath third median nervule, and an oblong streak of the same colour (which denotes the pseudo scent-gland or brand) placed beneath third median nervule. Posterior wing pale olivaceous-brown, much darker towards base, with a pale discoidal patch and three faintly indicated submarginal spots near apex, placed between the nervules. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the following pale bluish white spots :— one between first and second subcostal nervules; two beyond cell, divided by lower discoidal neryule; one large and subovate between second and third median nervules; three small and subapical, placed obliquely, which are apparently the commencement of a submarginal series, faintly indicated near median nervules; and a very faint, indistinct, and broken marginal series of small spots. Wing below third median nervule much paler. Posterior, wings with a submarginal series of bluish white spots, the upper four of which are placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series commencing near anal angle and not continued beyond first median nervule. Female. Anterior wing above spotted as in male, but wanting the diseal spot beyond cell, and with the costal base and inner margin slightly suffused with rufous. Posterior wings as in male, but wanting the pale discoidal patch, and possessing a marginal series of small spots near anal angle. Wings beneath generally as in male, but possessing only one spot beyond cell, and with the marginal and submarginal series of spots to anterior wing somewhat more distinct. Male and female. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white ; head beneath, sternum, and legs black: palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish. Exp. wings, ¢ and 9 98 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Sumatra (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Java (coll. Dist.). This appears.to be a variable species, and is probably a race of the E. novarw, Feld. Felder clearly defines this variability in his deseription ; in fact, with the qualifications he there admits in the markings of several varieties, these Province Wellesley specimens (here described and figured) might almost be considered as agreeing with some of his Nicobarian types. This Malay form somewhat differs from Javan specimens of FE. vestigiata, and appears to be inter- mediate between some varietal forms of /. novare and typical specimens of EF. vestigiata, which Mr. Kirby + was probably correct in considering a variety of Felder’s species. The Salpinx leucogows, Butl., im my opinion, is a small female variety, but in Mr. Moore’s collection, and tlso im the British Museum, I have seen males of H. vestiyiata at least agreeing in the matter of size.; When one is able to examine a long series of specimens, which is but seldom possible, modifications in specific conclusions generally ensue, which would otherwise have not been considered probable. * Butler's figure is somewhat misleading, the marginal spots to posterior wings having been enlarged and exaggerated by the artist, compared with those on the type specimen in the collection of the British Museum, which I have examined, t Syn. Cnt. Diurn, Lepid., p. 18 (1871). | Sinee writing the above the small male of #. vestigiata eoutained in the British Museum, and placed by Butler as belonging to that species, has been, in agreement with the advice ef Moore, replaced as the male of HL. leweogonis. ‘This affords further illustration of the close community of these forms. 28 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 8. Euploea diocletianus. (Tab. IV., fig. 4 ¢ and 5 2.) Papilio diocletianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ili., 1, p. 40, n. 118 (1793). Danais diocletianus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 181, n. 16 (1819). Kuplea rhadamanthus (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C., i., p. 126, n. 250 (1857); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 296, n. 81. Euplica diocletianus (part), Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 2, n. 5 (1869). Calliplea diveletianus, Butl,, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p, 535, mn. 1 (1577). Salpina dioeletianus, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 204, n. 27 (1878). Danisepa diocletianus, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings dark indigo-blue, with pale reflections towards outer margins, and with the following white spots :—two subcostal and linear, divided by first subcostal nervule, the immer one much the longest (in some specimens the last is preceded above by a narrow linear spot, situated above costal nervure, which is absent in the form figured); a very large and irregularly-shaped spot occupying apical portion of cell, followed by a small one placed between first and second median nervules (in some specimens, as in the one figured, this is preceded inwardly by a small pale bluish spot); a submarginal series of seven pale bluish spots, four subapical placed between the nervules, and three, which are very small, near anal angle; these are preceded by a large subquadrate spot between second and third median nervules, with a small one beneath it, both of which are also pale bluish, which is also the colour of the pseudo scent-gland or brand, situated beneath and parallel to third median nervule. Posterior wings dark indigo-blue, with the discoidal and costal area olivaceous-brown, and with the following pale bluish spots:—three submarginal near apex, the upper one small and somewhat indistinct (sometimes absent), a small spot at end of cell (in some specimens there are three), a marginal series of small spots near anal angle, preceded by two . (and sometimes four) slightly larger spots; four elongate white fascie commencing near base, and situated two between third median neryule and submedian nervure, and two on abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler and more olivaceous, the bluish spots much paler, a large additional white spot between second and third median nervules, and with the pseudo scent-gland concolorous. Posterior wings marked as above, but with the submarginal spots more numerous and continuous ; a long white streak and two linear spots in cell, and four linear white spots surrounding apical portion of cell. Head and thorax above black ; liead and anterior portion of thorax spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen dark bluish or fuscous above, the sides paler and spotted with pale bluish beneath. Underside of head, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white. Female. Paler and more olivaceous above. Anterior wings with the submarginal spots much paler, the spot beneath apex of cell very large, and followed beneath second median nervule by a larger and more irregular spot, which is connected with the one near margin. Posterior wings with a marginal aud submarginal series of very pale bluish spots; three large white streaks in cell, the apex of which is surrounded by five white spots, the two lower ones being longest, and with the four basal and adbominal fasciw as in male. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown, marked and spotted generally as above, but with the two spots between second and third median nervules of anterior wing not united. Exp. wings, ¢ 78 to 80 millim.; ? 75 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacea; Singapore (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This is evidently a Malay race of FB. rhadamanthus, Fabr., a species which I follow Moore and Butler in considering as typically represented in Northern India. It possesses also another and very distinct Bornean race, described as FE. Lowii. The principal difference between these three species or races is that of a gradually increasing melanism, which is least in the North Indian HE. rhadamanthus and greatest in the Bornean form FE. Lowi. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 29 9. Euploea crassa. (Tab. V., fig. 8.) Euplea erassa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 278, n. 31, Salpine crassa, Butler, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 0. 88 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. $22. Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, darker and with somewhat bright reflections at base. Anterior wings with a small white spot between first and second subeostal nervules; a submarginal series of five white and somewhat quadrate spots, with narrow, obscure, paler evanescent surroundings, placed between the nervules, the first and uppermost one of which is situated between the third and fourth subcostal nervules, and the lower one between the second discoidal and first median nervules: of these the third is the largest, and with the fourth and fifth more or less coalesce with a marginal series of smaller white spots, which are placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming smaller towards posterior angle, and (in the specimen described and figured) represented only by a single spot between first and second median nervules. Posterior wings with a pale ochraceous discoidal patch, extending through upper portion of cell, and «with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Wings beneath slightly paler than above; anterior wings, in addition to the white spots between first and second subeostal nervules as seen above, with two small white spots beyond end of cell on each side of lower discoidal nervule, and with a larger spot of the same colour between second and third median nervules; the submarginal series are much smaller, but with the pale evanescent surroundings appearing larger; posterior wings marked as above. Head and thorax above very dark fuscous; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen fuscous above, with the sides and under surface slightly paler; head beneath, sternum, and legs dark fuscous; palpi, sternum, and immediate bases of wings spotted with white. Male with a short and somewhat obscure pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule andisubmedian nervure. Exp. wings 93 millim. Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore)—Burma; Pegu; Moulmein (coll. Moore). Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Quedal (coll. Dist.).—Siam (Brit. Mus.). Upper It seems at least uncertain whether this species is not identical, and if so synonymic, with FE. erichsonii, Felder,* as so considered by Mr. Kirby.+ Felder’s habitats ‘‘ India Septentrionalis, Cochin,” would also favour this view. Mr. Butler, however, has identified a closely-allied form as EH. erichsonii, and as Felder has not figured his species, and his types are not easily accessible for comparison, I have provisionally followed this view here and adopted Butler’s name. It is probable that this species does not extend farther south than Quedah, from which our collectors obtained a single specimen. I did not meet with it myself when collecting in Province Wellesley, nor have I seen it in any collections from that district or Malacca. 10. Eupleea dejeani. (Tab. IV., fig. 1.) Tscmica Dejeanii, Moore, MS. Maple chive, var. 2? Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, durker towards base. Anterior wings with a small whitish marginal spot, situate beneath third median nervule. Posterior wings with a pale coloured patch near basal costal margin, which is almost entirely hidden by inner margin of anterior wings, and with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Underside of wings a little paler than above; anterior * Reise Nov. Lep. ti. p. du4, n. 444. { Seu. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 11, n. 88 (1871), JuNE 30, 1882. i 30 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. wings with the following pale bluish spots:—a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules ; a somewhat larger spot in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and an irregular subovate patch between second and third median nervules; faint indications of a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, distinct and prominent at anal angle, again visible above first median neryule, and totally wanting at apex. Posterior wings beneath with the marginal and submarginal spots as above, and with five small and indistinct spots surrounding apical portion of cell, and situate between the nervules. Head and thorax above black. Head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Exp. wings 86 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (coll. Oberthur). It is quite possible that this form may be but an extreme variety of /. chloe. I have seen but two examples—one from Malacea, in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, which is here described and figured; the other from Sumatra, in the collection of Mon. Oberthiir, which had been forwarded to Mr. Moore for identification, and for which that entomologist had proposed the name which I have used here. Note.—In the figure here given (Tab. IV., fig. 1) the pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wing has failed to appear in the last chromatic impression. 11. Eupleea chloe. (Tab. IV., fig. 23. Tab. IL, fig. 59.) Fuplea Chloe, Guerm, Deless. Souy. Inde, ii. p. 71 (1843); Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 271, n.7; Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 585, n. 5 (1877). Salpina chloé, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 295, n. 37 (1878). Isamia chloe, Moore, MS, Male. Anterior wings above dark olivaceous-brown, basal half much darker, with obscure violaceous reflections; a subapical, arcuated series of five white spots, the upper two divided by the fourth subcostal nervule; third and largest situated beneath fifth subcostal nervule; fourth and fifth smallest, with the upper discoidal nervule intervening (beneath these are faint indications of a submarginal series of small spots), and a marginal series of small white spots, becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings above olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the submarginal series much obliterated, but in some specimens distinct and continuous. Underside of wings pale olivaceous- brown; anterior wings with the following bluish white markings on disk :—a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules (sometimes this is accompanied by one or two others, as in the female); a similar spot in cell, before lower disco-cellular nervule; a spot between first and second median nervules, and a large irregularly shaped streak between second and third median nervules; marginal and submarginal spots as above, but larger, more distinct, and continuous. Posterior wings with a pale discoidal patch near basal costal margin, which is for the most part hidden by inner margin of anterior wings; spotted as above, but with the submarginal spots distinct and continuous, and haying five additional and distinct discal spots, which surround the apical portion of cell. (In some specimens there is a very small but distinet spot in and before end of cell, and sometimes a sixth surrounding spot situated above first subcostal nervule.) Head and thorax above black; the head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51 Anterior wings above provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Generally larger in size, with the marginal and submarginal spots more distinct above. Wines beneath marked generally as in male, but with three central spots on anterior wing near costal margin. Posterior wings having the spot in cell distinct, and also the sixth surrounding spot to apieal portion of cell. Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 96 millim.; ? 103 to 110 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.).—Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra.—Java (coll. Moore). From an examination of a series of specimens, collected in the Malay Peninsula, much macular variation is apparent, and it is probable that the constancy of these characters have been much over-estimated in discriminating species of Euplea. In the male specimen here figured from Malacca (Tab. IV., fig. 2) the marginal and snbmarginal spots are much obliterated on the upper surface of the wings. In some male specimens, however, from Province Wellesley these spots are as prominent and distinct above as in the female figured (Tab. I1., fig. 5). 12. Eupleea margarita. (Tab. IV., fig. 3.) Huplaa margarita, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 279, n. 34; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p- 105, n. 6; Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p, 585, n. 4 (1877). | Salpine maryarita, Butl., Journ, Linn. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 294, 1. 84 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 823. Isamia margarita, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings with about basal four-fifths of area deep violaceous, from thence to outer margin ferruginous; a small bluish spot near costa, between first and second subcostal nervules, and one in and near end of cell; indications of a marginal but obsolete series of small spots, denoted by one or two near anal angle and sometimes two pale submarginal obscure spots, situate on each side of second discoidal nervule. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots, and a pale discoidal patch near costal base, which is almost hidden by the inner margin of the anterior wings. Wings beneath pale ferruginous. Anterior wings with the following pale bluish spots and markings :— a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a larger one before end of cell (as above) ; beneath the last is a similar spot between the first and second median nervules, and a long subovate streak between second and third median nervules; a much obliterated marginal and submarginal series of very small spots. Posterior wings marked as above, with the addition of a diseal series of six small spots, one in and near end of cell, and five surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and thorax above black; anterior portion of thorax and head spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish white; head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with bluish white. Anterior wings above provided with an clongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Completely resembling other sex, but in my specimen possessing on upper surface of anterior wings two additional small bluish spots beneath apex of cell, and divided by second median nervules,* Exp. wings 86 to 102 millim, Han.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm, & Saly.). * It is very probable that these discoidal spots on upper surface of anterior wings are variable in number in both sexes. 32 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Mr. Butler, in his original description of this species, gave its habitat as ‘‘ Kast Indies.” It has probably, however, but a limited area of distribution, possibly not extending above Burma in the north, nor beyond the confines of the Malay Peninsula in the south. Messrs. Godman and Salvin possess a curious male variety of this species from Malacca, which has on the upper and under sides of the anterior wings a submarginal series of seven white spots placed between the nervules, and has the marginal series of spots continuous and moderately distinct; the spot in the cell beneath is also visible above. I possess a female form in my own collection (unfortunately without a locality) which agrees with the same. D. Males provided with a pseudo scent-qland or brand to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale discoidal patch ta posterior wings. 13. Euploea distanti. (Tab. V,. fig. 9 #.) Crastia Distantit, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. V. June, 1882, p. 458. Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the basal area darker and with the following white spots :—a submarginal series of eight spots, of which three are small, subcostal, and placed between the second, third, fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth largest and situate on each side of upper diseoidal nervule, the following three smaller, rounded, and placed one above and one below first median nervule, and one below second median nervule, and a marginal series of smaller spots placed in pairs between the nervules. Posterior wings more uniformly and palely olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the first becoming indistinct and obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath olivaceous-brown, Anterior wings marked as above, with the addition of four discal and very pale violaceous spots, one between first and second subeostal nervules, one in and before lower end of cell, one beneath end of cell between first and second median nervules, and the fourth largest and elongate between second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal series of spots continuous and distinct, and with the following small and very pale violaceous spots :-—one in and before end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous above, somewhat paler beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Male with a dark elongate pseudo secent-gland or brand on upper surface of anterior wings, between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Wings above paler and more unicolorous olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the marginal and submarginal spots as in male, but larger and with a ninth submarginal spot beneath third median nervule; there are also three very small discal spots, one between first and second subcostal nervules, one between first and second median nervules, and one in and a little before lower end of cell (there is also a faint indication of a fourth between second and third median nervules); posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal spots much larger than in male. Wings beneath spotted as in male, but the marginal and submarginal spots much larger, and with an additional narrow streak or spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a similar one beyond end of cell, between lower discoidal and first median nervules of anterior wings. Exp. wings, #84 millim.; ¢ 85 millim. _ Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Java (coll. Dist.). I have only procured one male specimen from Province Wellesley, and my solitary female example is from Java. The male has a very considerable superficial resemblance to F. bremeri, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oo but the presence of the pseudo scent-gland or brand to anterior wings will at once separate it from that species. It is at least a question whether the term ‘“‘ mimiery’’ should be used here, both species belonging (as I consider, and most entomologists till recently considered) to the same genus. All the species of Euplwa with which we are acquainted, and as Mr. Wallace has informed us, have, with the remaining Danaine of the Old World tropics, the ‘* same protective odour.’’"* In this ease, if we adopt the explanation of mimicry for the resemblance of these tivo species, we must presumably consider E. distanti as the mimicked species, as it possesses a pseudo scent-gland, which may reasonably be considered as adding to its protective or uneatable character, and which is absent in L. bremert. We thus have the ‘‘ mimicking” very much more abundant than the ‘‘mimicked”’ species, which is contrary to the usually observed phenomena, though Fritz Miller has recorded some similar exceptions as occurring in Brazil,| and the same observer has also endeavoured to show that there is an advantage in two nauseous species resembling each other, as occurs between two American species, both of which belong to genera which are protected from birds and other enemies by distasteful qualities. { Such propositions are of course at present hypothetical, and are at least supplementary to the carefully observed facts on which Mr. Bates originally disclosed and argued the admirable doctrine of ‘ mimicry,’”’§ which accounted for the strange external resemblances, long known to entomologists, which existed between insects belonging to distinct genera, families, and even orders, between which there was no real affinity. In the great genus Papilio we certainly have species mimicking each other, but these belong to different sections of the genus, many instances of which have been pointed out by Mr. Wallace, || and other examples have been recently given by Mr. Wood-Mason of species belonging to scentless groups mimicking those which are strong-scented and inedible. But in the genus Euplea we have at present no knowledge of non-nauseous or non-protected species, and therefore the probability of the species ‘‘ mimicked”’ being FE. distanti, because of its possession of a pseudo scent-gland, and hence presumably protective advantage, is somewhat negatived by the fact that some HMupleas without these glands are mimicked by other and very divergent species, as notably EL. midamus by Papilio paradoza and P. enigma. The possession of these glands does not therefore appear necessary for distastefulness and protection; and hence, until further observations are made by careful observers, it seems at least rash to predicate ‘‘mimiery,’”’ in the sense used by its discoverer, as the explanatory cause of these resemblances amongst the species of Huplea. The original argument that butterflies which were known by observation to be uneatable or protected were mimicked in appearance by different butterflies which did not possess distasteful qualities for the sake of a similar protection, does not warrant the conclusion that because two or more butterflies or other insects (of not or the * Contrib. to Nat. Select. p. 85 (1870), + Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 157 (1878); ‘Kosmos,’ 1879, p. 100; and Proe. Ent. Soo, 1879, p. xxiv. { Miiller’s views have since been amplified aud approved by Mr. Wallace, which gives them no inconsiderable strength (‘ Nature,’ vel. xxvi. p. 86). § This word seems to have been first used in a biological sense by Prof. Henfrey, in his translation of Schouw's ‘ Earth, Plants, ond Man’ (1852), and in reference to Botany. In diseussing “ repetitions in the vegetable kingdom" he remarks (p. 61), “There is still another kind of repetition which I might call ‘habitual repetition,’ or denominate ‘mimicry,’" Both author and translator, however, missed its philosophical application. || Contrib. to Nat. Select. pp. 87, 83. Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser, 5, February, 1882, pp. 104, 105, Jung 30, 1882. K 34 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. sume genus) resemble each other, therefore, without observation of the fact, it is proved that one must be protected or uneatable and the other or others are mimickers. 14. Eupleea godarti. (Tab. III., fig. 8.) Kuplea Godartii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1858, p. 319; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p, 275, n. 22; Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool, vol, xiv. p. 801, n. 37 (1878); Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824.. Kuplea stamensis, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. il. p. 341, n. 473, t. 41, f. 6 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 108, 5. Urastia godartii, Moore, Mh. Male. Anterior wing olivaceous-brown, darkest towards base, and with the apex broadly lilaceous. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal row of pale spots. Wings beneath wlivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with four pale whitish diseal spots, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, third between first and second median nervules, and fourth and largest between third median nervule and submedian nervure ; a few marginal white spots near anal angle (in a second unlocalised male specimen in my collection there — are traces of a submarginal row of spots, distinct near apex and anal angle). Posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal spots as above, but much paler; a small bluish white spot in and near end of cell, and a series of four spots of the same colour beyond cell and placed between the nervules (in some specimens there are six of these spots). Head blackish; thorax above and abdomen fuscous. Head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside of abdomen spotted with bluish white. Head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. I have as yet been unable to examine a female specimen from the Peninsula, and as the male here described is of a somewhat varietal character I hesitate to give the diagnosis of the other sex from a different habitat. Exp. wings, ¢ 86 millim.; ? 94 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Siam (Brit. Mus.); Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Cochin (coll. Feld.)}—Philippines (Brit. Mus.) The specimen here figured and described is contained in the Godman and Salvin collection, is labelled “Singapore,” and was received from Mr. Druce. It is the only example of the species I have yet seen from the Malay Peninsula. As will be seen from the description, it is a somewhat varietal form, but until we have seen more specimens from the locality, it would be extremely hazardous to consider it constant in that respect, especially as we have already seen that these macular characters are generally of an inconstant and variable nature in other species. 15. Euploeea ménetriesi. (Tab. IIL, figs. 47 &5 ¢.) Euplea Ménétriésii, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 898, n. 15 (1860); Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 275, n. 18; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 103, n. 4; Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. 1, p, 535, n.7 (1877); Journ, Linn. boc., Zool., xiv. p. B01, n. 44 (1878). Penoa ménétriési, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings dark pitchy brown, with velvety reflections, and becoming very slightly paler at outer margins. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, much darker near base, and with a very faint and RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 36 obscure series of narrow, elongate submarginal spots, followed by a marginal series of smaller, somewhat rounded, and equally obscure spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown, somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings with the following bluish white spots :—one above and one beneath second subcostal nervule, and another beneath the origin of third subcostal nervule (these last two spots are present in the specimen fieured, but, judging from my other examples, are more frequently absent); a spot in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and a larger and more elongate spot between second and third median nervules; near posterior angle are sometimes a few very small and indistinct white marginal spots. Posterior wings with the obscure marginal and submarginal spots distinct and white beneath, and with the following pale bluish discal spots :—one in and near end of cell, and five (in some specimens six) surrounding apical portion of cell and situated between the nervules. Head, thorax, and abdomen above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; body beneath and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with white; abdomen beneath spotted and subannulated with bluish white. Male with an elongated pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Wings above paler than in male, olivaceous-brown, and unicolorous; posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal series of spots distinct and white above. Wings beneath pale olivaceous- brown; anterior wings spotted as in male, but with an additional submarginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings spotted and marked as in male sex, but with the marginal and submarginal series of spots somewhat larger and extending to apex. Exp. wings, ¢ 80 to 85 millim.; ¢ 90 millim. Has.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.)}—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Sumatra (Hewits.; Smith).— Borneo (coll. Dist.) The males are somewhat inconstant in size, and have frequently the marginal and submarginal spots on the upper surface of the lower wings almost obsolete, and sometimes nearly as distinct as in the female. 16. Eupleea pinwilli. (Tab. U1., fig. 9 g, & var. fig. 10 ¢.) Fuplee Piuwilli, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p, 685, n.8, pl. Ixix. fig, 9 (1877); Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 301, n. 48 (1878), Penoa Pinwilli, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings aboye dark pitehy brown, with very slight and obscure purplish reflections. The pseudo scent-gland, situated between third median nervule and submedian nervure, large, silky, and paler in hue. Posterior wings much paler and olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, the marginal ones small and rounded, the submarginal series becoming much larger and elongate from first median nervule to anal angle, where they are also paler in hue. Underside of anterior wings much paler than above, with the following violaceous spots :—one between first and second subcostal nervules ; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; two beyond end of cell, one on each side of first median nervule, and a larger, more elongate, and whitish spot between second and third median nervules. There are also a few white dots near posterior angle, and in some specimens, as the one here figured, one near apex. Underside of posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal series of spots much more distinct, paler, and slightly larger than above, and with the following small pale violaceous spots on disk, one in and a little before end of cell, and six (in some specimens seven) surrounding apical portion of cell, and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; abdomen fuscous, 56 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. spotted with white beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; head above, anterior portion of thorax, palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Exp. wings, 3 92 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) This species varies much in the colour of the marginal and submarginal series of spots to the upper surface of the posterior wings, as occurs in the preceding species. In some specimens these are white, as in the variety figured. It is closely allied to . ménétriési, from which its constantly larger size appears to be the strongest differential character. Butler describes it as being darker than E. ménétriési, but this does not apparently obtain when series of both species from the Malay Peninsula are compared. E. Males provided with two pseudo scent-qglands or brands to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. * 17. Eupleea grotei. (Tab. LI., fig. 3.) Kuplea grotei, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 889, n. 470, t. 41, fig. 7 (1865); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 635, 8 (1877). Stictoplea grote’, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 802, 4 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824. Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with a submarginal row of eight small pale violaceous spots situated between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which are almost white near posterior angle, and do not extend more than half way between that angle and apex. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a submarginal and marginal row of white spots, of which the first are the largest and become fused with the marginal series near anal angle. Wings beneath pale ferruginous; anterior wing with two small bluish spots near end of cell, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second above first discoidal nervule; three larger spots of the same colour on disk, the first inside and a little before end of cell, remaining two beneath cell and on each side of second median nervule; marginal and submarginal spots as above, but smaller, paler and becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with a discal series of eight small pale bluish spots, situate two beneath costal nervure, followed by five surrounding apex of cell, and divided by the nervules, and one in and near apex of cell; marginal and submarginal spots as above. Head and thorax blackish; anterior portion of upper surface of thorax and head spotted with white; abdomen blackish, spotted with bluish beneath; sternum and legs black ; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with bluish white. Anterior wings above, with two long and subparallel pseudo scent-glands or brands situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Exp. wings 80 to 95 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll, Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)}—Cochin (coll. Felder). This species appears to be somewhat scarce in the Malay Peninsula, The British Museum possesses Malaccan specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill; but I neither captured it myself in Penang or Province Wellesley, nor have I yet received examples from those localities. Its area appears to be comprised between Cochin and Burma in the north, and extending probably almost throughout the Malay Peninsula in the south. . * Lam much indebted to my friend Mr. Moore for having drawn my attention to the value of these characters; which I have here used for the purposes of sectional division. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oT Subfam. SATYRIN AG. Satyrine, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii. p.176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 18 (1881). + esl Satyride, Swains., ab. Oyel. pp. 86, 98 (1840); Westw., Gen. Dinvn. Lap. 0. Tarot aoe, (eo p. 852 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr. p. 164 (1862). Furytelida (part), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405 (1851). Klywniine, Herr.-Sehitf., Prodr, Syst. Lep, i. p. 15 (1864). Elymniing, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112 (1871). I “4 a Diseoidal cell of the hind wing closed. Palpi of the imago generally compressed and fringed with long hair-scales. Larve smooth and spineless, with the tails bifid. ( This widely dispersed and cosmopolitan subfamily possesses several characters of both interest and importance, as demonstrative ,. 4 naa sbuwiite aaty at of its distinctive position. magnified) of Melanitis iemenc, The smooth spineless larve, with bifid tails, are also found in the allied subfam. Brassolinw,* and likewise oceur in the subfam. Nymphaline, of which the genera Apatura and Charaxes may serve as examples. ‘These larval coincidences in the different subfamilies may be well observed by a study of Dr. Horsfield’s classification, that author having, on similar but less rigid larval characters, founded his ‘I'hysanuriform group.+ Mr. Newman, dealing with the same affinities, t described these larve as “‘slug-shaped caterpillars"’ (Limaciformes ), and as examples figured those of Apatura iris and two species of Satyrine. Dr. Weisman has also noticed this incongruence. § This form of larva, however, is constant throughout the Satyrine, thus exhibiting—to use the good English equivalent given for a German term of Dr. Weisman—a ‘ congruence” of larval characters. ‘They are almost all feeders on various grasses, to which their green,coloration and markings assimilate them, thus affording a good example of ‘protective coloration.” In an evolutionary sense there are also ample grounds for considering them as exhibiting a very primitive form. Dr. Weisman has made the most profound and philosophical study of larval characters, principally as found in the Sphingide, a family which strongly exhibits more or less specialised larval markings. He considers the oldest Sphinx larve as being without markings and probably protected only by adaptive coloration and a large caudal horn, &c. It is at least probable that the bifid tails of the Satyrine fulfil an analogous protective function with this caudal horn in the Sphingide, or with the forked horn at the tails of the larve of some genera of moths. With the next stage of Sphingid evolution, where the larve have become longi- tudinally striped, we may almost apply Dr. Weisman’s very words to the Satyrinw :—‘ The caterpillars thus marked must have been best hidden on those plants in which an arrangement of parallel linear parts predominated; and we may venture to suppose that at this period most of the larve of the Sphingide lived on or among such plants (grasses).”’ || * This subfamily is confined to Tropical America, + Deserip. Cat. Lep. Ins. pp. 21-2. | ‘ British Butterflies,’ pp. 19 & 20). § ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 458 (Eng. ed.). Dr. Weisman, however, errs in stating that the imagines of the genera Apatura and Nymphalis differ from those of the Satyring chiefly “in the absence of an enlargement of certain veins of the fore wings, an essential character of the Satyrine,” as the enlargement of these vems is not p constant charneter, whilst the more or less atrophied disco-cellular nervules of the posterior wings in all the genera of the Nymphalin is a constant and easily observed character to separate that subfamily from the Satyrine, || ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 381. JuNE 3O, 1882. L 38 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, As regards the distribution of the Satyrine, Prof. Westwood has calculated that the number of the European species is considerably greater than one-third of the whole number of European Rhopalocera,* whilst Mr. Kirby estimates them as nearly a third.+ It is in this region that the lower forms of grasses are very abundant, for, as Meyen has pointed out, these (the grasses which form meadows and pastures) are peculiar to the colder regions and to the colder half of the tem- perate regions; they are replaced by larger arborescent forms in the subtropical zone and within the tropics. This large percentage of Satyrine to the whole Rhopalocerous fauna probably extends throughout the Palearctic region, § but of the butterflies of Northern and Central Asia we still know very little. Even in China, Mr. Pryer, giving the results of a short entomological excursion, says, “‘ The commonest butterfly was one of the Satyridw, which subsequently turned out to be not only a new species, but a new genus.’’|| It cannot, however, be postulated that the average numerical distribution of the grasses is in proportion to the average numerical distribution of the Satyrine, for whereas, according to De Candolle’s statistical review, the Old World and Asia especially is richer in grasses than the New, for though in the latter the grasses rarely amount to as much as ten per cent. of all the flowering plants in the various districts, usually only nine, occasionally only seven per cent., they generally amount to ten and often to twelve per cent. in the Eastern Continents.{{ I found from an estimate made from Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue (1871) that the approximate equivalence in the number of genera and species as found in the Old and New Worlds ** was exceedingly close and quite surprising in that respect. However, the number of genera peculiar to Tropical America are greater than those which are peculiar to any other region, the Oriental Region being next in that respect, but only to less than half the extent. ++ According to Dr. Thwaites,{{ the Ceylonese specimens of Satyrine are inactive and fly near the ground, amongst grass and close to the margins of woods. ‘heir movements, however, are more lively in the early morning and evening during their amatory gambols. §§ They have also been observed on the Amazons by Mr. Wallace, |||; and in South Africa by Mr. Trimen,/{] whose record of their flight is similar to that of Dr. Thwaites, and agrees with my own observations in Province Wellesley. Mr. Wallace adds to his Amazonian account that he did not remember to have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, whilst the greater number of them did not exceed as many inches; and Mr. Trimen noticed that those species which did not possess the basal inflation of the nervures of the anterior wings possessed greater powers of flight and a more robust structure generally. The colour of these butterflies is generally of a sombre hue, dull brown being the usual tint of the upper surface, though exceptions to this rule, as might be expected, are not infrequent. There often appears to be some correlation between obscure colours above and ocellated spots beneath. * Doubl. & Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep, vol. ii. p. 352. + ‘European Butterflies,’ p. 45. | ‘ Botanical Geography’ (Ray Soc.), p. 107. § These statistics do not apply to the Nearctic Region, for Mr. Scudder, in discussing the disparity in numbers of the Nymphalide of Europe and N. America, remarks that such ‘is almost wholly due to the vast number of Satyrs, or Meadow Growns in Europe—it has seventy-seven species—while we have but nineteen.”—* Butterflies,’ p. 264. || Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 54. ‘| Quoted by Peschel, ‘The Races of Man,’ p. 412. ** The Satyrid faunas of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions were compared with those of the Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions. ++ Wallace, Geogr. Distrib, An. vol. u. p. 471. {} Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 18. §§ Mr. Swinton, who has paid much attention to this branch of Entomology, states that many butterflies pair at noontide when the sky is overcast (‘Insect Variety,’ p. 92). \\|| Trans. Ent. Soc. 1857, p. 261. “4 Rhop. Afr. Austr, p. 185. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 39 Mr. Grant Allen has advocated the view of a correlation between the colours of animals and the food on which they feed. ‘* Where bright blossoms are common insects are brilliant, while where most blossoms are inconspicuous most insects are dingy.’’* ‘In short, the immense majority of animals which do not feed on bright-coloured food are of plain hues, é&e.’’ Mr. Allen has greatly relied on the brilliancy of flower-frequenting butterflies in support of his theory, which might also have been assisted by a reference to the generally sombre-hued Satyrine, whose home and sustenance are the wind-fertilised grasses, with their obscure and degenerate flowers. { Seven genera only can at present be included in this fauna, which is doubtless an insuflicient enumeration. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings emitted before end of cell. A. Posterior wings with their outer margins more or less waved and obtusely angulated. a, Median nervules of anterior wings with their bases widely separated. Wig dbs’ estar ina Aeelenthe b. Costal nervures of anterior wings not dilated, ismene, Showing median nervules, ec. Nervules of posterior wings all well separated at their bases. d. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly longer than the upper ome. - - -~— - - Menanrris. bb. Costal nervures of anterior wings dilated towards base. é. Wings beneath provided with perfect ocelli.§ ce. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with a common origin at apex of cell. Fic. 11. Post. wing, Lethe europa, showing median nervules, dd. Disco-cellular nervules of posterior wings about or almost subequal in length. | : J. Antenne distinetly clavate. - : - - Lerue. SS Jf. Antennw slender, the apical portion gradually but slightly thickened. Fro. 12. Post. wings, Erites angu- ddd. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly laris, showing median nervules. longer than the upper one. - - - - - CaeLrres. ecc. First and second median nervules of posterior wings approximating, but considerably separated at their origi; the first only at apex of cell. - - - Erires. ac. First and second median nervules of anterior wings with a coInmon origin at apex of cell. ee. Posterior wings without (or sometimes provided with imperfect) ocelli. Fro. 13. Anterior wing, Melanitis cece. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with innuene, showing median nervules. a common origin at apex of cell. =, = - f: E.LYMNIAS. ee B. Posterior wings with their outer margins sometimes more or less waved, but not angulated or tailed. bbb. Costal and sometimes also median and submedian nervures dilated at base. g. Males provided with long hair-covered pseudo Fro. 14. Ant, wing, Elymnias casi- scent-glands. - - - - - - Mycauzsrs. phone, showing median nervules. 9, Wirgt subcostal nervule only of anterior wing before end of cell. - Yprrura. * “The Colour Sense," p. 160. + Ibid. p. 181. | The story of degeneracy of these flowers has been recently well told in the ‘St. James's Gazette’ (May 8, 1882), under the title of “The Flowering of the Grasses,” by a skilful biologist, using the nom de plume of ‘ Colin Clout.’ § I here use the term “ocelli” for brevity, preferring that of “ocellated spots,” as elsewhere applied in the text, Although the first term is used by many excellent lepidopterists, still it has an earlier and distinct entomological definition, especially in Rhynchota, 40 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus MELANITIS. Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 14 (1881). Hipieo, Hitbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 66 (1816). Cyllo, Boisd., Voy. Astrol. Lep, p. 140 (1832); Faune Mad. p. 57 (1833); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 360 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186 (1866). Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex, and with the apex produced and usually angulated about lower diseoidal nervule, beneath which the outer margin is distinctly excavate; inner margin nearly straight; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule strongly produced and directed outwardly, abruptly deflexed and convexly bent at apex; lower disco-cellular abruptly curved inwards near commencement, and then, and for its greatest length, slightly directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; nervules all well separated at their origins; lower diseo-cellular nervule distinctly longer than the upper. Eyes naked. Palpi clothed beneath with short scaly hairs placed close together—squamose. Antenne more or less incrassated at apex. This genus is widely distributed, being found in Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa, throughout Continental India, and extending eastward through the whole of the Southern Oriental Region, including the Malay Archipelago; it is also extensively spread amongst the Pacitie Islands, and as far south as Australia. It is, however, difficult to assess the number of known “species” of Melanitis, owing to the very conflicting views of different authorities, and the empirical condition of our knowledge on that point. Forms which a few years ago were estimated as varieties only, have since, on further consideration by the same authors, been promoted to specific rank. Thus, in 1867, Mr. Butler published* short diagnoses and references to forty-one different forms of M. leda contained in the British Museum, of which he summarised the habitats as “Java; Oceania; Australia; Africa,”” and stated that the variation was so gradual that it was impossible to determine the exact limits of the two extreme forms. In 1868} he formulated these into nine distinct varietal forms, but since that time has had reason to treat most, if not all, of these once-considered varieties as distinct species, in which he is in agreement with several modern authors. The question, however, is far from solved, and the two species here included as such, in accordance with good authorities, have more often been considered as varietal forms, and should still be so if the following is accepted as conclusive. Mr. Darwin, in diseussing the variability and formation of the ocelli or egg-like spots on the plumage of birds, has made great use of these ‘‘ varieties’’ of MW. leda, from drawings made by Mr. Trimen and reproduced by him.{ From an examination of the figures and a consideration of Mr. Trimen’s remarks on the subject,§ Mr. Darwin states that “in some specimens large spaces on the upper surface of the wings are coloured black, and include irregular white marks; and from this state a complete gradation can be traced into a tolerably perfect ocellus, and this results from the contraction of the irregular blotches of colour. In * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 51 (1867). + Cat. Satyride, pp. 1—3. | ‘The Descent of Man,’ ed. 2, pp. 428-9, § Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 41 another series of specimens a gradation can be followed from excessively minute dots, surrounded by a scarcely visible black line, into perfectly symmetrical and large ocelli.” 1. Melanitis leda. (Tab. IV., fig. 10.) Papilio Leda, Linmeus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 778, n. 151 (1767); Drury, Ex. Ins. i. t. 15, f. 5, 6 (1778); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 196, C, D. (1780). Oreas (marnwrata) Leda, Hibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1806-1816), Melanitis Leda, Fabr., Uliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore (part), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 222, n. 461 (1857); Butl, Cat. Satyr, p. 1, n. 1 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 9, n. 1 (part), (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15, pl. 10, f. 1 a, 6 (1881). Hipio Leda, Hibn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, n. 538 (1816). Satyrus Leda, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 4 (18238). Cylla leda, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 361, n. 1 (1861); Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 52 vars. 1, 2, 8, 36,4, 5 (1867); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n, 9 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p, 6, n. 17 (1878). Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a subapical blackish spot situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered inwardly more or less distinetly with fulvous. Posterior wings with one, two, three, or even four submarginal black spots, with white centres and narrow pale margins, the largest of which is situated between second and third median nervules. Underside of wings varying from pale variegated lilaceous (as in specimen figured) to pale variegated ochraceous, covered with numerous darker strige. Anterior wings with three transverse dark fascim, the first and most indistinct crossing cell about one-third from base, the other passing through about centre of cell and the third a little beyond cell, and not quite reaching inner margin (these fascie are very inconstant, two being seen distinctly on specimen figured, but on some others they are barely distinguishable), and three, four, or five subapical black ocellated spots, with white centres and yellowish margins, situated between the nervules, of which the largest is placed between the first and second median nervules; in dark lilaceous specimens the space between the third median nervile and submedian nervure is more or less ochraceous. Posterior wings with a more or less distinct dark fascia, continuous with the centre one of anterior wings and not reaching abdominal margin, and with six submarginal ocellated spots, varying in size in different specimens, but the largest of which are the first and upper one, situated between, and sometimes extending beyond, the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, which is placed between the second and third median nervules; the last one is also sometimes duplex, as in the specimen figured. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. In female specimens the spots on the upper surface of the wings are usually larger and brighter. Exp. wings, ¢ 66 to 72 millim.; 2 77 to 84 millim. Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.); Central Provinces; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore).— Ceylon (coll. Moore, & Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands (Caleutta Mus.* and coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Bali (coll. Moore).—Celebes (Snellen and Brit. Mus.)\—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Formosa.—North China (coll. Moore). This species varies in the shape of the anterior wings, sometimes having the apex distinetly faleate, as in the specimen figured, or indistinctly and scarcely recognisably so, as in a Bombay specimen in my own collection. As observed in Celebes it is crepuscular in habit, flying in the * Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. L. p. 244 (1881). JUNE 30, 188%, # 49 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. evening at twilight, and also at early dawn.* Mr. Trimen also records the crepuscular habits of this species (or a local form of it) at Mauritius, and states that there it could always be found ‘in the dark alleys between the rows of sugar-canes.’”’+ In Continental India, at Saugor, Capt. de la Chanmette describes this and an allied species as flying ‘‘at sunset under the Neem trees, resting for a long time motionless on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon them, when they will fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite stone.” } In North-Western India, according to Capt. Lang, these same species were found “always flitting about under the shade of trees or lurking in long grass.’’$ In Ceylon Mr. Hutchison also describes its flight as taking place at dusk of evening and at dawn. || The larva (which I have figured at p. 37), was reared by Capt. Lang on ‘* Saccharum ravenne.” 2. Melanitis ismene. (Tab. 1V., figs. 9, 11 & 12.) Papilio Ismene, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 26, A, B (1774). Melanitis Hanksia, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EK. 1. C. i. p. 222, n. 462 (1857). Cylla Leda, Butl, (part), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 562 (1867). Melanitis Leda, var. Jsmene, Butl,, Cat. Satyr. p. 2 (1868). Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 14, pl. 10, f. 2,4, b (1881); Wood- Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. i. p. 244, n. 8 (1881). Male and female. Wings above either pale or dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the apical area darker, and possessing a subapical blackish spot, situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered more or less distinctly above and inwardly with fulvous-red. Posterior wings with one, two, and sometimes three or four, very small submarginal white spots, with black margins; the most distinct of these spots is situated between the second and third median nervules, and the whole are sometimes practically obsolete as in the var. figured (fig. 11). Wings beneath variable in hue and markings, as follows :— Var. a, fig. 9 ¢. Dull greyish, with a lilaceous tinge, more or less irregularly spotted with fuscous, exhibiting on disk the broken remains of three dark fascim; anterior wings with a distinct white-centred spot between first and second median nervules, above which and first median nervule is a much more obsolete and indistinct spot; there are also indications of two apical spots situated on each side of upper diseo-cellular nervule. Posterior wings with a more or less obsolete series of six submarginal ocellated spots, of which the first and upper, situate between the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, placed between second and third median nervules, are the largest and most distinct, being black with white centres and yellowish margins. This is the typical form of Ismene as figured by Cramer. Var. b, fig. 12¢. Wings much darker and more lilaceous, the fuscous markings absent; anterior wings with four distinet brownish fascim, three in and one just beyond end of cell, the first and second of which are continued on posterior wings, where they are curved, but do not reach abdominal margin. Both wings spotted as in var. a. Var. c, fig. 1192. Wings pale ochraceous, the fascia, as seen in var. b, much fainter; anterior wings with the apical area paler and spots absent; posterior wings with the spots very faint or obsolete. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger, with the general colour both above and beneath brighter, and the subapical markings to the anterior wings above much more distinct and vivid. Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 72 millim.; ¢? 78 to 82 millim. * M. C. Piepers, Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to sxiv., and English translation by Kirby, ‘Entomologist,’ x. p. 267; Snellen, Tyd. Ent. xix. p. 145. + Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. v. p,. 386. } Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ii. p. 87. § Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 182. || Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 43 Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.), Neilgherries; Calcutta; Nepaul; Cashmere (coll. Moore).—Ceylon (coll. Moore)—Andaman Islands (Calentta Mus.)\— Burma; Moulmein.— Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) —Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (eoll. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.). This is a very variable form beneath, but the three varieties described appear to represent the species in the Malay Peninsula. In other habitats different varieties are found. The larva and pupa as found in Ceylon are described and figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis. The shape is that of the larva of M. leda, the “head large, surmounted by two short pubescent red processes, last segment also with two processes; pale green with longitudinal rows of whitish dots; dorsal and lateral line darker green; head bluish, face striped with white and black. Pupa green, cylindrical; head and thorax obliquely flattened.” * Its habits in Continental India were described with those of J/. leda by Capt. Lang and Capt. de la Chaumette (ante p. 42); and, in the neighbourhood of Monghyr, Mr. Lockwood tells us that when ‘the toddymen cut the date trees,” hundreds of this species ‘collect to feed upon the sweet sap, in company with many yellow-banded wasps and ants.”’ + Genus LETHE. Lethe, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p. 16 (1881). Delis, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 858 (1851). Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and apically convex, and the apex rounded; outer margin slightly waved and concave; inner margin straight; costal nervure dilated at base: first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper diseo-cellular nervule short, directed outwardly at base and then somewhat coneavely bent and directed outwardly along its greatest length ; lower disco-cellular nervule nearly straight and directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; first and second median nervules with a common origin about apex of cell; disco-cellular nervules about or almost subequal im length. Eyes prominent and hairy. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-ereet hairs, (istinetly separated—setose. Antenn@ more or less incrassated at apex. Above forty species of this genus have been described. It is strongly represented in Continental India, is not uncommon in the true Malayan Region, and is found as far north as China and Japan. Only one species has at present been received from the Malay Peninsula, and is here alone included. 1. Lethe europa. (Tab. V., fig.5 3,69.) Papilio Furopa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500, 1. 247 (1775). Oreas marmorea Europa, Hiibn., Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1606—1816), Lethe Europa, Hithn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, u. 634 (1816); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 114, n. 2 (1868); Cat. Fabr, Lepid. p. 29, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1877, p. 582; Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. xlix. p. 226, n. 5 (1880), * Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 14. + Nat. Hist. Sport and Travel,’ p. 226. 44 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Satyrus Europa, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 6 (1828), Delis Europa, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 859, n.1 (1851); Hewits., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. vill. p. 148 (1865); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877). Papilio Beroé, Cram., Pap. Ex. i. t. 79, C, D (1779). Papitio Arete, Cram., Pap. Ex. iv. t. 813, B, F (1782), Lethe Arcuata, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 114, n. 4, t. 2, f. 8 (1868), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a very indistinct transverse pale fascia across centre of cell (this is frequently quite obsolete), and with an oblique, broader, more distinct, and paler fascia just beyond end of cell, commencing on costa, where it is broadest, and terminating about third median nervule, where it is narrowest; two obscure whitish spots near apex, the upper one more or less duplex and situated at about base of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules; and with a submarginal pale waved line at outer margin, the fringe of which is also greyish. Posterior wings with a few submarginal and irregular darker spots, which are most distinct near apex, and with a pale submarginal waved line, which is inwardly and irregularly bordered with very dark brown. Wings beneath dark shining brown. Anterior wings with a narrow white fascia crossing the cell about centre and extending to about inner margin; an oblique, wider and more ochraceous fascia beyond end of cell, commencing at costa and terminating at about third median nervule, where it becomes fused in a waved series of six continuous, amalgamated spots, which extend from near costa to inner margin, and are lilaceous, with their centres fuscous and their immer and outer margins pale ochraceous; between these spots and the outer margin, which has a paler narrow submarginal band outwardly bordered with black, the ground colour becomes more ochraceous. Posterior wings with a narrow white fascia commencing at costa, a little distance from base, and terminating a little before centre of abdominal margin; a submarginal series of six large, subovate, continuous, amalgamated spots, which are pale brownish, and have the outer and inner margins lilaceous; the first and largest is situate on the two subcostal nervules, and has a large and rounded black centre, dusted with a few white spots; the remaining five are more elongated and compressed, fused together at the nervules, and have the centres more or less irregularly black, dusted with white, the sixth terminating at submedian nervure; posterior margin ochraceous, with a pale narrow submarginal band, bordered outwardly with black. Body, antenne, and legs fuliginous-brown. Female. Larger than the male. Anterior wings above with the oblique fascia at end of cell white, very broad, and terminating a little below third median nervule, followed by a white spot at posterior angle, the apical spots white and three in number, the upper two close together on each side of fifth subcostal neryule, the lower one distinctly preceded by the upper of two fuscous spots, situate one on each side of lower disco-cellular nervule, both being margined with paler brown. Posterior wings above as in male. Anterior wings beneath with the broad white fascia as above, which obliterates the fifth and part of the sixth submarginal spots, which are all paler and brighter than in the other sex. Posterior wings beneath asin male, but with all the markings larger and brighter. Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 70 millim.; ¢ 75 millim, Han.—Continental India; Neilgherries; Malabar; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore); Bombay (coll. Dist.) ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.)}—Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Brit. Mus.)\—Sumatra (Snellen).— Java (Brit. Mus.)—Celebes (Snellen).—Siam (Mouhot)—China; Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.); Formosa; Hainan (coll. Moore). The habits of this species appear to be much the same as those of Mel. leda. Mr. Bigg, at Penang, deseribes the * Lethes’’ (he refers to L. beroé and L. arcuata as two species) as ** appearing in the padi-fields and ditches, especially at dusk"’;* and in Celebes, Piepers saw it + Month. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881), RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 45 flying in the morning twilight.* As observed in North-Western India by Capt. Lang, it was found on grassy slopes in the shade or near hedges, ‘* constantly pitching under bushes or at roots of trees, and lying perdue.”’ + Genus COZLITES. Cwlites, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 367 (1851), Anterior wings long and subtriangular, with the costa more or less notched at base and slightly arched, the apex depressed and rounded; outer margin slightly emarginate and scalloped, sometimes somewhat concave about centre; inner margin but very slightly dilated and nearly straight; costal nervure strongly diktted at base; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco- cellular nervule very much shorter than the lower one, which is more or less concave. Posterior wings more or less ovate, with the outer margin very slightly waved (as in (. nothis) or distinctly waved and obtusely angulated or tailed near first median nervule (as in C’. enptychioides); first and second median nervules emitted close together about apex of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule short and curved; lower one longest and more or less oblique. Kyes naked. Antenne very slender, the apical portion gradually and slightly thickened. This is a genus of small extent, and apparently confined to Continental India and the true Malayan Region. Five species have been described, but it is possible, when due allowance has been made for local variation, that not more than three are really known to Science at the present time. I have neither seen nor received any species of Culites myself from the Malay Peninsula, but in 1867 Mr. Butler described and figured a specimen, which was collected in Malacca by Lieut. Roberts. As the type is in the collection of that gentleman, who, I am informed, is now absent from England, I have simply reproduced Butler's figures and description here. ' 1. Coelites euptychioides, var. humilis. (Fig. 15.) Catites euptychivides, Felder, Reise Noy, Lep. iii. p. 499, n. 865 (1866). Calites Humilis, Butler, Aun. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 408, t..8, f. 8; t. 9, £. 2 (1867), Colites enptychioites, var, /aonilis, Bath, Cat. Satyr. p. 112, 1. 4 (1868), Female. Wings above fuscous; external area of the anterior wings somewhat more obscure, of the posterior wings paler; both wings with an obscure marginal line. Posterior wings with a subanal and very indistinct blind “ ocellus,”” margined with pale ochraceous; mternal margin paler; body above fus- cous; anenne ferrugmous. Wings beneath paler and ochraceous; a medial fascia and another submarginal one on which the “‘ocelli’ are generally distributed, violaceous: a discal clouded fascia, fuscous; two irregular marginal lines Fig, 15, 0 4 = * Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to xxiv., and Eng. Trans, by Kirby, * Entomologist,’ x. p. 271. + Ent, Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 181, : The original diagnosis is in Latin, but for the auke of uniformity I have given a more or less literal translation of the same. Juxe 80, 1882. ‘ 46 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. distinctly fuscous; anterior wings with a small subapical ocellus; posterior wings with five “ ocelli,” the third and fourth smallest and the fifth largest; all of these are black, surrounded with fulvous, the outer margin of which is fuscous, and with very small white pupils. Body beneath ochraceous, Exp. wings, 31 in. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca.—Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts). I have followed Mr. Butler in considering his C. humilis as but a local form or var. of ('. euptychioides, Peld., and Mr. Kirby* considers it but a synonym of that species. Felder’s typical C. Muptychioides was from Borneo, and Bornean specimens are contained in the British Museum. It has also been recently recorded from Sumatra. + Genus ERITES. Satyrus, subg. rites, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 892 (1851). Anterior wings somewhat elongate and narrow, with the costa arched and slightly convex at its apex, the apex rounded; outer margin nearly straight, or very slightly waved inwardly about middle; inner margin nearly straight; costal neryvure very strongly dilated at base: first and second subeostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, directed a little outwardly at base, and then somewhat concavely in its greater length to apex; lower disco-cellular nearly straight, and very slightly directed either outwardly or inwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; nervules well separated at their origin; diseo-cellular nervules about or almost subequal in length, the upper one coneaye, the lower one almost straight. Eyes prominent and naked. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-erect hairs, somewhat separated and placed in tufts. Antenne slender, the apical portion slightly and gradually thickened, Four species represent our present knowledge of this genus, and its distribution is limited. We have no record of its having been discovered in Continental India; one species is apparently confined to the Malay Peninsula, extending, however, as far north as Upper Tenasserim; two have been received from Borneo, and another is found in Java. 1. Erites angularis. (‘T'ab. V,. fig. 3.) rites angularis, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825. Male. Wings above semiliyaline, pale smoky ochraceous, the basal halves mottled with narrow, darker strigw. Anterior wings crossed by two dark oblique fascia, the first of which is nearly straight and passes from costal nervure through apical angle of cell to about middle of submedian nervure; the seeond commences about the bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, touches cell at its lower apex, and is then distinetly bent inwardly and terminates on submedian nervure; three very obscure subapical ocellated spots, divided by the discoidal neryules, with extremely faint and minute white centres, margined outwardly with ochraceous, and with the extreme margin pale fuscous; a very large ocellated spot situated on second and third median nervules, with a whitish centre and ochraceous margin, which is widest outwardly, and there and above also margined with fuscous; and with two waved fuscous marginal lines, the inner one becoming somewhat obsolete towards posterior angle; the marginal fringe also fuscous. Posterior wings crossed by two very angulated dull ochraceous fascie, of which the margins are somewhat fuscous; the inner commencing at costa in a line with the corresponding one of anterior wing, curved and * Cat. Dinrn, Lep, p. 45, 3 (1871). + Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appeni. V. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 47 angularly dentated in cell, and from thence transversely directed to about middle of abdominal margin ; outer fascia much waved, dentated inwardly near base of disco-cellular nervule, and more strongly and less regularly outwardly on first median nervule, from thence transversely concave to abdominal margin; a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, of which the fourth and fifth are largest and brightest, and situate between the median neryules; the upper three smaller, much more indistinct and situate between the neryules; these spots are fuscous, with a yellowish rim and fuscous margin; and two waved yellowish marginal lines, bordered outwardly and inwardly with fuscous. Underside of wings somewhat paler and more violaceous, but with the markings brighter and more distinct; the large ocellated spot to anterior wing with a large silvery centre and its margin pale yellowish. Posterior wings with the two discal fascim much more brightly ochraceous, the outer one becoming somewhat fused with the central spots, and its outer margin only bordered distinctly with fuscous at abdominal margin; spots with distinct pale centres; the third and fourth smallest and very widely margined with ochraceous. Body above pale fuscous; abdomen ochraceous beneath; legs pale ochraceous. Exp. wings 55 millim. Has.—Tenasserim (colls. Moore, Wood-Mason, and Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godm. & Salv.) The specimen figured was collected by Dr. Townsend in Perak, and is to the present time the only one I have seen from this district. This species is very distinct, differing from the other three with which we are at present alone acquainted by the more apically produced anterior wings, and by the inner fascia of the posterior wings being acutely dentate at its centre; if also structurally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing slightly directed inwardly. Genus MYCALESIS. Mycalesis, Hithner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54 (1816); Westw., Gen. Dinrn. Lep. p. 392 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 206 (1866), Wings short and broad. Anterior wings with the costa strongly arched and with the apex rounded ; the outer margin generally slightly convex ; inner margin slightly dilated, especially in the males. Costal nervure and sometimes also median and submedian nervures swollen at base; first and second subcostal nervyules emitted before end of cell; lower diseo-cellular nervule much longer than the upper. Posterior wings ovate, with the outer margin sometimes more or less waved; first and second median nervules either emitted close together at end of cell, or with their bases approximating, but distinctly separated ; diseo-cellular nervules more or less transversely closing cell. Males provided with one or sometimes two pseudo scent-glands covered by tufts of hair to posterior wings, and sometimes with one of the same to anterior wings. The distribution of this very extensive genus extends over a wide area. It is not found in either America or Europe, but is abundant in Africa, is found in Madagascar and the neigh- . bouring islands, and is very extensively represented in Tropical Asia, and on that continent is found as far north as China. It also occurs throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago, including Papua, and from thence south to Australia. Of these Eastern species (excluding Africa), “hitherto described under the genus Mycalesis,” Mr. Moore, in a recent revision,” has enumerated eighty-six species, which he has arranged in twenty-three genera, * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 155, 48 RHOPALOCEHA MALAYANA. twenty-one of which are there described for the first time. I am considerably indebted to these for the characters which I have here used as sectionally dividing the species of Mycalesis found in the Malay Peninsula. As in the genera Danais and Huplewa, the males (as Mr. Moore has pointed out) are provided with a glandular pouch (probably a scent-secreting organ"), covered by a tuft (or tufts) of hair, which is either in some species found on both wings, or in others on the posterior wings only. In Java a species possesses two of these appendages to the posterior wings, but according to our present knowledge no species in this fauna possesses more than one. I have here included seven species, which account for all that have been referred to from this region by other writers, though in some eases I have formed .conclusions as to specific value which are not in unison with those of some authorities. In all cases, however, I have endeavoured to show where and why this divergence of opinion takes place. A. Males possessing a pseudo scent-gland on both anterior and posterior wings. 1. Mycalesis maianeas, (Tab. VIL., fig. 4 9.) Miycalesis Maioneas, Hewitson, Exot, Butt. iii, p. 87; Mye. t. 6, £. 27, 28 (1864); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 131, n. 18 (1868). Satoa Mataneas, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 157. As I have not received this undoubted Malaccan species, I have here reproduced Hewitson's figure, and add the description of that author :-— “Upper side. Male dark brown; the outer half nearly of the anterior wing, and the outer margin of the posterior wing, rufous-brown. Anterior wing with a tuft of hair near the inner margin; the margins of both wings where they meet silvery white. “Under side dark brown to the middle, rufous-brown beyond; the outer margin and two submarginal lines dark brown. Anterior wing with three ocelli, two near the apex minute and touching, the third below the middle, large; posterior wing with seven, the first (touching the costal margin), the fourth and fifth large, the rest smaller, all black, with pupil white, and iris rufous-orange.” ‘Female like the male, except that it has an orange band on botli sides of the anterior wing, and has but one ocellus, near the apex, on the underside of the anterior wing.” Exp. wings, ¢ lf in.;+ 2 2i in.{ Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Hewits.)—Sumatra.§—Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Hewits.). This species is peculiar in having, by its superficial characters, at least, a strong aftinity with the species of an African group of the genus. Mr. Moore has proposed a new genus (‘Sutoa) for its reception. Nore.—In faithfully reproducing Hewitson’s figure, our artist, Mr. H. Knight, must not be held responsible for the imperfect neuration of the same. * As with the genus Muploa, | have used the term “pseudo scent-gland,” because, though the probability of these being scent-producing or scent-secreting organs, as in the genus Danais, is eminently and distinctly probable, still the evidence in its favour, unlike that of Danais, requires locn! verification. + 48 ynillim. | 55 millim. £ Smith, in Bock, ‘ Head Hunters of Borneo,” Append. V, RHOPALOCHETRA MALAYANA., 49 a. Costal, median, and sulbmedian nervures dilated at base, 2. Mycalesis orseis. (Tab. V., fig. 4.) Mycalesixy Orseis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, ii, p. 89; Myc. t. 6, £ 86,37 (1864); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 186, n. 85 (1868); Drnce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 339, n. 1. Suralaya Orseis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1860, p. 159. Male. Wings above brown, strongly suffused with bright violaceous. Anterior wings with about apical third paler, on which are three obscure ocellated spots, the upper two smallest and situate on each side of upper discoidal nervules, the third and largest between second and third median nervules, and with two obscure dark marginal lines. Posterior wings much paler towards apical margin, with two dark marginal lines, and with a submarginal waved, narrow, dark fascia. Wings beneath pale ochraceous, both wings crossed by a very broad, slightly darker fascia, the margins of which are pale fuscous; on anterior wings its outer margin is at some little distance beyond end of cell, and on posterior wings it passes about apex of cell; beyond this fascia the colour is paler and tinged with violaceous. Anterior wings with a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, black with white centres and yellowish margins, surrounded with pale fuscous, of which the third and fourth are smallest and the fifth largest (sometimes the upper four are of equal size); these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above upper discoidal nervule, and the fifth between second and third median nervules; a sixth very small and obscure spot is sometimes found beneath the third median nervyule; a strongly waved, narrow, pale fuscous submarginal fascia, and two fuscous marginal lines. Posterior wings with seven ocellated spots similar to those of anterior wings, of which the second, third and fourth are smallest, and the fifth largest, as in the specimen figured, but the upper four are variable in size; these, with the exception of the last, are all placed between the nervules, the first between the subcostal nervules, and the seventh on submedian nervure; a narrow submarginal fascia and two marginal lines as on anterior wing. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Male possessing a long tuft of dark hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings, and with an indistinet glandular patch covered with short hairs about centre of submedian nervure of anterior wings, obscure above but distinct beneath. Exp. wings, 50 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kirby*).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.)—Borneo (colls. Moore and Godm. & Saly.) This species appears to possess the usual variation m macular markings, and is included among the butterflies of this fauna, on the authority of the Singapore specimen in the Hewitsonian collection. I have not seen it myself in any other collection from the Malay Peninsula, nor have I been able to examine a female specimen. aa. Costal nercure only dilated at base. 3. Mycalesis medus. (Tab. IV., fig. 8.) Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488, n. 198 (1775). Papilio Hesione, Cram. Pap, Exot. i, t. 11, 0, D (1775). Myealesis hesione, Hitbn., Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 65 (1816); Hewits., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. viii. p. 146 (1865); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 138 n. 50 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 34, n. 11 (1869); Trans. Linn. doc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 4 (1877); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877). Orsotriane Hesione, Wallengr., Kongl. Vet. Akad. Foérh. xv. p. 80 (1858); Moore, Trans. Ent, Soe, 1880, p. 160+ * ‘Cat. Diurn. Lep. formed by W. C. Hewitson,’ p. 128 (1879). JuNE 30, 1882. o 50 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Papilio Doris, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t, 862, 0 (1782). Papilio Hamilcar, Herbst, Naturs. Sechmett. vii. p. 73, t. 193, f. 3 (1796), Mycalesis cinerea, Butl., Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. p. 401, t..8, f.9 (1867); Cat. Satyr. p. 188, n. 49 (1868). Muycalesis (Orsotriana) medus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Beng. vol. v. p. 280, n. 11 (1881), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, with a narrow, obscure, paler fascia crossing both wings beyond cells, but nearer the apex of cell of posterior than that of anterior wings. Wings beneath fuliginous- brown, crossed by a narrow pale white fascia, commencing near costa between upper apical angle of cell and apex of anterior wings where it is narrowest, and terminating a little before anal angle of posterior wings. Anterior wings with two large submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres, margined respectively with ochraceous and fuscous, with an extreme outer border of pearly grey, the first and smallest of which is situate on the discoidal nervules, and the lower and largest on the second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with three submarginal ocellated spots of the form and colour of those of anterior wings, the first and smallest of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, contiguous to the second and much larger spot, and both enclosed by one outer pearly grey margin (in some specimens each has a separate pearly outer margin); third and largest spot on second and third median nervules; both wings possessing two narrow pale waved marginal lines, those of the posterior wings much more distinct. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Male with a tuft of long hairs, covering the base of a glandular pouch, situate between and near the bases of third median nervyule and submedian nervure, and with a tuft of long hairs near base of median nervure of posterior wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 42 to 49 millim.; ¢ (one spec.) 57 millim. Has.—Continental India; Gangetic Plains (coll. Moore); Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon ?* (coll. Dist.)— Nicobar Islands.—Brit. Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (coll. Moore).—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Celebes (Snellen); Macassar; Flores; Timor (coll. Moore).—Gilolo (coll. Dist.). A male specimen is here figured. As with other species of the genus, considerable variation ensues in the size of the ocellated spots on the under surface of the wings. B. Males possessing a pseudo scent-gland on posterior wings only. b. Costal, median, and submedian nervures dilated at base. ¢. Males with a single tuft of hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings. 4. Mycalesis mineus. (Tab. IV., fig. 133, 14 ¢.) Papilio Mineus, Linnwus, Syst. Nat. i. 11, p. 768, n. 126 (1767); Fabr., Syst, Ent. p. 488, n. 197 (1775). Papilio Justina, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv. t. 826, C (1782). Mycalesis Justina, Hitbn,., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 55, n. 524 (1816); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix. p. 145, n, 9 (1876); tb. vol. xx. p. 66 (1877). Satyrus Mineus, Godt.. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 510, n. 97 (1828). AMycelesis Mineus, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 195, n. 31 (1868); Cat, Fabr. Lep. p. 834, n. 8 (1869); Trans, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825; Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 226, n. T (1880). Calysisme Justina, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 161. Calysisme mineus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 162; Lep. Ceyl., p, 22, t. 11, £. 4, a, b (1881). * IT have an undoubted specimen of this species labelled “Ceylon,” which is my reason for giving that habitat. Mr. Moore, however, has not included it in his ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ but only an allied species. I have therefore felt a little doubt as to whether I really possess a Ceylon specimen. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51 Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a faint, pale, straight fascia, which passes u little beyond end of cell, and from which to outer margin the colour is slightly paler; a black spot with “a white centre and a faint ochraceous margin between first and second median nervules, and two inarginal fuscous lines, the innermost of which becomes faint and obsolete towards apex; fringe smoky ochraceous. Posterior wings with two distinct marginal lines, on each side of which the colour is dull ochraceous (in some specimens a minute white-centred fuscous spot between second and third median nervules). Wings beneath with the colour brighter and paler; both wings crossed by a narrow fascia, on anterior wings passing somewhat beyond, and on posterior wings about end of cell; anterior wings with two submarginal ocellated spots, which are black, with white centres and yellow margins, the first and smallest situate on the discoidal nervules, and perfectly surrounded by a pale greyish line, the second and largest placed on the second and third median nervules, with a pale surrounding greyish line, which terminates inwardly on the transverse white fascia (both these spots sometimes throw off a smaller one, the upper one generally posteriorly and the lower one usually anteriorly, as shown in the female figure here given); two pale greyish marginal lines, the inner one waved, and the fringe also pale greyish. Posterior wings with seven submarginal ocellated spots of a similar pattern and colour to those on anterior wings, of which the second and third are minute, the whole series being surrounded by a much waved pale ereyish fascia, which in some specimens tends to coalesce and perfectly surround the sixth and seventh spots; two pale greyish marginal fasci#, the inner one most strongly waved, and the marginal fringe also pale greyish. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings. Female. Larger than male; anterior wings above with the ocellated spot larger and brighter; posterior wings above with two more obscure ocellated spots situate on the second and third median nervules (there are sometimes indications of the commencement of a third spot between the third median nervule and submedian nervure). Wings beneath as in male, but with all the spots and markings larger and brighter. Exp. wings, ¢ 42 to 45 millim.; ? 60 millim. Var. a. Miycalesis cepheus, Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 402, pl. 9, f. 3, 4 (1867); Cat. Satyr. p. 134, n. 50 (1868). Mycalesis blasius, var. Cepheus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. pp. 89, 90, n. 29 (1871). Calysisme Cephens, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 168. Male. This variety differs on the underside of the anterior wing in having an additional spot in front of lower ocellated spot, and enclosed by the same pale greyish line; and on the underside of the posterior wings in having the second and third submarginal spots a little longer, which render the series apparently a little more arched, as Butler describes.* This specimen was collected in Penang by Lieut. Roberts. Var. b. (Tab. IV., fig. 7.) Male. Differs from typical specimens on the underside of the wings by the lower ocellated spot of the anterior wing haying a smaller one attached or non-attached to it beneath, but which is also enclosed by * T am possibly in agreement with Mr. Butler in estimating his M. cepheus as but a varietal form of M. mineus, as in his “Tabular View of the Butterflies of Malacen” (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, 1877) he does not enumerate it, though he ineludes others which were not collected by Capt. Pinwill. That writer correctly remarked in his description that it was allied to M. mineus, and I cannot agree with Mr. Kirby in considering it as a variety of M. blasius. Mr. Butler has also included M. polydecta in his Malaccan species. The form he has figured (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. pl. ix. f. 6 & 6), however, does not agree with Cramer's figure of that species, and from an examination of the Malaccan specimens thus identified in the British Museum I certainly incline to the opinion that such are but varieties of M. mineus, and that the true M. polydecta, Cram., cannot as such be at present included in this fauna. 52 tHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. the same surrounding pale greyish line;* posterior wings with the second and third small ocellated spots of typical specimens totally absent. (In the figure here given the seventh and smallest spot has been omitted.) This variety | have received from Province Wellesley. Has.—Continental India; Bombay (colls. Moore & Dist.) ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore),— Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus. and coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore).—China ; Hong Kong (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). I have compared the two specimens figured (Tab. IV., figs. 13, 14) with the Linnean typical specimens in the possession of the Linnean Society of London, and have satisfied myself as to their identity. This is a very variable species, but not more so than we might expect, when we remember analogous cases of Satyrid variation in Europe. Fiven in England Hipparchia hyperanthus affords a good example, and an inspection of the figures of the six varieties of that species, as given by Mr. Newman, } will convince any one of the little specitic value afforded by either the size or number of these ocellated spots in that species. Had a Malayan descriptive entomologist been dealing with these British varieties, as occasionally received by him, there is little doubt that some at least of them would have been deseribed as distinct species. In my opinion the operation has only been reversed with respect to J/. mineus, and this must frequently occur with us all when describing unique specimens from abroad. It is only when many specimens are accumulated that the strength of this varietal view of the value of ocellated spots can be fully apprehended, as has been abundantly shown in the American genus Euptychia by Messrs. Godman and Salvin, { and as Mr. Darwin had taught us to expect.§ Linneus himself can also be adduced as a witness to the varietal character of his species. Dr. Aurivillius, of Stockholm, has very kindly forwarded me a coloured copy of a figure in the unpublished ‘Teones’ of Clerck, below which, as Dr. Aurivillius informs me, ‘‘ Linné himself has written ‘84 Mineus,’ and which therefore may be relied on as typical.’’ This figure apparently represents an extreme variety (female), in which the ocellated spots of the underside of the wings are very small, and the area in which they are placed very pale. 5. Mycalesis blasius. (Tab. VIL., fig. 7.) Papilio Blasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Suppl. p. 426, n. 468-489 (1798). Mycalesis Blasius, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 720, fig. 4; Cat. Satyr. p. 137, n. 40 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 84, n. 10 (1869); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825. Mycalesis lurida, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3. Calysisme Blasius, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1880, p. 162; Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 21, t. xi. f. 2, 2a (1581), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; in some specimens the anterior wings have a small obscure white-centred spot near bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules. Wings beneath fuliginous-brown ; both wings crossed by a narrow, pale, whitish fascia, which passes a little beyond the apices of the discoidal cells. Anterior wings with four submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres and ochraceous * Mr, Moore (Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 22) describes a like varietal form ag not uncommon in Ceylon, and which is indicated in his figure, Plate XIL., f. 4b. + ' British Butterflies,’ p. 05. | Biol. Centr, Am. Rhop. p. 87. § ‘Descent of Man,’ ed. 2, p, 427 et seq. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 53 margins placed between the nervules; of these the second and third are smallest and obscure, and the fourth, situate between the second and third median nervules, largest; the first or upper one is place: between the discoidal nervules; two marginal waved pale lines. Posterior wings with seven submarginal ocellated spots similar to those of anterior wings, and which, with the exception of the sixth and seventh, are placed between the nervules, and are all encircled by a narrow pale greyish fascia; of these the second and third are smallest, the first is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the sixth and seventh are placed between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; two marginal, waved, pale greyish lines. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings. Exp. wings, 42 muillim. Var. «a. Muycalesis samba, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 233, n. 498 (1857). Myeatesis biasius, var, samba, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 137, n. 40 (1868), Calysisme samba, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 1638. This variety appears to differ chiefly in having but two ocellated spots on the under surface of anterior wings, and was deseribed as from “‘ N. India.” Var, b. Myecalesis lalassis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. p. 89; Myc. t. 6, f. 35 (1864). Mycalesis esis, var, lalassis, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 187, n. 40 (1868), Calysisme lalassis, Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc, 1880, p. 168. This form differs, as Butler states, in having the “ distinct subanal spot of the front wings above.” Mr. Hewitson himself" subsequently considered it as the equivalent of the MW. samba, Moore, and in this view Lagree. Hewitson’s specimen was received from Gilolo. Harn.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma; Pegu (coll. Moore).— Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Singapore (coll. Moore).— Java.—Philippines.—Formosa (coll. Moore). This, like M. mineus, appears to be a protean species, though the differences are only what may be expected by those who take an evolutionary view of the origin of the ocellated spots, and consequent variability of the same. Mr. Butler+ has inadvertently shown this variability, as in comparing the form samba with typical blasius he states that the Fabrician species has ‘three ocelli on the underside of the front wings,’’ whilst, comparing it with the form lulassis, he states that blasius has but two. I have not been able to examine a female specimen, which, however, Mr. Moore‘ describes as being similar to the male. The specimen figured was collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend. 6. Mycalesis fusca. (Tab. V., fig. 1 ?.) Dasyommea fuseum, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 27 (1860), Mycalesix fuscum, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 144, n. 79 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 339, n, 7. Muyealesis fusca, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol, i, p. 537, n. 5 (1877), Myealesis Diniche, Hewits., Ex. Butt. ii, p. 85, Myc. t. 4, £. 28 (1862); Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. yol. viii. p- 146 (1865). Mycalesis maryites, Hewits., Ex. Butt. v. Myce. t. 9, f. 69 (1874). Muydosama fuseum, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 170. Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with an indistinct dark fascia, crossing them at end of cell, but not extending much beyond third median neryule; an ocellated spot, which is fuscous * Ex, Butt, vol. iii. p. iv. + Cat. Satyr. p. 137. | Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 21. Jung 30, 1882. 54 RHOPALOCENA MALAYANA. with an indistinct white centre and yellowish and fuscous margins, situate between second and third median nervules; a submarginal, narrow, waved, obscure fascia; and with two fuscous marginal lines, the inner one bordered on each side with ochraceous. Posterior wings with two submarginal ocellated spots, the first smallest, imperfect and obscure, between first and second median nervules; the second and largest between second and third median nervules; marginal markings as on anterior wings. Wings beneath ochraceous, both crossed by two pale reddish fascim, the first passing through the centres of both cells, the second a little beyond their apices. Anterior wings with four submarginal ocellated spots, brighter than those on upper surfaces, but marked and coloured in the same manner, the upper three smallest and placed close together, divided by the discoidal nervules; the fourth and largest situate on the second and third median neryules; a distinct, waved, narrow, fuscous submarginal fascia and two fuscous marginal lines. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of seven ocellated spots, margined inwardly with pale reddish, the first five placed singly between the nervules, the sixth and seventh close together between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure, and of which the fourth, fifth and sixth are largest; two fuseous marginal lines and a submarginal fuscous line, strongly waved near apex. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Antenne ochraceous, the club dark fuscous near apex. Male with a tuft of long pale hairs, covering a glandular pouch, near base of first subcostal nervule of posterior wings. Female. Larger and brighter than male; posterior wings above with the outer margin broadly ochraceous, and with the seven ocellated spots of the under surface visible above, the first two very faintly, but the remaining five bright and distinct; on the anterior wings the three upper ocellated spots of the under surface are denoted by small, obscure, fuscous spots. Wings beneath generally as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 47 millim.; ¢ 53 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Borneo (colls. Dist.; Godm. & Salv.). This species is the type of the genus MWydosama, Moore, which that author has founded for a group of twenty species which are distributed over an area commencing in the Malay Peninsula, and extending throughout the Malayan Archipelago to Australia. ec. Males with a double tuft of hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings. 7. Mycalesis janardana. (Tab. V., fig. 2.) Mycalesis Janardana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i. p. 284 (1857); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 186, n. 87 (1868); Snellen, Tijd. Ent, xix. p, 146, n. 14 (1876); Butl., Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, n. 8 (1877). Mertanda Janardana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 169. Wings above fuliginous-brown; apex and outer margin of anterior wings somewhat paler. Posterior wings with the apical half somewhat paler, and with two submarginal, small, obseure and impressed fuscous spots, placed one on each side of second median neryule. Both wings with two narrow fuscous marginal lines, the marginal fringe greyish. Underside of wings somewhat paler, but mottled with darker brown; both wings crossed by a narrow grey fascia, passing beyond end of cells, but not reaching costa of anterior wings nor anal angle of posterior wings. Anterior wings with a submarginal row of six ocellated spots, fuscous with faint whitish centres, and with ochraceous and fuscous margins, the extreme outer margin being obscure greyish; these are situate between the nervules, the first above the upper discoidal nervule, and the sixth beneath the third median nervule, the first being smallest and the fifth largest; the basal portion beneath cell is also pearly grey, and there are two fuscous marginal lines, the inner one being bounded on each side with dull ochraceous; marginal fringe pale greyish. Posterior wings with a submarginal row of seven spots of like pattern to those of anterior wing, the first five of which are RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 55 placed singly between the nervules, and the sixth and seventh together are situate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and are surrounded by one outer greyish margin; marginal lines and fringe as in anterior wings. Body and legs concolorous with wings; antenn dull ochraceous, narrowly fuscous beneath; elub brighter and paler, broadly black beneath near apex. Male with two long tufts of pale hairs situate at subcostal base of posterior wings. Exp. wings 44 millim. Har.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.}—Java (colls. Moore and Snellen).—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This species appears to have a somewhat restricted area of distribution. Mr. Butler has described and figured,* under the name of Mycalests nautilus, a form which he justly states is ‘closely allied to M. janardanu.” This insect was taken in Malacca (where M. janardanu is found) by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection the type remains. Genus YPTHIMA. Ypthima, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p, 68 (1816); Westw., Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 894 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 205 (1866); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 24 (1881). Wings short and broad. Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costa arched and the apex rounded ; the outer margin entire and slightly convex ; inner margin nearly straight; costal nervure strongly swollen at base; first subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule angled inwardly near base, from thence concave, lower one also concave; median nervure slightly swollen at base. Posterior wings ovate, the costa strongly rounded and deflexed to apex, the outer margin entire; median nervules well separated at their bases, the first emitted from about end of cell; disco-cellular nervules oblique, slightly concave, the lower one longest. This genus has a wide area of dispersal; it is found in Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa (as far north as Abyssinia), is represented in Madagascar, is not uncommon in Tropical Asia, and found on that continent as far north as Japan, distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and extending to Australia. Our knowledge of the genus is slowly increasing. Prof. Westwood, in 1851,+ could enumerate only ten species; in 1865 Mr. Hewitson | mono- graphed the genus, and included twenty-four species therein; since that time many more have been described, and the present number of reputed species is little short of forty. We know little of their habits. According to Capt. Lang, § the Himalayan species are “of very feeble flight, frequenting banks, hedges, and grassy land.”” In Ceylon Mr. Hutchison || describes one species as taken only in long grass on borders of coffee-plantations at an elevation of 3000 feet, and another as being very common among the roadside grasses and weeds, its flight short, ‘‘constantly settling down on leaves, or in grass.” 1. Ypthima corticaria. (Tab. VI., fig. 8.) Yptlima corticaria, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 637, n. 8 (1877). Mule and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate paler fascia, placed transversely on apical half, and on which is a large ocellated spot, which is black, with two inner * Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. xx. p. 402, pl. ix. f, 7 (i867). + Gen. Diorn. Lep. pp. 395, 596, | ‘Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 3. vol. ii. p. 288. § Proce. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 502. | Moore’s Lep. Ceyl. i. pp. 24, 25. 56 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. bluish white spots, and the outer margin ochraceous; this is also somewhat narrowly and obseurely outwardly fuscous; the spot is situate a little beyond end of cell, and rests on the two discoidal and the first median nervules; a submarginal waved fuscous fascia, and two marginal fuscous lines. Posterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots with yellow margins and bluish white centres, the largest of which is situate between the second and third median nervules, and the second and third are smallest, fused, and surrounded by the same yellow margin and situate near anal angle and outer margin between the third median nervule and submedian nervure ; a submarginal fascia and marginal lines as on anterior wing. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled with brown, and crossed by two ill-defined central subparallel brownish fasciw; ocellated spots as above, but more distinct and brighter, and posterior wings having an additional and similar ocellated spot, situate on the subcostal neryules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings 43 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This species also exhibits the inconstancy of ocellated macular markings. In the type species described by Butler there was only one spot on upper surface of posterior wings, near anal angle, whilst beneath the duplex one of the specimen here described was single. In another Malaccan specimen in the British Museum there is a fourth very small ocellated spot below the one at apex. | Tis nearest allied species is Y. nareda, Koll., generally received from North-Eastern India, but probably with a much wider distribution. 2. Ypthima methora. (Tab. VI., fig. 9.) Yphthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc, ser. 3, vol. ii. p, 291; t. 18, f. 20, 21 (1865), Ypthime methora, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 149, n.8 (1868); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, 1, 2 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 825. Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, somewhat mottled with greyish towards outer margins, and with a distinct fuscous submarginal line. Anterior wings with a large and somewhat oblong ocellated spot, situate a little beyond end of cell and placed on the lower discoidal and first median nervules; this spot is black, with an ochraceous margin, and with two inner silvery spots. Posterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia, on which are two large submarginal ocellated spots placed between the median nervules, and with faint indications of a third situate above discoidal nervule; these spots are black, with ochraceous margins, and with an inner central silvery spot. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled with brown, both wings crossed by two waved, irregular, narrow brown fasciw, the inner one obseure and passing through discoidal cells, the outer one distinct and erossing at cellular apices (there are sometimes faint indications of a third inner basal fascia). Anterior wings with the ocellated spot as above and with a fuscous submarginal line. Posterior wings with six submarginal ocellated spots, of which the two central ones are largest and the lower ones smallest; the upper two are placed on each side of second subcostal nervule, the third and fourth between median nervules, and the fifth and sixth near anal angle between third median nervule and submedian nervure; the upper two are also farthest removed from outer margin, and the sixth and seventh are nearest to the same. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female, Hewitson described and figured a female specimen (from ‘ North India") in which the posterior wings exhibit on the upper surface five distinct ocellated spots. It would also appear to be much larger than the male. Exp. wings, ¢ 36 millim.; ? (Hewitson’s type) 2 in.* Haz.—Continental India; “ North India” (coll. Hewit. and Brit. Mus.) —Tenasserim ; Naththoung to Paboga (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Brit. Mus.). * $0 millim. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 57 The specimens taken by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and which were presented by him to the British Museum, are the only examples I have seen from this region. 38. Ypthima newboldi. (Tab. IV., fig. 6 2.) Yphthima Newboldi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 896 (1882). Wings above pale brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate pale fascia, placed transversely on apical half, and on which is a large black ocellated spot, with a yellow margin and with two small bluish tale-like centres; this spot is placed a little beyond end of cell, its upper margin extending a little above first disecoidal nervule, and its lower margin reaching the second median nervule. Posterior wings with a broad pale submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots, with yellow margins and bluish tale- like centres, the first and smallest of which is placed between the second subcostal and discoidal nervules, and the other two, which are largest and placed close together, are situate nearer to the outer margin and between the median nervules. Underside of wings pale greyish, mottled with brown; ocellated spots as above, but posterior wings having two additional smaller spots placed close together near anal angle, and between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure ; the small spot, as seen above, is much larger beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 40 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). This species not only differs from Y. methora in having five, and not six, ocellated spots on the under surface of the posterior wings (a possible varietal difference only), and also a paler and more unicolorous hue beneath, but also by the shape of the ocellated spot on anterior wings, which is not only larger, but rounder and less oblong; the wings are also longer, the costal margin of the posterior wings being distinctly longer than the outer margin. I have as yet seen but one specimen, which I captured myself in Province Wellesley.* 4. Ypthima hubneri. (Tab. VIL., fig. 5 2.) Ypthima Huimeri, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 95, n. 18 (1871); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n. 11 (1876); ibid., xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid., xxi. p. 7, n. 19 (1878). Ypthima philomela, Hiibn. (nec, Linn.), Autr. Ex. Schmett. f. 88, 84 (1818); Hewits., Trans. Hint. Soc. ser. 8, vol. . p. 284, n.4 (1865); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 152, n. 18 (1868); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p- 687, u. 1 (1877). Male and female. Wings above bright, glossy, smoky ochraceous. Anterior wings with a large, ovate ocellated spot placed a little beyond cell, and situate on the two discoidal and first median nervules; this spot is dark fuscous, with two central pale bluish white spots, and outwardly margined with pale ochraceous ; outer dark submarginal and marginal lines. Posterior wings with two or three prominent submarginal ocellated spots, of which two are always present and placed between the median nervules, the inner one being largest, and the third and smallest (sometimes absent) is situate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; these spots are similar in colour to that of the anterior wing, but more rounded, with single pale bluish white central spots, and the area on which they are situate is paler and more or less greyish (the third when present is always more or less imperfect); between the subeostal nervules a spot on the under surface is faintly and obscurely visible above. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled with slender pale fuscous strige; anterior wings with the large spot are above, but brighter, and its outer * T have named this species after Capt. Newbold, author of the useful and well-known ‘ Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca.’ SEPTEMBER 30, 1882, Q 58 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. margin wider and paler; marginal and submarginal lines as on upper surface; posterior wings with four ocellated spots, the upper of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, the second and third as above, the fourth broad (apparently duplex), with two pale centres and bright outer margin between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure (the artist has slightly misplaced this last spot on the figure). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 27 to 88 millim. Has.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus,)—Malay Peninsula; Malaeca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen) —Java; Batavia (Snellen)—Celebes (Snellen). A female Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Oapt. Pinwill, is here figured. The species appears principally to vary in the size and prominence of the ocellated spots on the upper surface. I follow Mr. Kirby, and adopt his name for the form figured by Hiibner as Y. philomela, but which is not the species deseribed under that specific name by Linneus, and which evidently belongs to this genus. . Genus ELYMNIAS. Elymnias, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmoett. p. 837 (1816); Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1871, p.619; Moore, Lep. Cey). i. p. 25 (1881). Melanitis, part, Fabr., Tiger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 408 (1851). Biblis, part, Latr., Ene. Méth, ix. p. 10 (1819). Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex from base, the apex more or less acutely angular; outer margin somewhat oblique and emarginate, sometimes waved and dentated ; inner margin slightly dilated or convex; costal nervure strongly dilated at base; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular neryule shortest, strongly angulated at base of first discoidal nervule and very slightly concave along its greatest length; lower disco-cellular strongly concave; first and second median nervules with a common origin, and emitted at lower end of cell Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin more or less waved and generally produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; first and second median nervules with a common origin about apex of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule suberect and much shorter than the lower one, which is concave. Hyes naked. Palpi very long and slender, clothed beneath with short compressed hairs, and above with longer, slender, and distinctly separated hairs. Antennm slender, slightly and gradually thickened towards apex. I have included this genus in the Satyrine, in which subfamily it possesses a somewhat unique position, not only in general coloration and markings, but also by its neuration, the first and second median nervules of the anterior wings having a common origin. ‘The term at one time used by Mr. Butler, “ Aberrant Satyrine”’ * seems therefore very appropriate. Mr. Kirby + followed Herrich-Schiiffer in the opinion that these differences were sufficient to establish a distinct subfamily of the Nymphalidw, but he also has recently included Elymnias in the Satyrina.} In this genus the species possess an almost universal mimicry in colour and markings to protected or inedible species mostly belonging to the Danainw, but they may, however, be readily * Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 38. + Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lep. p. 112 (1871). | Zool. Record, 1881; Ins. p. 138. RHOPALOCENA MALAYANA. 59 distinguished from the imitated genera, as Mr. Kirby has remarked,* by their dentated and often angulated wings. In Hlymnias also we find a departure from the typical Satyrine in the partial or complete elimination of the ocellated spots usually found on the wings beneath, to which there is a generally corresponding increased brilliancy of coloration above. The sexual coloration and markings of the few species which occur in this fauna afford several perplexing features to a philosophical explanation. In E. discrepans we have the male resembling the corresponding sex of FE. undularis, and its female having a partial resemblance to the same sex of that species, thus appearing as an Imperfect mimic of a tawny Danaid. In Ff. nigrescens both sexes considerably resemble each other, and afford no clue to a mimicked species. In EF. penanga, however, it is the male which is a strong mimic of a species of Euplea, whilst the female closely resembles nothing but its near ally EH. sumatrana, both being almost unique in pattern and hue. But in kj. casiphone, and probably &. saueri (of which only the male is at present described), both sexes mimic the corresponding sexes of species belonging to the Midamus group of Euplea. Consequently no theoretical conclusions seem at present possible, based on examination of cabinet specimens alone, but the facts should prove suggestive to an enquiring and observing naturalist who could study the habits of the living species in connection with their natural environment. With the exception of two African species, the members of this genus are found in the Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions, and, as Mr. Wallace has observed,} these last form two somewhat distinct groups; those from the Austro-Malayan Islands, beimg ‘ distinguished by a regular and somewhat rounded outline of wings, and resembling in coloration some of the broad-winged Huplew, or the genus Drusilla; while the species of India and the Indo-Malayan Islands are almost always characterised by a more irregular outline, waved, toothed, or even caudate, and generally coloured like species of Danais, or the more elongate forms of Huplwa.” Mr. Butler} subsequently divided the species of Elymnias, as hitherto understood, into two genera, Which, with a few exceptions, agree in the main with Mr. Wallace’s groups. The genus is of considerable extent, above forty species having been described, but about half of these are now usually placed in the genus Dyctis. Of their life-history we know little. ‘The larva and pupa of the Javan race of 1. undularis are figured by Horsfield,§ who states|| that the larva “feeds on the Gobbang (Corypha umbra- culifera), May.’"] In Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ the larva and pupa of E. fraterna are figured, from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and the larva is there described as feeding on “ Palmacew.”’ Mr. Wallace deseribes these butterflies as “ forest-haunting insects, frequenting chiefly damp places, where there is a dense herbaceous vegetation. Their flight is slow, resembling that of the Satyride and Morphidw.” ** I am at present able to enumerate seven species as belonging to this fauna. * ‘Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 200. {+ Trans, Ent. Soe. 1869, p. 321. | Proc. Zool, Soc, 1871, p. 418, § Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.1.C. i. pl. vi. f. 7, Ta. | Ibid. p. 287. 1 Capt, de la Chaumette (Ent. Mo, Mag. ii. p. 38) describes the perfect insect of this species at Calcutta, os “ setiling on the tounicn of the Corypha.” ** Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 321. 60 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, A. Upper diseo-cellular nervule of posterior wings suberect, and usually slightly aud obliquely directed iuvcardly. a. Outer margins of wings dentate and sinuate, posterior wings produced into a more or less well-developed caudate prolongation at apex of jirst median nervule. 1. Elymnias discrepans. (Tab. VI., fig. 24,3 2.) Elipmnias diserepans, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol, ix. p. 397 (1882). Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with the following bright bluish markings :—a short portion of costal area about apex of cell continued in a subapical oblique fascia to lower discoidal nervule, and followed by four submarginal spots, placed between the nervules; outer margin shaded with castaneous-brown. Posterior wings blackish, but somewhat paler than the anterior wings, and with a broad castaneous-brown marginal band. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, thickly mottled with pale strigw; anterior wings with a more or less distinct pale apical area, which is continued along outer margin; posterior wings with a more or less distinct pale, broad, and irregular submarginal fascia, and with a very pale bright bluish spot near costa, situate between the subcostal nervules* (this spot is sometimes absent). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antenne variable in hue, sometimes stramineous, mottled with brown above and pale stramineous beneath; or fuscous above and stramineous mottled with brown beneath, with the apex pale stramineous, Female. Anterior wings above as in male, but with a large ochraceous, basal area, which occupies lower portion of cell, the greater part of the space between second median nervule and submedian nervure, and terminates near end of cell and the bases of the first and second median nervules; the subapical fascia and submarginal spots larger and paler blue in colour. Posterior wings pale fuscous, becoming paler and shaded with dull ochraceous towards outer margin, and with a more or less distinct pale submarginal spot, situate between the discoidal and first median nervules. Wings beneath much paler than in male; the anterior wings ochraceous near inner margin; posterior wings with a very broad and well-defined pale marginal fascia, and with a very pale bluish spot, situate as in male. Body and legs more or less eoncolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 53 to 68 millim.; ¢? (one specimen) 60 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer). This form has frequently been referred to by some writers as /. undularis. Mr. Wallace pursued this course In 1869,+ remarking, however, ‘this very variable species cannot be separated into its local forms, or races, without much more complete materials than at present exist.”’ Since that time such material has been procured, and as other races of this species have received distinctive names it became necessary for me to treat this local form in the same manner. The true /. uwndularis appears to be confined to Continental India, of which another local race in Upper Tenasserim has been described by Mr. Moore.| In E. discrepans the greatest amount of colour differentiation is found in the female, which also, in comparison with the other sex, appears to be very scarce and rare. More than a hundred male specimens of this species have passed through my hands, but the only female specimen I have received is the one which is here described and figured. As I collected in Province Wellesley myself, where the male is a rather common insect, and have examined several collections since my return, this sexual disparity is very perceptible. It may, however, be more apparent than real, owing to the * In the figure here given the artist has accidentally and erroneously placed this spot above the subcostal nervules. | Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 822. { Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 826. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 61 possibility of the females having different habits to those of the other sex, and therefore being less easily captured. * 2. Elymnias nigrescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 1°, and Tab. IX., fig. 1 2.) Elymnias nigrescens, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 520, n. 2, pl. xlii. f. 1; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 340, n. 2; Butl., Trans, Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv., Proc. Aool. Soc. 1878, p, 638, n. 11. Male. Wings both above and beneath resembling those of the male of HW. diserepans, but with the bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots considerably larger. (In some specimens, and notably a Bornean one in the collection of the British Museum, the posterior wings have the pale submarginal spots, as found in most females; these are very faintly visible in Malaccan male specimens in the same collection.) Female. Anterior wings above dark, glossy fuscous, with the basal area more or less suffused with castaneous-red, with the bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots as in male, but which are much lurger and paler in colour. Posterior wings fuscous, becoming paler towards outer margin (the outer murgin is sometimes dull ochraceous as in the specimen figured Tab. IX., f. 1), and with a submarginal row of four white spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and smallest is placed above the discoidal nervule, and the fourth is situate between the second and third median nervules (a fifth small and faintly marked spot is found in some specimens between the third median nervule and submedian nervure). These spots are very inconstant, being practically obsolete in the specimen figured (Tab. VI., f. 1). Wings beneath similar in pattern and coloration to those of the same sex of LZ, diserepans. Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.;+ 9 72 to 77 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (colls, Dist. & Sauer); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Borneo (Brit. Mus.) This species or race is one which affords much difficulty and doubt as to its distinctive position. I have neither seen nor received any male specimens from Province Wellesley, though females are not uncommon from that district. The British Musenm, however, possesses several male specimens which were collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, but these do not altogether agree with the Bornean typical specimen described by Butler. The difference is principally that of faintness or partial obliteration of the submarginal white spots to the posterior wings, but as this is a variable character in female specimens, collected in such a limited area as Province Wellesley, evidence of which is afforded by the two figures here given, I naturally predicate the same amount of variability in the other sex. Another peculiarity of E. nigrescens is the considerable similarity of the sexes. Are E. discrepans and E. nigrescens but seasonal varieties of one species? This is neither impossible nor improbable, but can only be denied or affirmed by some local student who will carefully breed both forms. It is the want of this information that makes the present study and classification of exotic Lepidoptera of so empirical a character. * Mr. Bates has also stated that in a number of species of butterflies which he observed on the Upper Amazons the males were more numerous than the females, in the proportion of a hundred to one. However, no universal rule in this respect obtains in the Rhepalocera, and the whole subject has been exhaustively discussed by Mr. Darwin, in his * Descent of Man’ (2nd edit. p. 250), + Butler's type expanded “ une. 2, lin. 10." SEpTeMBeR 30, 1882. BR 63 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 3. Elymnias lutescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 4%, 52%.) Elymnias lutescens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 404, t. 9, f. 10 (1867); Wall, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1969, p. 828, n. 4; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 621, n. 6; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p-. 840, n. 4. Elymnias. Panthera, var. Lutescens, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112, n. 4 (1871), Male. Wings above dark glossy fuseous; anterior wings with the outer margin somewhat broadly and slightly paler; posterior wings with a broad, pale greyish submarginal fascia, the inner margin of which is somewhat scalloped between the nervules; this is broadest near anal angle and narrowest at apex, and contains a series of prominent fuscous spots placed between the nervules, two between third median nervule and submedian nervure, the others placed singly (these spots are variable in number, not being found above first median nervule in the specimen figured, but in other specimens continued towards apex). Wings beneath pale ‘castaneous, mottled with numerous greyish strigm, and with a more or less well-defined broad submarginal fascia, which is broadest and most clearly defined on posterior wings, and there possesses six dark blue rounded spots, with pale blue centres, which are continued in streaks beyond their inner margins; these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above discoidal nervule and the fifth and sixth together between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; a pale and bright bluish spot between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger than male; the wings above paler and more ferruginous ; anterior wings with a broad and well-defined outer ferruginous fascia; posterior wings with the pale submarginal fascia broader and less scalloped inwardly than in male, and with five or six fuscous spots with paler centres placed between the nervules. Wings beneath paler than in male, but with the posterior wings spotted as in that sex. Norr.—The tail-like prolongation of the posterior wings at the apex of the first median nervule is longest in the female. In the male specimen, however, here figured, the prolongation of the left posterior wing has its apex mutilated. Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 73 millim; 2? (one specimen) 78 millim. Harn.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sater); Malacea (coll. Moore) : Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts); Singapore (coll. Roberts)—Sumatra (Wallace)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.; Brit. Mus.). : As regards the variation of this species, especially of the females, Mr. Wallace writes,* “The female from Sumatra has less red on the upper wings, one from Borneo has the pale bands almost obsolete, while another has them more distinet, especially across the apex of the anterior wings.” 4. Elymnias lais. (Tab. IX., fig. 2¢.) Papilio Lais, Cramer, Pap, Ex. ii. t, 114, A, Gb (1779); Fabr., Sp, Ins. p, 102, n. 448 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 65, n. 543 (1787); Ent. Syst. ii. p. 55, n. 182 (17938), Biblis Lais, Godt., Ene, Méth. ix. p. 826, n. 4 (1819). Melanttis Lais, Doub. & Westw., Gen. Diurn, Ley. p. 404, n. 1 (1651). Elymnias Lais, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. Bi. 1. 0. i. p. 287, n. 610 (1857); Wall., Trans, Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, n.11; Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 38, n. 4 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 622, n. 10; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. $40; ibid., 1874, p. 104, un. 2; Godm, & Salv., Proc. Zool, Soc, 1878, p. 638, n. 12. Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown, variegated with greenish markings. Anterior wings with the costal area (particularly the basal portion) irrorated with numerous greyish spots and strige; a large * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 328. As Mr. Wallace examined other collections with his own very extensive one of Elymniads, and combined in himself a knowledge of their habits in nature with cabinet discrimination, I feel always satisfied to quote his remarks. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 63 greenish fascia in cell, narrowest at base, and widened and somewhat truncate near apex, and with the following longitudinal fasciw of the same colour placed between the nervules :—the upper two are placed above and below the first discoidal nervule, and are very faint and slender, with their apices broad and macular; the third above first median nervule is slender, but macular at both ends, and inwardly approaches the disco-cellular fascia; the following three separated by the median nervules are broadest at base, narrowing at apical portion, but macular at apex, and the last runs along the inner margin. Posterior wings with similar longitudinal fascim as on upper wings, and which are also placed between the nervules, but are broken near their apices, which thus appear as a submarginal series of spots; of these fasci« the inner two (placed on each side of the submedian nervure) are longest, and the upper two (placed on each side of the discoidal nervule) are the faintest; there is also a very faimt disco-cellular streak. Wings beneath dull greyish, suffused with fuscous, and mottled with dark strige; on anterior wings these become more or less confluent and dark chocolate in colour, forming an irregular spot in cell, a larger irregular spot or fascia at end of cell, and appearing very prominent towards outer margin; on posterior wings these darker shadings do not extend beyond basal half of wing, but again appear as a more or less well-defined outer submarginal fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Somewhat larger than the male, the fascie and spots of the upper surface being creamy in hue, and with the outer margins of both wings distinctly and somewhat brightly castaneous. Beneath the wings are much paler, and the numerous shadings are of like pattern but fainter impression. Exp. wings, ¢ 63 to 72 millim.; 9? 82 millim. ‘Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Sauer)— Sumatra (Wallace) — Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Java (colls. Horsf. & Dist.)\—Borneo (Druce)—Siam; Nahconhaisee (coll. Godm. & Salv.). The only specimen of this species which I have seen from the Malay Peninsula, and which is here figured, is contained in the collection made in Province Wellesley by Mr. Saiier. A Javan male specimen in my own collection is smaller, and with the markings above more decidedly green; this character, however, is not constant, as Mr. Wallace writes,* “the Java specimens (Cramer’s types) agree very closely with those of Sumatra and Borneo in the males.” an. Outer margins of wings slightly sinuate; posterior wings without a well-deceloped caudate prolongation at apex af Jirst median nercule. 5. Elymnias penanga. (Tab. VIL., tig. 6¢; Tab. VI., fig. 11 2.) Melanitis Penanya, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405, n. 1, note (1851), FElynmias Penanga, Wall., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 825, n. 9; Butl., Proe. Zool. Soe. 1871, p. 621, n. 8. Melanitis Mehida, Hewits., Ex. Butt. tii. Melunitis, t. 1, f. 2, 8 (1863). Klymnias Mehida, Wall, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1869, p, 828, u. 5; Butl, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 623, n. 16; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 588, n. 2 (1877). Male. Anterior wings above purplish brown, with very strong bright blue reflections, which become more fixed and distinct on apical half, and with five pale blue elongate spots, of which the upper two are longest, and are situate on each side of lower discoidal nervule; the remaining three being much smaller, and divided by the median nervules. The bluish reflection does not extend to the outer margin, which is distinctly purplish brown. Posterior wings purplish brown, with bright bluish reflections, but less intense than on anterior wings. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, much mottled with paler strige, which on anterior wings form a more or less distinct subapical space, widest at costa and narrowing downwards beneath cell; space beneath third median nervule much paler; posterior wings with the basal portion to a * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, bt RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. little beyond apex of cell dark castaneous, remainder much paler and thickly irrorated with the pale strigm, and with two or three small but distinet dark submarginal spots situate between the median nervules; somewhat large pale stramineous spot, near costa, placed between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. | Female. Wings above obscure bluish brown, as in the specimen figured, or with brighter indigo shadings, as in other specimens. Anterior wings crossed by a broad subapical white fascia, commencing at costa and terminating about second median nervule. Posterior wings slightly paler on disk. Wings beneath generally marked as in male, but with the ground colour much darker (this is somewhat variable, being little paler than above, as in the specimen figured, or more shaded with castaneous, as in other specimens), and with the subapical whitish fascia of anterior wings above, more diffused towards apex beneath. The pale subcostal spot on the under surface of posterior wings of the male is generally absent in the female, though present in the typical female form of the species contained in the British Museum. Exp, wings, ¢ 65 to 68 millim.; ? 70 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (coll. Hewits.). The male form here described and figured (Tab. VII., fig. 6) was deseribed by Mr. Hewitson under the name of J/. mehida, whilst the female form (Tab. VI., fig. 11) is the typical M/. penanga of Prof. Westwood. Mr. Hewitson appended to his description of M. mehida the remark, ‘‘ This and MM, penanga are very probably the sexes of one species.” The form, however, which he figured as M. penanga* was a closely allied but distinct Sumatran race, which Mr. Wallace has very properly separated under a distinctive name. + The two forms, however, are sufficiently similar to show that Hewitson exhibited acumen in making that remark. Having found all the specimens I have examined to exhibit sexual constancy with the different coloration, and as the underside of the two forms are so very similar, | I have felt constrained to consider the descriptions of both Westwood and Hewitson as referring to the sexes of one species, and Westwood’s name has therefore priority. This race or species appears to be quite confined to the Malay Peninsula. A recent writer § has included it in a list of Sumatran butterflies, but all the Sumatran specimens which I have seen in collections represent the HE. sumatrana, Wall. | B. Upper disco-cellular nercule of posterior wings obliquely directed outwardly. 6. Elymnias casiphone. (Tab. VI., fig. 102.) Klynnias casiphone, Hihner, Sammi. ex. Sclimett. ii. (1816-1824); Wall., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 825, n. 12 Butl., Trans. Ent. Soe. 1870, p. 488; Proce. Zool, Soe, 1871, p. 522, n. 14, Melanitis casiphone, Doubl. & Westw., Gen, Diurn, Lep, p, 404, n, 3 (1851). Male. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with the apical area much suffused with violaceous and with the following pale greyish macular markings; a number of irregularly-sized and shaped spots on costal area, gradually increasing in size from base; a rounded spot just beyond end of cell; two diseal spots divided by the second median nervule, and a submarginal series of six spots, divided * Exot. Butt. iii. Melanitis, t. 1, £ 1, 4 (1863). + Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, n. 10. ; The female example of EF. penanga, here figured, is probably that of a somewhat faded specimen, as the under surface of the wings is generally of a warmer tint, and more concolorous in hue, and similar in markings with the corresponding surface of the wings in male specimens. § Smith in Boek., ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V, RHOPALOCENKA MALAYANA. 65 by the nervules, the first and innermost of which is placed above the upper discoidal nervule, and the sixth between the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of obscure greyish spots, preceded by a few discal spots of the same colour. Wings beneath pale ferruginous, mottled with numerous and irregularly-sized chocolate strigw. Anterior wings with a costal series of pale greyish spots ; four larger pale discal spots situate one beyond end of cell, two divided by the second median nervule, and the fourth placed between the diseoidal nervules; there are also faint indications of a submarginal series of spots placed between the nervules, of which the two most prominent are placed above and beneath the third median nervule. Posterior wings with some dark and confluent strige principally distributed on basal half, and with a promiment dark submarginal fascia, which is preceeded by pale greyish, and followed by several narrower, waved, and somewhat fused dark marginal fascie®. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. , Exp. wings, ¢ 65 millim. Female. I have not been able to examine this sex, but Mr. Butler* has described a female specimen as of this species, which was collected in Singapore by Lieut. Roberts, as follows:—‘*?. Above, same pattern as FE. timandra, 2, Wallace,+ but the whole apical area pale violet, and the rest of the ground- colour of a browner tint than in that species. Below, markings the same as in the male, but ill-defined, the hind wings whitish.”’ Exp. wings, 8} inches.” Has.—Malay Peninsula.—Singapore (Butler).—Java (Wallace, and coll. Godm. & Saly.). I have enumerated this species entirely on the anthority of Mr. Butler's determination of the specimen collected at Singapore by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection it remains, and which I have not seen. 7. Elymnias saueri. (Tab. IX., fig. 3 7.) /lynias setieri, 1. 8p. Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with paler suffusions on apical area, and with the following very pale violaceous spots :—three discal; one large, placed between first and second median nervules, the others exceedingly small and indistinct, and situate between the discoidal nervules and between the second and third median nervules; five large submarginal spots, divided by the nervules, of which the two upper, inner, and largest are contiguous and separated by the lower diseoidal nervule, the fifth being situate between the third median neryule and the submedian nervure; there is also a very faint indication of a spot at end of cell. Costal area with basal third minutely spotted with greyish, remaining portion with three or four pale bluish spots. Posterior wings castaneous, with the basal area fuscous. The extreme margins of both wings are alternately fuscous and white, Wings beneath pale ferruginous, thickly mottled with dark chocolate-brown strigw, irregular in shape and size. Anterior wings with a number of pale greyish spots on costal area; the upper portion of cell and apical area somewhat paler in hue, and with indications of a dark waved fascia near end of cell. Posterior wings somewhat darker, the strige being more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a much-waved and irregular dark fascia crossing wings about end of cell, and a more or less distinet, broad, submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken, and indistinct lines. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 85 millim. Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier).} * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 488. + This is a closely allied or local form of /. lais, and is found in Burma anid Silhet. | Since this description was written a specimen collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim, has been presented to the British Museum. SEPTEMBER 30, 1882. s 66 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This fine species is somewhat intermediate between EH. casiphone and E. leucocyma,* agreeing best with the last above, and with the first beneath. It appears to be a mimic of a species of Euplea belonging to the midamus group, though the female still remains to be discovered. It was captured in Province Wellesley by Mr. Saiier, an enthusiastic collector of the Lepidoptera of the beautiful region in which he at present resides, and after whom I have named the species. Subfam. NYMPHALIN A. Nymphaline, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii, p, 176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p, 26 (1881), “S| Nymphalidae and Furytelida, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 148, 408 (1851-2). | Morphide, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332 (1861). Morphing, Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr, Am. Rhop, p, 118 (1881), Discoidal eell of the posterior wing open, the lower disco-cellular nervule being Fre. 16,—Post, wing of more or less atrophied. Larve variable in form. Discophora tullia, J. Most authors treat the Nymphaline and Morphine as separate subfamilies, but though I have endeavoured, by studying the views of my contemporaries, to find characters that would enable me to follow that course, I can only subscribe to the dictum of the founder of the Nymphaline, that the genera grouped under the Morphing as a subfamily “ exhibit no good character whereby they may be distinguished from the Nymphaline.” | Most authors who have followed the opposite course have also doubted the classificatory value of the Morphine. Prof. Westwood, when he diagnosed the fam. Morphide,! clearly stated that he followed the views of Mr. E.. Doubleday, a course the more necessary owing to the plates illustrating the work having been already inscribed with the “distinct family headings.’” In his very exhaustive paper, “On the Oriental Species of Butterflies related to the Genus Morpho,” a memoir which particularly applies to this fauna, Prof. Westwood has also expressed the view § that he found it ‘next to impossible to draw any (even an artificial) line of separation” between some of the genera, which are thus divided in subfamiliar estrangement, an opinion further strengthened by earlier argument.|| Mr. Kirby, who enumerates and uses the subfamily Morphine, in his ‘Synonymic Catalogue,’ subsequently qualifies that course by stating, ‘The Morphine are a group of butterflies perhaps only artificially separated from the Nymphaline ;" and to add to the perplexity he has referred the foundation of the Worphine (under that name) to Mr. Butler,** who has (at least where quoted) given neither diagnosis nor reason for such division. On the other hand, however, Messrs. Godman and Salvin, without entering into the argument of classification, ‘‘ think that these butterflies have associated characters of sufficient number and value to allow them to stand as a separate subfamily Morphinw.” +4 It is here proposed to separate the Nymphaline into two groups, principally based on the characters of the palpi. * A species received from Silhet. + Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 177. | Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332, § Trans. Ent, Soc. vol. iv. N.5. p. 169. || Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 353. {| * Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 200. *t Cist. Ent. i. p. 8. +4 Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop. p. 118. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 67 Group MORPHINA. Palpi slender, the anterior margins not dilated. Larvee (as at present described) with a more or less developed bifid tail. Corey it: ilk i AN ( Mi i A UAY TG, Hes SY Sh i ise AW | i acon i FS eg eee) eee oe a agit = * i a — ae —" —eee od Ce ae es oe ee i, = 1th — 2 =- * a ae Poy ae Sore age ae Po ES, iy ri Cnty jay “4 : a = ! * i i | 4 aa NV i NTS i = me pee =| NA Nh | reney ii ay A NaN Fre. 17.—Head, showing palpi of Fic. 18 cataita of Amathusia phidippus (from Horsf. Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1,C.) Amathusia phidippua. Fie. 1.— ,, Discophora celinde : . This division corresponds with the subfamily Morphine of many authorities (ante p. 66), and includes not only some of the largest Nymphalinous butterflies, but also (especially in the American genus Morpho) examples of the most beautiful species to be found in the whole Rhopalocera. The genus Morphe is, in fact, the type of this division, and also its sole repre- sentative in the American tropics, whilst nine other genera are distributed throughout the tropical regions of the Kast. The genus Morpho is remarkable for the resplendent blue coloration or tints of the wings of its species, and possesses as its nearest ally in the East the beautiful genus Thawnantis. It was an eloquent remark of Humboldt, when comparing the plants of Equinoctial America with those of Europe, that ‘‘ when Nature does not present the same species, she loves to repeat the same genera ;’’* and some of the older entomologists + described Oriental species as belonging to the genus Morpho which have subsequently, and more correctly, been placed in that of Thaumantis. The presence of these two closely allied genera Morpho and Thaumantis in such widely separated areas as the Neotropical | and Indo-Malayan regions is possible of explanation by a slight reference to other corresponding biological faets. Thus, in Mammalia, the genus T'apirus has a somewhat similar distribution, and, although restricted in the number of species, is also only found in these regions. But it is known that in Tertiary times, both Miocene and Pliocene, the Tapir inhabited Europe, and its fossil teeth are, even in this country, found in the Norfolk and Suffolk crag deposits, whilst in the Pleistocene period in North America it extended as far north as the Valley of the Mississippi. The geological argument is, however, too extensive for discussion here, but Mr. Wallace has attentively studied it, and can be quoted :—* North America was evidently in very early times so far connected with Europe and Asia as to interchange with those continents the higher types of animal life as they were successively * ‘Person. Narrative,’ Bolin’s edit., vol. i. p. 424. + Godart and Zinken-Sommer. | The Neotropical region of Dr. Sclater inclndes all South America, the Antilles, and tropical portion of North America. The tropical portions of this region are here alone referred to. 68 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. developed in either hemisphere.”* And the same author, in a popular manner, has drawn attention to the migration of characteristic South American mammals to North Ameriea in the Post-Pliocene epoch. + Now facts point to a similar conclusion respecting this distribution of the butterflies. In the European Eocene formations at Aix, in Provence, five fossil butterflies have been discovered and deseribed. Of these two belong to the Satyride (to which the Morphine are allied), and Mr. Seudder, who has written an excellent monograph on Fossil Butterflies and particularly studied these fossils, thus concludes:—‘‘ Three out of the five Aix butterflies therefore find their nearest living allies in the Indo-Malayan region, one is most closely related to forms now . found in Tropical America, and one is at home in its own resting place."’t Mr. Thiselton-Dyer has pointed out similar coincidences with plants, especially in the tropical order Ternstramiacea,, *Out of thirty-two genera as many as five are represented in the Indo-Malayan and South American floras,”’ § and he inclines to the view of a transverse connection between the different branches of the tropical flora in the northern hemisphere during the early part of the Tertiary period. || This group possesses considerable affinity with the Satyrinw, not only by the ocellated spots on the under-surfaces of the posterior wings, but also in the larval form, as shown by the two figures (figs.18 & 19). Both of these possess bifid tails, {J as in that subfamily, though one only has the head bicornuted.** The details of the larval forms of the different species in this group are much desiderated. Six genera are found in the Malay Peninsula. * ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 539. + Ibid. The whole discussion is carried out more fully in the same author's ‘Geogr. Distr. Anim.” ' “Fossil Butterflies,” Mem. Am. Ass. Adv. Scien. 1875, p. 77. An excellent reswmé and description of the fossil entomology of Aix has been given by Mr. Herbert Goss, in ** The Insect Fauna of the Recent and Tertiary Periods,” Proc. Geol. Assoc. v, n. 6, p. 20 (1877). & “On Plant-Distrib. as a Field for Geogr. Research.” From Proce. Geogr. Soc. vol. xxii. n. 6, p. 80 (1878). || Ibid. p. 24. Nore.—It has been generally assumed that a land-connection existed in Tertiary times between Europe and America, Thos Prof. Boyd Dawkins, one of the latest exponents, declares (‘Early Man in Britain,’ p. 20), “* The chief botanists of the present time—Hooker, Dyer, Saporta, Dawson, and Asa Gray—are agreed that the north polar region was the centre from which the Tertiary floras have been dispersed over the New and Old Worlds;" and the same author (ibid. p. 23) considers that there is evidence to prove the existence of a great Eocene continent, which including Britain (then connected with Western France) extended to America by way of Iceland and Greenland, and was continuous with Norway and Spitzbergen. “ This great north-western continent, or northern Atlantis,” existed through the Eocene and Miocene ages, * offering a meana of free migration for plants and animals, and it was not finally broken up by submergence” till the beginning of the Pliocene age. Mr, A. Tylor (Geol. Mag. vol. ix. p. 458), arguing that “the elevation of the Alps in the Miocene period must have been accompanied by a much larger movement of depression,” thinks that probably “at the time a Miocene island or continent (near Plato's Atlantis) in the Atlantic was suddenly depressed." An alternative hypothesis to that of now submerged land-connection has been formulated by Mr, A. Tylor (Geol, Mag. vol. ix. 892), that in the Glacial period the ice-cap at the Poles was sufficient to reduce the leyel of the sea by at least 600 feet; and Mr. Belt (' Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 266) was willing to propose a lowering of the level of the sea to 1000 feet. | The larve of Morpho laertes and M. epistrophis, as figured by Dr. Burmeister (Deserip. Physiq. de la Republ. Argent. —Buenos Ayres—vol, v. Atlas, pl. vii. f. 1, 2, 8, 4), have the candate anal appendages rudimentary, but still distinct. In the representation of the larva of Morpho achilles by Mme. Merian (Metamorph. Insect..Surinamens. pl. vii.), the structural details of which have not been criticised by Dr. Burmeister in his reference to the same, these “ bifid tails” are prominently developed. ** Dr. Burmeister in the text of the above quoted work (p. 189), in the diagnosis of his section Morphide of his subfamily Morphoides, writes ““Chenilles sans cornes sur la tete,” which, though true of the genus Morpho, is certainly contrary to the structure of the larva of Amathusia phidippus as here figured. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. Discoidal cell to posterior wings partly closed by an atrophied lower disco-cellular nervule = aks A. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free. a a. Diseoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at their origin. Fic. 20.— Post. wing, Amathusia Lariat closed. by atrophied ner- lated near base. Wile. c. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and apical angle not acute. d. Anal angle of posterior ss produced in caudate prolongation. - : = - E AA. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing with costal nervure. bb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly angu- lated near base, emitting a short oblique nervule, which connected with a fold of the wing gives the appearance of an additional median nervule. Fie, 21.—Ant. wing, Amathusia phidippus, showing subcostal cc. Anterior wings with inner margin dilated and convex nervules, bases of diseoidal ner- in ¢, and apical angle acute. - - - - vulea and base of first median . « . a . : nervule, 2. Discoidal cell to posterior wings open, lower disco-cellular nervule entirely absent. aa. Diseoidal nervules of anterior wings with their bases contiguous. bbb. First median nervule of anterior wings slightly arched, aan but not angulated near base. Sites ea ecc, Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and —<_ Wits apieal angle acute. mens = dd. Outer margin of posterior wings obtusely Bueeeest Fre. $9.—Ant wing. Zeunidia ame. at apex of first median nervule. - thystus, showing base of first @aa. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at median nervule, with oblique their origin supplementary nervule attached : Or Z . to fold in wing (dotted line). bbbb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly arched, but not angulated near base. ecee. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and apical angle not acute. ddd. Anal angle of posterior wings rounded, or some- times produced in caudate prolongation. - - B. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free, the second, third and fourth emitted moderately close together and equi- distant. ine ie Ant wing, Discophora bbbbb, First median nervule of anterior wings neither pro- aubscitak wiaeaiias oat Gaeee ot minently arched nor angulated near base. discvidal nervules. ececc. Anterior wings with inner margin slightly dilated at base in ¢, the apical angle rounded. dddd. Posterior wings ovate, the anal angle rounded. é. Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and apparent NS base of upper disco-cellular nervule to pos- terior wings contiguous. - - - - BB. Second and third median nervules of anterior wings emitted some distance apart. Fic. 24.—Post. wing, Clerome gra- cilia. sbuwlan Weieaiin ak eots dddidd. Posterior wings subovate and subelongate. costal nervules and apparent base ee, Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and apparent of upper disco-eellular nervule, base of upper disco-cellular neryule to pos- terior wings remote. - - - Surremser 30, 1882. AMATHTSIA. AEUZIDIA, DiscopHora. THAUMANTIS. CLEROME. A 69 - XANTHOTENTA, 70 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Genus AMATHUSITA. Amathusia, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi, p, 270 (1807); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 826 (1860). Mitocerus, Billb., Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820); Scudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Se. x. p. 220 (1875). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strongly arched, the apex not acute and very slightly rounded. First subcostal nervule emitted before end of cell at three-fourths of its length, remaining subcostal nervules emitted close together on apical fourth of wing. Upper disco-cellular nervule shortly, obliquely, and outwardly directed at base, and suberect along its greater length; lower disco-cellular suberect and slightly concave at base and then directed obliquely outwards for its greatest length. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule with its base directed obliquely upwards in a line with the median nervure, and then abruptly deflexed to outer margin. Posterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched; outer margin rounded and scalloped; anal angle produced into a broad, spatulate, tail-like prolongation between the apices of the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Discoidal cell partly closed by an atrophied and curved disco-cellular neryule, In male specimens these wings possess two tufts of hair, probably concealing scent-secretory glands or pouches, the first in the neighbourhood of the submedian nervure, and the second and smaller tuft between that nervure and the third median nervule. The terminal joints of the abdomen are also furnished with tufts of hair. This genus is of moderate extent, including some eight or nine species. It has a somewhat restricted area, which extends from Continental India to a little beyond the Indo-Malayan region. At present but one species is known as inhabiting the Malay Peninsula. 1. Amathusia phidippus. (Tab. VI., fig. 63,7 2.) Papilio Phidippus, Linneus, Syst. Nat, 1, 2, p. 762, n. 87 (1767); Joh. Ameen. Acad. vi. p, 402, n. 52 (1764); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 455, n. 62 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 21, n. 85 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 11, n. 97 (1787); Ent. Syst. ili, p. 71, n. 220 (1793); Cram. Pap. Ex. 1, t. 69, A, B (1779). Morpho Phidippus, Godt, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 489, n. 2 (1823), Amathusia Phidigyus, Doubl, Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep, t. 54, f. 2 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat, Lep, Mus, E. L C, p. 209, n, 428 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 638, nm. 1 (1877); Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 840, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 104, n. 1; Moore, Proce, Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 588; ibid. 1878, p. 826; Godm. & Salv. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 688, n. 18; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 147, n. 21 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); thid. xxi. p. 11, n. 42 (1878). Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins somewhat paler, and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia. Posterior wings with the outer margin paler and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia, the marginal fringe ochraceous and the anal-angular caudate prolongation somewhat paler, with two sublunate black spots, outwardly margined with white ; these spots are placed near the apices of the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Wings beneath greyish, crossed by numerous fuscous fascim of varying width and hue; the first commences near costal base of anterior wings, and is continued on posterior wings, narrowing and becoming somewhat evanescent a little beyond the middle of submedian nervure; the second crosses the cells of both wings about their centres, and terminates on inner side of third median nervule at about half its length; the third is short, crossing cell, but not passing median nervule of anterior wings; the fourth is pale, with its margins darker, waved, and deflexed beneath the third fascia on anterior wing, passing a little beyond the second on posterior wing, and becoming confluent and terminating with that fascia beneath the median nervure ; the fifth is wide and darkest, crossing both wings at cellular apices, and terminating a little beneath second median nervule; the sixth is widest, somewhat paler, with darker margins, outwardly sinuate and placed a little beyond the fifth ; this sixth fascia is followed by three narrow fasciw, which terminate on the abdominal RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 71 margin of the posterior wings, one being marginal and two submarginal, the middle one darkest and the inner one palest. The posterior wings possess two large submarginal ocellated spots, which are ochraceous, speckled with fuscous, possessing white centres and black outer margins, the inner borders of which are narrowly ochraceous; the lower and larger spot has the white centre somewhat Iunate, and is followed posteriorly by a broad blackish suffusion; the upper of these spots is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the lower one between the second and third median nervules. The anal-angular prolongation of the posterior wings is spotted as’ above and has a large central castancous suffusion. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. The male possesses four long, curved tufts of hair on each side of the terminal segments of the abdomen. A somewhat similar tuft is situate about the centre of the abdominal margin to the posterior wings, on the inner side of the submedian nervure; and between the submedian nervure and third median nervule within a fold of the wing are also a few long hairs. Both of these, judging by analogous reasoning, are probably the coverings of scent-glands or pouches. Female. Larger than the male; wings above paler, with an ochraceous diseal fascia crossing both wings, widest near costa of anterior wings, and very narrow on posterior wings; the sulmarginal fascim as in male, but concolorous with the ochraceous margins. Wings beneath as in male, but much paler. Exp. wings, ¢ 96 to 101 millim.; ¢ 108 to 112 millim. Has.—Andaman Islands (colls. Moore and Cale. Mus.) — Tenasserim; Meetan (Limborg).— Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Java (Horsf. Coll. Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Banjermasin (coll. Dist.)—Celebes (Snellin).—Siam ; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.) This species varies in the depth and intensity of hue possessed by the fuscous fascim@ on the under surfaces of the wings, as exhibited in the male and female forms here figured, and which may be taken as typical of the varietal extremes. It is also of crepuscular flight. In Java and Celebes, according to Piepers, ‘‘ the sun has scarcely set before we see everywhere”’ this and a few other species of like habits; but the same author remarks, ‘‘I never saw these species wandering about at night in the moonlight, or entering lighted rooms, like the true night-moths, which are very numerous, although, like the latter, they sit still and repose all day, and if disturbed only fly a little way and settle again directly.”" Mr. Collingwood speaks of these butterflies in the Bornean island, Labuan, as making “their appearance near sunset, when, from their large size, they might be almost mistaken for small bats.” + In the Malay Peninsula A. phidippus possesses the local name of * cocoa-nut moth,” and, as Mr. Bigg writes, “it delights in shady places, and is especially found about attap-sheds and on dead cocoa-nut leaves.” } ‘The dull coloration of this species especially assimilates it to such an environment, and affords a very fair example of what is understood by “protective resemblance,” or, as if might also be expressed, assimilative coloration, § * Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to xxiv., and English transition by Kirby, ‘ Entomologist,’ x. p. 271. t ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 188. } Mouth. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881). 3 Although the theory of “protective resemblance”, in animal life owes its elucidation to the labours and insight of Wallace and Darwin, it, like other similar fnets, had not escaped the attention of the older naturalists of teleological tendencies. Thus St. Pierre (* Studies of Nature,’ Hunter's transl. vol. ii. p. 175, 1809) relates:—*“ In the month of March lust I observed, by the brink of the rivulet which washes the Gobelins, « butterfly (moth?) of the colour of brick, reposing with expanded wings on a tuft of grass. On my approaching him he flew off. He alighted at some pnees distance on the ground, which at that place was of the same colour with himself. I approached hima second time; he took n second flight, and perched again on a similar stripe of earth, In a word, I found it was not in my power to oblige him to alight on the grass, theugh | made frequent attempts to that effect, and though the spaces of earth which separated the turfy soil were narrow and few in number.” Ay late friend D.G. Rutherford recorded somewhat similar habits in an African butterfly, Aterica meleagris, the colour of whose wings beneath, when at rest, #0 assimilated with the colour of the soil on which it settled as to mike its detection a matter of the greatest difficulty (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. xlii); and Mr. Jenner Weir has exhibited 1 saree of Hipparchia semele which also showed a tendency to vary beneath in accordance with the nature of the soil in e different districts in which they had been found (ibid. p. xlix). 72 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. The larva (fig. 18) is from a drawing made in Java by Dr. Horsfield, who states that it there ‘‘ feeds on the young leaves of Coccos nucifera, from December to April.” * Genus ZBUXIDIA. Aenvidia, Hibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 327 (1851), Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin strongly arched, and the apex acute, the inner margin in the male dilated and convex. First subcostal nervule emitted before the end of cell at about three-fourths its distance from base, anastomosing with costal nervure for some little distance and then reflexed to costa;+ the second emitted near end of costal neryure; remaining subcostal nervules emitted near apex. Disco-cellular nervules generally as in Amathusia, and discoidal nervules well separated at their bases, as in that genus. First median nervule strongly angulated at base, as in Amathusia, but throwing off a short, oblique and disconnected nervule directed upwards, but not reaching the lower discoidal nervule, and connected with a fold in the wing, which gives the appearance of a fourth median nervule. Posterior wings subtriangular; costal margin strongly curved and convex; cell partly closed, as in Amathusia; anal angle attenuated and produced into a caudate prolongation between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. In male specimens this wing possesses two large and prominent glands or pouches (probably scent-secreting), both of which possess a central tuft of hairs, one situate between the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule, { the second in discoidal cell. There is also a smaller tuft covering an apparently small glandular pouch in the neighbourhood and near base of the submedian nervure, The area of this genus is limited, and corresponds generally with that of Amathusia. It comprises eight or nine species, one of which is at present alone known in this fauna. 1. Zeuxidia amethystus. (Tab. VIL. fig. 13,29.) Acuxidia amethystus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 485, n. 6; Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 588, n, 1 (1877). Aeuzidia Wallacei, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 461, n. 777, t. 62, f. 8 (1866); Druce, Proc. Zool. Boc. 1873, p. 841, n. 2. Male. Anterior wings rich chocolate-brown, crossed by a large bluish subapical fascia, with purplish reflections ; this fascia commences at costal margin, where it is broadest, and terminates near apex of third median neryule, where it is narrowest; it is outwardly convex and inwardly (where it crosses about the end of cell) irregularly concave. Marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white. Posterior wings rich chocolate- brown, with a large bluish anal-angular pateh with purplish reflections; this patch extends upwards, and somewhat convexly, from anal angle, and terminates near first median nervule; anal-angular caudate prolongation distinctly marked with white on each side, and marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white. Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior wings with four irregular brown fasciw crossing cell, which are continued on posterior wing and terminate at the median nervule; both are also crossed by a slightly waved fascia, the outer margin of which is distinctly darkest, commencing at costa of anterior wings, crossing cellular apices of both wings, and terminating very obscurely near the submedian neryure; both wings have a very much waved and sinuated narrow brown fascia between apex of cell and margin, * Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep., Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 210. + I am somewhat at variance with Prof. Westwood in the diagnosis of this nervule. That excellent authority (Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. $28) has described “ two slender oblique veinlets” connecting the costal nervure with the costa. The second of these is present, exactly as described by Westwood in one male specimen of Z. amethystus in my own collection, but as it is absent in other specimens of the same species, and also generally throughout the genus, I look upon it as an aberration only. The first veinlet I also consider as but the termination of the first subcostal nervule, after some lateral anastomosis with the costal nervure. | Fritz Miiller considers the dilatation and prolongation of the inner in of the anterior wing over the costal area of the posterior wing “‘a never-failing indication of the presence of a scent-secreting organ” at that spot (*‘ Kosmos,’ Jan. 1897, p. 285 ef seg., and Abstr. by Meldola, * Nature,’ vol. xix. p. 587). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 73 followed by two more obscure and much straighter fasciw, one submarginal and the other marginal. Posterior wings with three ocellated spots with white centres and whitish and black margins, the upper and largest of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, the second and smallest is placed between the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules, and the third between the second and third median nervules. Both wings have also a few whitish suffusions, and the anterior wings are shaded with dark brown beyond the apex of the cell, and beeome more or less fuscous beneath the second median nervule; caudate prolongations marked with white on each side as above. The sexual tufts and margins of glands paler than wing. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above pale brownish, Anterior wings becoming chocolate-brown beyond apex of cell, and there possessing the following pale stramineous markings :—a waved fascia commencing on costal margin a little beyond cell and terminating above first median nervule, where it is outwardly followed by a small spot; beneath are six spots placed three above and three beneath the second median nervule; and near apex there is also an indication of a pale spot. Posterior wings with the outer marginal area more or less ochraceous, on which is a submarginal waved and broken dark chocolate fascia, becoming in some specimens (as the one figured) obsolete towards anal angle; on inner side of this ochraceous area is an ill-defined darker apical patch or suffusion, on which are three pale ochraceous spots, two above and one beneath the diseoidal nervule; there is also a similar but much fainter spot beneath the first median nervule (in one Malaccan specimen now before me these spots are nearly obsolete) ; anal caudate prolongation marked with white on each side. Wings beneath generally as in male, but the smaller ocellated spot on posterior wings in male absent, and the whitish suffusion more distinct. Exp. wings, ¢ 90 to 96 millim.; ? 110 to 120 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.). Z. amethystus does not probably extend north of the Malay Peninsula, as here faunistically treated, as from Tenasserim a closely allied species has been described.* Considerable variation in depth of coloration is observable both above and beneath amongst male specimens. This species affords a striking example of sexual dissimilarity in coloration and markings, in explanation of which several theories have been advanced, which are at least suggestive, if not conclusive. As in this case, where dissimilarity exists, it 1s usually, though not invariably, the male which is the most showy and brightly coloured, and Mr. Darwin considers that this is due to “sexual selection,” or, in other words, “the females for many generations having chosen and paired with the more attractive males,’ + and certainly much of the argument which he applies to the sexes of the American genus picalia will apply to Zeuzidia. It is probable, at least on this view, that the female form represents more or less the ancestral type of the genus, for not only are all the female forms of Zeuzidia with which I am acquainted coloured in this manner, but similar sexual forms occur in the American genus Morpho, of which a striking example is the Papilio mareus of Schaller, which, judging from the somewhat indifferent figure, Mr. Kirby quite reasonably placed in the genus Zeuzidia, but which, by the acquisition of a Guianan specimen, I was subsequently enabled to show was the female sex of Morpho adonis,{ and almost simultaneously Mon. C. Oberthiir figured the closely allied female sex of Morpho eugenia.§ We have already alluded to the natural affinities of these genera, and the geological evidences which minimise their present geographical estrangement, and when we observe that in each * 4. masont, Moore. + ‘Descent of Man," 2nd edit. p. 318. { Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. $97. § ‘Etudes d'entomologie,’ liv. 6me, t. vi. f. 1. SEPTEMBER 30, 1682. U 74 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. case the male character depends upon the colour blue for its brillianey, the remarkable affinity of these female forms of Morpho and Zeuzidia are most suggestive. If we allowed ourselves to generalise, it would seem that in Morpho and Tropical America the brilliant blue character of the male has reached its maximum, and has there descended in the majority of instances to the female as a secondary sexual character, whilst in Zeuzidia the females still retain their primitive coloration. Mr. Wallace, however, rejects the theory of sexual selection, and substitutes several propositions to account for varying sexual phenomena. One of the principal of these is the ‘*need of protection, repressing in the female those bright colours which are normally produced in both sexes by general laws." 'The observation of the habits of both sexes of Zeuzidia would greatly assist this theory. Mr. Wallace has also proposed ‘‘ Colour as a means of Recognition” for butterflies, ‘‘in which the females of closely-allied species in the same locality sometimes differ considerably, while the males are much alike.” | This, however, would not apply to 4. amethystus, as it possesses a close ally in the female of Z. doubledayi. { Genus. DISCOPHORA., Discophora, Boisduyal, Sp. Gén. i, t. 12, f. 8 (1836); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 329 (1851); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 85 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin very much arched and the apex acute; the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell, anastomosing with costal nervure for some little distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa; the second pursuing a like course a little before apex of costal nervure; remaining nervules emitted beyond costal nervure and near apex. Discoidal nervules with their bases contiguous. First median nervule slightly arched, but not angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings subtriangular; disk of costal margin nearly straight; outer margin of wings, especially in the female, more or less prominently and obtusely angulated at apex of first median nervule. Discoidal cell quite unclosed at apex. The males possess a silky oval patch of raised scales on the upper surface of the posterior wings at the bases of the median nervules. This genus comprises some eight or nine species, spread over an area which in the main corresponds with that of the two preceding genera, Discophora is found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, and onwards throughout a large portion of the Malayan Archipelago. ‘Two species are at present included in this fauna, 1. Discophora tullia. (Tab. VIL, fig. 83,92.) Papilio Tullia, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 81, A, B (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 76, n. 887 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 88, n. 394 (1787); Ent. Syst. i. p. 98, n. 805 (1793). Morpho Tullia, Godt, Ene. Meth, ix. p. 446, n. 19 (1828), Discophora tullia, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 381, n. 1 (1851); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus, E. I. C. i. p. 211, n. 431 (1857); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 767; ibid. 1878, p. 826; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 5388, n. 2 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 841, n, 1. * Tropical Nature,’ p. 193. t Ibid. p. 196. | The subject has also been treated by Fritz Miiller (‘ Kosmos,’ 1879, p. 285 et seq.), with reference to an Ameri butterily, but his views do not apply to our present discussion. £ a aa ae RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 75 Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with a silky patch of raised seales at bases of meédian nervules. Notre.—In all male specimens as yet examined from the Malay Peninsula the anterior wings are unspotted, but in specimens from Continental India there are usually three discal rows of pale spots between the end of cell and outer margin. The ground colour also varies in intensity of hue. Wings beneath dull ochraceous; basal half of both wings dark ochraceous, remaining outer portions pale ochraceous, with three more or less waved darker fascie, one marginal and two submarginal; posterior wings with two ocellated spots with white centres and white and black margins, the first situate between the subcostal nervules, the second between the second and third median nervules (this lower second spot is absent in the specimen figured). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with the outer diseal portion dark chocolate-lrown; an obscure ochraceous spot in and before end of cell, and a smaller but more distinet spot of the same colour beyond end of cell; a like spot beneath cell and between second and third median nervules (absent in specimen figured); an inner discal series of six white spots placed between the nervules, the largest, upper, and innermost two contiguous, and separated by the upper discoidal nervule; the sixth, with its posterior margin tinged with ochraceous, is situate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; this is outwardly followed by a series of five spots, the upper one bluish and amalgamating with the second inner spot, second and third bluish, and fourth and fifth ochraceous; and a submarginal row of five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules in a line with the other two series; costal and outer margins very pale brownish. Posterior wings with the outer discal portion dark chocolate-brown, and with three discal series of ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, the two inner series not passing the third median nervule, the outer series having an indistinct spot beyond that nervule; the intermediate series are more or less distinctly sublunate, and the outer series are inwardly margined with very dark chocolate-brown ; outer margin very pale brownish. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, the basal portion with a few seattered dark rounded spots near base; a waved, continuous, narrow dark fascia crossing the centres of both cells, and a dark spot at the upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings; ocellated spots to posterior wings smaller than in male, but varying in size. Long. ¢ 70 to 75 millim.; ? 90 to 98 millim. Han.—Continental India; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore); Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim; near Ahsown (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)— Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.). The females of this species vary in the prominence of the apical angles of the anterior wings, thus approximating towards the specimens described by Prof. Westwood as a distinet species, under the name of Discophora Zal, but which may probably prove to be merely a variety of this species.* The larva is figured in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. (pl. xii. fig. 15), from the original drawing made by Mr. A. Grote, then of Calcutta, and is stated to feed on ‘* Bambusa.”’ It apparently agrees in structure with the larva of D. celinde, which is here figured. 2. Discophora celinde. (Tab. V., fig. 10 7,11 2.) Papilio Celinde, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 87, f. 1, 1 A (1790). Papilio Menetho, Pabr. Ent, Syst. iii. 1, p. 83, n. 260 (1793); Donov. Ins. Ind. t. 30, f. 1 (1800), Papilio aristides, Pabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 86, n. 268 (1793). * Mr. Moore has enumerated Discophora Za! among the Tenasserim butterflies (Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 826); and Mr. Kirby, in that lepidopterists’ vade mecum, his ‘Cat. Diurn. Lep.’ p. 646, also considers it distinct. 76 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Morpho Celinde, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 446, n. 16 (1828); Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C, t. 6, £. 6 (1829), Morpho Menetho, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 446, n. 20 (1823), Discophora celinde, Herr.-Schiff. Ex. Schmett. f. 5, 6 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E. 1... i, p. 211, n. 492 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 148, n. 22 (1876); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588; Wood-Mas. & de Nicéy. Journ. As. Soc. Bengl. xlix. p. 226, n. 10 (1880). Diseophora menetho, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 588, n. 1 (1877). Male. Wings above olivaceous, with obseure bluish reflections. Anterior wings with the following ochraceous spots:—one linear beyond end of cell and between the discoidal nervules, followed by three which are divided by the diseoidal nervules (the upper of which is more frequently absent), and a submarginal. series of which the uppermost is situate between the discoidal nervules, and the lower one between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a piceous, subovate, silky patch of raised seales at basal area of median nervules, the outer margin of which is pale brownish. Wings beneath reddish ochraceous, mottled with numerous dark strigw, and crossed by a distinct broad darker oblique fascia, passing at about cellular apices of both wings, which have also two narrow submarginal waved fasciw, at the area of which (especially on anterior wings) the colour is paler, and between which and the oblique fascia the colour is darkest. Anterior wings with three waved and sinuated fascis crossing cell. Posterior wings with two discal ocellated spots, with white centres and yellow and black margins, the first of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the second and smallest between the second and third median neryules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antenn# brownish above and pale ochraceous beneath. Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings becoming darker towards apical area, where they are crossed by a very broad ochraceous subapical fascia, which commencing at costa passes a little beyond end of cell, is outwardly widened beneath the lower discoidal nervule, to near margin, and is inwardly narrowed between the first and second median nervules till it terminates between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; this fascia is preceded by a small ochraceous spot between the second and third median nervules, and is followed by a narrow outer marginal ochraceous fascia. Posterior wings with an outer marginal ochraceous fascia, which beyond the discoidal nervule towards anal angle is only represented by a few spots between the nervules; a submarginal series of four ochraceous spots placed between nervules, and two diseal spots divided by the lower subcostal nervule. Wings beneath as in male, but munch paler, and with the fascis much less distinctly defined. Exp. wings, # 85 to 93 millim.; ¢ 100 millim. Hazn.—Continental India ; Darjeeling* (Horsf. & Moore, and coll. Dist.) ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands (colls. Moore and Cale. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Pyrovinee Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)}—Java (coll. Horsf.) —Borneo (coll. Dist.) The above descriptions apply to the form of the species as found in the Malay Peninsula. That of the male agrees with the figures of Stoll and Herrich-Schiiffer, and is widely distributed, a Darjeeling specimen in my own collection being in no way different. But in some Malayan specimens the spots on the anterior wings are almost white, and the upper two of the three discal spots are obliterated. As the males agree with the typical form as figured by Stoll, and also with the male specimens arranged as D. celinde in the British Museum, I cannot agree with Mr. Butler, who has placed a Malaccan female specimen, generally agreeing with the one * This is an unsatisfactory habitat. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 468) has pointed out that it is the central station and only town in Brit. Sikkim, and being the centre to which all native collectors bring their cpecaens for disposal, species found in Brit. and Native Sikkim, and the adjoining parts of Bhotan, Tibet, and Nepaul, from level of the plains up to 18,000 or 19,000 feet, are thus labelled “ Darjeeling." The Neotropical habitat “ Bogota" has been shown to be equally unsatisfactory, if not often fallacious (see Birchall, ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 9512), RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. ye here figured, with a Nepaulese male* to represent the D. menetho, Fabr., as a distinct species, especially as the Fabrician type is not contained in the British Museum. Moreover, the same author + has given Donovan’s figure as agreeing with the D. menetho, Fabr., but this is unlike the female Malaccan form, and if such wide variation is allowed (as appears only reasonable and just) it is difficult to understand how the distinction of the two proposed species can be maintained, The larva is figured by Horsfield (ante, p. 67, fig. 19), and is described as feeding, nm Java, on the young leaves of Coccos nucifera from December to January.! This is the larval food-plant, according to the same authority, of Amathusia phidippus. Genus THAUMANTIS. Thawnentis, Hiibner, Sammi. Ex. Schmett, (1816—1824); Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. p. 455 (1840); Westw. Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 385 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170 (1858). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin very much arched, the apex more or less rounded, the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of the cell, anastomosing with the costal nervure for some distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa; the second pursuing a like course a little before apex of costal nervure; remaining nervules emitted before or near apex of costal nervure. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule strongly arched, but not angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings more or less ovate, the anal angle sometimes moderately produced; disk of costal margin nearly straight. First median nervule strongly arched and angulated towards discoidal nervule. Disecoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed. . Thaumantis is a genus which is found in Continental India, Tenasserim, the Indo-Malayan Region, Siam, and as far north as Shanghai, and comprises at the present time about a dozen described species. Allusion has already been made to its striking genetic affinity with the American genus Morpho, and, as in that genus, T'hawmantis also possesses two typical forms of coloration, which may roughly be described as the blue and the tawny types. A good example of the blue species of Thawmantis is afforded by T’. lucipor (Tab. IX. f. 8 & 9), which approximates towards the predominating facies of Morpho, while T. pseudaliris (Tab. VIL. f. 3) and 7’. louisa (a Tenasserim species) reflect more or less faithfully the features of that portion of the genus Morpho which is represented by M. metellus and allies. Three species only have, as yet, been received from the Malay Peninsula. § 1. Thaumantis lucipor. (Tab. IX., fig. 8 7,9 ¢.) Thaumantis Luctpor, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 337, n. 5, note (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser, 2, vol. iv. p. 173, n. 5, t. 19 (1858); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus. B. 1.0. i. p. 216, n. 448 (1857); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 841, n. 2. Male. Wings above pale chocolate-brown, the disks of both wings darker, and with dark and resplendent bluizh reflections, which do not extend to the costal area and wide outer margin (diminishing from apex) of * T possess a male from Borneo which greatly resembles this specimen. + Cat. Fabr. Lep. p, 45, n. 2, | Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 212. § In the ‘Cat. of Dinrn. Lepid. formed by W. C. Hewitson,' p. 108 (1879), T. aliris, Westw., is stated to have been received from Malacea. This, however, from examination, proves to be an erroneous habitat, as the Malaccan specimens represent the T. pseudaliris, Butl., which is here described. Although Mr. Kirby compiled the catalogue he is in no way answerable for the identifications, having followed those of Hewitson throughout. SEPTEMBER 30, 1882, x 78 RHOPALOCERKA MALAYANA, the anterior wings, nor to the abdominal or outer margin of the posterior wings. Wings beneath chocolate- brown, with the outer margins of both wings broadly and distinctly paler. Anterior wings with three very indistinct and irregular pale fasciw crossing cell; an oblique distinct pale fascia commencing about costal nervule a little beyond apex of cell, and terminating about third median neryule near the pale outer margin, which possesses a submedial and much waved darker line, on inner side of which the colour is much suffused with greyish; beneath the third median nervule the colour is pale brownish. Posterior wings with the basal area much suffused with greyish, on which is a large, irregular and curved fascia, which is broadest on costal margin and narrowest at its termination near the submedian nervure. At the boundary of the pale outer margin the colour is much darker, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure appears as a suddenly bent and reflexed fascia; this area contains two ocellated spots, the first and uppermost of which, situate between the subcostal nervules, is dark with slightly paler margin, and its inner third white; the lower is situate between the second and third median nervules, and has its inner margin white. The outer pale margin possesses a submedial and much-waved darker line, on inner side of which the colour is much suffused with greyish, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure is an oblong black spot with an outer white continuation. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. The male possesses two basal patches of pale hairs* near costal base of upper surface of posterior wings, which probably denote seent-secretory organs. Female. Larger and with the wings above slightly paler than in male, with similar blue sanadtinne as in that sex, but which do not extend beyond the basal halves of both wings. Anterior wings with the blue reflection outwardly bounded by a more or less distinct pale oblique but broken fascia, commencing above the first discoidal nervule and terminating near the third median nervule; two small subapical ochraceous spots on each side of fifth subcostal nervule, followed by a much-waved and sinuated submarginal ochraceous fascia, commencing near first discoidal nervule and terminating near outer angle. Posterior wings with a much-waved and sinuated fuscous submarginal fascia, commencing near apex of first subcostal nervule and terminating near anal angle; between the subcostal nervules this fascia is outwardly bordered by a pale ochraceous marginal spot. Wings beneath somewhat paler and brighter than in male, excepting the dark shadings, which are as intense as in that sex; the posterior wings are crossed by a narrow undulating dark fascia, commencing near costa, crossing near apex of cell, and terminating at third median nervule (this is faintly discernible in male); the submedial waved fascie to pale outer margins of wings are also very distinct. Exp. wings, ¢ 87 to 94 millim.; ? 98 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier)—Borneo (colls. Dist. and Godm. & Salv.); Sarawak (Brit. Mus.) This beautiful species has been hitherto only known in collections as from Borneo; it is, however, contained in Mr. Saiier’s collection, which was formed in Province Wellesley. 3. Thaumantis noureddin. (Tab. VII., fig. 3 ¢; and Tab. IX., fig. 7 2.) Thaumantis Noureddin, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 887, n. 6, note (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 175, n. 6, t. 20 (1858); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. p. 215, n. 444 (1857); Druee, Proe. Zool. Soc. (1873), p. $41, n. 8; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 588, n. 1 (1877). Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown; the outer margins of both wings broadly paler. Anterior wings with the pale outer margin much waved inwardly, and there denoted by a row of more or less distinet whitish spots placed upon the nervules; the costal area and basal portion of cell also somewhat paler. The posterior wings have the paler outer portion much less well defined, broadest at anal angle, * These in the typical specimen were deseribed as black by Prof. Westwood, and therefore probably vary in hue. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., (i) and terminating on abdominal margin. Wings beneath pale castaneous; both wings crossed by an almost straight submarginal dark castaneous fascia, bordered outwardly with greyish. Anterior wings with a pale waved fascia crossing cell near its centre; a narrow oblique greyish fascia beyond cell, commencing near costal nervure, and terminating at first median nervule, beyond which it is continued and indicated by a narrow dark line only; between these pale fasciw the colour is somewhat darker, and is thus continued in a waved and narrower form on posterior wings, where it terminates in a faint and indistinct manner about centre of abdominal margin. Posterior wings with two ocellated spots on inner side of submarginal fascia ; these spots are inwardly margined with white, and are situate one between the subcostal nervules, and one between the second and third median neryules; apical angle with a fuscous spot, bordered on each side with greyish.* The male is provided with two tufts of long dark hairs near base of upper surface of posterior wings, covering the disks of two distinct pseudo scent-glands or pouches. Female. Larger than male; wings above with distinct basal resplendent bluish reflections. Anterior wings with a diseal, curved, and outwardly convex series of five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, commencing between the discoidal nervules, and terminating near the third median nervule, and a straight submarginal series of five ochraceous spots also placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with a waved fuscous marginal fascia. Wings beneath slightly paler than in male, the oblique greyish fascia beyond cell of anterior wings much more distinct, broader, and continuous, the straight submarginal fascia to both wings outwardly much more widely bordered with greyish; ocellated spots larger and anal angle less produced than in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 93 millim.; ? 94 to 98 millim, Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Grit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.) The males of this species vary in the amount of melanism. In some specimens, as the one figured, the submarginal series of pale spots above are scarcely visible. 3. Thaumantis pseudaliris. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 8 ¢.) Thaumantis pseudaliris, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiii, p. 115 (1877); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol, i. p. 688, n. 2, t. Lewili. fig. 1 (1877). Thaumantis aliris, @, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p, 176 (1858).+ Male. Anterior wings above fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous, crossed by a pale lemon- coloured transverse undulating fascia, which, commencing at costa above apex of cell, is then slightly curved outwardly, passing a little beyond cell, is gradually narrowed between second and third median nervules, and terminates in a small spot beneath the last-named nervule; two large subapical white spots, separated by the upper discoidal nervule. Posterior wings fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous; the apical half from a little beyond the median nervule, and a large subquadrate apical-angular spot ochraceous, more or less tinged with orange-red. Wings beneath crossed by a broad, irregular, and deeply sinuated chocolate fascia; on anterior wings this fascia is abbreviated about median nervule, and is very narrow at costal margin, where it is supplanted by the commencement of a transverse waved white fascia crossing wing at end of cell and terminating on outer margin at apex of third median nervule; on the inner side of the chocolate fascia the colour is obscure ochraceous, with two irregular reddish spots in cell and a smaller one above it; beyond the white fascia the colour is reddish ochraceous, with a large diseal obscure violaceous patch, bordered outwards with fuscous, and containing an outer white spot above upper discoidal * These anal-angular markings have been unfortunately omitted from the figure. + Mr. Butler in renaming the male of Westwood's species has accidentally given a wrong reference to that author's description. 80 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. nervule; beneath the median nervule the white fascia is inwardly and irregularly bordered with fuscous. On posterior wings the chocolate fascia is broadest on costal margin, strongly angulated and narrowed about discoidal nervule, outwardly angulated and rounded at base of first median nervule, and terminating at anal angle between the third median nervule and submedian nervure where it is narrowest; it is outwardly margined with white for its upper half; the inner area is pale obscure ochraceous, with three reddish spots, two irregular and linear situated above and beneath cell, and one small and rounded in and near base of cell; outer area reddish ochraceous, with two ocellated spots, the upper one mottled with reddish und with a white centre and black margin situate between the subcostal nervules, the lower and larger one with a large black spot inwardly bordered with white near its inner margin; outer margin black inwardly preceded with pale ochraceous; this spot is situated between the second and third median nervules; anda small linear marginal black spot between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Male with two large basal tufts of hair on upper surface of lower wings, the smaller near costa, the larger at base of cell. Female. Somewhat larger than the male; apical angle of anterior wings tinged with dark bluish, beneath paler, brighter and more violaceous. Exp. wings, ¢ 111 millim.; ¢ 114 millim. Han.—Tenasserim; Thoungyeen Valley, foot of Donat Range (Bingham, Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill, Brit. Mus., and coll. Hewits.). The male specimen in the British Museum is here figured, and was captured in Malacca ; the female to which reference is made was collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim. The first is somewhat worn, and it is possible that in fresh specimens the apical area of the upper surface of the anterior wing is bluish, as described in the female specimen. Prof. Westwood, when he described his 17’. aliris, apparently possessed the sexes of two species, and as he figured the female of the Bornean species, which is GRY, it Was necessary to rename the Malaccan male. Genus CLEROME. Clerame, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 838 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 182 (1858), Anterior wings subtriangular or subovate; costal margin very much arched, the apex rounded; outer margin more or less convex; in the male the inner margin slightly dilated at base. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before end of cell, and terminating beyond apex of costal nervule; second, third, and fourth subcostal nervyules emitted somewhat close together, the second before the apex of the first ; fourth and fifth with a common origin. Lower diseo-cellular nervule very long and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules distinctly separated at their origin. First median nervule not prominently arched or angulated at base. Posterior wings ovate; disk of costal margin nearly straight; outer margin and anal angle rounded. Discoidal nervule (the base of which is homologous to an upper disco-cellular nervule) emitted close to the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Diseoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed. The geographical area of Clerome pertains to that of the previously enumerated Malayan genera of Morphina. From Continental India in the west it extends eastwards through Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, a little beyond the confines of the Indo-Malayan portion of the Archipelago, and as far north as China. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51 About fourteen species are described, two alone of which have at present been received from this region; these, however, represent respectively the smallest and most beautiful species of the genus. 1, Clerome gracilis. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 12.) Clerome yracilis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. p. 401, t. 8, f. 7 (1867). Male. Wings above brownish ochraceous; posterior wings with a somewhat faint discal ocellated spot, situate between the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath somewhat paler, and crossed by two waved narrow fuscous fascie; the first passing through the centres of both cells, and the second commencing about costal margin of anterior wings, passing beyond the cellular apices and terminating near the middle of abdominal margin to posterior wings; a submarginal and strongly sinuated narrow fuscous fascia to both wings. Between the central and submarginal fasci# are placed the following spots :—on anterior wings a series of four small whitish spots placed between the nervules, the first above upper diseoidal nervule, and the fourth beneath first median nervule, followed between the second and. third median nervules by an ocellated spot, black, with a pale centre and ochraceous and black margins. Posterior wings with an ocellated spot between the subcostal nervules, followed by three whitish spots between the nervules, and an ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, d 53 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.)—Borneo.* I have not seen the female of this species. The typical male specimen was collected in Malacea by Lieut. Roberts, and a specimen in the British Museum is here figured. It is one of the smallest species of the genus, and appears to be seldom found by collectors. 9. Clerome faunula. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 2.) Clerome faunula, Westwood, Gen, Dinrn. Lep. p. 334, n. 8, note, t. 54, f. 1 (1851). Clerome (Melanocyma) faunula, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc, ser, 2, vol. iv. p, 186, t, 21, f, 2 (1858), Female. Wings above pale fuscous; posterior wings with the abdominal half beneath cell.and to about second median nervule bright shining yellow. Anterior wings with the upper diseco-cellular nervule very darkly infuscated and with the following dark markings :—a transverse streak across cell near apex, preceded by a rounded spot, beneath which are two other spots situate between the base of the third median nervule and the submedian nervure; two discal, transverse, strongly waved, and sinuated fascim, the first crossing wing a little beyond apex of cell, and the second being somewhat submarginal, and ‘a very faint, waved, narrow, marginal fascia, which is obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with the following dark markings :—an oblique fascia near base terminating about internal nervure; two very strongly waved and sinuated discal fascis, which become united at lower subcostal neryule, the inner one then crossing wing at apex of cell and terminating near centre of submedian nervure, the outer one somewhat submarginal and much less strongly waved and sinuated after passing first median nervule, till it terminates at submedian nervure ; and a waved marginal fascia becoming obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath pale greyish, marked as above, but with the yellow coloration of the posterior wings richer and darker, and with all the fascia and spots very dark fuscous; costal area of the anterior wings pale fuscous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 98 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca, Mount Ophir (D. Wallace); Singapore (Brit. Mus.)—Cambodia (coll, Hewits.) * *Cat. Diurn. Lep. formed by W. C. Hewitson,’ p. 108. DEPTEMBER 30, 1882. ¥ 82 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This species appears to be somewhat rare in collections. The British Museum possesses one female specimen, which was captured at Singapore, and which is not only here figured, but is also the only one I have examined. Prof. Westwood* records a second specimen as collected at Mount Ophir by Mr. D. Wallace; and a third, from Cambodia, is contained in the Hewitsonian collection. This is not only a beautiful but also an aberrant species, it being quite destitute of ocellated spots, a character which Prof. Westwood was reasonably of opinion should warrant its subgeneric separation. The wings are also semidiaphanons, thus allowing the fascia beneath to be visible above. Genus XANTHOTAENTA. Nanthotania, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187 (1858), Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin moderately arched, the apex rounded, the outer margin moderately convex, the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell, and terminating a little beyond costal nervure; second and third subcostal nervules emitted some little distance apart,+ the second a little before the apex of the first, fourth emitted a short distance from the third, fourth and fifth with a common origin. Lower disco-cellular nervule very long and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule not prominently arched nor angulated at base. Posterior wings subovate and elongate, somewhat attenuated towards anal angle, Discoidal nervule (the base of which is homologous to an upper disco-cellular nervule) emitted some distance from the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Discoidal cell with the apex entirely open. Only one species of this interesting genus is at present known, and which is here enumerated. The habitats of this species must therefore be taken as representing the geographical area of the genus. 1. Xanthotzenia busiris. (Tab. V., fig. 7.) Clerome (Xanthotenia) Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187, n. 6 (1858), Clerome busiris, Druce, Proce, Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 341, n. 4. Xanthotania busiris, Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538, n, 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 827. Male. Wings above reddish ochraceous; anterior wings with an oblique, pale ochraceous fascia crossing wings at end of cell, and terminating between second and third median nervules a little before outer margin; beyond and beneath the apex of this fascia the colour is dark chocolate-brown, of which the outer margin is paler; and with a pale whitish subapical spot situate above the upper discoidal nervule. Wings beneath much paler, but variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings marked as above, but the sub- apical whitish spot having above a very small one of the same colour, and beneath an ocellated spot with a white centre and yellowish margin, situate between the discoidal nervules, and two small and obscure whitish spots, situate one on each side of the first median nervule. Discoidal cell crossed by a much-waved and angulated dark line. Posterior wings with two strongly waved and sinuated dark lines, enclosing a pale irregular fascia, commencing at costa a short distance from base, where it is narrowest, crossing * ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 186. + Prof. Westwood states, ‘‘the third and fourth branches of the post-costal vein of the fore wings rise a moderate distance apart.” ‘This, however, appears to. me to be the second and third. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 83 apex of cell and terminating a little beyond submedian nervure; the outer marginal line is preceeded at apex of cell with an inner marginal line, giving the appearance of a lower disco-cellular nervule ; two submarginal waved dark lines and a narrow marginal one of the same colour; eight pale, rounded, and more or less ocellated discal spots, the first and second largest, contiguous, and subdivided by the first subcostal nervule, fourth and fifth divided by the first median nervule, smaller than third, which is situate above discoidal nervule, sixth large and placed between second and third median nervules, seventh and eighth small and together situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure; an obscure, narrow, dark fascia extends from the inner side of the two upper spots to near the fifth or sixth spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. The male possesses a long tuft of fine hairs on the abdominal margin of the posterior wings, a little before the apex of abdomen. Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 72 millim. Han.—Tenasserim; Moolai, 3000—6000 ft. (Limborg, coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) —Sumatra (Forbes, coll. Dist.) —Java (coll. Dist.)—Borneo (coll. Hewits.). The female of this species is contained in the British Museum, and resembles the male sex. Group NY WPHALINA. Palpi broad, the anterior margin more or less dilated. Larve variable in form. This group represents the subfam. Nymphaline of many authors, and S.. the reasons for this proposed arrangement have already been submitted \))))\ when discussing the group Morphina, though it may be added that some Fic. 25.—Head, showing Tecent authors, as Moore* and Snellen, incorporate the two groups palpy of Cyutiva deine. sovether. With some authorities, also, the subfam. Acreine is systematically arranged between the two groups. Of the Acreine no example has at the present time been either received from the Malay Peninsula, or recorded from that region; but as a species is found in Ceylon, and more particularly as another has been lately sent home by Mr. Forbes from Sumatra, it is quite possible that the Acreine will still prove to be represented in this fauna. Amongst the Nymphalina there are probably several genera which remain to be discovered in the Malay Peninsula, but which are still absent from our lists and collections. Thus at the present time we have received no so-called “ leaf-butterfly” belonging to the genus Kallima. As this well-known genus is found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, Sumatra, and Java, it seems hardly reasonable to conclude that it is absent in what may be considered as the intervening district of the Malay Peninsula, as here faunistically understood. It seems difficult also to believe that no species of Herona inhabits the Peninsula, + as that genus is represented in Continental India, Andaman Islands, Tenasserim, and Sumatra, Of other Oriental genera not at present included in this fauna may be mentioned * Lep. Ceylon. + There can be little doubt that when collections are made in the highlands of the interior and in the Native States many species will be added to this already rich Khopalocerous fauna. $4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. the following :—Argynnis, though a widely spread genus, of which a species (4. niphe) is recorded both from Ceylon and Sumatra; Symbrenthia, well represented in Continental India, and also received from Sumatra and Java; Pyrameis, of which the ubiquitous P. cardui may remain to be discovered; and Apatura, a very widely distributed genus, which, though absent from the Peninsula, is still somewhat represented by the closely allied genus Eulacura. The genus Vanessa, in the form of its species V’. C-auwreum, has been recorded from Penang by Mr. Kirby,* probably on the strength of a specimen with that habitat attached, in the Dublin Museum, but having seen no other specimen of that species in any of the collections I have examined, and not having met with it myself when collecting on the spot, I have, pending corroborative testimony, not enumerated the genus here. With these exceptions the Oriental genera of the Nymphalina are well represented in the Malay Peninsula. The characters on which I have relied for the separation of the Nymphalina from the Morphina, viz., the structure of the palpi, will I think be found generally to obtain, and to be of an easily recognisable nature. Much of the apparent dilatation of the anterior margin of the palpi is due to the presence of a thick clothing of long hairs, irregular in arrangement and structure, but still of sufficient constancy to render the dilated appearance of the palprat the anterior margins uniformly and easily discernible. Division would of course materially assist the study of this large group, especially if the whole, and not a small faunistic portion only, were being examined; but, beyond some general resemblances of form and colour, I have found little on which reliance could be placed for divisional separation, and have therefore endeavoured to supply a synopsis of the genera en bloc.+ When the developmental characters of the Nymphalina are more fully worked out, natural divisions will probably be manifest; at present, though larval coincidences do exist in small divisions of genera, the structural characters of the perfect insects do not always agree in a like ratio. } : : * Cat. Dinrn. Lep. p. 181, 1 (1871). + Amongst others who have divided the subfam. Nymphaling, and whose views will well repay study, may be mentioned Herrich-Schiiffer (Corresp.-Blatt. Zool.-mineral. ver. Regenab. 1864—“ Separat.” pp. 16—40, where the whole of the then recorded genera are analyzed and grouped) and Burmeister (Deserip. Physiq. de la Republ. Argent., vol. v., pp- 150 ef seg., where a portion of the Neotropical fauna is alone treated). | The uncertainty of the larval characters in this group, when taken as muterial for formulating sectional divisions, is well shown by a reference to the views of Horsfield, who made a diligent and thorough examination of these characters for systematic purposes. In his Thysanwriform group, as already pointed out (ante, p. 87), genera are there associated by larval characters, which appertain not only to the Nymphaling (both Morphina and Nymphaline) but also to the Satyring, It is, however, scarcely a satiafnctory feature in the study of Kastern ea ar that since the time of Horatfield’s epoch-making publication, seareely anything has been published illustrative of the larvw of Oriental species, till—after an expiration of fifty years—the drawings of the Bros, de Alwia have recently appeared in Moore's ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ This ia the more regretable when we remember the number of enthusiastic collectors of butterilies, specially in the Kast, whose captures, though of high scientific value,—as increasing our knowledge of genera and species, and therefore necessarily of the geographical distribution of the same,—could still add so much to our knowledge by careful breeding, and even more careful deseription of the results of the same. Conchologists are now agreeing that the deseription of the outer covering of the animal alone does not necessarily meet the requirements of biology, and the time is probably not far distant when the true deseriber of an insect will be expected to give its life-history. In Japan Mr. H. Pryer is adding greatly to our knowledge in this respect (see Trans. Ent. Soc, 1882, p. 485), and Mr. Hocking has lately contributed to our information of the earlier stage of Himalayan Rhopalocera (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 284), RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA, 1. Costal nervure of anterior wings strongly swollen at base. a. Middle diseo-cellular neryule of anterior wings but little longer than the upper disco-cellular. b. Wings somewhat slender, the outer margin of the anterior wings more or less oblique. - - - EvurRyrena. aa. Middle disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings much longer than the upper diseo-eellular. bb. Wings broad, the outer margins of the anterior wings more or less convex. . . - : - - ERGonis. 2. Costal nervure of anterior wings often robust, but not swollen. A. Anterior wings with the apical angles more or less faleate and truncate. e. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and overlapping near base, and then strongly divergent and concave to anal angle. d. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted ZZ-— some distance before the apex of second sub- costal nervule. Fre, 26.—Arrangement of subcostal ¢. Outer margins of wings entire. nerviles in ant, wings of Dolea- halite seation: J; Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular. - DoLescHanuia. ec. Outer margins of wings distinctly waved. jf. Posterior wings subovate. g. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings slender, indistinet, or subobsolete. hk. Antenne with the apex Greely and moderately thickened. — - - Precis. qg. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings almost completely obsolete. hi. Antenne with the apex BDEEDEAY — pro- minently thickened. - JUNONIA. cc. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and overlapping near base, and then distinctly concave and moderately divergent to anal angle. dd. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted almost beneath the apex of second subcostal a nervule. ce. Outer margins of posterior wings prominently Fro. 27.—Arrangement of subcostal produced in caudate elongation at apex of dis- nervnles in ant, wings of Rhine- coidal nervule. - = = = . - RaerINopa.pa. sla itn B. Anterior wings with apical angles elongate, rounded, or subacute. i. Body stout, the thorax robust. j. Third subeostal nervule of anterior wings more or less convexly rounded towards apex. k. Outer margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate. Ll. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings nearly straight. m. Lower disco-cellular neryule of anterior wing obsolete, leaving cell entirely open. — - - Evnacura. kk, Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and nar- rowly produced at first, and_also generally at Fra. 28.,— Arrangement of subcostal third rasdian nervute. ; nervules in ant. winga of Cha- U. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings con- raxes schreiberi. cavely emarginate owards apex. Frprvuary 28, 1888, ui 85 86 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. mm. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings present, closing apex of cell. . “ . kkk. Outer margins of posterior wings produced in broad and spatulate prolongation between first and second median nervules. - - - - - - ti. Body generally and moderately stout, the thorax not pro- minently robust. jj. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings not suddenly and convexly rounded towards apex. n. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings ( tc emitted before end of cell. “Ses o. Margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate. p. Palpi obtusely pointed. q. Posterior wings almost as broad as long. - - vin: G0 Ateehetaensorecboue) qq. Posterior wings distinctly longer than broad. nervules in post. wings of Ku. r. First subcostal nervule of posterior wings thalia anosia, emitted close to base of subcostal nervure. - pp. Palpi with a slender bristle-like terminal joint. ( be rr. First subcostal nervule of posterior wings ie emitted at some distance from base of sub- costal nervure. - - : : - | nn. First subcostal nervule only of anterior wings emitted Fro. 30.—Arrangement of subcostal before end of cell. sieve pitmore. a ie 00. Margins of ae wings distinctly caudate in the male - - - - - - : itt. Body slender; wings delicate, generally pale and often subhyaline. nnn. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings emitted before end of cell. = - - - - - nnnn. First subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell. jj. Second and third subcostal nervules of the anterior wings more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded shortly after their emergence. s. Outer margin of anterior wings distinctly longer than interior margin, t. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wing bent and angulated near middle. w. First and second median nervules of anterior wings with their bases widely separated, the Frac 8h first not rounded and slightly eurved inwardly. —Arrangement, of median ; ‘ . nervules in ant. wings of Par. uu. First and second median nervules of anterior thenos gambrisive, var. wings with an apparently common origin, the first rounded outwardly at base. - - - ss. Outer and inner margins of anterior wings subequal in length. tt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings bent Paes angulated near base. - Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted at about one-third from base of wing. - - —————— vv. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted considerably beyond basal third of wing. er ee a w. Third median nervule and first subcostal ARE Ls eg Oe OWI Tot , = i ‘ dtiboostal eeeuts nea lnali hant nervule of posterior wings about subequal near hase, in length. - - - - - - * Gen, nov. type Cyrestie rahria, Moore. ProrHor. SYMPHEDRA. EUritanta. TANAECIA. Evrirvs. CYRESTIS. CHERSONESIA. * PARTHENOS. LEDBADEA. PANDITA. LIweENITIS. —S>)) Fig. 3:.—Costal area of post. wing to apical angle. - - - - - ATHYMA. cota pe aia xx. Costal nervure of posterior wings not ex- apical angle, tending to apical angle. - - - Neptts. ttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not angularly bent. www. Third median nervule and first subcostal nervule of posterior wings almost subequal in length. - . - - + + Hyponmeas. n. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted just before or at end of cell, the second some distance beyond, ttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not prominently bent or angulated. vet. Discoidal nervyules of anterior wings emitted beyond basal third of wing. G2 > y. Wings with the outer margins sinuate and dentate. - - - - - - - Crrnosta. “ural in eet ince soupy yy. Wings with the outer margins slightly waved, phalanta, that of posterior wings sometimes caudate. ATRL. vevv. Discoidal neryules of anterior wings emitted at about one-third from base of wings. = - - Cupwa.t nn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a Ls little before and the second at about end of cell. =a eke oe wateeseaa ttttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings pro- spacey Ne winiga’or Clerc: minently bent and angulated. | chrow orissa, z. Middle diseo-cellular nervule of anterior wings about half the length of lower disco-cellular. *. Posterior wings ovate and elongate. = - - Crrrocuroa. zz. Middle disco-cellular nervyule of anterior wings less than half the length of lower disco-cellular. : | **, Posterior wings more or less subquadrate and : caudate. - : - - - - ‘TeRrnos. | nnn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a We asa vines oh eee slg pace and the second immediately beyond a end of cell. - - - - - : - CyYNTHta. deione. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. ww. Third median nervule of posterior wings dis- tinetly shorter than first subcostal nervule. «x, Costal nervure of posterior wings extending Genus DOLESCHALLIA.! Doleschattia, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p, 38 (1881), 87 Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched from base and convex, the apical angle more or less truncated; the outer margin sinuated, concave beneath apex, and convex towards posterior angle ; the inner margin more or less concave. First and second subcostal nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of cell; third emitted beyond cell, and extending to apex; fourth and fifth bifureating at about one-third from apex. Upper diseo-cellular neryule short and outwardly angled; lower disco-cellular + This genus has been hitherto mostly known under the name of Messaras, Doubl., but has been recently shown by Mr. Seudder to be a synonym of Cupha, Billb. (Proc. Am. Acad. Arte & Sei. vol. x. p. 149, 1875). | The name of this genus exists in commemoration of that of Carl Ludwig Doleschall, a Hungarian entomologist, who for a short time was numbered amongst the few workers in the Malayan Archipelago. Best known as a Dipterist, he died of consumption at Amboina at the age of thirty-two. His former friend and pupil, Rudolf Felder, whose name is attached to many of the Rhopalocera described in this work, and who founded the genus Doleschallia, also died at the carly age of twenty-nine. 88 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, nervule aborted, leaving the cell widely open. Median nervules widely separated, the first prominently rounded at base; submedian nervure’ nearly straight. Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular, the costal and outer margins convex; anal angle produced in narrow caudate elongation, which is traversed by the submedian nervure; abdominal margins convex and contiguous near base, and from thence becoming concavely divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; precostal nervure obliquely rounded and curved outwardly towards apex; discoidal nervules well separated at their origin ; discoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed, first median nervule arched and rounded at a short distance from base. Body short, robust; palpi large and porrect, raised above the upper margin of the head, gradually narrowed to an obtuse point at apices, flattened beneath and covered with adpressed hairs, and clothed above (exeluding apices) with long semi-erect and well-separated hairs. About twelve or thirteen species are sometimes included in this genus; but of these, two are probably not strictly congeneric, as the apical angles of the anterior wings are acute. These two species also belong to the Ethiopian region, one being found in West Afriea, and the other in Madagascar. ‘The remaining and more typical species inhabit an area extending from India to Australia, and it is in the Papuan and Pacific regions that they mostly abound, where, according to present knowledge, the number of species is rather more than double what is found in the Indo-Malayan region. ‘he genus is closely allied to Kallima, the species of which are commonly known as “ leaf-butterflies,"’ from the strikingly foliaceous appearance of the under side of the wings, and whose habitat is almost exclusively the Indo-Malayan region. Doleschallia thus appears as the extreme eastern representative of Kallima, a genus which most probably inhabits the Peninsula, it being already recorded from Tenasserim. The larva and pupa of the Ceylon species is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lep. Ceylon,’ from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and as described is “long, somewhat slender, purple- black, with a dorsal and lateral series of short delicate branched blue spines” and ‘a central row of white spots.” It is stated in Ceylon to feed on ‘“‘ Acanthads.”* The transformations of D. bisaltide in Java have also been described by Piepers. + One species only is at present known in the Malay Peninsula. 1. Doleschallia pratipa. (Tab. X1., fig. 8¢; Tab. [X., fig. 6 2.) Doleschallia Pratipa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iy. p, 309, n, 20 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. i. p.406, n.610 (1866); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p, 584; ibid. 1878, p. 828; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p- 589, n. 1 (1877). Male. Apical angle of the anterior wings prominently faleate. Anterior wings reddish ochraceous ; apical angle, outer margin (narrowing to posterior angle), and an irregularly shaped and sized oblique fascia commencing near costal nervure, crossing end of cell and amalgamating with outer margin between the lower subcostal and first median nervules, very dark fuseous, Posterior wings reddish ochraceous, with two distinct submarginal fuscous rounded spots, situate one above the discoidal nervule and one between the second and third median nervules, and a very pale fuseous and moderately broad marginal fascia, with the inner border strongly waved and the outer border ochraceous, preceded by a black line. Wings beneath dull ochraceous, strongly suffused with olivaceous; anterior wings with two waved and sinuated transverse bright white fasci# crossing cell, and a smaller and more obseure irregular spot beneath cell at base of third median nervule; posterior wings with three bright * Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 39. + Tijdschr. Ent. xix. p., 161-2 (1576). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 89 white spots near base, one near base of costal nervure, one near base of third median nervule, and the third very obscure, in and near base of cell. Anterior wings with the costal base, cellular area preceding the outer white fascia, an irregular fascia near end of cell, and a small costal subapical patch, dark olivaceous, the last preceded and followed by dull whitish; both wings crossed by a discal oblique dark olivaceous line, commencing on costa of anterior wings between end of cell and apex, where it is waved and directed outwardly and then reflexed and oblique, terminating near anal angle of posterior wings; between this line and outer margin there are on anterior wings five or six obscure white-centred spots divided by the nervules, and two distinct ocellated spots with white centres between the median nervules and on posterior wings three distinct ocellated spots situate one on each side of the lower subcostal nervule, and the third between the second and third median nervules (a fourth and obscure spot is sometimes visible between the third median nervule and submedian nervure); outer margin of posterior wings distinctly paler from about the lower subcostal nervule. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Apical angle of the anterior wings not prominently faleate. Resembling male, but differing on anterior wings by having a large subapical yellowish patch, and by the fuscous oblique fascia being only denoted by an irregular spot at end of cell. Posterior wings with the marginal fascia only denoted by the marginal borders as in male. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, and with the white spots much more obscure. Exp. wings, 3 60 to 80 millim.; ¢ (two examples), 68 to 70 millim. Has.*—'Tenasserim (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.)—Java (coll. Dist.) This species varies much in the colour of the wings beneath, and is a very close ally of the Javan species, 1). bisaltide, Cram. From this it differs principally in the female sex, which in D, bisaltide has the pale subapical patch and also the complete oblique subapical fuscous fascia. LD), pratipa is clearly a local race of Cramer's species, and is treated here as a distinct species, in consonance with the previous method, and on the lines already laid down in this work.{ Genus PRECIS. Precis, Hithner, Verz. bek, Schmett, p. 88 (1816); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 18 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p.89 (1881). Junonia, sect. 2, Doubl, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 209 (1649). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin yery strongly arched and convex; apical angle obliquely truncate and prominent, and together with remainder of outer margin distinctly waved ; beneath the apical angle the outer margin is strongly sinuated and concave, after which it is convex to posterior angle; inner margin more or less concave. Costal nervure short; first and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell; third emitted about half-way between end of cell and apex of wing; fourth and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervules angled at apex of cell and concave to lower discoidal nervule; lower disco-cellular nervule slender and indistinet, or somewhat obsolete. Discoidal nervules well separated at their base; first median nervule rounded at base, where it * Mr. Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 584) has recorded this spécies as from the Andaman Islands, but this habitat has not been corroborated by Messrs. Wood-Mason and De Niceville, in their Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of those islands. Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue (p. 193), has also given “ Molucew" as a habitat, which is clearly a misprint. + D. bisaltide is a somewhat rare insect; male and female specimens are contained in the Horsfield Collection which agree with Cramer's figure. Several other specimens were confused, however, under the same name, which on examination with Mr. Butler, proved to be both male and temale D. polibete, Cram., a species which is quite distinct and not synonymous with D. bisaltide, as stated in Mr, Kirby's Catalogue (p. 198), D. polibete has both sexes very similar, and not distinct as in D. bisaltide and D. pratipa; it is alxo a wide-ranging species, as | possess specimens both from Java and the Andaman aimee In oll these species it appears that the brightest white spots on the under surfaces of the wings are developed in the male only. Frsrvary 28, 1883, 2A 90 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. has an apparently common origin with the second; second and third nervules widely separated. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex; outer margin very convex, waved, and produced into a short caudate appendage at anal angle. Abdominal margins convex and overlapping at base, and then distinctly coneave and slightly divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; discoidal nervule emitted a little beyond the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules; discoidal cell with the apex entirely open; median nervules arranged much as in anterior wings. Body short; palpi long, porrect, and pointed ; antennw# slender, gradually thickened towards apex. This genus is of very considerable extent, and it is in Africa—tropical and subtropical— that its greatest number of species are found; in fact, if we include Madagascar, at least three- fourths of the present known species inhabit the Ethiopian region." Precis is also found in Continental India, Ceylon, and onwards, and sparingly—as regards its number of species— through the Malay Peninsula and Malayan Archipelago, and is represented in Australia. At this time about forty species have been deseribed. 1. Precis iphita. (Tab. XI., fig. 9¢; & var. Tab. IX., fig. 5 2.) Papilio Iphita, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 209, 0, D (1782); Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 86, n. 379 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 46, n. 457 (1787); Ent. Syst. ii. p. 109, n. 837 (1793). Vanessa Iphita, Godt. Ene. Méth. tx. p. 314, n. 40 (1819). Precis Iphita, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. I. 0. i. p. 143, n. 290 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix. p. 150, n. 81 (1876); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; ibid. 1882, p. 289; Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 89, pl. 21, f. 1, @, & (1881). Junonia Iphita, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 76, n. 17 (1869); Trans. Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv. Proe. Zool. Soe. 1879, p. 157, n. 17; ibid. 1878, p. 646, Precis Intermedia, Feld. Reise Noy. Lep. iu. p. 402, n. GOO (1866). Precis Ida, yar. intermedia, Snell. Tijdsehr. Mint. vol. xxi. p. 14, n. 62 (1878). Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown, variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings with two transverse fascim crossing cell, the margins of which are very irregular and dark fuscous, the first situate about centre and the second near apex; the apical half of wing is somewhat paler, and inwardly bounded by a dark fascia commencing near costa and outwardly and obliquely directed to first median nervule, from thence reflexed inwardly and terminating near centre of inner margin; between this and outer margin is a somewhat similar fascia, followed by two very dark submarginal lines, the outer one more prominently waved; marginal fringe and a small subapical spot whitish. Posterior wings with the apical half paler and with the fasci# on the anterior wings continued, the first terminating near abdominal margin about one-third from anal angle, the second broader and more outwardly curved than on anterior wings, and possessing on its outer edge four or five obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules; submarginal lines as on anterior wings, but the inner one more waved. Wings beneath paler; both wings crossed by two somewhat broad, dark, basal fascim, the first crossing centre of cell of anterior wings, curved inwardly on cell of posterior wings and indistinctly terminating near base of abdominal margin; the second crossing anterior wings at apex of cell, and terminating on posterior wings a little beyond end of cell; a similar fascia commencing near costa of anterior wings, and more or less amalgamating at median nervules, with an oblique fascia crossing both wings, inwardly margined with a dark line commencing near apical angle of anterior wings where it is broadest, and terminating near anal angle of posterior © The Oriental affinities in the African fauna, or the zoological relationship between the Oriental and Ethiopian regions, have received notice by many naturalists. Thus Dr. Stoliczka has pointed this ont in the Malayan Ornithology, and Mr. Wallace has described the same thing in the Mammalia and birds of W. Africa,—these possessing “a special Oriental or even Malayan element,"—and has also drawn attention to the Oriental element in the Ethiopian reptiles and amphibia, Mr, Blanford has treated of the “ African element in the fauna of India,” particularly as regards the Mammalia, and the late Mr. Blyth has shown the ancient date of the relationship from the evidence afforded by the Siwalik deposits. Mr. Murray inclined to the cone that the Indo-Malayan region should be included with that of Africa, south of the Sahara. The writer has also shown the “ Oriental affinities in the Ethiopian Insect-Fauna” (' Nature,’ vol. xvii. p. 282). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 91 wings where it is narrowest; on the outer margin of this fascia in both wings are a series of more or less obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules; two submarginal lines as on upper surface, but inner one much waved and sinuated. On some specimens there are two distinct whitish spots on the underside of posterior wings, separated by the first subcostal nervule, the upper of which is largest. (These are absent in the specimens here figured, though found in some Malay varieties.) Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 60 to 70 millim. Han.—Continental India; Nepaul; Khasia Hills; Silhet; Cashmere; Neilgherries; Bombay (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Upper Tenasserim ; Moolai (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.}—Java (coll. Moore); Batavia (Snellen); Bantam (coll. Dist.;}—Borneo.*—Celebes (Snellen).—New Guinea (Godm. and Saly.)—New Britain (Godm. & Salv.) This is a variable species, both in size and hue, the specimen (Tab. XI., f. 9) being a melanie form, whilst that represented by fig. 5 on Tab. IX. is the pale variety described by Felder as a distinct species under the name of [. intermedia. The larva and pupa are figured in Moore’s Lep. Ceyl.} from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and they are thus described in that work ;: }—‘*‘ Larva cylindrical, dark brown, with dorsal and lateral rows of short delicate branched spines. Pupa short, with tubercular points on dorsal segments ; thorax broad.” Some observations on the habits of this insect have been recorded. In the N.W. Himalaya Mr. Hocking states that it ‘‘always pitches on the ground.”§ As witnessed in Celebes, that inimitable lepidopteral observer Piepers has given some interesting facts. It appears to be pugnacious. Piepers thus describes his observation :—‘‘ Around and over the blossoms of a flowering shrub flew several butterflies (Precis iphita and some Pieride), when a butterfly of gigantic size, in comparison with them (J/’apilio Remus, Cram.), came flying, apparently with the object of sharing their repast. Whether the others were desirous of the company of a guest among them whose appetite would be enormous, or not, it is certain that I saw them attack the J’. Iiemus, drive it away, and pursue it for a short distance, till it was evident that it had really taken to flight, when they returned to their flowers.”’ || The same author adds an observation bearing on the constancy of habits or memory in this species.4/ He one evening observed a specimen of this butterfly sitting quietly on the ceiling of the open verandah of the Harmonie Society, at Manghasar, which remained the whole evening, despite the strong illumination of the place. For six consecutive evenings he found this insect return faithfully to the same sleeping-place, though absent during the day.** * Cat. Diurn. Lep,, formed by Hewitson, p. 72. + PL 21. f. 18. | Vol, 1. p. 40. 3 Proc. Zool, Soe., 1882, p. 250. || Tijd. Ent. xix., pp. xviii to xxiv, and Eng. transl. by Kirby, *utomologist,’ x. p. 200.—-In N. America Mr. W. H. Hidwards relates seeing an introduced Papilio machaon pursued by P. ajax, ‘us if it was regarded as an intruder” (Canad. Entomol. vol. xiv. p. 22 (1882). © Ibid. p. 270. ** Tt is probable that many butterflies are constant and regular te fixed spots for the night's repose. Long since Mr. P. H. Gosse (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. ii., pp.176—78 (1848) ) gave an exceedingly graphic account of the habits of Heliconius charithonia as observed in Jamaica. Butterflies of this species assembled in a little swarm just before sunset, and settled closely packed together on some leafless stems of a creeping plant, and Mr. Gosse was assured by an “ observant young friend" that they assembled in this manner every evening, Mr. A. W, Bennett (Proc. Brit, Ass,, York, 1881), in a paper “On the Constancy of Insects in visiting Flowers," stated that he lad observed three flights of the “ painted lady” butterfly (Pyrameia cardui), and that it settled six, three, and ten times respectively, always confining itself to the same species of flower. The result of his observations on the common English butterflies was that P. cardui and the “ small tortoise-shell" (Vanessa urtica) were very consistent in their floral tustes. Mr. Powell, however (‘Nature,’ vol. xxiv., p. 509), observed a specimen of the last-named butterfly which exhibited no constancy in this respect. 92 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 2. Precis ida. (Tab. XI., fig. 10 ¢.) Papilio Ida, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 42, C, D (1776); ib. iv. t. 874, C, D (1782). Apatura Tragia, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35, n. 295 (1816). Vanessa Jdamene, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix, p. 315, n. 41 (1819), Preeis ida, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. 1. C. i. p. 142, n. 289 (1857). Junoma ida, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe, 1878, p. 842, n. 8; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639, n.17 (1878). Male and female. Closely allied to the preceding species, but paler and more rufous both above and beneath; wings above marked as in P. iphita, but anterior wings having a more or less well developed and distinct series of ocellated spots, placed between the nervules and occupying the centre of the pale apical portion. Posterior wings with a very distinct and well developed series of ocellated spots placed between the nervules, and continuous with those of anterior wings. Wings beneath as in P. iphita, but paler and more rufous. Iixp. wings, ¢ and 2, 60 to 70 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)}—Billiton (Godm. and Salv.)—Java (coll. Moore).—Borneo (colls. Moore, Godm. & Salv., and Dist.)—Celebes (coll. Dist.) Herr Snellen * is of opinion that this insect and P. iphita may be but seasonal forms of the same species. As, however, P. ida does not appear to be recorded from Continental India, where P. iphita is a not uncommon species, there seems reason to doubt what would otherwise seem to be a probable supposition. Although paler in ecloration than P. iphita, a Celebesian specimen In my own collection is melanic and approaches somewhat to that species in hue; the series of ocellated spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings, however, prevents confusion. Genus JUNONTA. Junonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 84, 85 (1816); Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 18 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 40 (1881); Godm. & Saly. Biol, Centr. Am. Rhop. p. 219 (1882). Junonia, sect. 1, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 206, 208 (1849), Alcyoneis, Hiibn, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816). This genus is very closely allied to the preceding, the general shape and venation of the wings being similar and almost identical. It principally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings completely obsolete, thus leaving the apex of the cell entirely open. The club of the antenna is also more abruptly and prominently incrassated. :. This genus is of considerable extent and of wide distribution. It is found in the warmer parts of America, the tropical and subtropical portions of Africa (including Madagascar), Asia, eastwards from Continental India, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and onwards amongst the islands of the Pacific; it is also represented in Australia. Probably a little over twenty species are known, and though more have been described they are now generally considered as of a varletal character only. Junonia, unlike [phita, is most strongly represented in the Oriental region, only about a third of its species being Ethiopian, whilst its representatives in America are reduced to three by Mr. Kirby, + and again considered as but two by Messrs. Godwin and Salvin. { * Tijd. Ent. xix. p, 150 (1876). + Cat. Diurn, Lep. pp. 187-8 (1871). { Biol. Contr. Am. Rhop. p 219 (1882). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 93 1. Junonia atlites. (Tab. XI, fig. 11 ¢, 12 2.) Papitia Attites, Linnweus, Cent. Ins. p. 24, n. 72 (Amoen. vi. p. 407) (1763). Papilio Laodamia, Clerek, Ieones Ins, iii. (ined.), t. 7, f. 5 (1764). Papilio Laomedia, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 772, n. 145 (1767); Drury, Ill. Ex. Ins. i. p. 12, t. 5, £.8 (1770); Mill, Naturs. v. i. p. 603, n. 145 (1774); Cram. Pap. Exot. i. t. 8 F,G (1775); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 494, n. 219 (1775); Spee. Ins. ii. p. 74, n. 838 (1781); Ent. Syst. i. 1, p. 98, n. 302 (1793) ; Sulz. Gesch. Ins. p, 144, t. 16, f. 10 (1776); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2208, n. 145 (1790); Herbst, Nat. Schmett. vii. p. 144, n. 49, t. 174, f. 1, 2 (1794). Temenis Laomedia, Hibn. Vera. bek. Schmett. p. 84, n. 283 (1816). Vanessa Laomedia, Godt. Ene. Meth, ix, p. 822, n. 59 (1819); Lucas, Lep, Exot. p. 112, t. 68, f. 8 (1845). Junonia laomedia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 140, n. 288 (1857); Butl. Cat. Pabr. Lep. p. 77, n. 19 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 645, n. 2 (1877); Druee, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 342, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 105, n.2; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p, 151, n. 38 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 14 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 828; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639, n. 16; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. B. vol. u. p. 288, n. 20 (1881) ; ibid. vol. li. p. 16, n, 22 (1882). Precis laomedia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 40, t. 21, f. 2 (1881). Junonia atlites, Aurivill. Kong). sv. vet. Akad. Handl., Band. 19, p. 80 (1882). Male. Wings above lilacinous. Anterior wings with two waved black lines crossing centre of cell, and two similar ones at end of cell; a very waved and sinuated fuscous line crossing wings a little beyond cell, and between this and outer margin are two waved fuscous lines (the inner one somewhat faint), between which the colour is distinctly paler, and is marked with a series of six ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which the first is situate above the upper disecoidal nervule, and the first, second and fifth are largest and most brightly coloured; the first is also preceded by an irregular whitish spot placed at the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subeostal nervules; fuscous marginal and submarginal lines. Posterior wings with two waved fuseous lines crossing end of cell, and remaining markings similar and continuous to those on anterior wings, but with five distinct ocellated spots only (a sixth sometimes obsoletely present between third median nervule and submedian nervure), and of which the first, second, and fifth are largest and most brightly coloured. Wings beneath very pale; cell crossed by the fuscous lines as above, but fainter, and the two central ones continued on lower wings and terminating near median nervure ; a distinct fuseous line crossing both wings, commencing near costa a little beyond end of cell, where it is angularly waved to first median nervule and then obliquely and more straightly continued across both wings to near anal angle of posterior wings; ocellated spots of upper surface more or less distinctly visible, their outer marginal line present, but the marginal and submarginal lines (in the specimen figured and described) absent; posterior wings with the two fuscous lines crossing end of cell as above, and with a small fuscous spot near anal angle. body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger in size and generally darker in colour than the male, the ocellated spots above larger and more distinct, with the area on which they are placed much paler, the fuscous lines deeper in hue; beneath the wings are also slightly darker than in the male, and the ocellated spots and markings much more distinct, and with the marginal and submarginal lines often distinguishable. Exp. wings, ¢ (one spec), 48 millim.; 9? 59 to 65 millim. Han.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus.); Caleutta; Malabar (coll. Moore)—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri; Kamorta; Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.)—Burma; Moulmein.— Tenasserim; Nathoung; Paboga (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.)—Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Batavia Frprvary 28, 1883. 2B 94 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. (Snellen).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.) —Siam; Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee (Layard—coll. Godm. & Saly.)— China (Brit. Mus.)—Hainan (coll. Moore). The principal variation in this widely-spread insect is in depth of intensity in hue. The species has hitherto been almost universally known as J. laomedia, Linn., but as Dr. Aurivillius has recently shown that Linnwus had previously described it under the name of P. atlites, the law of priority must therefore be followed. ‘The larva and pupa of this species are described and figured by Horsfield,* and the larva in Java is stated to feed on a species of Achyranthes, + bearing the native name of Arema. 2. Junonia asterie. (Tab. XI., figs. 129 & 2¢.) Papilio Asterie, Linnens, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 472, n. 90 (1758); ibid. ed. xii. p. 769, n. 183 (1767); Houtt. Naturl. Hist. i. 11, p. 284, n. 90 (1767); Mull. Naturs. v. 1, p. 600, n, 138 (1774); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p- 490, n. 206 (1775); Spec. Ins. ii. p. 69, n. 812 (1781); Mant. Ins. ii. p. 384, n, 363 (1787); Ent. Syst. Nat. iti, 1, p. 89, n. 279 (1793); Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 5, p. 2291, n. 183 (1790); Herbst, Naturs. Sehmett. vii. p. 191, n. 42, t. 172, £8, 4 (1794). Papilio Almana, Clerck, Ieones Ins. iii. (ined.), t. 5, f. 8 (1764); Thunb. Mus, Nat. Ups. xxiii. p, 8 (1804). Aleyonets Astorie, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85, n. 292 (1816). Vanessa Asterie, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 821, n. 58 (1519). Junonia Asterie, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. BE. 1.0. i. p. 142, n. 287 (1557); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 72, n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 545, n. 6 (1877); Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 105, n. 8; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 151, n. 35 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 14, n. 66 (1878); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. B. vol. xlix. p. 227, n. 18 (1880); Moore, Lep. Ceyl, i. p- 43, t. 22, £. 2 (1881); Anurivill. Kongl. sv. yet. Akad. Handl. Band. 19, p. 79 (1882). Junonia asterie, var. nikobariensis, Feld. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 482, n. 110 ( 1862) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. B. vol. x. p. 283 (1881). Junonia asterie, var, Javana, Feld. Verh, Zool. Bot, Ges. xii. p. 487, n. 136 (1862), Male and Female. Wings above warm ochraceous, with the basal areas of both wings slightly infuscated, and with the following markings :—anterior wings with the costal area pale fuscous and with an irregular fascia denoted by black margins crossing centre of cell, and a similar one with its internal area infuseated at end of cell; this is followed by a somewhat similar but darker fascia, which terminates at base of first median nervule, between which and apex is a subtriangular black patch more or less enclosing two ocellated spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule; a large ocellated spot placed on the centre of the second and third median nervules, with a white centre and black outer margin and a marginal and two submarginal black lines, the inner one of which is generally the palest, and the spaces between which are usually more or less infuscated. Posterior wings with a very large ocellated spot, purplish with two whitish inner spots, an outer black patch and yellow and black margins, the upper surface of which rests on the first subcostal nervule, and its posterior margin is situate between the discoidal and first median nervules, and a smaller one between the second and third median nervules;;} marginal and submarginal lines as on anterior wings, but the inner one darkest. Wings beneath pale obscure ochraceous; the three basal costal fascism as on upper surface of anterior wings, but their internal areas not infuscated, and the outer margin * Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 140, t. v. f. 4, 4a. + In Continental India a species of Achyranthes (A. aspersa—apamarga) is deseribed as having medicinal properties, ‘the dried plant applied locally for infantile colic, also prescribed internally as a laxative pr eet a: secretion; the ashes, containing much potash, suitable to prepare alkaline medicines and caustic pastes, as detailed by Datt. (F. BR. Hogg, M.D., ‘Indian Notes,’ p, 209, 1880). } In some specimens this is practically obsolete. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 95 of the third continued in an oblique line across both wings, terminating near anal angle of posterior wings, this line being inwardly and broadly margined with white; a slender, fuscous, irregularly rounded line at base of posterior wings, crossing cell; ocellated spots as above, but paler, the large discal spot on posterior wings being compressed, irregularly subovate and bipupilate,* the lower spot usually larger than above ; marginal and submarginal lines as above, the inner terminating in a small black spot at anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 48 to 58 millim. Hax.—Continental India; Nepaul, Caleutta, Bombay, Neilgherries (coll. Moore).—Ceylon (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands.—Nicobar Islands; Kar Nicobar (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.) —Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley; Penang (colls. Dist. and Saiier); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)— Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore); Bantam (coll. Dist.); Batavia (Snellen).—Celebes (Snellen).— Philippine Islands (Brit. Mus.)\—Siam; Naheonchaisee (coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Formosa (coll. Moore).— Japan (Brit. Mus.)—N. China (Brit. Mus.) ; Shanghai (Pryer +). Although the female forms of this species are usually the largest, the rule does not universally apply, as the female specimen figured (Tab. XI., f. 1) bears witness. The larva and pupa of this insect, as observed in Java, are described and figured by Horstield;{ the larva is stated to feed ‘‘on a species of Justicia bearing the native name of Keji- Vangu,—March.” ° In Ceylon this butterfly is stated to. be ‘found all the year round,” and to be “ very abundant about September to November” (Mackwood). § 3. Junonia wallacei, || n.sp. or var. (Tab. XI, figs. 83¢ and4 ¢.) Papilio Orithya, Linn., var. ? Male. Anterior wings with the basal portion shining fuscous; costal area—excluding base and apex— very pale ochraceous; cell crossed by two reddish fascim, one near centre, the other near termination ; a little beyond cell, commencing near subcostal nervure, is an oblique and inwardly much excavated pale ochraceous fascia which reaches outer margin near apices of the median nervules; beyond this is a smaller and shorter fascia terminating at upper discoidal nervule, and a fainter and less continuous submarginal fascia of the same colour; two ocellated spots, the first broadly surrounded with reddish between the discoidal nervules, the second and larger situate between the second and third median nervules; beneath this spot and near outer angle is a small pale bluish patch. Posterior wings pale bluish, abdominal margm pale fuscous, base and an irregular patch oceupying lower half of cell, very dark fuscous or black; two ocellated spots, one black, with an obscure paler centre between the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules, the second and largest red, with a large pale bluish centre and black margins situate between the second and third median nervules; a marginal and two submarginal waved black lines, between whieh the colour is more or less distinctly pale ochraceous. Wings beneath pale but warm ochraceous ; anterior wings with the base of cell, and two broad irregular fascim crossing cell, reddish ochraceous, the one at end of cell continued and terminating a little beneath third median nervule—this is followed by a narrow waved black fascia; remaining markings as above, but the ocellated spots much as * me a Javan variety of my own colleetion this spot is round, but much smaller than above, and with a single whitish inher spot. | Elwes (Proe. Zool. Soe. 1881, p. 896). , Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 142, t. v. £6, Ga, § Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 48. | The name of A. R. Wallace is here once more affixed to an insect of that Malayan region with which he will always be remembered, and for a knowledge of which we are so much indebted to him. ‘The range of J. wallacei is probably circumscribed by ** Wallace's line,” and does not extend farther castward. 96 RHOPALOCERA MALAYVANA, darker. Posterior wings darker ochraceous, crossed by several waved and scalloped darker lines, with a wide, distinct, slightly darker submarginal fascia on which are placed the two ocellated spots as above, and a third and much more indistinct spot situate between the subcostal nervules; marginal and submarginal lines as above, but fainter and much paler, Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above marked and spotted generally as in male, but brownish ochraceous, the blue colour being absent, the ocellated spots larger. Wings beneath almost precisely as in male, but the ocellated spot with larger pale margins, and posterior wings possessing some irregular reddish ochraceous fascia crossing cell, Exp. wings, ¢ 40 to 50 millim.; 9? 50 to 52 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Satier); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Java (coll. Dist.) This form is evidently a local race of J. orithya,* Linn., a well-known species in Con- tinental India and elsewhere. It differs from typical forms of that species by the tawny colour of the female, and the absence of the blue and black markings to wings of the same. The male almost exactly resembles Hiibner’s figure of J. ocyale.+ It is another of the many distinct ‘local races’’ found in the Malay Peninsula and neighbouring islands. 4. Junonia lemonias. (Tab. XI., fig. 5 ¢.) Papilio Lemonias, Linnwus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 478, n. 98 (1758); ibid. ed xii. p. 770, n. 136 (1767); Clerek, Icones Ins. iii. (ined.), t. 7, £ 2 (1764); Houtt. Naturl. Hist. 1.11, p. 286, n.93 (1767); Miill. Naturs. y. i. p. 601, n. 136 (1774); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 490, n. 207 (1775); Spee. Ins. i. p. 70, n. 814 (1781); Mant. Ins, ii. p. 84, n. 865 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 90, n. 282 (1798), (pert); Sulz. Geach. Ins. p. 144, t.16, f. 7, et 11 (1776); Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 5, p. 2292, n. 136 (1790); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. vil. p. 158, n. 59, t. 177, f. 8, 4 (1794); Thonb. Mus. Nat. Ups. xxiii. p. 9. Papilio Aonis, Cram. Pap. Exot, i. p. 55, t. 35, D F (1776). Hamadryas Lemonias, Hitbn. Sammi, Exot. Schmett. i. t. 50 (1806-16). Junonia Aonis, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Behmett. p. 84, n. 284 (1816), Vanessa, Lemonias, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 811, n. 31 (1819). Junonia Lemonias, Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, i, p. 199, n. 281 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 74, n. 9 (1869); Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 645, n. 3 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 105, n. 1; Moore, Proce, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 41, t. 21, £ 3, 8a (1881); Aurivill, Kongl. sy. vet. Akad, Handl., Band. 11, p, 82 (1882), Male and Female. Wings above pale brownish ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by the following markings :—a slender waved black line near base, two waved black lines enclosing a pale ochraceous fascia a little beyond centre, and a similarly coloured and enclosed fascia at about end of cell; beyond this the ground colour is somewhat darker and marked with the following pale ochraceous spots :— a discal series of six crossing wing and divided by the nervules, the upper spot beneath subcostal nervure and with the second and third forming a slightly oblique series; fourth and fifth directed inwardly, and sixth again deflexed outwardly beneath the third median nervule; this series is followed by another containing seven spots of the same colour, of which the upper three are divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules; the fourth and fifth are separated by the first median nervule, and the sixth and * Under this name, as Dr. Aurivillius has recently shown (Kongl. av. vet. Akad. Handl., Band. 19, pp. 82-3 (1882), have been included three distinct forms or species, Junonia ocyale, Hiibn., J. orithya, Linn., and J, orfhosia, Godt, neither of which are found in this fauna. + Sammi. Exot. Schmett. ii. t. 85, f. 3, 4. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. OT seventh—which are small and somewhat indistinct—are placed on each side of the third median nervule ; an indistinct submarginal series of spots placed between the nervules, and two ocellated spots, the first and smallest situate between the discoidal nervules, and the second and largest situate on the second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with a large elongated and duplex ocellated spot, the smaller portion of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, the larger portion extending over the discoidal nervule, and a very small and indistinet ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules, a broad fuscous submarginal line and two marginal lines of the same colour. Wings beneath pale and dull ochraceous. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by fasciw as above; other markings generally as above ; the upper ocellated spot indistinct. Posterior wings with several irregular, darker, basal fasci#, and with a broad submarginal fascia enclosing five dark spots placed between the nervules, of which the second, situate above the discoidal nervule, and the fifth, placed between the second and third median nervules, are largest; marginal and submarginal lines as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 52 millim.* Has.— Continental India; Seinde, Bombay, Caleutta, Neilgherries (coll. Moore).—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim ; Meetan, Taoo, Naththoung to Paboga (Limborg— Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater).—Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.— Siam; Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee (Layard—Druce).—Hainan (coll. Moore).—Formosa (coll. Moore).— China; Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.) + In North-Western India Capt. Lang reported having reared the larva of this species on Barleria prionites.{ The larva, as found in Ceylon, has been described by Mr. Moore, *‘gylindrical, smoky black, with a pale dorsal band and paler lateral lower shade; each segment with eight small branched spines.” § Genus RHINOPALPA. || Rhinopalpa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399 (1860); Neues, Lep. p. 49 (1861). Furhinia, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. p. 405 (1866). Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin very strongly arched and convex, apical angle obliquely truncate and very prominent, beneath which the outer margin is deeply excavated and concave; inner margin more or less concave. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near apex of cell, o * This measurement is that of a limited series only, and variation in size doubtless exists as in other species of the genus. + Tt has also been recorded by De l'Orza from Japan, as pointed out by Mr. Elwes (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 85). ; Ent, Month. Mag. i, p. 1832. _§ Lep. Ceyl.i. p. 41. The larva is not figured, but it is probable that Mr. Moore has relied on the information or drawings of some local observer. _ || Felder appears to have subsequently substituted the name Furhinia in place of that of Rhinopalpa, which he originally proposed for the genus, and this without comment. Scudder, in his * Historical Sketch,’ and revision of generic names (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sei. vol. x. pp. 178 and 262), decides that this course should be followed, on the suggested grounds that the original name was probably a hybrid one. This, however, seems to me a retrograde step, placing the name of the thing before the thing itself, and is not warranted by the “ Stricklandian Rules,” which tlus deal with the question :— i Compound words whose component parta are taken from two different languages are great deformities in nomenclature, and naturalists should be especially guarded not to introduce any more such terms into Zoology, which furnishes too many examples of them already” (Rules Zool. Nomenel, by H. E. Strickland, 1878, p. 15). ‘This does not warrant the alteration of the name, and in these days when the whole subject is being rendered incomprehensible (except to a few specialists) by the alterations, substitutions, and divisions of the whole generic names, a conservative course wherever possible is to be commended. As Packard well remarks, ‘'The work of the systematic biologist often amounts to little more than putting Nature in a strait-jacket" (Monogr. Geom. Moths, or Phalen. Un. States, p. 42). Frsrvary 28, 1883. 2¢ 98 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., third emitted beneath apex of second and extending to apex of wing, fourth and fifth bifurcating at about one- fourth from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervule short and aborted ; lower disco-cellular absent, the cell widely open. Median nervules widely separated, the first prominently rounded at base. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin waved and sinuate, and produced into a prominent caudate elongation at apex of discoidal nervule. Abdominal margins convex and overlapping near base, and then distinctly concave and slightly divergent to anal angle. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; discoidal cell with the apex unenclosed; first and second median nervules with a common origin and subparallel, the first slightly rounded. Body short, robust; palpi large and porrect, well separated at their bases, rising considerably above the upper surface of the head, flattened beneath, and terminating in a long, robust, obtuse point. : This is a genus of small extent, of which about eight described species are known, and these of unequal value, several of them being considered by many lepidopterists as varieties only of other species. Its geographical area does not appear (according to present knowledge) to occur west of Tenasserim, and it is recorded from Java, Celebes, Philippines, Amboina, and Papua. 1. Rhinopalpa fulva. (Tab. XI, fig. 1 ¢, 22.) Fihinepalpa fulva, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 399, n. 21 (1860); Butl, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 545, n. 1 (1877). Male. Anterior wings above reddish ochraceous, with a broad fuscous outer marginal border, which is inwardly slightly concave; marginal fringe greyish. Posterior wings reddish ochraceous, with a broad fuscous outer marginal border, narrowing and terminating about discoidal nervule, between which and the anal angle are two submarginal fuscous lines, the outer one broadest and both preceded by three round fuscous spots, situate two between the median neryules, and one between the first median and the discoidal nervules—the colour at the area of these spots is distinctly darker; extreme margin fuscous, with the fringe greyish and a fuscous spot at anal angle posteriorly surrounded with an obovate violaceous margin. Wings beneath fuscous, the basal halves darkest, where they are crossed by two irregular almost concolorous faseim, denoted by their margins, which are pale bluish and much waved, sinuated and broken; about centre the wings are also crossed by three contiguous, much-waved and sinuated pale bluish lines, the outer one of which is broken and somewhat indistinct—between these lines the colour is paler, and they are outwardly bounded by a waved fuscous line, which in some places becomes confluent with them; these are followed by a broad irregular dark fascia, and a submarginal row of large rounded ocellated spots with blue and black centres and black margins, and situate between the nervules, six on anterior and five on posterior wings (the lower spot on anterior wings is usually bipupillated); two fuscous submarginal waved lines, which are preceded near costal margin of anterior wings by an irregularly shaped whitish spot, and the inner one of which is margined on each side with pale bluish; beyond these the colour is somewhat dull red, and the marginal fringe is black, interspersed with greyish; on anal angle of posterior wings, which is reddish, is a looped black spot. Body more or less concolorous with wings, legs fuscous, and the underside of the palpi and tibie and tarsi obscure ochraceous. Female. Larger and much paler in coloration than the male; above with the black marginal border of anterior wings broken towards posterior angle, and on the posterior wings not reaching outer margin; the basal third of both wings also appears distinctly darker. Beneath the wings are much paler than in the male, being dull reddish ochraceous at base, and then shading into creamy white and pale ochraceous ; the markings are similar to those of the other sex, but of paler and altogether different hue. Exp. wings, ¢ 58 to 62 millim.; ¢ 72 millim, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 99 Han.—Tenasserim; Houndrau (Bingham—Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) The female form here described was collected by Mr. Saiier, and is the only specimen of that sex which I have yet been able to examine. The species is very closely allied to the Javan F. polynice, Cram. Rhinopalpa? eudoxia. (Tab. XVII, f. 6.) Vanessa ewloxia, Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 44; Deless. Souv. Inde, p. 73, t. 20 (1843). Preeis eudoxia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lep. p. 191, n. 26 (1871). This insect is only known to me by Guérin’s figure, which has been copied in this work, and I have been as yet unable to find a specimen in any collection. The original type was acquired by M. Adolphe Delessert from Malacca during his eastern voyage from 1834 to 1839. Several other insects described by Guérin, which were collected at the same time and locality, are not unfrequently received from the Malay Peninsula, and it is probable that the present species is of a rarer character, being either restricted in locality or of obscure habits, such as of an entirely jungle life. Its structural appearance (as figured) allies it to the genus Rhinopalpa, in which I have placed it; but of course, without examination of its neuration, it can only be placed provisionally in that genus. I have thought it best to add the very careful description of Guérin Méneville, as originally published :— “Ses ailes supérieures son# d'un jaune-fauve couleur d’ocre, fortement concaves et dentées au bord externe, d'un brun pile a la base, avec l'extrémité noiratre. Les inférieures sont dentées, elles ont une petite queue au milieu du bord externe et un petit prolongement arrondi ad l'angle anal. Leur couleur est semblable a celle des supérieures, avec la base également brune et l‘angle supérieur externe noiratre. Elles ont, prés du bord, deux lignes sinueuses, précédées de gros points noirs & contour plus pale que le fond, dont les deux plus externes touchent la tache apicale noire. On voit sur le milieu du lobe de l’angle anal une petite strie oblique bleue. Le dessous est d'un brun jaunatre; la base des ailes, d'un jaune plus pale au milieu, augmente de ton vers les bords, avec des lignes en zigzag blanches a reflets violaces et d'autres lignes brunes et transversales. Les lignes blanches du milieu et celles qui longent le bord externe sont plus larges et mieux marquées. I] y a, en outre, au cote interne des lignes blanches du bord des quatre ailes une ligne d’yeux brun bordé de noir et pupillé de bleu. On compte six de ces yeux aux ailes supérieures et cing aux inférieures. La frange est alternativement noire et blanche des deux cotes. Le corps est d'un brun jaunitre, les antennes noires.” “Hab. la cote Malaye.” Genus HULACURA. Mulaceiira, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726. Hulaceura, Seudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Se. vol. x. p. 170 (1875). Mulacura, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541 (1877). Anterior wings subtriangular and elongate, the costal margin slightly arched and convex, the apical angle produced and rounded, beneath which the outer margin is sinuated and concave; inner margin * 100 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell, the second much longer than the first; third emitted some distance before the apex of the second and extending to apex, before which it is prominently curved and rounded; fourth and fifth bifureating at about one-fourth from apex; upper disco-cellular nervule short and angled; lower disco-cellular absent, leaving the apex of the eell entirely open; first median nervule strongly curyed near base, where it has an apparently common origin with the second. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin nearly straight, the outer margin convex and slightly waved; abdominal margins well separated, slightly convex towards base and then obliquely divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure sinuated and curved upwards near base, and then continued to apex. Discoidal cell open; discoidal neryule emitted a short distance from base of second subcostal nervule; first median nervule curved and rounded near base, where it has a common origin with the second; both first and second are considerably shorter than the third. Body short, the thorax robust ; antenna long, slender, the club compressed. This genus is a Malay representative of the large and widely-spread genus Apatura,* to which it is somewhat closely allied. But one species is at present known, and its geographical range appears limited. 1. Eulacura osteria. (Tab. XII, fig. 5 ¢, and 6 ¢.) Apatura Osteria, Westwood, Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 805, n. 19, note (1850), Eulaceiira Osteria, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 726; Druce, ibid. 1878, p. 346, n. 1. Fulacura osteria, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 541, n. 1 (1877). Male. Wings above dark glossy fuscous. Anterior wings with a discal oblique series of five white spots, the uppermost and smallest situate above the first median nervule, remaining four larger, contiguous and only separated by the median nervules and submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a corresponding but broader oblique series of subquadrate spots, which form a continuous fascia, although apparently divided by the nervules and terminating about centre of abdominal margin, the basal two-thirds of which is pale greyish; a submarginal row of obscure rounded fuscous spots placed between the nervules, and two narrow fuscous marginal lines. Wings beneath pale silvery bluish, both wings crossed by the pale discal oblique series of spots, forming a more continuous fascia than above, and silvery white inwardly margined with ochraceous ; two narrow ochraceous fascie crossing cell of anterior wing ; outer margins of both wings and apex of anterior wings bordered and suffused with ochraceous, and two ocellated spots (ochraceous with bluish and black centres), the first on anterior wing situate between the second and third median nervules, the second spot situate between the second and third median nervules of the posterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Pale brownish. Anterior wings with two dark fascim crossing cell and with a very broad pale submarginal fascia, the outer margin of which is denoted by a series of lunulate white spots, and the inner margin—which is directed outwardly from subcostal nervure to first median nervule and then obliquely reflexed—is marked by a series of irregular white spots; and an indistinct ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with a narrow pale oblique macular fascia (continuous to the Inner margin of the broad fascia of anterior wings) obscurely terminating about middle of submedian nervure; an ocellated spot between second and third median nervules, and a waved and strongly lunulated ochraceous submarginal fascia, inwardly enclosing obconical fuscous spots, excepting between the second and third median nervules and from thence to anal angle; two fuscous marginal lines and basal area of * By the name Apatura I allude to the genus as hitherto almost universally understood, and not as recently applied by Messrs. Scudder anil Moore to species of Hypolimnas. Where an earlier generic name is clearly found to have priority the law should unhesitatingly be applied; but where a certain amount of doubt exists, and the evidence is not convincing, the name generally used should remain unchanged. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 101 abdominal margin pale as in male. Wings beneath a little darker and more ochraceous than in male; other markings generally the same. Exp. wings, ¢ 65 millim.; ? 63 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Westw.)—Java (Westw. *)—Borneo (Druce). Genus CHARAXES., OCharaxes, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 18 (1816); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 39 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 28 (1881). EFribea, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 46 (1516), Eulepis, Dalm. in Billb, Enum, Ins. p. 80 (1820); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 29 (1881), Nymphalis, Westw. (nec. Latr.), Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 806 (1850). Haridra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p. 30 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex elongately produced and rounded or subacute, the outer margin deeply concave and slightly and irregularly waved, the mner margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third a short distance beyond end of cell and extending to apex, where it is slightly rounded and convex, fourth and fifth bifureating at about one-third beyond end of cell, the fourth suddenly deflexed and slightly concave near apex. Upper disco-cellular short and angled, the lower slender and curved. Median nervules situate wide apart, the first strongly curved and rounded near base. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin strongly curved and convex, the outer margin convex, regularly and distinctly waved and produced in more or less well-developed narrow caudate prolongations at apices of first and third median nervules (in some specimens the last is either but rudimentary or practically obsolete). Abdominal margin strongly and convexly angulated at base, and then obliquely divergent to anal angle. Costal nervure strongly curved and extending to apex; precostal nervure suberect, its apex more or less curved; bases of subcostal nervules and discoidal nervule about equally wide apart; discoidal cell imperfectly closed at apex with a more or less aborted and indistinct disco-cellular nervule (in some specimens this is practically obsolete, and the cell completely open). First median nervule strongly curved near base (in some specimens the first and second median nervules are wider apart than the second and third). Body short; thorax very robust; antennw stout and prominently clavate at apex. The genus Charaxes, from its wide distribution, and the beauty of its species, combined with their strength of wing and body, forms one of the most interesting genera of the Nymphaline. One species is found in Europe, round the shores of the Mediterranean, which has a very close ally in an Abyssinian species. The genus also inhabits Eastern, Western, and the warmer portions of Southern Africa. It is apparently in Western Tropical Africa that Charaxes is found in its maximum of size, beauty, and abundance of species, though the neigh- bourhood of Delagoa was recently pronounced by Mr. Hewitson to be the ‘‘ head-quarters” of the gsenus.| Madagascar possesses some very distinct species, and travelling eastward the genus * Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 305. { Ent. Month. Mag. xiv. p. 81. In estimating what is really the “head-quarters” of a genus, we may apply the axiom of that excellent mammalogist, Mr. J. A. Alle nm, vic.:—"* The largest species of a group (genus, subfamily, or family as the case may be) are found where the group to which they severally belong reaches its highest development, or where it has what gra be termed its centre of distribution” (Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. ii. p. 310). These conditions sre, for Charaxes, fulfilled in Western Tropical Africa. Frprvuary 28, 18838. 2p 102 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. has recently been discovered in the Island of Socotra by Prof. Balfour. It is common in Continental India, found in Ceylon and the Andaman Islands (it has not yet been recorded from the Nicobars), occurs throughout Burma, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsnla, Kastern Asia, as far north as China, and through the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago. Its distribution in the Pacific Islands appears at present very limited, but it is found in Australia. The species possess strong flight and frequent lofty positions in trees. In South Africa Mr. Trimen describes them as delighting “to settle on the stems of lofty twigs of timber trees,’’* and the male of a species in Ceylon, according to Mr. Wade, is “‘ most frequently found perched high up on acacia trees.” + Another peculiarity is recorded from widely separated habitats. Thus the European species 1s stated to have *‘a great preference for the same spot or twig, and you may find it day after day, when at rest, on its favourite twig or branch.”’ | This is corroborated by Mr. Trimen in 8. Africa, where he relates that species, ‘‘even when roughly scared from their seat,’’ will return to the same position. § The smooth spineless larve with bifid tails ally Charaxes superficially with the Satyrinw, as already pointed out (anie, p. 37); but our present knowledge of the ——— transformations of the genus is confined to three or four species only. ps Ie. Based on the views of Mr. Scudder, proposals have el ORAS Lee eM | recently been made to split this large and widely distri- Moore's Lepid, Coy. buted genus into a number of less well-defined “ genera.” If the end of the study of Rhopalocera was merely to attain an artificial method of cabinet arrangement by means of a surcharged nomenclature, then, however difficult to a non-specialist, the course would have to be adopted, and there could be little objection to a farrago of generic names. But if, on the other hand, such action would tend to obscure our knowledge of the real affinities and geographical distribution of a genus as at present understood,—and this particularly applies to Charaxes,—what is the advantage of such systematic dissection ? || The objection particularly apples when a widely distributed genus like Charaxes undergoes this generic splitting process in one geographical group of its species only. For instance, if this is done with the Oriental species alone, without reference to those of the Ethiopian and Australian regions, all ideas as to geographical distribution are reduced to chaos. Hither these new genera founded on Oriental species do or do not also contain species found in the other regions, and I think it would not be a vexatious rule to require that when a hitherto well-known genus is broken up into other genera, the systematist who undertakes the work, should also examine the other species of the genus,—as then understood and from whatever * Rhop, Afr. Austr. p. 166. {+ Moore’s Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 30. | Quoted on the authority of W. F. de V. Kane in Kirby's ‘ Europ, Butt. & Moths,’ p. 26. § Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 166. | That veteran entomologist, and more especially coleopterist, Dr. Le Conte, has remarked this disturbing element in the study of his own order, and, to use his own words :—*In all entomological investigations relating to geographical distribution we are greatly embarrassed by the multitude of species, and by the vague and opinionative genera founded upon characters of small nuportance” (Proce, Am. Ass., Detroit, 1879, p. 7). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 103 region,—and state the specific extent and range of his proposed new genera. The few facts of geographical distribution which we possess, and which have been formulated on the labours and decisions of the systematist, with the general concurrence of specialists, ought not to be invalidated by the hasty erection of new genera for a few species without reference to the whole.* A. Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and prominently produced at apices of first and third median nervules. 1. Charaxes echo. (Fig. 38.) Charazes Echo, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser, 3, yol, xx. p. 400, t. 8, figs. 5, 6 (1867); Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 846, No. 1. Nywphalis fabius, var. C, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269 (1871). As this species is only known to me by an uncoloured figure, which is here reproduced, it is better to give the original Latin diagnosis of its describer :-— Fra. 34, ‘Ale supra nigro-fusce, ad basin paulum viridescentes: antice serie macularum septem decre- scentium fulvarum discali; maculis duabus pone cellam oblique positis punctisque tribus marginalibus analibus fulvis: postice fascia tenui media, punctis septem ovalibus submarginalibus undecimque angularibus marginalibus fulvis; margine interno fuseo-grisescente: corpus thorace nigro-fusco, abdomine fusco: antennis nigris. ‘Als subtus roseo-albicantes, extus paulum fuscescentes: antice lineis tribus discoideis duabusque infra cellam nigris; maculis discalibus velut supra, intus autem nigro limitatis; macula superna pone cellam extensa fasciolam formante; maculis submarginalibus serie positis (apud angulum ani solum distinetis), omnibus flavis; maculis duabus tribusve, cum iis subanalibus junctis, ovalibus, nigris, anali geminata: postice areola basali et fascia media albidis nigro limitatis, hac quoque argenteo intus marginata; maculis septem lunulatis ferrugineis, tribus inferioribus majoribus magis rufescentibus, omnibus intus cyaneo-albo cinctis et nigro limitatis; linea subanali nigra; maculis septem marginalibus ceruleis nigro lineatis extus fulvo et intus albo limitatis: corpus ochraceum, thoracis medio palpisque albicantibus; antennis nigris. “Exp. alar. une. 2." Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Roberts).—Borneo (Druce). * The artificiality of many genera has been well pointed out by Weismann, who also observes, “If we see two species of butterflies quite dissimilar in form of wing and other characters, we should be inclined, in spite of many points uf agreement between them, to place them in entirely different genera. But should we then find that not only did their adult larve agree in every detail of marking, but also that the entire phyletic development of these markings, as revealed by the ontogeny of the larve, lind taken precisely the same course in both species, we should certainly conclude that they possessed a near blood-relationship, and should place them close together in the same genus” (‘ Stud. in Theory of Descent,’ Kogl. Tranal., p. 170). Erroneous views have obtained in Anthropolorzy as to the stage of culture denoted by a recognition of a “genus” of natural objects. Thus Dr. Peschel (‘The Races of Man,’ p. 6) writes, ‘“In nations which have remained at a low stage of civilization, we find numes for different species of oaks, but none for the genus oak.” This lms been refuted by Dr. Hector (Brit. Ass., Bristol, 1875), who testified that the Maories have not only distinct names for nearly all their plants, but generic names by which they grouped plants according to their affinities, in a way impossible to most people who were not educated botanists. 104 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This is a so-called ‘‘ variety,” or more correctly designated ‘local race,” of C. fabius, Fabr., a species found in Continental India and Ceylon. Several other of these closely allied forms or “local races” have been deseribed,* and although the exigencies of cabinet arrangement and systematic nomenclature may require that these forms should be capable of reference under distinct names, it is surely disguising a certain fact in Nature if we do not admit that they must have had a common progenitor, and that their fixity in local races or species is due to dispersion and isolation. (When we use these two words a difference of the surrounding conditions is naturally postulated.) Of course other local and somewhat intermediate races may have failed to sufficiently establish themselves, and have early succumbed to unfavourable conditions. As Blumenbach observed, ‘‘ Every paving-stone in Gdttingen is a proof that species, or rather whole genera, of creatures must have disappeared.” + 2. Charaxes schreiberi. (Tab. XIII., fig. 24.) Nymphalis Schreiber, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 825 (1823). Paphia Schreibers, Horsf. Cat. Lep. BE. 1. C. t. 6, f. 3, 3a (1829). Nymphatis Schreiberi, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 205, n. 418 (1857). Charaxes Schreiberi, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346, n. 2; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 147, n. 20 (1876); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 539, n. 8 (1877); Godm. & Balv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, n. 22. Male. Wings above dark fuscous, the basal third somewhat tinged with bluish; disk of both wings crossed, by a central discal white fascia, commencing on anterior wings immediately beneath first median nervule and terminating on posterior wings in a subacute point near the first median nervule; on anterior wings this fascia is narrowly margined with pale bluish from beneath the third median neryule, and from the same nervule is outwardly very broadly and somewhat dentately margined with the same colour; on posterior wings the white fascia terminates in a pale bluish fascia which is inwardly straight and outwardly emarginate, and crosses the wing, terminating very narrowly at anal angle; anterior wings with a white spot placed between the discoidal nervules, and posterior wings with a submarginal series of small whitish spots placed between the nervules, two between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and a pale bluish narrow submarginal but broken fascia commencing at about discoidal nervule, which become ochraceous at anal angle; abdominal margin pale greyish at base. Wings beneath pale silvery white; both wings crossed by a dull ochraceous fascia margined with blue; on anterior wings this fascia crosses the end of cell, where it is outwardly bifurcate and terminates, obtusely rounded a little beneath the third median nervule; on posterior wings the fascia commences at costa and terminates a little beyond third median nervule; anterior wings with two dark bluish spots in cell; an irregularly shaped carmine spot beyond the central fascia between the lower diseoidal and the second median nervules; a submarginal series of somewhat lunulate spots placed between the nervules, which are obsolete near apex, and suffused with black near outer angle, the lower three being preceded by a lunulate dark line, and the outer margin broadly infuscated; posterior wings with a broad submarginal pale fuscous fascia, on the inner margin of which are a series of carmine lunulate spots, the upper three of which have a pale area and are preceded by a continuous bluish line, and the lower and larger three are inwardly margined with white and blue, the one at anal angle being preceded by a transverse dark bluish streak, and a marginal ochraceous fascia, the borders of which are bluish. Body more or less coneolorous with wings; posterior and intermediate femora much suffused with blackish shadings; tibiw and tarsi ochraceous. * One from Celebes and two from unknown localities. + ‘Anthropological Treatises,’ Engl. transl. p. 288 (1865). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 105 Female. Resembling the male, but with the central white fascia to the wings above only faintly and slightly margined and followed by pale blue, and the marginal fascia to posterior wings more ochraceous and continued to apex; on anterior wings is an additional small white subapical spot placed above the upper discoidal nervule. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 95 to 98 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (eolls. Brit. Mus. and Dist.)—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.)—Java (coll. Horsf. and Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (colls. Dist. and Godm. & Salv.) This species appears to be confined to the true Indo-Malayan region. It has not yet been recorded from Tenasserim, and probably does not extend northward or westward of the area here faunistically treated. 8. Charaxes delphis. (Tab. XV., fig. 1 ¢.) Charaxes Delphis, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1848, p. 217, 1. 7. Charaxes Coneha, Voll. Tijd. Ent. iv. p. 162, t. 10, f. 1, 8 (1861). Male and Female. Wings above pale stramineous. Anterior wings with the costal area slightly infuseated ; a small black streak on upper portion of diseo-cellular nervules, and the whole apical third black; the inner margin of this black area is much waved, and commencing at costa near end of cell really and narrowly terminates at apex of third median nervule, but is apparently continued by two elongate spots, which do not pass the submedian nervure, and do not quite reach the outer margin. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of greenish lunulate spots placed between the nervules, continued as streaks to the apices of the nervules, especially prominent and distinct along the three median nervules. (Some markings of the under surface show more or less distinetly near posterior angle of the anterior wings, and on disk of posterior wings.) Wings beneath pale silvery white; anterior wings with the apical third somewhat darker (reflecting the black area of the upper surface); two small and irregularly shaped bluish black spots in cell; a lunulate blue spot with black margins at end of cell, outwardly followed by a contiguous black streak; a narrow black streak above and beneath the upper diseoidal nervule; a rounded blue spot with blackish margins beneath cell and between second and third median nervules, and an outer submarginal series of lunulate bluish markings, outwardly followed by a series of ochraceous spots. Posterior wings with a blue spot with blackish margins on about centre of costal area, three curved blackish lines (diminishing in size) in and near end of eell, a short linear mark of the same colour on each side of the third median nervyule, and two similar ones on abdominal margin, about one-third from anal angle; a discal series of bluish lunulate spots placed between the nervules, closely followed by a series of dark ochraceous spots, and again by a much-waved pale ochraceous fascia ; a submarginal series of bluish elongate and linear spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal corresponding series of rather larger ochraceous spots; caudate appendages streaked with bluish. Body above with the abdomen more or less concolorous with wings, the thorax and head infuscated; thorax beneath concolorous with wings, the legs dull greyish. Antenne fuscous. Exp. wings, ¢ 95 millim.; 9 100 millim. Has.—Continental India; Silhet; Assam (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim (Bingham—coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula ; Malacea (Biggs—eoll. Gosse).—Borneo; Labuan (Brit. Mus.) I have not seen this fine species in any of the Province Wellesley collections that have passed through my hands; but Mr. Gosse possesses both sexes from Malacca, collected there by the Rey. L. Biggs, the male specimen of which I have been allowed to figure here. Feprvuary 28, 1883. QE 106 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 4, Charaxes athamas, var. samatha. (Tab. XIII, fig. 8 ¢.) Papilio Athamas, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. t. 2, f. 4 (1778); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 89, C, D (1779). Charaxes samatha, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 881. Eulepis samatha, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 29, t. 14, f. 2, a, b (1881). Male and Female. Wings above dark chocolate-brown; both wings crossed by a broad pale greenish yellow fascia, commencing on anterior wing beneath the first median nervule, where it is narrowest on that wing, and terminating narrowly and subacutely at the middle of the third median nervule of the posterior wing; anterior wings with a pale greenish subapical rounded spot placed between the discoidal nervules (in some specimens there is a second and smaller white spot), and posterior wings with a submarginal series of whitish spots placed between the nervules (two distinctly surrounded with black between the third median nervule and submedian nervure), and a narrow pale brownish marginal line. Wings beneath olive-brown, with bright pink reflections; both wings crossed by a broad pale shining, greenish fascia (equivalent to the one on the upper surface), inwardly margined by a narrow castaneous fascia with blackish borders; on anterior wings this fascia is margined with castaneous above, and is outwardly narrowly margined with the same colour, which is followed by a series of sublunulate spots denoted by their fuscous margins, placed between the nervules, the hindmost of which, situate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, is largest and much suffused with black; a small black dot in cell, and the pale greenish spot between the discoidal nervules as above, but inwardly margined with black. Posterior wings with the fascia outwardly margined as on anterior wings, but with the accompanying spots less regular; these consist of a small black spot at costa, an irregular black patch beneath the costal nervure enclosing a castaneous spot, a castaneous spot above the lower subcostal nervule, and a smaller one beneath it, an irregular black streak beneath the discoidal nervule, and a lunulate black spot on each side of the second median nervule: these are preceded by shining greyish streaks; a castaneous spot more or less surrounded with black near anal angle, preceded by a blackish transverse line; a submarginal series of small fuscous spots more or less surrounded with greyish white placed between the nervules, two being situate at anal angle between the third median neryule and submedian nervure; these spots are followed by pale brownish, the extreme margin being fuseous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 68 to 65 millim.; 9 * 78 millim. Han.+—N.E. India (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma.—Upper Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.)— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). I incline to the opinion that this form should be considered a variety of C. athamas. Mr. Moore, in his description of C. samatha,} describes it as having the “ yellow band on both wings one-third less in width” than in “ Indian examples of C. athamas,”’ and he afterwards figures his species in the ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ Now if we compare these figures with that of Drury, § who originally described and figured C. athamas, instead of finding the yellow band of C’. samatha “‘less in width” than in Drury’s species, it is, on the contrary, always as broad, and at its apices on both wings absolutely broader.|| There therefore only remains its somewhat * Ag figured in Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 14, f. 2a. + It is certain that the range of this variety is much more extensive than the following localities indicate; but owing to the impossibility of knowing whether some authors who refer to C. athamas mean that species (typical) or its present variety, it is impossible to give their habitats on the present occasion, when the var. Samatha, Moore, is alone referred to. | Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 831. § Dl. Ex. Ent. i. t.2; f 4, || There is a probable explanation of this discrepancy, as Mr, Moore (well known as our highest authority on Indian Lepidoptera) exp y refers to Indian examples of C. athamas, whilst Drury described his species as from China. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 107 smaller size, the frequent absence of the apical spot, and the generally (in the male) smaller size of the subapical spot to differentiate it. We are indebted to the Bros. de Alwis for a drawing of the larva of this species as found in Ceylon,* which is reproduced here (ante, p. 102, fig. 88), and Dr. Horsfield had previously given a figure+ representing the larva of the Javan form of C. athamas,{ which differs only from the first by the absence of the “oblique yellowish white stripe” from the eleventh segment—a difference which may or may not merely represent a different stage of growth in the caterpillar, and hence a different stage in the developmental markings. In Ceylon it is stated to feed on * Cersalpinia.”’ § Of the habits of the typical form of C. athamas in N.W. India we have a few particulars from Capt. Lang.|| It is ‘‘an insect of extremely rapid flight, flashing like lightning up and down rocky-bedded streams in Himalayan glens (3000 to 5000 ft.). It pitches on rocks in mid-stream, and flashes off again if approached, It is not common, and very difficult to capture; yet one very hot day in June I saw seven individuals sitting with closed wings, motionless, on a foul spot (by the damp sandy margin of a stream]), so close together that I might have put my hat over all of them.” | 5. Charaxes hebe. (Tab. XV., fig. 2 2.) Charaxes Hebe, Butler, Proe, Zool. Soc. 1865, p, 654, mn, 46, t. 87, f. 8; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 346, n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2; Zool. vol. i. p. 5389, m. 2 (1877). Male and Female. Wings above very pale greenish. Anterior wings with the base, cell, and base of costal area greyish brown; apical half blackish, with a small pale greenish spot between the discoidal nervules; this black apical area is much waved internally, commencing near end of cell it is obliquely and outwardly direeted, becoming prominently coneave at the median nervules, and somewhat narrowly terminating at the posterior angle. Posterior wings with the base greyish brown, and in some specimens (as the one figured) a darker marginal border containing a marginal series of fuscous spots inwardly marked with white streaks placed between the nervules (the one at anal angle marked with two white spots); in other specimens these markings are much paler and somewhat indistinct; extreme margin and margins of caudate appendages dark green. Wings beneath reddish brown, both wings crossed by a broad pale shining greenish fascia, inwardly margined by a narrow castaneous fascia with blackish borders; on the anterior wings the greenish fascia commences at end of cell, immediately beneath the first median nervule, and is broadly margined with castaneous above, which forms a subtriangular patch extending to upper * Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 14, fig. 25. | Deseript. Cat. t. viii. f. 7. | This Javan form of the species is probably the variety deseribed by Felder nuder the name of C. attalus (Reise Nov, Lep. iii. p. 488, n. 711). § Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 30. The genus Cwsalpinia consists of trees or shrubs growing in the tropical parts of Asia, Africa, and Amoriea, tlus agreeing roughly with the distribution of Oharaves, as in Tropical America an allied genus Megistanis is found (some authors, as Vollenhoven, have described species of this genus under the name of Charares). Cesalpinia includes planta possessing both chemical and medicinal properties; for example, the Oriental C. sappen, which yields the well-known red dye; whilst, according to Dr. Hogg (‘ Indian Notes,’ p. 217), another species, “ Cesalpinia sepiaria-relme,” the “ Mysore thorn, a prickly-hedge climber with yellow flowers,” possesses astringent wood, and its bruised leaves are applied as a cure for burns. Mr. lh. Spruce, in his botanical investigations in the Amazon Valley, found that ‘“‘some caterpillars seem to have a decided taste for bitters; and narcotics are rarely objected to” (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. ix. p. 354). || Ent. Month. Mag. i. p. 181. *| These are always favourite spots for Rhopalocera. Some Lepechas who in Sikkim make what they can by catching insects and selling them to visitors, take advantage of the known partiality of butterflies for wet sand. Mr. de Niceville states that “‘in one place upon # large flattish stone near the middle of the stream, the men had put some sand and kept it watered, and it was surprising the number of butterflies that came to their ‘trap’ and were caught” (Journ. Asint. Soc, Dengl. vol. h, pt. ii, p. 64 (1882). These habits may be of use to the explorer, as when Command. Cameron states that he “ always found’ butte ies in a dry country “as sure sign that water was near™ (‘Across Africa,’ vol. 1. p. 130), 108 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. diseoidal nervule, where it contains a small greenish spot; the pale fascia is outwardly narrowly margined with castaneous, and followed by a series of castancous lunulate spots (in pale specimens the margins of the spots only are castaneous) placed between the nervules, with an additional blackish spot above the submedian nervure. Posterior wings with the central pale fascia narrower, outwardly concave from costa to first median nervule, and angularly terminating at third median nervule, outwardly and narrowly margined as on anterior wings; this margin is widened between the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule, where it is more or less marked with fusecous, followed by a castaneous spot placed on each side of the lower subcostal nervule, and becoming very broad at the area of the median nervules, where it contains two whitish linear spots, and is outwardly margined with fuscous; if is then again narrowed and continued to abdominal margin near anal angle, where it is preceded by two transverse and contiguous blackish lines; a marginal series of small dark spots placed between the nervules, the caudate appendages margined as above. Body above somewhat infuscated, beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 70 to 72 millims. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Gosse).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (Druce). The specimen figured was collected by the Rev. L. Biggs in Malacca, and is contained in the collection of Mr. P. H. Gosse. It is interesting as showing the varietal character of the colour of the marginal spots to the posterior wings. Ina Province Wellesley specimen in my own collection these spots are as pale as in the Sumatran type figured by Mr. Butler.* 6. Charaxes moori,+ n.sp. (Tab. XIII, fig. 32.) Male. Wings above as in C. hebe, but anterior wings with the apex narrower and less produced, the outer black marking narrower, not extending so far inwardly on disk and at area of median nervules, and not prominently narrowing at posterior angle; its inner margin much waved. Posterior wings with the dark submarginal spots with white centres as in the var. of C. hehe here figured (Tab. XV., f. 2), but prominently widened into a large blackish patch near apex. Wings beneath as in C. hebe, but with the central pale fascia to both wings much broader, thus approaching the outer margins much more closely than in Butler’s species; the ground colour is also considerably tinged with steely blue. Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim. Hazs.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer). I have seen none but male specimens of this species. I first captured a specimen myself thirteen years since, and have lately received another from the same locality. It is also contained in Mr. Saiier’s collection. Its natural position is intermediate between the previously described species, C. hebe, Butl., and the following species, C. jalysus, Feld. 7. Charaxes jalysus. (Tab. XIII., fig. 4¢.) Charaxes Jalysus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 488, n. 714, t. 59, f. 5 (1866); Butler, Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 639, n. 1 (1877). Choraxes jalasus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 846, n. 6. Male. Wings above as in C. moori, but paler; the anterior wings with the black apical area considerably smaller, its inner margin nearly straight. Posterior wings with the submarginal border * Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, t. xxxvii. f. 8. + This species is named after the late Mr. J. H. Moor, for some time Hditor of the ‘Malacca Observer,’ ‘Singapore Chronicle,” and ‘Singapore Free Press,’ but better known as the industrious and competent compiler of that useful and now searce publication, ‘ Notices of the Indian Archipelago and Adjacent Countries,’ &e. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 109 of spots more continuous and amalgamated, but not dilated into a distinct patch at apex. Wings beneath paler and with the pale central fascia very broad and occupying the whole disk of both wings; on posterior wings this fascia is almost straight outwardly, and not concave from costa to first median nervule as in C. hebe and C. moori. Exp. wings, 68 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Dist.—coll. Butl.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.—coll. Dist.)—Borneo (Druee). This species appears to be moderately rare in Province Wellesley; one specimen which I captured myself, and which is now in the possession of Mr. Butler, being the only example I have seen from that locality. It is, however, not uncommon in Malacea. B. Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and prominently produced at apex of first median nervule only. 8. Charaxes harpax. ('Tab. XIIL., fig. 1 7.) Charaxes Harpax, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. i, p, 444, n, 725 (1806); Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 847, n. 10; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 832. Male. Wings above reddish ochraceous. Anterior wings with two small contiguous black spots at upper end of cell; apex and outer margin broadly black; this black area has its inner margin sinuous and emarginate, it is broadest inwardly and most angulated beyond cell, and commences to diminish in width beneath the lower discoidal nervule, till it narrowly terminates at posterior angle. Posterior wings with a submarginal row of black spots placed between the nervules (two at anal angle more or less suffused with grey) and with a black apical pateh. Wings beneath pale eastaneous with steely reflections. Anterior wings with the basal half crossed by four waved black Imes commencing near the subcostal nervure, the two inner ones crossing cell about centre, and continued on posterior wings, terminating near base of internal nervure; the third commencing a little before, and the fourth some distance beyond end of cell (where there is a terminal black line‘and « linear ovate black marginal spot), between which the colour is distinctly darker, and continued and terminating on posterior wings at internal nervure (between these on posterior wings is a curved terminal line to cell) ; these are followed by a discal and much-wavyed line of the same colour, followed on posterior wings by an oblique bluish black fascia, which becomes almost fused with the termination of the diseal line near anal angle, where there is a large blackish spot; anterior wings with an apical greyish spot and an indistinetly dentate submarginal greyish fascia inwardly preceded by a few more or less distinct dark spots; posterior wings with a submarginal row of bluish spots placed between the nervules and preceded by transverse greyish streaks (two of these spots at anal angle), Body more or less concolorous with wings; posterior and intermediate femora thickly spotted with black. Exp. wings, ¢ 90 millim.* Han.—Tenasserim; near Meetan, Moolai (Moore)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier).—Borneo (colls. Dist., Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.). A single male specimen captured by Mr. Saiier in Province Wellesley, and which is here figured, is the only example I have seen from that locality. It is, however, recorded by Mr. Moore from Tenasserim, a locality from which that entomologist has deseribed a closely alhed form under the name of C. agna,} between which and typical Bornean examples of C. harpax the form here figured is intermediate. Consequently we must allow for variation in these tawny Charaxes, where no distinct local race has become differentiated. * This is the expansion of the specimen figured from Provinee Wellesley and of Bornean males in my own collection, though I possess others (unfortunately with no locality) which are much smaller. + Proce. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. $32, Frprvary 28, 1883. 2 110 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Genus PROTHOE, Prothoe, Hiibner, Samml, Ex. Schmett. (1816—1841); Westw, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 266 (1850), Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the apex rounded and non- or sub-prominent, the outer margin nearly straight, or more or less conéave about the centre, and in some species distinctly waved. Costal mervure short, somewhat suddenly reflexed to costa a little beyond end of cell; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the distance between their bases, and that between the base of second and end of cell being subequal; third emitted at about one-fifth beyond end of cell and extending to apex, its apical third somewhat gibbous or convex; fourth and fifth bifureating a little beyond the base of third; the fourth deflexed and concave beneath the convex portion of third. Upper disco-cellular nervule short and oblique, middle diseo-cellular suberect, lower disco-cellular prominently curved and rounded inwardly at base, and then obliquely continued to apex; median nervules situate wide apart. Posterior wings obovate, the costal margin moderately oblique and convex, the outer margin more or less prominently “waved and produced in a broad, spatulate, caudate, outwardly curved prolongation between the first and second median nervules; abdominal margin ample and slightly convex at the body, and then divergent and oblique to anal angle. Precostal nervure suberect and curved inwardly at apex; costal nervure rounded and extending to apex; second subcostal nervule and discoidal nervule with an apparently common origin ; dicoidal cell completely open. Palpi placed close to the face. Body small; thorax robust. Antenne with a long and gradually formed club. Prothoe is a Malayan genus, being found throughout the Indo- and Austro-Malayan regions. It does not apparently occur west of Tenassernn, and is found as far east as New Ireland (this is probably not really the eastern limit of the genus, but represents at present the limit of our knowledge).*. Not more than some half dozen species are described, one of which is alone here included. Another species, however, I’. franckii, Godt., is almost certainly found in the Peninsula, as Mr. Wallace} gives Malacca as a habitat of the species. I have, however, been unable to find a Malaccan specimen, and though Mr. Hewitson subsequently acquired Mr. Wallace's Rhopalocera, the species is not recorded from Malacca in the posthumous Catalogue of the Hewitsonian collection. As it is also recorded by Mr. Moore from Tenasserim, } the probability of its occurring in our region becomes greater. 1. Prothoe caledonia. (Tab. XIII., fig. 9 ¢.) Nymphalis calydonia, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. i. p. 86, t. 48, f. 8, 4 (1855). Charaxes calydonia, Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 638. Prothoe caledonia, But]. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 874. Nymphalis? Caledonia, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 278, n. 58 (1871). Male. Anterior wings pale sulphur-yellow, with the base very pale bluish, and with rather more than the apical half dark shining fuscous; the inner margin of this blackish coloration commences narrowly at base of costa, and gradually widening obliquely crosses the cell a little beyond the middle, * Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 873) recommended that an African species generally known as Charares berenice should also be placed in this genus, It has, however, structural peculiarities which have warranted M. Mabille (Bull. Soc. 4ool. de France, 1876, p. 280) in founding a new genus for its reception, and consequently Africa cannot be considered as a habitat of Prothoe. + Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869, p. 80, i Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 832. Mr. Moore, in this paper (ibid. p. 854) gives also the Malay Peninsula as a habitat of P. franckii, which was probably copied from Wallace, as he possesses no specimen from that locality, and, though he kindly searched for me, could find no authority for the same in his notes, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., lll and crossing the second median nervule near its base extends to near the outer margin between the second and third median nervules, after which it is again directed inwardly and is concavely sinuated to near apex of inner margin; an oblique subapical series of four sulphureous spots, the first near costa, the second between the fourth and fifth subeostal nervules, the third above and the fourth beneath the upper diseoidal nervule; a somewhat obsolete pale apical spot and a very small bright spot on the second median nervule. Posterior wings very pale bluish, with a broad shining fuscous outer margin, which is widest at apex and narrowly terminates at anal angle; two linear pale greyish marginal spots near apex and apical margin of caudate appendage of the same colour; the costal disk of the wing is somewhat suffused with sulphureous and the abdominal margin is suffused with very pale brownish. Anterior wings beneath dull greyish, beautifully suffused and spotted with bright red and with the following spots and markings :—four spots on costal area above cell, which contains a basal spot, two placed a little before the middle, followed by an irregular macular fascia, and another and somewhat similar one at apex; immediately beyond cell is a broad curved fascia commencing at costa and terminating at apex of median nervure; a triple series of much broken and irregular fascie, the outer margin being also fuseous; beneath the second median nervule the colour is sulphur-yellow, becoming paler towards inner’margin, with a large irregular fuscous spot near outer angle. Posterior wings of similar hue and. shadings, with the following fuscous spots and markings:—a small rounded spot at base, and another near apex of precostal nervure; a short broad curved transverse fascia commencing near base and terminating on basal edge of abdominal margin; a linear streak above and near base of costal nervure; a subquadrate spot, followed by a larger and curved spot beneath the costal nervure ; three spots in cell, a small rounded one near base, a similar one near origin of third median nervule, and a transverse spot near its termination; a sinuated row of diseal spots, consisting of a small one above and a large one beneath the first subcostal nervule, three in oblique series divided by the diseoidal and first median nervules; a conical spot between the second and third median nervules, and an obconical one before the submedian nervure, from which to edge of abdominal margin is a broad fascia; the apical area of wings, which is preceded by a transverse pale fascia, is darker and shaded with greenish, and contains some much-waved and somewhat disjointed series of transverse fuscous fascim; outer margin sulphureous, with its extreme border fuscous, a large fuscous patch on the caudate appendage, and a small red spot near anal angle." Body above pale bluish grey; thorax beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs brownish, tibim and tarsi more or less pale ochraceous; antenne fuscous above, castaneous beneath. Hixp. wings, ¢ 103 millim. Har.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Wallace, and coll. Roberts)—Borneo (coll. Hewits.)—Labuan (coll. Godm. & Salv.) This beautiful species almost merits the enthusiastic eulogy of its describer, “‘ This glorious butterfly is beyond deseription.’’+ It was originally discovered by Mr. Wallace, who thus records its capture at Ayer-panas:—‘'I was one afternoon walking along a favourite road through the forest, with my gun, when I saw a butterfly on the ground. It was large, handsome, and quite new to me, and I got close to it before it flew away. I then observed that it had been settling on the dung of some carnivorous animal.| Thinking it might return * These are the most prominent markings on the posterior wings, it being impossible to describe all that the figure fnithfully pourtrays. + Hewitson, ‘ Exotic Butterflies,’ i. p. 86. } Similar substances are attractive to some of the most handsome butterflies. The beautiful Apatwra tris in this country has been observed by Mr. Hewitson to frequent the droppings of swine, and by Mr. Sturgess to be partial to dead stoate and weasels, &. (see Newman's ' British Butterflies,” p. 75). At St. Paulo on the Upper Amazons, Mr. Bates found a species of the handsome genus Batesia (Pandora) to be attracted by “ offal" (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1858-9, p. 22). 112 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. | to the same spot, I next day after breakfast took my net, and as I approached the place was delighted to see the same butterfly sitting on the same piece of dung, and succeeded in capturing it. . . . . I never saw another specimen of it, and it was only after twelve years had elapsed that a second individual reached this country from the north-western part of Borneo.” * Genus SYMPHAiDEA. Symphedra, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 89 (1816); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 294 (1850); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 34 (1881). Adolias, sect. 10, Feld. Nenes Lep. p. 35 (1861). Levias, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 125 (1832); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 86 (1861). Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched and convex, apex rounded (generally more prominently so in the female); outer margin slightly waved and slightly concave beneath apex; inner margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the second longer than the first; third emitted some distance before the apices of first and second; fourth and fifth bifureating at about two-thirds beyond end of cell. Lower disco-cellular nervule practically obsolete, leaving the cell open, or sometimes slender and faintly visible; first median nervule with the basal portion curved and rounded, and with an apparently common origin with the second at apex of cell. Posterior wings ovate; costal margin oblique and slightly convex; outer margin slightly waved and broadly rounded; abdominal margin nearly straight, but becoming obliquely divergent to anal angle. Neuration generally as in Huthalia. Body stout; palpi porrect and pointed; antennz variable in length. This genus is very closely allied to the following, and as Mr. Butler truly remarks, ‘‘ The structural characters which separate Symphedra from Adolias+ are not very considerable, and from their uncertainty seem almost to indicate a state of transition; the style of coloration, however, 18 quite distinct.” | Symphedra is found in Continental India, and throughout the Indo- and Austro- Malayan regions. § 1. Sympheedra dirtea. (Tab. XII., figs. 77 and 82.) Papilio Dirtea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, 1, p, 59, n. 184 (1798), Adolias Boisduvalii, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. t. 8, f. 2 (1886). Ailolias Dirtea, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 12, t. 10, f. 1, 2 (1846); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 198, n. 408 (1857); Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc. ser, 2, vol. vy. p. 84, n. 48 (1859). ‘Lewias Dirtea, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 400, n. 25 (1860). Symphedra Dirtea, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p.615, n. 8; Oat. Fabr. Lep. p. 88, n, 8 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 640, n. 1 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 346, n. 2; Godm. and Saly. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 689, n. 21. Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a small whitish subapical spot placed beneath the fourth subcostal nervule, and a greenish outer marginal fascia, which is almost obsolete at apical angle and gradually widens to posterior angle; the inner margin of this fascia is very waved and subdentate; posterior wings with a very broad outer bluish marginal fascia, with violaceous reflections, occupying about half of wing, and containing a submarginal series of blackish spots placed between * * Malay Archipelago,’ Sri edit. p. 29. + = Euthatlia. { Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. G14, § Mr. Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 258 (1871) gives Australia as a habitat of 8. Avropus. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 113 the nervules and a marginal row of much larger subconical spots of the same colour placed upon and divided by the nervules; this bluish area is sinuated interiorly, and becomes shaded with greenish and violaceous at and near anal angle; apical portion of abdominal margin thickly clothed with long pale ochraceous hairs. Wings beneath very warm and dark ochraceous. Anterior wings with a small and very pale bluish subapical spot situate beneath the bifureation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, a cluster of irregular pale spots in cell and a long and irregularly curved one at the termination of the same, which is followed by two very indistinct spots placed one on each side of the upper discoidal neryule; two pale discal spots on each side of the second median nervule, and one beneath the third median nervule; inner margin and area of the outer angle broadly suffused with fuscous, the last with two bluish spots placed one on each side of the third median nervule; above these are a subobsolete and submarginal series of pale spots placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with two pale spots in cell, a curved discal series of six or seven pale spots placed between the nervules, and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots placed between the nervules, with their surrounding areas somewhat pale. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings; antenne black, their apices warm ochraceous. Female. Wings above chocolate-brown, with the marginal fringe alternately concolorous and pale greyish, and with the following yellowish spots :—anterior wings with three spots in cell, two at its termination, followed by two placed one on each side of the upper discoidal nervule; an oblique diseal series of seven spots placed between the nervules, two beneath cell, situate one on each side of second median nervule, a cluster of five irregular spots near base and between third median nervule and sub- median nervure, and an outer submarginal series, placed between the nervules, increasing in size towards outer angle; a small yellowish streak on inner margin near its apex. Posterior wings with the following yellowish spots:—three beneath costal nervure, three between first and second subcostal nervules, four between lower subcostal and discoidal nervules, three in cell (the first being only a small basal streak), three beyond cell before the first median nervule, two beneath cell placed one on each side of second median nervule and two on basal half of abdominal margin; and three large spots—denoted by pale bluish margins with anterior and posterior yellowish spots—near anal angle divided by the second and third median nervules. Anterior wings beneath greenish ochraceous, darker and somewhat bluish at area of median nervules, marked generally as above, but spots larger and pale bluish grey, those in and at termination of cell fused and the cluster of spots beneath base of cell obsolete. Posterior wings beneath pale greenish, the basal half more or less suffused with ochraceous; spots as above, but much paler. Body above chocolate-brown, with the following yellowish spots :—six thoracic (two anterior, two central, and two posterior), and four at base of abdomen; a narrow lateral streak on each central side of thorax, and a small spot at extreme base of wings; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 76 to 95 millim.; ? 92 to 109 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley, Penang (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacea (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Forbes, coll, Dist.)—Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Banca.*—Java (Brit. Mus.)— Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.) ; Banjermasin (coll. Dist.) This species attains its maximum size in the Malay Peninsula; at least such is the evidence of a long series now before me. ‘The species varies considerably in Borneo, where male specimens occur agreeing with the one here figured from Province Wellesley, while smaller ones are found which have the marginal spots to the posterior wings larger. + * Coll. by M. Teysmann (Pet. Nouv. Ent. vi. p. 404 (1874). + Mr. Butler (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 613) has described these small and dark Bornean specimens as a “ local race" :— * Alis minoribus obseurioribus, antennis fulvo acuminatis."" Another local race from Hainan has been specifically differentiated by Mr, Moore under the name of S. pardalis (Proc, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 609). Jung 30, 1883. 26 114 RHOPALOCEKA MALAYANA. In Province Wellesley (as I have elsewhere recorded)* old fallen fruit was an attraction to this species, and sliced pine-apple placed at the proper season in a road which these butter- flies frequented was generally sure to be visited by a good supply of both males and females. + The following species is only known by its description, and, as far as I am aware, is contained in no collection in this country. No figure exists, and therefore the description can alone be given. It represents, like R. eudozxia (ante, p. 99), a specimen from Malacea, collected during the voyage of M. A. Delessert. ) Symphzedra? emalea. Arqynnis Emalea, Guérin, Deless. Souv. Inde. ti. p. 72 (1843). Symphedra Emalea, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 259, n. 10 (1871), “ Alis subrotundatis, anticis apice subconcavis, supra fulvis; anticis apice et lineis flexuosis, posticis lineis flexuosis punctisque nigris, maculis costalibus duabus albis, subtus griseo-fulvis margaritaceo- micantibus, fascia media communi-alba, maculari, extus recta, intus dentata.—Enverg. 74 cent.” “Elle a beaucoup d'affinités avee l'Arg. Thyelia de Fabricius (God., p. 257). Le dessus de ses quatre ailes est d'un jaune-fauve-vif, un peu plus sombre a la base. L’extremite des premiéres est noire avee deux bandes ondées de noir paralléles au bord externe, et moins marquées prés de l'angle inferieur; elles ont, en outre, au milieu, une bande dentelée et ondulée de noir servant de limite a la portion plus obscure de leur base. On voit dans le milieu de la cellule discoidale une petite bande transverse et brune avec le milieu fauve. Les inférieures ont au bord externe trois lignes noiritres flexueuses ; une ligne flexueuse au milieu, se continuant avec celle des supérieures; et, entre cette ligne et les externes, une série de six points noirs dont les deux anterieurs et celui de l’angle anal un peu plus forts; elles ont a la céte deux taches blanches, de forme carrée; l'une au milieu, l'autre prés de l'extrémité antérieure. Le dessous des quatre ailes est d'un gris-cendré-jaunitre 4 reflets violets et perlés avec les nervures fauves; elles sont traversées au milieu et obliquement par une ligne maculaire blanc bordé de noiratre, droite du cété externe, fortement dentée, surtout aux supérieures, du céte interne, et trés-Glargie ad la cote des supérieures. On voit, en outre, aux ailes inferieures une série de six petits points noirs correspondant 4 ceux du dessus. Le corps est d'un brun jaunatre, les antennes sont noires avec le cété antérieur fauve. ‘* Habite la cote Malaye.” Genus EUTHALIA. Euthalia, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett, p. 41 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 81 (1881). Aconthea, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. t. 8, f. 6 (1829); Zool. Journ. y, p. 65 (1830). Adolias, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. t. 8, f. 2 (1836); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 289 (1850); Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 84 (1861); Butl. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1868, p. 600, Itanus, Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 84 (1861). Dophla, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 83 (1881). * Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xii. p. 207. + That observant naturalist Cons. E. L. Layard, writing from New Caledonia, bears witness to the fact of rotten fruit being a very strong attraction to Lepidoptera. He writes:—‘ At this moment I have in my verandah a Shh which is daily regaled with a portion of a banana. Every evening I see a dozen or more of the large Sphingide and Noctwe trying to effect an entrance into the cage to get at the rotting fruit, which is generally invisible from the outside. ... . T have always found bananas the best bait to attract the night-flyers, but only when they begin to rot” (‘ Nature,’ vol. xviii. p. 301). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 115 Anterior wings triangular; costal margin arched and more or less convex; apex more or less prominent, rounded, or subacute; outer margin somewhat coneave beneath apex, and uneven or slightly waved; inner margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell, the first some distance from and the second near end of cell; third commencing either at about one-fourth or midway from end of cell, and extending to apex; fourth and fifth bifureating at about three-fourths from end of cell, and terminating beneath the apex; upper disco-cellular short and angled; middle disco- eellular acutely recurved; lower disco-cellular nervule generally obsolete, leaving the apex of the cell open, or when present slender, oblique and slightly concave; median nervure robust; first median nervule strongly eurved at base, where it has an apparently common origin with the second at apex of cell. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin oblique and slightly convex; outer margin rounded, convex, and slichtly waved (in the males of some species the anal angle is slightly acuminate or pointed). Costal nervure curved and extending to apex; precostal nervure strongly curved outwardly; first subcostal nervule emitted near base of subcostal nervure, the second some distance beyond. Cell with the apex always practically open, in some species having the appearance of being closed by a slender and indistinct lower disco-cellular nervule. Body short and robust. Palpi porrect, obtusely pointed at the apex. Antenne long and nearly straight. Ewthalia is a genus which belongs to the true Oriental region. It extends northward to China, but apparently not to the north-westward of India, for though found by Mr. Hocking at Dharmsala, in the N.W. Himalaya,* it was not collected by Major Roberts at Candahar,+ nor by Major Swinhoe in Beloochistan;{ Dr. Stoliézka failed to meet with the genus in Yarkand, § and it was absent from the collection made by Fedechenko in Turkestan.|| It is, however, in North-Eastern India that the genus reaches its maximum in the size and beauty of its species, and this should therefore be considered its head-quarters. It is found in the Andaman Islands, Ceylon, through Burma, Tenasserim, and the Malay Peninsula, and onwards in the Malayan Archipelago, though according to present knowledge not to the eastward of Celebes and the Philippine Islands. About seventy species are at present deseribed. We are now acquainted with the larve of several species of this genus (one of which is here figured), and which are as interesting and peculiar as those of any genus in the Rhopalocera. : ; 5 wats = ay : We know, from the researches of the last few ->77773 ar wi = “Ag 4 = 1 : —e te Sy) Bay if years,—researches kindled and stimulated by x cK ey ue Ba = we he the teachings and infinence of ‘the late Charles a IIR Darwin,—that when we see an abnormally deve- eae SE NN loped caterpillar, either in colour or structure, Fr. 39.—Larva of Euthatia garude, From drawing by Gen, " a i Hardwicke, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. we may almost certainly predicate that it thereby enjoys an immunity or protection from the attacks of its cepa enemies.{{ We also know that similar protection is acquired by the resemblance ‘‘ mimicry’’ which the subject possesses * Recorded by F. Moore, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 239, + See Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 403. { Dbid. 1881, p. 602. § ‘Scientific Results Sec. Yarkand Miss.,’ by F. Moore. Caleutta, 1879. || ‘Mon. Lep, collect. by Fedchenko in Turkestan,’ by N. G. Erschoff, St. Petersburg, 1874. 7 See Mr, Jenner Weir's experiments with birds, and Mr. Butler's with lizards (Trans. Ent. Soc, 1869, pp, 21 and 27). Tho results are condensed and diseussed by Mr. Darwin (‘ Descent of Man," 2nd edit. p. 326), and by Mr. Wallace (* Natural Selection,’ p. 117 et seq.) 116 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. to some uneatable genus or species, and this may apply im the present case. Dr. Horsfield, who was no advocate of this theory, writing in pre-Darwinian times, and with a strong leaning to the views (Circular and Quinarian) of MacLeay, with the thoroughness that marks all his work, was struck by the appearance of these larve, and sought for their analogy.* This he considered was to be found in the Myriopoda and in the genus Seutigera. On the lines of this theory (mimicry) such a view is extremely interesting, and acquires a reagonableness which the MacLeayian doctrine + failed to supply. | 4 A. Cell of posterior wings apparently closed by a subobsolete and slender nerrule. 1. Euthalia derma. (Tab. XIX., fig. 42.) ldolias Derma, Kollar, Hig. Kaschm. iv. 2, p. 4396 (1848). Adolias Eva, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 482, n. 692 (1866). « Adolias evelina, Race A. derma, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 600, Male and Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown; cell of anterior wings crossed by two waved blackish lines at centre (between which is a prominent carmine spot), and two lines converging posteriorly at extremity; cell of posterior wings with a faint blackish oblique line near centre and two prominent black lines at apex; both wings crossed by a discal curved fuliginous fascia, commencing on anterior wings near end of cell, where it is broadest, and terminating on posterior wings near centre of abdominal margin, where it is narrowest; beyond the fascia the colour is slightly paler, the posterior wings possessing a somewhat faintly darker and very narrow submarginal fascia. Wings beneath pale greenish ; cellular markings of anterior wings as above, but with the interspaces between the pairs of lines pale brownish; a sub-basal fuscous streak outwardly margined with white, and an irregular spot beneath cell near base of third median nervule; cellular markings of posterior wings as above, but with an additional curved black line beyond apex, a similar but shorter mark near and between the bases of the disecoidal and lower subcostal nervules,—this is preceded by a rounded spot between the subcostal nervules and a larger and partly closed one containing a carmine spot between the upper subcostal nervule and costal nervure; there is also a small carmine spot in cell; a darker discal fascia crossing both wings as above, a similarly coloured broad submarginal fascia commencing on anterior wings at upper discoidal nervule and becoming obsolete on posterior wings at the median nervules, followed by a waved and lunulate fascia broken between the nervules; the anterior wings also possess a broad, darker oblique subapical patch, its margins and also the apical margin of posterior wings more or less infuscated. Exp. wings, ¢ 87 to 94 millim. Han.—Continental India; Silhet (Brit. Mus.); Assam (Felder).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Dr. Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Java (elder).—Borneo (coll. Dist.) —Celebes (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.) —Philippines; Luzon (Felder). A single male specimen collected by Dr. Townsend in Perak, and which is here figured, is the only knowledge I have of the species in this fauna. It is in itself closely allied to A. evelina, Stoll, and has been called a local race of that species, simply, and necessarily, because Stoll’s species was first described. Philosophically, however, as 4. derma has an exceedingly wide range, it is probably the archaic form, and A. evelina the more or less local race. * Zoological Journ. v. p. 67 (1830). + This was admirably and seaccstng developed by Swainson, with (to use the words of Wallace) ‘‘an amount of knowledge and ingenuity that have rarely been surpassed.” See his ‘Hist. and Nat. Arrang. of Insects,’ in which he was assisted by Shuckard. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 117 B. Cell of posterior wings entirely open. a. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about one-fourth or less from apex of cell. 2. Euthalia anosia. (Tab. AIV., fig. 5 2.) Adolias Anosia, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i, p. 187, n. 876 (1867); Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 64, n, 6, t. 6, f. 1 (1859). Female. Wings above ashy-green. Anterior wings with the basal area from costa to a little beneath cell, and terminating a little beyond cell, very dark ashy-green; this area is outwardly bounded by a straight, oblique and connected series of four white spots outwardly angulated and pointed; these are followed by two white spots directed inwardly and separated by the second median nervule; the outer pale green area is brightest from about the centre of third median nervule to middle of abdominal margin, which pale coloration is followed posteriorly by some very dark green marks, a similarly coloured spot being found on each side of the upper discoidal nervule; outer margin dull, dark greenish; cell crossed by three dark lines bordered with very pale and bright ashy-green, the first near base curved outwardly, the second near centre straight, and the third near apex somewhat resembling the letter 8; beyond cell are two black lines, the outer one much waved and sinuated; and beneath cell, between the bases of the third median nervule and submedian nervure, are some dark spots and lines bordered with very pale and bright ashy-green. Posterior wings with the outer half very much paler and with pinky suffusions, which extend and are particularly noticeable from costa to lower subcostal nervule; this paler outer area has its inner margin darker and concavely scalloped, and contains near its centre a series of small, obscure, dark spots, which are margined with pale ashy irrorations, particularly the innermost spots; the extreme base of the wings is darkest, and the cell contains two spots with pale and dark margins, the first Bubquadrate near centre and the second sublunate near apex; a similar spot above and near base of lower subcostal nervule, another near base of abdominal margin, and a dark spot between the bases of lower subcostal and diseoidal nervules. Wings beneath very much paler and marked generally as above, the outer apical margins of anterior wings distinctly fuseous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ? 78 millim. Han.—Continental India; ‘‘ North India” (Moore).—Tenasserim (Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Gosse). This species appears to be scarce in the Malay Peninsula, but one specimen (female) being contained in my collection. The male is smaller, somewhat darker, and wanting the white spots to the anterior wings. 3. Euthalia garuda.* (Tab. XIV., fig. 1 ¢; fig. 2 ?.) adolias Garuda, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. BE. 1. C. 1. p. 186, n. 874 (1857); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 64, n. 8, t. 3, f. 2 (1859); Butl. Proce. Zool. Soc, 1868, p. 608, n. 21; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 589, m. 2 (1877). Euthalia Garuda, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 82, t. 16, f. 2, 2a (1881). * When Mr. Moore applied this name to Indian representatives of the species, he doubtless used the word in its Hindu sense, as found in the Sattvika Puranas. Compared with this, “Garuda,” as pointed out by the late Mr, J. R. Logan, is used by the Malays in a partial signification only:—“ Garuda, or Gurda, is a monstrous bird, which Malay romancists usually evoke for the purpose of desolating a country.” This is illustrated in the Malay poem ‘ Shair Bidasari’:— “ Datanglih kapada suatu masa * There came upon a certain time Meliinglah angas déri angkisi A bird flying from the heavens, Angas Garuda burong perknga The bird Garida, a a rd y bird, Menjadi negri rosi benasa.” Destroying and desolating the land.” —(‘ Journ, East Ind. Archipelago,’ vol. i. pp. 41*2.) June 30, 1883. oH 118 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the basal half, excluding cell, much darker or fuscous; cell erossed by five blackish lines, one somewhat oblique near base, the other four in pairs, connected posteriorly, and situate two about centre and two at extremity; between these lines the colour is much darker; immediately beneath basal half of cell are some indistinct blackish markings ; at the extremity of the basal dark coloration is a curved series of five greyish spots placed between the nervules, the upper three in somewhat oblique series beyond end of cell, divided by the diseoidal nervules, the fourth and fifth curved inwardly and divided by the second median nervule ; two subapical greyish spots, one on each side of the bifurcation of the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and a narrow, waved, dark fuseous submarginal fascia. Posterior wings with the base and a broad curved discal and outwardly dentate fascia, much darker or fuscous; cell partially crossed by two pairs of blackish lines, looped and convexly united posteriorly, situate respectively near the centre and extremity; a submarginal series of small blackish spots placed between the nervules, the extreme outer margin of both wings narrowly fuscous, with the fringe more or less greyish. Wings beneath pale brownish olivaceous, cellular markings as above, but posterior wings possessing a long ovate spot above, and a smaller spot beneath the base of the first subcostal nervule, and a curved line on outer side of base of discoidal nervule, continuous to the lower pair of dark lines crossing cell; greyish spots as above, but brighter, and an additional third subapical spot between the discoidal nervules; a narrow dark submarginal fascia to both wings, becoming faint and obsolete on posterior wings towards abdominal margin; posterior wings with the submarginal spots as above, and the outer margin of anterior wings excluding apex, and apical margin of posterior wings, very pale violaceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger than the male, wings above paler, the markings as in the other sex, but the submarginal fascia to anterior wings broken and indistinct, and the whole basal half of posterior wings darker; beneath as in male, but paler, and the submarginal fascis more broken. Exp. wings, ¢ 60 to 67 millim.; ? 76 to 80 millim. Han.—Continental India; Silhet, Bengal, Oudh, Sind (Brit. Mus.); Bombay (Dr. Leith—coll. Dist.) —Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.)—Java (Brit. Mus.) This is a variable species, the greyish spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings being frequently obsolete. In all the specimens I have examimed the males are darker in hue than the females. The larva and pupa are figured by Horsfield and Moore* from the original drawings by General Hardwicke, and the first has been reproduced here (ante, p. 115, fig. 39). According to the last-named observer, the larva feeds on “* T'rophis aspera and on a species of Bryonta.”’ According to Mr. A. Grote { and the Rev. J. H. Hocking § it feeds upon the mango. || * Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. t. vi. f. 2, 2a. + Ibid. p. 187. } bid. § Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 239. || Another species of the genus, EH. aconthea, is also described by Horsfield as feeding on the mango (Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0. i. p. 185). Of the mango in Dominica, I’. A. Ober makes a curious observation :—** The mangoes are bristling with spikes of blossome—white with them—but not a bird nor a butterfly is hovering above them, though the surrounding trees and shrubs are alive with them. This is a fact I have long noticed, that the mango is ever deserted" (‘Camps in the Caribbees,’ p. 21). Now we know that the mango was introduced into the West Indies, and the dramatic circumstances under which plants from DBourbon were first introduced to Jamaica have been graphically described by Sir Joseph Hooker (Lect. to Roy. Instit. on the ‘ Distr. of the North Am. Flora,’ 1878). Gut in the East the mango is not deserted by birds and butterflies, for not only do the HMuthaliads frequent them to deposit the eggs which produce the devouring 5 le but also—to quote no other author than the pleasant and versatile Phil. Robinson—there is the “‘groen parrot” that settles “with a sereech among your mangoes,” and the “watcher,” who has “all day long to sit and watch the iy sige. fruit, to wage a perpetual war with little beasts and little birds, every squirrel a throe, and each finch a spasm” (‘In my Indian Garden,’ pp. 21 and 151). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 119 4. Euthalia jama. (Tab. XIV., fig.8 ¢; Tab. XV., fig. 4 2.) aAdvlias Jama, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. im. p. 431, n. 690 (1866); DButl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 639, n. 3 (1877). Futhalia Alpheda, var. A. Jaina, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 254, n. 27 (1871). Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a black line crossing cell near base and apparently continued between the median and submedian nervures, a dark brown spot crossing centre of cell, the margins of which are black, and which is rounded and closed posteriorly; a somewhat similar spot at end of cell; two similarly margined spots obliquely, but not quite, crossing cell of posterior wings; a dark brown oblique fascia crossing disk, commencing near termination of cell (where there is an indistinct bronzy area), and terminating on inner margin, about one third from base; this is followed by a somewhat narrower oblique fascia crossing both wings, commencing near apex of anterior wings and terminating on posterior wings near the abdominal margin at about one-third from anal angle: this fascia is widened at inner margin of anterior wings; posterior wings with a much-waved, narrow, dark submarginal fascia, and outer margins of both wings distinctly darker. Wings beneath pale greenish ochraceous: cellular markings as above; anterior wings with a rounded spot beneath cell on inner side of third median nervule and a smaller dark spot on outer side of that nervule; posterior wings with a looped spot beneath and near the base of costal nervure, followed by a smaller rounded spot beneath the first subcostal nervule, and a curved black line beneath the base of second subcostal nervule; fasciz above very indistinctly and narrowly seen beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Pale brownish; cellular markings as in male; anterior wings with a broad pale fascia, occupying a space equivalent to that between the extreme margins of the two discal pale fasci# in male ;— this fascia is pale, obscure, bluish above the second median nervulé, and pale brownish beneath that nervule, and its outer margin is brown and prominently waved and angulated: at costa it possesses an irregularly shaped central, and a somewhat similar outer subolivaceous spot, the last almost continued to apex above the fourth subcostal nervule; posterior wings with fascie as in male, but which are paler and narrower. Wings beneath as above but paler; markings similar, but more indistinct; posterior wings with the outer-cellular markings as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.; ¢ 71 millim. Has.—Continental India; Assam (Felder). — Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Castelnau and Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Gosse).—Banca (Felder). This is but a local race of the Javan LF. alpheda, Godt.,* and differs principally in the female sex. Mr. Butler, from an examination of Capt. Pinwill’s collection, remarked that in Malacea the ‘species appears-to be common,’’+ but in Province Wellesley—judging from collections—it appears to be a scarce insect. 5. Euthalia laverna. (Tab. XIV., fig. 7 2.) Advlias larerna, Butler (part,—9 only),{ Cist. Ent. i. p. 29 (1870); Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 639, n. 4 (1877). * Even its deseriber somewhat unusually remarked, ‘* Localform der javanischen A. alpheda, Godt,” (Reise Nov, Lep. p. 431). + Trana. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 539 (1877). t Some confusion is likely to arisedrom a consultation of the original description of this species. Mr. Butler (Cist. Ent. i. p. 29, 1870) deseribed a male specimen from Borneo and a female specimen from Penang under the above name, and afterwards figured the first in his ‘Lepid. Exot.’ (t. lx., f. 5). On subsequently receiving both sexes from Malacea, he wrote (Trans. Linn. Soe, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 589), “1 find that the male from Borneo figured in my ‘ Lepidoptera Exotica’ is a distinct species,” thus electing to make the Penang female the type, of which the only description is— “9, Omnino velut in Tanecia Pulasara colorate.” 120 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the inner margin and a broad central transverse fascia, which is outwardly dentate and anteriorly bifurcate from median nervure to near costa, dark brown; before and a little after the upper portion of this fascia the colour is paler than the remaining outer portion of wing, which contains a submarginal waved and broken black line not reaching posterior angle, where there is a dark brown patch; there are also two basal black lines. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by four black lines and a submarginal series of narrow linear black spots placed between the nervules. Wings beneath pale greenish, suffused with ochraceous; anterior wings with the cell crossed by some black lines and a similar waved and broken line near its apex; two spots beneath cell divided by the third median nervule; a waved submarginal narrow black fascia starting from a subapical fuscous patch, which contains two whitish spots, and is inwardly margined by the same colour; posterior wings paler; cell crossed by a looped line near its centre and a curved line near its apex—above the last is a short line beneath the base of lower subcostal nervule, a bent line above that nervule, and a looped line beneath the base of costal nervure; two discal narrow waved ochraceous fascim, the outer one most distinct, from which to outer margin the colour is darker. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above pale brownish. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by four blackish lines, and with a curved line near apex; beneath the cell are two spots divided by the third median nervule, the inner one largest; transverse series of contiguous, linear greyish spots only divided by the nervules, their inner apices conical and outwardly margined with a waved and sinuated narrow dark brown fascia; the two upper spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule are longest, and are preceded by a small whitish subcostal spot, the third spot is shorter than the fourth and fifth, and the lower one beneath the third median nervule is short and notched internally; all these spots are more or less suffused with pale brownish, and the first, fourth and fifth possess an inner brown looped line. Posterior wings with two Fro, 40, Futhatia laverna, 9. pairs of looped lines crossing cell, the transverse series of large greyish spots as on anterior wings, but not extending to abdominal margin, and with their outer margins defined by a more angulated and inwardly dentate narrow fascia, which is again outwardly margined with greyish, thus dividing the outer dark margin into inwardly angulated spots. Wings beneath with the basal halves pale ochraceous; cell of anterior wings marked as above; cell of posterior wing with the looped lines and adjacent markings as in corresponding wing of male ; the transverse series of spots more fused than above, the greyish eolour extending to outer margin. Exp. wings, ¢ 50 millim.; ¢ 60 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) This species I only know by the specimens contained in the British Museum, the sexes of which are here figured and described. The female, as Mr. Butler has remarked, bears a striking resemblance to a species of the next genus,—Tanaécia pulasara (Tab. XIV., fig. 18),— which is also found in this fauna. 6. Euthalia adonia, rar. (Tab. XIX., fig. 10 ¢; fig. 11 ¢.) Papilio Adonia, Cramer, Pap, Ex. iii. t. 255, C,D (1782). Nymphalis Adonia, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 400, n. 178 (1819). eleonthea Lubentina, Horsf. (nee Cram.) Cat. Lep. BE. 1. 0. t. 5, £. 6. ia (1829). Aidolias Adonia, Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i, p. 188, n. 878 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 149, n. 28 (1876); Butl. Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 5389, n. 1 (1877). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 12L Male. Wings above dark olivaceous. Anterior wings with the basal portion of cell and posterior outer margin greenish; cell crossed near centre by two black lines, between which the colour is reddish ; these lines are followed by a narrow transverse white fascia, which is outwardly concave, beyond which are two other black lines, with a reddish spot between them; three white spots beyond cell divided by the nervules, and a waved discal series of five white spots placed between the nervules, the lowest between the first and second median neryules; these are followed by two larger but obscure spots divided by the third median neryule; an obseure, broken, fuscous submarginal line. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by two fuscous lines and with a broad greenish marginal border; this greenish area contains a central series of six blackish spots placed between the nervules, with an elongate linear spot at anal angle; there are also three bright red spots near outer margin at apex and two of the same colour on inner side of the green area, situate one on each side of the lower subcostal nervule,—these are outwardly and inwardly margined with blackish and are followed by two blackish lines which do not pass third median neryule. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the cell crossed as above, but with a short basal black line and the red enclosure brighter and larger, the green shadings on upper surface absent ; posterior wings with costa narrowly red, with the anal margin greenish, and with the two blackish lines crossing cell enclosing two red spots; at apex of cell and on each side of lower subcostal nervule are two similar black lines enclosing red spots, the first named preceded by a small black spot ; a discal series of four red spots placed between the nervules, the lower one beneath the discoidal nervule ; the submarginal series of black spots as above, but smaller, the upper three with an attached outer red spot, and the linear spot at anal angle broken into two. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger than male. Anterior wings above olivaceous-brown, marked generally as in male, but with all the white spots very much larger, the waved discal series consisting of nine spots, of which the lower five are very large, irregularly rectangular and sinuously following the three placed beyond cell ; a pale and obscure greenish submarginal streak at posterior angle. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, with a wide macular, central white fascia divided by the nervules, outwardly margined with blackish and inwardly margined with the same colour as far as end of cell, which is crossed by two black lines; outer margin broadly greenish from about discoidal nervule to anal angle; a submarginal series of seven blackish spots placed between the nervules, the upper three and the seventh attached to an outer red spot.» Wings beneath as above, but paler in hue; anterior wings with the cell marked with red as in male, the submarginal fuscous fascia more distinct than above, and with a large white submarginal streak at posterior angle; posterior wings as above, but paler, the costal margin narrowly red, cellular black ‘lines enclosing a red spot, a similarly enclosed red spot at end of cell, and the same above and near base of upper subcostal nervule; submarginal spots smaller, the upper three only attached to outer red spots; abdominal margin pale greenish. Kixp. wings, ¢ 58 millim.; ? 70 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.)—Java (Brit. Mus.) ; Batavia (Snellen). The figures represent two Malaccan specimens, which were collected by Capt. Pinwill and are now contained in the British Museum. The male differs from Javan and typical forms of the species by the darker coloration above and the fewer red spots to the posterior wings ; the absence of the red spot at anal angle being particularly noticeable; the colour beneath is also paler, and the red spots to posterior wings fewer and paler. ‘The female also differs in several particulars. It is thus probable that a distinct race of H. adonia is found in the Malay Peninsula. June 30, 1883. 21 122 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 7. Euthalia decorata. (Tab. XIV., fig. 9 ¢.) Adolias decoratus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 605, n. 39, t. xlv. f. 2 & 9. Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by four dark fuscous lines, two near base and two about apex, and one beyond extremity, waved and convex; beneath the median nervure is a looped line on each side of the base of third median nervule, and a short line a little distance from base of submedian nervure; a broad submarginal greyish fascia, more or less suffused with bronzy- green, the margins of which are convexly dentate inwardly and concavely dentate outwardly, where it is also distinctly margined with fuscous. Posterior wings with the outer half greyish, shaded with bronzy- green from about discoidal nervule to anal angle, and containing a central much-waved and inwardly dentate narrow fuscous fascia; eell crossed by a dark line near base and a double looped line near apex; a small spot near bases of second and third median nervules. Wings beneath ochraceous; anterior wings marked as above; posterior wings marked as above, but with the following additional blackish lines :—a large looped line above and a smaller looped line beneath the base of the first subcostal nervule, and a curved line near base of discoidal nervule. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. I have not seen this specimen, but repro- duce Mr. Butler's figure and deseription ;— “9. Ale multo majores, supra fuscw, fascia multo latiore albicante et in posticis intus magis irregulari; subtus fascia velut supra viridi, opalescente fusco mar- ginata; area basali flava, characteribus nigro-fuseis ; mar- gine externo omnino ad fasciam albido opalescente ; corpus supra fuscum, subtus album.” Fig. 41. Huthalia decorata, 2. Exp. wings, @ 54 to 56 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Roberts). The males of this species vary in hue; specimens from Province Wellesley, of which one is here figured, being paler than the Singapore type as delineated by Mr. Butler; the greyish fascia to the anterior wings of the former also appears to be slightly broader than that as portrayed in the latter. 8. Euthalia ramada. (Tab. XIX., fig. 5 ¢.) Adolias Nanada, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 69, n. 12, t. 4, f. 5 (1859); Butl. Proce. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. G05, n, 37. Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the cell crossed by five dark lines, situate two wide apart near base, two closer together about centre, and one at extremity; beneath the cell are some obscure dark looped lines, situate one before the third median nervule and two between that nervule and the submedian nervure; a submarginal obscure greenish fascia becoming broad towards posterior angle, and containing a central dark brown and much-waved line. Posterior wings with a very broad blue marginal fascia, which loses its bright hue above the lower subcostal nervule, and is intersected a little above its middle by a much-waved dark brown line; basal area suffused with some scattered bronzy-green scales. Wings beneath warm ochraceous; anterior wings with the cellular and following markings as above; posterior wings with the cell crossed by two blackish lines near base RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 125 and two near extremity, which are continued and joined above the discoidal nervule; an angulated line between the bases of the second and third median nervules; an ovate spot between the bases of the lower and upper subcostal nervules, preceded by a larger one situate beneath the costal nervure; both wings crossed by two submarginal waved fuscous lines, the outer one very dark on anterior wings, the apical angle of which is suffused with greenish. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 48 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Dr. Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (coll. Hewits. and coll. Roberts). The female of this species is either unknown or unrecognised at present. The male here figured is the specimen collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend, and now in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, to whom I am much indebted for the facilities afforded me for examination and study. b. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted about midway between end of cell and apex of wing. 9. Euthalia macnairi,* n.sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 64,10 ¢.) Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown, the outer margins of both wings pale bluish; on anterior wings this bluish margin is narrow, commencing a little beneath apical angle, and slightly widening and terminating at posterior angle; on posterior wings it is very broad, especially near anal angle; outer margins narrowly black, the fringe pearly white; cell of anterior wings crossed by four blackish lines, the innermost two nearly straight, the outer two prominently bent and sinuated, and a similarly bent black line at end of cell; the three innermost of these lines are continued beneath the median nervure. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the basal area palest, cellular markings as above, but more distinct, and two discal, narrow, undulating fuscous fasciw, the inner one waved, the outer entire, but somewhat discontinuous. Posterior wings with the cell crossed by some indistinct fuscous lines, a similar convex one near its apex, and an elongate ovate spot on each side of the base of the upper subcostal nervule; two discal and parallel narrow fuscous fasci#, terminating at about the third median nervule, the inner one broadest, and the outer narrow and somewhat broken. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger and paler in hue than the male; markings similar, but anterior wings above exhibiting the diseal fascie only seen on the under surface of the male; these fascim are also slightly broader and the colour between them somewhat paler; cell of posterior wings exhibiting the transverse dark lines as beneath. Wings beneath brighter and warmer in hue than in the other sex; the markings similar, Exp. wings, ¢ 55 millim.; 2 70 millim. Han,—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). This and the following species represent a section of the genus in which the males are strikingly similar to each other and equally dissimilar from the females. Felder appears to have been first in recognising the sexual connection between these diverse forms, when he described | the male of FE. puseda. The great interest attaching to this species is that it represents the closest alliance and resemblance between the sexes of this section, the following species here described and figured showing a gradually increasing tendency to sexually differentiate; whilst it is to the Indo- Malayan region that this portion of the genus is almost confined. * Named after Major Fred, M‘Nair, author of ‘Perak and the Malays.’ + Wien. Ent. Mon. iii. p. 400, n. 23 (1860), 124 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,. These all appear to be rare insects in collections received from the Malay Peninsula, but this is probably more apparent than real; for from their somewhat general similarity an unentomological collector would often consider them on the wing as but one species, and neglect them accordingly. 10. Euthalia stoliczkana,* n.sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 11 ¢.) Male. Closely resembling the male EL. maenairi, but larger, and with the bluish marginal fascia on both wings above a little broader; beneath with the narrow fuscous outer discal fascie to both wings much more waved and sinuated. Female. Wings above closely resembling the female E. macnairi, but differing above by the absence of the bluish marginal fasci#, which are only slightly indicated near posterior angle of the anterior wings, and appear on posterior wings as a narrow diseal fascia, which becomes obsolete towards abdominal margin; on these wings the narrow fuscous discal fasci# of the anterior wings are also continued, the innermost distinct, the outer one not distinctly passing first median nervule. Wings beneath warmer in hue than in £. macnairi, and distinetly differentiated from that species by the waved and sinuated outer discal fascia to both wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 62 millim.; ? 70 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) 11. Euthalia maclayi,+ n.sp. (Tab. XIV., fig. 12 2.) Male. Wings above almost identical with those of male . macnairi; beneath with the outer discal fascia waved and sinuated as in £. stoliczkana, but on posterior wings the outer fascia is farther removed from the margin than in that species. Female. Wings above closely resembling those of female EL. macnairi, but the bluish marginal fascia to posterior wings inwardly strongly waved and hollowed at the subcostal and discoidal nervules.t Beneath the wings have the outer discal fasci# strongly waved and sinuated as in EF. stoliczkana, but on anterior wings these fascie are wider apart than in that species, and on the posterior wings the outer fascia is farther removed from the margin. Exp. wings, ¢ (one spec.) 61 millim.; ? 73 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) E. maenairi, Ei, stoliezkana, and EE, maclayi have so strong a superficial resemblance as to give the impression that they are but varieties of one species, and this was my first conclusion. The reasons which have impelled me to take the opposite view are that both sexes can be differentiated, and that the forms are not intermediate. Thus, though E. maclayi resembles * This species is dedicated to the late Dr. Ferdinand Stoliczka, the accomplished and versatile naturalist, who died a few years since whilst accompanying the Second Yarkand Mission. He visited the Straits Settlements, and his enthusiasm there in the cause of Zoology and scientific industry is shown by the following papers, vis. :— Aves.—* A Contribution to Malayan Ornithology,” Journ. Asiat. Soc. Gengl. vol. xxxix. part 2, p. 277 (1870). Reptilia.—* Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia,” ibid. pp. 184, 159. Mollusca.—* On the Land Shells of Penang Island, with Descriptions of the Animals and Anatomical Notes,” ibid. vol, xli. part 2, p. 261 (1872), and vol. xlii. part 2, p. 11 (1873). In agreement with the principle [ have pursued in this work, of using for specific »se8 the names of those who have Fi or are working at iia bible, ethnology, or natural featares of the Malay Paninsla, I have here used the name of the celebrated Russian ethnologist and traveller Dr, Mikluho-Maclay, who a few years since made an ethnological excursion in Johore. | This is not shown in the figure, owing to the specimen it represents being the first received, and unfortunately in a rubbed and poor condition. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 125 E. macnairi above, it partakes of the character of EF. stoliczkana beneath, but is yet quite distinctly differentiated from that species by the pattern of those markings. Though I have followed this course I consider the conclusion but tentative. Some decision must be taken in a work like this, and the proof will ultimately rest with the local breeder of these insects. In the absence of this information analytic and synthetie empiricism are both to be deplored. 12, Euthalia cocytina. (Tab. XVIII., fig. 7 2.) Aconthea Cocytina, Horsfield, Zool. Journ. v. p. 67, t. 4, f. 8, 8@ (1829). Adolias Goiartii, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep. p. 14, t. 12, f. 2 (1846). Adolias cocytina, Butl. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 99 (1868), Male. Wings above resembling the last species, but the bluish marginal bands wide, as in E. stoliczkana. Wings beneath pale but warm ochraceous, the markings generally as in LZ. macnairi, but paler and ochraceous; the black cellular markings of anterior wings as in preceding species. Female. Wings above pale fuliginous-brown, cellular and infra-cellular markings as in E. maclayi ; an oblique diseal series of six elongate greyish spots, outwardly and obscurely margined with small dark spots placed between the nervules; of the former the two uppermost, divided by the first discoidal nervule, are largest, and the first is broken at its centre; the third is smallest, and the sixth, situate beneath the third median nervule, is rather faint and outwardly notched; a broad pale marginal border, becoming obsolete at apex and shaded with bluish at posterior angle. Posterior wings with the apical half broadly bluish; this area is marked with two series of whitish spots, the first and most distinet at its inner margin, which is preceded by a series of obscure dark spots, the second, which is almost obsolete near its centre; outer margin brownish; the fringe of both wings greyish white. Wings beneath pale obscure ochraceous; anterior wings marked as above, the diseal series of pale spots large, more continuous, and more obscure and outwardly margined by a narrow waved fuscous fascia; posterior wings with the apical half (which has a narrow transverse dark ochraceous fascia near its anterior margin) somewhat paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 60 millim.; @ 70 millim. Har.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Moore)—Sumatra (Brit. Mus. and coll. Dist.) I am indebted to Mr. Moore for the loan of the female Singapore specimen here figured, and which constitutes my sole authority for the inclusion of the species in this fauna. Mr. Butler, who first described the female,* subsequently + added, as a synonym, the A. mitra, Feld.{ This is probably a correct course, and the reason why I have not followed it here is that. the Felderian description better agrees with another Sumatran specimen in my collection, which, however, may be but a varietal form. 13. Euthalia puseda. (Tab. XVIIL., fig. 82, and var. Tab. XV., f. 3 9.) - - - - - - - CasTaLtius. talive elma, shewing subcostal bb. Costal nervure not or barely reaching basal half of nervules. 3 costal margin. - - HivERes. ad. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted consider- ably beyond middle of cell. - = » = + Nacapvsa. AA. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings impinging on, or connected with, the costal nervure. ¢, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about middle of cell. Lo d. Third and fourth subcostal nervules of anterior wings Wa bifureating about midway between end of cell and apex of wing. - - - - - - - JAMIDES. tga gate ? dd. Third and fourth subeostal nervules of anterior wings Ee Pitted Sab hee bifureating at about two-thirds of the distance be- vales. tween end of cell and apex of wing. - - CaTocHRysops. ec, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond middle of cell. - - : - - - - - Lamprpes. AAA, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anastomosed with, nor impinging on, the costal nervure. go) e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about Wa ae middle of cell. - - - - . - - - PoLvommatus. 2. Posterior wings with two short filamentous tail-like ap- Fis. 64—Anterior wing of Polyom- - pendages. seas ite img Datos ib ee. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted con- <4 siderably beyond middle of cell. | - - LyceNESTHES. Genus CASTALIUS. Castalius, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 82 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and slightly convex, outer margin moderately eonvex and sometimes slightly waved, inner margin somewhat concavely sinuate; costal nervure extending to a little beyond middle of costal margin; first subcostal nervule short, emitted a little beyond half of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure, second emitted close to base of first, third from a little before end of * I have previously acknowledged and laid stress on’the artificiality, if conveniency, of my proposed groups, formulated alone on superficial characters. The biological method of classification is now more thorough and accurate, based on the teachings of morphology and embryology; but even then, as recently pointed out by Dr. T. Margo, we must “ regard all the different endeavours of systematists to group animals exclusively in accordance with one character, whether morphological, embryological, or biological, external or internal, as mere experiments—such a grouping or classification of animals can never be the true expression of their natural affinities.”"—* The Classif. Anim. Kingd., with reference to the newer Zool. Systems" (Eng. trans., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiii. p. $16). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 215 cell, and fourth bifureating from the third almost midway between end of cell and apex of wing; lower median nervule emitted a little beyond middle of median nervure. Posterior wings broadly subovate ; costal and outer margins convex, the last with a delicate tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; costal nervure arched and extending to apex, first subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint long, thickly clothed with adpressed hairs, third joint very slender, about half the length of second; antennm with a somewhat suddenly formed, robust, apical club. Castalius is common to the Ethiopian and Oriental regions. In Africa and Asia it probably extends throughout the tropics, but the number and distribution of its species cannot be estimated at present with any degree of accuracy. 1. Castalius rosimon. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 20 2.) Papilio Rosimon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 528, n. 341 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 121, n. 641 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 71, n. 672 (1787); Ent. Syst. tii. p. 849, n. 827 (1798). Papilio Maimon, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 634, n. 895 (1775). Papilio Clyton, Cram. Pap. Ex. i, t. 67, F, G (1779). Papilio Coridon, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 840, C—E (1782). Castalius Naxus, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70, n. 696 (1816). Polyommatus Rosimon, Godt, Ene. Méth. ix. p, 658, mn, 141 (1928). Lycena Rosimon, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 71, n. 6 (1828); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n, 41 (1876), Cupido rosimon, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n.1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 17 (1878). Lampides rosimon, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. B. vol... p. 285, n. 41 (1881); de Nic. ibid. p. 61, n. 42 (1881), Castalius Fosimon, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p.162, n.1(1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser.2, Zool. vol.i. p. 546, n.1 (1877); Moore, Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 83, t. 86, f. 2 (1881), Male and Female. Wings above pearly white, basal areas covered with bright bluish-green scales. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins broadly black, and with the following spots of the same colour :—one at base of lower median nervule (almost obscured by the basal bluish coloration), one, disco- cellular at apex of cell, and an irregular submarginal row of six spots, the uppermost of which is placed above the upper discoidal nervule, and the fifth and sixth are fused and traversed by the lower median nervule. Posterior wings with the costal margin (broadly) and two outer submarginal macular fascie black, and with the following spots of the same colour :—one between the subcostal nervules, another near apex of cell, one or two basal and almost hidden by the bluish coloration, two near the inner submarginal fascia and separated by the upper median nervule, and two placed a little above these and separated by the lower median nervule. Wings beneath pearly white; anterior wings spotted as above, but with a basal black streak running along costal nervure to first subcostal nervule, the costa only narrowly black or fuscous, and the outer margin with two submarginal rows of spots instead of the broad black margin as above ; posterior wings spotted as above, the basal markings distinct, consisting of a basal streak and an oblique row of four spots, the marginal spots near anal angle irrorated with bluish scales. Fringe alternately grey and black. Body above blackish, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings. Nore.—The female has the black margins to the upper surface of the wings broader than in the male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 27 to 30 millim. Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (colls. Dist. & Godfy.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Chentaboon and Nahconhaisee (Druce).— Java (Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen)—Celebes (Snellen). This is evidently a widely distributed species, and the habitats given above must inadequately express its geographical distribution. According to Mr. Hutchison, as observed 216 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. at Colombo, it frequents “plains and borders of cultivated ground; at all times.” ‘‘ Slow flight; settles among grass and on the ground; easily captured.” * 2. Castalius ethion. (Tab. XXII, fig. 25 2.) Lycana Ethion, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 490, t. 76, f.3(1852); Hewits. Exot. Butt. v, Lyc. t. 1, f. 6 (1876); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 162, n. 42 (1876). Cupide Ethion, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n. 2. Castalius Ethion, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 83, t. 86, £5, 5a (1881); Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 2 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic, J, A. 5. B. vol. 1. p. 248, n. 49 (1881), Male. Wings above pearly white. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins fuscous, inwardly and broadly margined with pale resplendent bluish, which colour also occupies the whole base of wing, and leaves the pearly white ground-colour as an oblique fascia, commencing at the upper discoidal nervule, and suddenly narrowing beneath the second median nervule. Posterior wings with the posterior margin fuscous, inwardly broadly and irregularly margined with pale resplendent bluish, which colour also occupies base of wing. Wings beneath pearly white, sometimes with bluish reflections, and outwardly tinged with pale ochraceous. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins narrowly fuscous, and with the following markings of the same colour, viz.:—two oblique fascia near base, a short subapical fascia extending from costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, a rounded spot on second median nervule, a broad short fascia extending from second median nervule to near inner margin, and two marginal series of spots placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with the following fuscous markings:—two short oblique basal fascim, a short transverse fascia extending from abdominal margin to second median nervyule, a similar central one placed nearer margin, a short curved fascia near apex and two marginal series of spots placed between the nervules. Body above blackish, beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs fuscous, with white markings; antenn# fuscous, annulated with greyish. Female. Resembling the male, but without the resplendent blue coloration above. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 24 to 28 millim. Has.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Andaman Islands (coll. Moore and Calcutta Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Forbes— coll. Dist.).—Java; Batavia (Snellen).—Siam ; Nahconhaisee (Druce). The habitats given above, though few in number, are still sufficient to show that this species is somewhat widely distributed. 3. Castalius roxus. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 242.) Polyommatus Roaus, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 659, mn, 142 (1823), Lycena Roxus, Horsf. Cat. Lep, E.1.C. p. 70, n. 6, t. 2, f, 4, 4a (1828), Cupido roaus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 348, n. 3. Castalius rowus, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 647, n. 8 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 888; Wood-Mas, & de Nic. J. A. 5. B. vol. u. p, 248, n. 51 (1881). Male. Wings above black; both wings crossed by a broad oblique white fascia, commencing near the lower discoidal nervule of the anterior wings, narrowed beneath the second median nervule and continued across the posterior wings to abdominal margin; posterior wings with a few small and somewhat obscure * Moore's Lepid. Ceyl. 1. p. 88. & RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 217 pale linear marginal spots. Wings beneath creamy white, with a broad black fascia commencing on costa of anterior wings near apex of cell and continued across base of posterior wings; anterior wings with a eurved black fascia commencing on costa contiguous to the basal fascia and terminating near the middle median nervule, a short and broad fascia of the same colour extending from the middle median nervule to about inner margin, and the outer margin broadly black, containing a series of pale spots; posterior wings with three large irregular black spots beyond middle, the first near apex, the second nearer margin and bounded by the lower subcostal and middle median nervules, the third between the last-mentioned nervule and the abdominal margin; outer margin resembling that of anterior wings. Body above black, beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs black, streaked and spotted with whitish; palpi white, their upper surface and apex black. Antenne black, annulated with greyish. Exp. wings, ¢, 25 to 28 millim. Han.—Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Tenasserim (Limborg—coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula ; Perak (coll. Godfery) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malaeea (Biggs—coll. Gosse).—Java (Horsf.). —Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm, & Salv.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger Exped.—Brit. Mus.). Dr. Horsfield relates that in Java this species “‘occurs in considerable numbers on the skirts of large forests; but, from the great delicacy of the wings, it is not easily obtained in a perfect state.” * 4, Castalius elna. (Tab. XX., fig. 4.) Lycena Elna, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. V. Lye. t. 1, f. 8 (1876). Castalius Elna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 587; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. B. vol... p, 248, n, 50 (1881), Male and Female. Wings above black, with an oblique white fascia commencing a little above the upper median nervule of the anterior wings, continued and gradually widened across posterior wings, and terminating on abdominal margin; the margins of this fascia being sinuate and irregular. Wings beneath creamy white, outwardly tinged with ochraceous, with a broad black fascia commencing on costa near end of cell, continued to median nervure, and then transversely deflected across posterior wing to base of abdominal margin. Anterior wings with the following black markings :—a large subapical spot extending from costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, a large spot extending from second median nervule to inner margin, and an irregular outer marginal macular fascia. Posterior wings with the following black markings:—a somewhat rounded subapical spot, an irregular transverse macular fascia extending from discoidal nervule to abdominal margin, and a series of marginal subconical spots placed between the nervules, the extreme outer margin also black; fringe fuscous. Body above black, sides of abdomen annulated with grey; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings; palpi black above, creamy white beneath; antenne black, annulated with greyish. Exp. wings, ¢ and 2, 24 to 30 millim. Han.—Continental India; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (coll. Hewits.).—Andaman Islands (Caleutta Mus.); Port Blair (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist. & Gosse); Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Java (coll. Hewits.). * Cat. Lep. Ins. E.1.C. p. 70 me Jung 30, 1884. aft 3k 218 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus NACADUBA. Nacaduha, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 88 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin moderately arched, outer margin more or less conver, inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of the costal margin ; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, and anastomosed with the costal nervure, second subcostal nervule emitted about midway between base of first and apex of cell, third emitted close to termination of cell, third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third. Cell broad, extending to more than half the length of the wing. Posterior wings subtriangular, costal margin moderately convex, posterior margin oblique and slightly convex, with a single slender tail-like appendage. Costal nervyure arched and almost extending to apex, subcostal nervules bifurcating near end of cell; cell broad, first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Body of moderate size and hairy; palpi porrect, the second joint extending more than half beyond the apex of head. This genus having been so recently founded, and the number of species belonging to it being still uncatalogued, little can be said as to its geographical distribution, beyond the remark that it is probably a purely Oriental genus, and is generally distributed throughout that region. It is also certain that more species of Nacaduba, than the few now and here enumerated,. remain to be discovered in the Malay Peninsula. 1. Nacaduba macrophthalma. (Tab. XX., fig. 32.) Lycana Macrophthalma, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesch. 1862, p. 488; Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 276, t. 34, f. 85 (1865). Lampides macrophthalma, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 2 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.8.B. vol. 1. p. 285, n. 40 (1881). Nacaduba macrophthalma, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 89, t. 87, f. 4,44 (1881); de Nic. J.A.8.B. vol. u1. p. 62, n. 172 (1882), Male. Wings above blue with strong violaceous reflections. Wings beneath greyish-brown ; anterior wings with two whitish narrow disco-cellular fascim at end of cell, beyond which are two similar fascim extending from third and fourth subcostal nervules to middle median nervule, and a similar pair placed beneath and between these two series, extending from second median nervule to near inner margin; a marginal and two submarginal narrow whitish fascim and a small spot between second and third subcostal nervules. Posterior wings irregularly crossed by six narrow, more or less broken and sometimes fused whitish fascim, and a marginal and two submarginal (the innermost broadest) fascie# of the same colour; a@ large black spot margined with ochraceous near anal angle, placed between the second and third median nervules, and a small streak of metallic bluish-green scales margined with black at anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, d, 35 to 39 millim. Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nie.) ; Darjeeling (coll. Dist.).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.). —Nicobar Islands; Pulo Milo (Felder)—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger Exped.—Brit. Mus.). This species was first described from specimens collected by Frauenfeld during the stay of the Novara Expedition at the Nicobar Islands. I have not received it myself from the Malay Peninsula, the figure being taken from an example in the British Museum, collected at Malacca by Capt. Pinwill. The female is also unknown to me. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 219 2. Nacaduba beroé. (Tab. XX., fig, 17¢, 162.) Tycana beroé, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 276, n. 840, t. 34, fig. 86 (1865), Lampides beroé, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 9 (1877). I have here figured two Malaccan specimens contained in the British Museum, and identified as belonging to Felder’s species by Mr. Butler. The following is the original diagnosis :— “9. Ale supra plumbeo-violacem, striga anteciliari nigro-fusca, subtus pallide cano-brunnes, fasciis binis macularibus fuscis, albo cinctis, connatis ante marginem, anticarum fascia subbasali, costam pertingente, macula subcostali, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, catenulari apud ramum medianum secundum fracta, posticarum fascia, basali, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque exteriore apud ramum medianum secundum contigua, antice bis fortiter—et postice fracta, catenulari fundi coloris, lateraliter fusco cinctis alboque marginatis, postics macula postica orbiculari, cireulo lutescente intus amplexa, extus arcu tenui metallico divisa maculisque binis analibus minutis, metallico lutescentique intus limbulatis atris.” Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 27 to 28 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Philippine Islands; Luzon (coll. Feld.). This species seems to be very closely allied to N. atrata,* Horsf. (nec. Cram.), and so again with the equally similar form described as N. prominens, Moore.{ Horsfield’s species, however, appears to be distinct by the colour pattern of the wings of the female “ transmitting a white patch on the disk.” 8. Nacaduba viola. (Tab. XX., fig. 24 3.) ; Lampides viola, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist, ser. 4, vol. xx. p. 840 (1877); Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 89, t. 38, f. 1, la, & (1881). Male. Wings above dark violet-blue, with a slender black marginal line and the fringe pale fuscous. Wings beneath greyish-brown; anterior wings erossed by the following narrow greyish fascie arranged in pairs, riz. :—two crossing cell and continued beneath it, two short and disco-cellular at end of cell, two between end of cell and apex of wing (the innermost terminating at central median nervule), and a pair situate between the last two series com- mencing at upper median nervule and continued to near abdominal margin, and a marginal and two submarginal narrow greyish fasciw. Posterior wings crossed very irregularly by about six narrow and broken fascim, as on anterior wings, and a narrow marginal and two much-waved similar submarginal fascim; a large black marginal spot margined with dark ochraceous and speckled with metallic greenish, between second and third median nervules, and a somewhat similarly coloured anal angular streak. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Female. This sex is figured by Mr. Moore in the ‘ Lepid. Ceyl.’, and described as “dark violet- brown, smalt-blue on middle of the forewing; hindwing with indistinet marginal row of pale-bordered black spots, the penultimate spot most distinct.” Fro. 60.—Nacaduba viola g . * Lycena atrata, Horef. “Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 78, n. 18, + Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xx. p. B41 (1877). { The figure here given is very unsatisfactory, if not quite misleading. At the time when the plate was executed I had not received the species from the Malay Peninsula, and was indebted to Mr. Moore for the loan of a Malacean specimen to e. This specimen was a much rubbed one, and hence our artist, in his effort to conscientiously pourtray the species, has rendered the upper surfare of the wings too strongly shaded with brown. Mr, Moore’s figures of the male in the ‘ Lep. Ceylon’ is equally unsatisfactory, not showing the markings beneath. I have therefore added a good woodcut. 220 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Exp. wings, 24 millim. Has.—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Moore).—Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.). There is a slight variation in this species in the exact correspondence or fracture of the narrow greyish fascis on the under surface of the wings, and it may be as well to state, once for all, that the systematist who expects to find rigidity of pattern in the Lycwnide—where such narrow and divergently arranged fascie exist—will be disappointed. this genus, and in several following genera, where a somewhat similarity of pattern prevails, such variability in the markings of the species will be found, whilst sometimes a slight alteration of the ground colour from greyish-brown to brownish-grey gives one an impression of dealing with seasonal variation in that respect. 4. Nacaduba aluta. (Tab. XX., fig. 14 ¢ and13 2.) Cupido aluta, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 849, t. 32, f. 8. Lampides aluta, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 647, n. 4 (1877). Nacaduba aluta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 417, n. 58 (1888). Of this species I have figured a male and female specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and now contained in the British Museum. I have since received a female example, but of the male can only give the description of Mr. Druce :— Male. ‘‘ Upperside dark layender-blue; outer margins brown." ‘Underside pale brown, both wings crossed by nine broken white lines; an orange spot at the anal angle, with a black centre.” Female. Wings above fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a discal patch of bluish scales, the outer margin darker; posterior wings with the posterior margin darker and inwardly margined with greyish, before which are a marginal row of dark spots placed between the nervules; fringe brownish ochraceous. Wings beneath somewhat bright ochraceous, with the markings as in the other sex, but with the marginal row of dark spots to the upper surface of the posterior wings distinct beneath ; the black spot near the anal angle with a few scattered greenish scales. Exp. wings, ? 20 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).— Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger Exped.—Brit. Mus.). The following two species appertain to the genus, but at present are not properly identified :— 5. Nacaduba almora? (Tab. XX., fig. 22.) Cupido almora, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 849, n. 14, t. $2, f. 7. Lampides almora? Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 5 (1877). This species was doubtfully inserted by Mr. Butler, in his paper on the Butterflies of Malacca, on the strength of a male specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill. The figure here given is taken from that specimen, and only partially agrees with Mr. Druce’s figure of the Bornean type, as will be understood by the original description here given :— RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 221 “Upperside pale brownish blue, with two black spots at the anal angle, and a narrow black line round the outer margin of posterior wing.” “Underside very pale brown, streaked and mottled with white. Black spots as above.” Exp. wings, ‘114 inch.” Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Druce). 6. Nacaduba sp.? (Tab. XXL, fig. 7 2.) I have received three female specimens of this species, all more or less varying in the markings beneath, and as I am still without the other sex I refrain from precise identification for the present. It is clearly somewhat closely allied to the N. kankena, Feld.* ; Genus EVERES. Everes, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 69 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 85 (1881), Everes is closely allied to the two preceding genera. From Castalius, although so different in colour and markings, it is really only structurally differentiated by the length of the costal nervure; whilst from Nacaduba, to which it is more superficially allied, the position of the first subcostal nervule is alone sufficient to distinguish it. The extent of this genus is at present undetermined, and therefore we can only say that its area embraces (but is probably not confined to) Southern and Central Europe, and eastward throughout the Oriental region. 1. Everes parrhasius. Hesperia Parrhasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iti. p. 289, n. 108 (1798). Papilio Parrhasius, Donoy. Ins. Ind. t. 45, f. 6 (1800), Iycana Parrhasius, Horsf. Cat. Lep. B.1.C. p. 86, n. 20 (1829). Lampides Parrhasius, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 12 (1869); Wood- Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5.B. vol. wu. p. 284, n. 83 (1881); ibid. p. 58 n. 58 (1881). Cupido Parrhasius, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 19, n. 85 (1878). Everes Parrhasius, Moore, Lep,. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 85, t. 36, f. 7 (1881). Fie. 60.—Everes parrhasius, J . Male. Wings above violet-blue; anterior wings with the outer margin broadly dark fuscous, the costal margin narrowly of the same colour; posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins somewhat broadly dark fuscous, with two large and prominent marginal black spots inwardly bordered with reddish ochraceous outwardly with greyish and placed between the median nervules, a much more obscure spot between the upper median and the discoidal nervules, and a black macular streak bordered with greyish at anal angle; fringe of both wings fuscous tipped with grey; tail-like appendage black, with the apex greyish-white. Wings beneath creamy-grey; anterior wings with a slight and faint tawny tinge along the costal margin and at apex, and with the following brownish linear spots, margined with pale greyish :—one disco-cellular at end of cell, a series of five or six almost continuous crossing disk a little beyond middle, and two submarginal and connected series, extreme margin dark brownish, fringe brownish, tipped with grey; posterior wings with four prominent black spots (two on costal margin, one * Lycana Kankena, Feld. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. xii. p. 481, n. 106 (1862); Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 270, n. 831, t. 34, f. 87 (1865). June 30, 1884. 31 222 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. in cell, and one on abdominal margin), and the following brownish linear spots margined as on anterior wings :—one disco-cellular, a series of six crossing disk beyond middle, and of which the central four are nearly continuous, two submarginal and connected series, which beyond the discoidal nervule are merged in three very large and contiguous reddish ochraceous spots, each containing a smaller pyramidal black spot on which are a few metallic-green scales, and two small transverse linear black spots at anal angle; extreme margin and fringe as on anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with winys. Female. Wings above paler and more obscure violaceous-blue; anterior wings with very broad fuscous costal and outer margins; posterior wings with a very broad fuscous costal margin, and with a distinct marginal row of black spots margined with greyish, the two spots separated by the median nervules inwardly margined with reddish ochraceous. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 24 to 30 millim. Haz.—Continental India; Sikkim (Calcutta Mus.); N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.).—Ceylon (Thwaites— coll. Dist.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs— eoll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—eoll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.).—Celebes (Snellen). I did not receive this species in time to have it lithographed with the other members of the family, but the woodcut will be quite sufficient—if the description is also consulted—to at once determine this well-marked Lycenid. Its geographical range is doubtless far wider than I have been at present able to determine. Genus JAMIDES. Jamides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p, 86 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin moderately convex, the apex obtusely acute, outer margin obliquely eonvex, inner margin slightly concavely sinuate; costal nervure somewhat abruptly directed to costa at about its centre; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell, angulated and impinging on costal nervure at a short distance from its apex, second emitted at about one-third before end of cell, third nearer to end of cell than to base of second, third and fourth bifureating almost midway between end of cell and apex of wing; cell extending to about half the length of wing; lower median nervule emitted a little beyond middle of median nervure. Posterior wings subovate, posterior margin provided with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; cell short and broad, second median nervule emitted just before the end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint robust and hirsute, projecting half way beyond the head, apical joint slender, about half the length of second; legs moderately robust; antenn# with a well-formed and curved club. This genus is, according to present knowledge, only represented by one species in the Malay Peninsula, and as Jamides is apparently a small genus we cannot expect to find many more members of it in this fauna, 1. Jamides bochus, var. (Tab. XXI., fig. 19 ¢, 16 2.) Papilio Bochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. t. 891, C, D (1782). Hesperia Democritus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 286, n. 94 (1798). Hesperia Plato, Fabr. Ent, Byst, ii. p. 288, n, 103 (1793). Jamides Bochus, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 71 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 86, t. 86, f. 8, 84 (1881), Lycena Nila, Horsf. Cat. Lep. B. 1.0. p, 78 (1829). Lampides Plato, Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 166, n. 18, t. 2, f£. 8 (1869), Lampides Democritus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 167, n. 19 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 667, n. 18. Lampides plato, var. nicobaricus, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.8. B. vol. u. p, 284, n. 84 (1881). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 228 Male. Wings above bright metallic-blue; anterior wings (excepting a basal space occupying the lower half of wing beneath cell, and not extending beyond extremity of cell) black; posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins black, and with some indistinct anal-angular spots. Wings beneath pale brownish; anterior wings crossed on outer half by two series of greyish linear fascim, which terminate near the upper median nervule, and are then continued by a third series which commences between them and terminates near inner margin, and with a marginal and two submarginal series of greyish linear fasciw. Posterior wings with two series of irregular and broken greyish linear fascia, which are apparently arranged in subbasal and diseal series; a third series beyond disk, two submarginal waved linear fascim and a narrow marginal fascia of the same colour; a large black marginal spot bordered with reddish-ochraceous between the first and second median nervules and a smaller spot of the same colour irrorated with bluish scales at anal angle. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above bright but non-metallic blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins broadly (broadest at apex) blackish; posterior wings with the costal and abdominal margins fuscous, the posterior margin narrowly black, with two submarginal waved fuscous linear fascim, and a large marginal black spot inwardly bordered with bluish between second and third median nervules. Wings beneath paler in hue, but marked as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 22 to 27 millim.; ¢, 28 to 32 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bombay, Sikkim, Calcutta (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri, Kamorta, Trinkut, Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Formosa (Brit. Mus.}. This is a variable species, especially in the male sex. The male specimen here described and figured differs from the typical form of the species in the greater amount of melanism, or increase of the black coloration to the anterior wings; whilst the variety nicobaricus, described . by Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, varies contrariwise by the greater extent of the blue area. Only one male specimen having been collected it will remain to be discovered whether this varietal male form is of a constant or local character in the Malay Peninsula, as the females are indistinguishable from Ceylonese examples.* Genus CATOCHRYSOPS. Catochrysops, Boisduval, Voy. Astrolabe, Lep. p, 87 (1882); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 90 (1881), Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin moderately arched, outer margin convex, inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervyule emitted about middle of cell, impinging on and slightly touching the costal nervure, second emitted nearer to base of first than from base of third, third and fourth bifureating at about two-thirds the length of third; cell extending to about half the length of wing; lower median nervule emitted near middle of cell, the two upper somewhat close together. Posterior wings subovate, costal margin strongly arched at base and then oblique to apex, posterior margin convexly * The variation in one sex of this species is of a very perplexing character, if we endeavour to bring any of the modern explanations to bear upon the point. Thus in the Nicobars a pale variety appears to have become representative, whilst in the island of Ceylon the species agrees with the form found in Continental India, so that insular causes cannot be the sole factor. In the Malay Peninsula a melanic change has ensued, but again only in the male sex. Whether this may be due to “ Phytophagic” variation, or the effects consequent upon a change of food-plant in the larval condition, as proposed by Mr. B. D. Walsh (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. vol. ili. pp. 4083—430), is at least an interesting conjecture, and one to be solved by the local i eee sag That species do vary and assume local forms must be to the knowledge of every naturalist xc has worked at a widely distributed group, and the erection of new specific names founded more upon the separation of locality than the difference of character, threatens in the near future to become one of the greatest hindrances to the philosophical study of Entomology. Mr. Wollaston has pointed out how the Maderian specimens of Lycena phleas, Linn., “‘ are invariably darker and more suffused than the English ones” (‘(n the Variation of Species,’ p. 34). 224 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, rounded, with a single slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; costal nervure strongly arched and extending to near apex, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before the end of cell; first and second median neryules with an apparently common origin at end of cell, third from about centre of cell. Palpi porreet, second joint broadly squamose, third joint long and slender. Antenns with a well-formed apical club which is excavated beneath. This genus is widely distributed: from Continental India, it extends throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and has been generally found among the islands of the Southern Seas. At present only three species can be here enumerated. 1. Catochrysops strabo. (Tab. XXL, fig. 8¢, 142.) Hesperia Strabo, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 287, n. 101 (1793). Polyommatus Strabo, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 656, n. 184 (1628). Lycena Kandarpa, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I. 0. p. 82, n. 17 (1829). Catochrysops Strabo, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 88 (1832); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 91, t. 87, f.2, 2a (1881). Lampides Strabo, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 14 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 667, n. 12; Wood- Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5. B. vol. u. p. 234, n. 82 (1881); ibid., p. 248, n. 68 (1881). Cupido Strabo, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, n. 8; Snell, Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 18, n. 82 (1878). Iyecena Strabo, Bnell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 46 (1876). Male. Wings above pale lavender-blue, the outer margins narrowly dark fuscous, the fringe pale fuscous, with the tips greyish-white; posterior wings with a large black marginal spot between the second and third median nervules, a narrow transverse black streak bordered with greyish at anal angle, the abdominal margin bluish-grey, the tail-like appendage black with the apex white. Wings beneath very pale greyish-brown, with the following linear greyish-white fasci# arranged in pairs :—anterior with two disco-cellular at end of cell, two extending from fourth subcostal nervule to middle median nervule, beneath which, contiguous to their inner margin, are two extending to inner margin, and a marginal and two submarginal somewhat waved linear fasciw of the same colour; posterior wings with two at end of cell, two very irregularly waved and broken crossing wing beyond middle, and marginal and waved submarginal fascism, two small greyish margined spots near base, one in cell and one beneath median nervure, a large black marginal spot, containing a few scattered greenish scales and inwardly and broadly margined with ochraceous between second and third median nervules, some transverse black spots also inwardly margined with ochraceous at anal angle, and with two blackish spots margined with greyish beneath the costal nervure. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above pale brownish; anterior wings with the disk more or less bright violaceous- blue, beyond which there are indications of a double submarginal series of waved and broken greyish linear fascie, becoming quite obsolete towards apex; posterior wings with a distinct double submarginal series of waved and broken greyish linear fasciw, with a large marginal black spot inwardly and very broadly margined with ochraceous situate between the second and third median neryules, and a series of more of less distinct dark marginal spots. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 26 to 82 millim. Han.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.),— Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.).—Nicobar Islands; Nankowri, Trinkut, Kamorta, Takoin (Wood- Mas. & de Nic.).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) —Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java ; Batavia (Snell.).—Celebes (Snell. & coll. Dist.).—Philippine Islands; Mindanao (Challenger Exp.—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Formosa (Brit. Mus.). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 225 This widely distributed species seems little affected by modifying agencies, as it appears quite constant in form and colour, though the figure given by Mr. Moore as of a Ceylonese female specimen* is certainly brighter and dissimilar to any examples that have passed through my hands. The same author has also described, under the name of C. lithargyria, a closely allied form or species from Ceylon, which I have also received from that island, but at present from no other locality. 2. Catochrysops cnejus. (Tab. XXI., fig. 2¢.) Hesperia Cnejus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 480 (1798). Polijommatus Cnejus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 657, n. 135 (1828). Lycena Cnejis, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 83, n.18 (1829); Herr.-Sehiiff. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1869, t. 4, f. 18; Ex. Sehmett. u. f. 120 (1869). Tyeana Patala, Koll. Hig. Kaschm. iy. 2, p. 419 (1848). Lycena Samoa, Herr.-Schiff, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1569, p. 78, n. 80, Lampides Cnejus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 165, n. 18 (1869); Wood-Mas, & de Nic. J.A.8,B. vol... p, 285, n. 86 (1881), Cupido Cnejus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 348, n. 7. Catochrysops Cnaus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 92 (1881); Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1881, p. 605, n. 15. Lampides patala, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 1 (1877). Male. Closely allied to C. strabo, but more violaceous above, with the bases of the wings bluish, and the posterior wings with two marginal black spots inwardly bordered with ochraceous situate on each side of the lower median nervule. Wings beneath also closely resembling those of C. strabe, but the ground colour slightly darker, the markings narrower, and the colour between the greyish linear fascia distinetly darker and pale brownish; anterior wings with an almost continuous series from fourth subcostal nervule to inner margin, and not broken at middle median nervule as in C, strabo; posterior wings also differing from that species in having a third black spot margined with greyish in cell, a fourth smaller and less distinct on abdominal margin and in having two large black spots contaiming a few scattered greenish seales inwardly margined with ochraceous at anal angle, separated by the third median nervyule. Female. I have not seen this sex. Mr. Moore describes (but not figures) it as follows :—“ violet- brown, with the lower basal and discal areas pale blue; hind wings with a bluish white-bordered black row of marginal spots, and an inner row of white lunules, the two anal spots red-bordered.” + Exp. wings, ¢, 28 to 30 millim. Han.—Continental India; Kurrachee (Swinhoe—Brit. Mus.) ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore). —Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Horsf.).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). This does not appear to be an abundant species in the Malay Peninsula, as a single specimen captured by myself in Province Wellesley is the only example I have seen from that habitat, with the exception of that contained in the collection made by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca. 3. Catochrysops pandava. (Tab. XXI., fig.17 2.) Lyeana Pandava, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C, p. 84, n. 19 (1829). Catochrysops Pandava, Moore, Lep, Oeyl. vol, i. p. 92, t. 87, f, 1, 1a, b (1881). Male. Wings above bright lavender-blue; anterior wings with the outer margin fuscous; posterior wings with the costal margin fuscous, outer margin with a series of blackish spots placed between the * Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. t. 87, f. 2a, + Ibid. vol. i. p. 92. Junge 50, 1884. 8 M 226 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. nervules, between which and the narrow black margin is a slightly undulating white line, tail-like appendages * blackish, with their apices white; fringe of both wings fuscous, the tips greyish-white. Wings beneath pale greyish-brown, with the following narrow greyish-white linear fascie arranged in pairs, and between which the colour is distinctly darker:—anterior wings with two disco-cellular at end of cell, followed outwardly by two crossing wing from near fourth subcostal nervule, which are abruptly broken and deflected inwardly beneath both the middle and lower median nervules, two broad submarginal and one narrow marginal; posterior wings with two disco-cellular at end of cell, two crossing wing broken and deflected at the lower subcostal and median nervules, two lunulated and submarginal and one straight marginal, the last coalescing with the outer submarginal and thus enclosing a series of dark spots, a large black marginal spot with a few greenish scales between the second and third median nervules and some smaller spots of the same colour at anal angle; these spots inwardly margined with reddish-ochraceous, which colour is also slightly continued between the first and second median nervules, five black spots surrounded with greyish-white, situate two between the costal nervure, one in cell, one between the bases of the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and one (smaller) near base of abdominal margin. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. I do not at present know this sex. Mr. Moore has thus deseribed+ a female Ceylonese specimen :—“ violet-brown, with the lower basal and discal areas glossy lavender-blue; hind wing with a marginal row of white-bordered black spots, and bluish-white inner lunular line, the penultimate spot red-bordered.” Exp. wings, ¢, 80 millim, Hazn.— Continental India; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.)—Ceylon (Thwaites).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Bantam (coll. Dist.). The larva is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lep. Ceyl.,’{ from a drawing of the Bros. de Alwis, and is thus described :§—‘ Larva onisciform; greenish or violet-brown above, with a dorsal darker brown line and white spots, and a yellow lateral line.” * Pupa violet-brown, thick, head truncate.” * Feeds on Cycadacee || (Thwaites),”’ Genus LAMPIDES. Lampides, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 70 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 94 (1881). This genus is closely allied to Catochrysops, and only or principally differs in having the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings emitted beyond the middle of the cell; the third and fourth subcostal nervules bifureating about midway between the end of cell and apex of wing. In Lampides, also, the first subcostal nervule is well removed from the costal nervure at its base, and is then suddenly and somewhat broadly connected with that nervure by a transverse spur. This is a widely distributed genus, its area probably conterminable with that of Catochrysops. 1, Lampides elpis. (Tab. XXL, fig. 252 and 26?¢, Polyommatus Flpis, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 654, n. 125 (1823), Lycena Elpis, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 76, n.11, t. 1, f. 4 (1828); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.0. p. 24, mn. 18 (1857); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 44 (1876). Lampides elpis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 833; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 95, t. 88, f. 4, 4a (1881); Wood- Mas. & de Nie. J.A.8.B. vol. xlix. p. 280, n, 88 (1880); de Nic. ibid. vol. uv. p. 52, n. 44 (1881). * Mutilated in the specimen figured. + Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 92. j T. 87, £16. § Vol. i. p. 92. || Mr. Grant Allen considers the cycads, ‘ whose inflorescence is the very simplest of all known flowering plants," as a good example of the existing Gymnosperms, which ‘may be regarded as living survivors of » great class, once dominant, but now nearly extinct; and their flowers probably still preserve for us the original type of all blossoms, very slightly altered by time and circumstances" (‘The Colours of Flowers,’ p. 6). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 227 Male. Wings above bright shining azure-blue, through which the pale markings beneath are faintly visible; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer margin more broadly fuscous ; fringe fuscous, the extreme tips paler; posterior wings with the costal area pale fuscous; posterior margin with a very pale fuscous and slightly waved submarginal linear fascia and a marginal row of fnuscous spots placed between the nervules, and outwardly followed by a whitish line, the spot at anal angle linear and transverse, extreme outer margin fuscous, and fringe as on anterior wings. Wings beneath greyish-brown, crossed by the following series of whitish linear fasci® arranged in pairs; anterior wings with two commencing near upper end of cell and terminating on submedian nervure, outwardly followed by two commencing a little beneath costa and terminating the inner one on middle median nervule and the outer one on upper median nervule, and two submarginal and one marginal; posterior wings with the disk crossed by three pairs more or less broken, and two waved submarginal and one marginal, these last broken between second and third median nervules by a Jarge black marginal spot inwardly bordered with ochraceous, a linear spot at anal angle as above also slightly inwardly margined with ochraceous; extreme outer margin of wings fuscous; body above more or less concolorous with wings, lateral margins of abdomen greyish-brown, with the segmental incisures greyish-white; body beneath greyish-white; legs fuscous, more or less annulated with greyish, femora beneath wholly greyish. Female. Wings above paler than in the male, with the costal and outer margin (especially at apex) of anterior wings broadly fuscous; the posterior wings with the outer marginal fascim and spots larger and more distinct. Wings beneath as in male, but with the ochraceous bordering of the anal and subanal spots larger and more diffused. Exp. wings, 3 30 to 84 millim.; ¢ 29 to 85 millim. Has.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nicéville).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim; Ahsoun, Meetan (Limborg—coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—ceoll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen).— Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—ecoll. Dist.). Var. pseudelpis. (Tab. XX., fig. 27 4, and 28 2.) Lampides pseudelpis, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc, ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 9, t. 68, f. 7, 8 (1878); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 95 (1881). I cannot look upon this proposed species as exhibiting anything but a varietal character or form of L. elpis. The figures I here give are copied from those of Mr. Butler, which I think are in some respects inexact, as the female should exhibit a fuscous costal margin, whilst the ground colour of the wings is too green in hue. I have formed this opinion from specimens which I have received since the figures were copied, and I add Mr. Butler’s description, which lends reasonableness to the view :— “Nearly allied to DL. elpis, which it resembles above; below, however, with the white transverse bands narrower, irregular and broken up, the ground colour more distinctly bluish opaline, and the large submarginal black spot of secondaries less broadly encireled by ochreous.” Exp. wings, “1 inch 6 lines.”’ Har.—Ceylon (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java ; Bantam (Forbes—coll. Dist.). Mr. de Nicéville has observed this species in Sikkim, and found that ‘‘on the wing it presents a very curious appearance on account of its alternately opening and shutting its wings, the contrast between the brilliant metallic-blue of the upper surface and the dark dull under- side being very great.” * * Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. u. p. 52. 228 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 2. Lampides zlianus. (Tab. XXL, fig.18¢, and XXIL, fig. 192, var.) Hesperia Allianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 280, n. 79 (1798). Polyommatus Avlianus, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 654, n. 128 (1828). Lycena ASlianus, Horaf. Cat, Lep. E.1.C. p,. 73, n. 9 (1828), Lampides AGlianus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 166, n. 16 (1869); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 888; Lep- Oeyl. vol. i. p. 94, t. 88, f. 8, Bab (1881); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5.B. vol. xlix. p. 229, n. 87 (1880); ibid. vol. n. p. 284, n. 80 (1881). Papilio alexis, Stoll (nee Scop.) Suppl. Oram. t. 38, f. 8, 8C (1790). Iaecana alexis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 25, n, 20 (1867). Male. Closely allied to L. elpis, but differing principally in the following particulars :—the azure-blue coloration above is paler in hue, and the submarginal fasciw and spots to the posterior wings are much fainter and sometimes almost obsolete; the wings beneath are greyish-brown (varying in depth of hue), and the greyish-white linear fascim are arranged generally as in C. elpis, but differing in the following respects :—on anterior wings the pair crossing disk near end of cell are more or less regularly continued above cell to near costa, and the outer one terminates near base of first median nervule, the next pair commencing near costa are more continuous, the inner one continued to inner margin, the outer terminating at second median nervule. Posterior wings similarly marked as those of C. elpis. Female. Above resembling the corresponding sex of C. elpis, but paler in hue, the apex of the anterior wings rather more broadly fuseous, but with the costal margin not, or very obsoletely infuscated. Markings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 30 to 36 millim. Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—coll. Moore); Pulni (Robin.—coll. Dist.).— Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta, Trinkut, Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Burma; Moulmein (Moore).—Tenasserim ; Meetan (Limborg— coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Simgapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Bantam (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Titnor Laut (Forbes—Brit. Mus.). Var. a. agnata. Cupido agnata, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 106, t. 16, f. 2-4 (1874). Lampides agnata, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 647, n. 8 (1877). This proposed species, judging from Mr. Druce’s figures, appears to be a variety of L. elianus, differing from the typical form on the underside of the anterior wings, by the arrangement of the greyish linear fascim, of which the innermost of the first and second pairs appear to be—beneath the cellular area—more irregularly deflected and waved. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce). Var. b. Resembling typical form of the species, but differing principally in the darker—more plumbeous— ground colour of the wings beneath and in the male above by the narrower (though very variable in this respect) fuscous margin to the anterior wings. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.). Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.), Borneo ; A strong argument—if one were needed—for the varietal character of this species may be found in a cursory glance at the recorded habitats of the forms a and b referred to above, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 229 both of which are found in the same locality as that which we understand as the typical form of L. celianus. Mr. Biggs writes that in Malacca this species is “found in numbers under the shade of tall thick-foliaged forest trees.”’ * The larva and pupa, as found in Java, have been figured from the drawings of Dr. Hors- field,+ and we are likewise indebted to the Bros. de Alwis for drawings of the same as observed in Ceylon.{ The last are thus described :—‘ Larva onisciform; green or violet-brown, with a dark dorsal and lateral black lines. Pupa pale violet-brown.”§ According to Dr. Horsfield, the larva ‘‘feeds on the Butea frondosa,|| and was observed in the month of February in Java.” { 3. Lampides kankena. (Tab. XX., fig. 18 ¢, and 11%.) Lycena Kankena, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges, xii, p. 481, n. 106 (1862)); Reise Noy. Lep. ii. p. 270, n. 831, t. 34, f. 87 (1865). Lampides Kankena, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 688; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5.B. vol... p. 285, n. 38 (1881). Lampides Kankena? Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 547, n. 10 (1877). Cupido Certea, Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. $49, n. 18, t. 82, £ 6. Lampides Cerulea, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 547, n. 7 (1877). Male. Wings above dark, shining, azure-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer margin (especially at apex) rather more broadly blackish; posterior wings with the outer margin narrowly blackish, and with two transverse black lines outwardly margined with whitish at anal angle; tail-like appendage black, with the apex white. Wings beneath dark greyish-brown, with a plumbeous tinge, and crossed by the following greyish-white linear fasci# arranged in pairs :—anterior wings with two crossing end of cell and then dislocated and extending to inner margin, followed by two, likewise dislocated, commencing near costa, and terminating at upper median nervule, continued by a short, single intermediate one reaching the central median nervule, two submarginal and one marginal; posterior wings with three pairs more or less dislocated, two waved submarginal and one marginal; a large black marginal spot containing a few scattered bluish scales and inwardly broadly surrounded with ochraceous situate between second and third median nervules, and at anal angle a black transverse angulated streak, margined with greyish-white and inwardly bordered by a few bluish scales and a small ochraceous spot. Body above with the thorax more or less concolorous with wings, the abdomen greyish-brown, with the lateral segmental incisures greyish-white; body beneath greyish-white; legs fuscous, more or less annulated with greyish, the femora wholly greyish beneath. Female. Wings above with the blue coloration less resplendent, the anterior wings with the apex and outer margin more broadly blackish; posterior wings with a marginal row of blackish spots bordered with greyish, placed between the nervules, that at anal angle transversely linear and angulated. Wings beneath as in male, the ochraceous margining of the subanal spot larger and more diffused. Exp. wings, ¢ & 3, 25 to 82 millim. Han.—Nicobar Islands; Kar Nicobar (Felder).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Biges—coll. Dist.). —Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.) —Borneo (Druce). * *Month. Packet,’ vol. ii. p. 191 (1881). + Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E. 1. C. vol. i, t.1, f.1, La, {| Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. t. 88, f. 36. § Ibid. p. 95. The “dhak tree,” which in Northern India affords a tannin substance from its inner bark, a yellow dye from its flowers, whilst the lac insects deposit “lurid red tears" on its twigs. {| Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1,C. vol. i. p, 25, June 80, 1884, 3N 230 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. I have here figured two specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, the male of which was recorded as L. cerulea and the female as L, kankena? by Mr. Butler. I have since received a small series of specimens which place their sexual relationship and conspecific character beyond doubt. It is singular that though Felder described the species as from Kar Nicobar, Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville,—who have obtained large and rich collections from the Nicobar Islands,—in their last enumeration of that Rhopalocerous fauna, prefix to the name of this species the sign that denotes a ‘recorded species of which we have not as yet received specimens.” * 4. Lampides sp. (Tab. XXLI., fig. 242.) Of this species I possess only one male specimen, and I refrain at present from either precise identification or description. It is allied to L. kankena, especially by the markings beneath, but is a much larger insect, and the colour above is considerably paler in hue. More specimens, and the knowledge of the female sex, are necessary for its proper determination. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Dist.). Genus POLYOMMATUS. Polyommatus, Latreille, Sonnerat's Buffon, xiv. p. 116 (1805); Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. p. 206 (1807); Beudd. Proc, Am. Ac. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 258, n. 888 (1875); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 93 (1881). Polyommatus is easily separated from all the preceding genera of this division, as here enumerated, by the character of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings, which, emitted a little beyond middle of cell, is continued free to costa, and is not anastomosed with, nor impinges on, the costal nervure; the second subcostal nervule is emitted nearer to base of third than to base of first, the third and fourth bifureating at about half the length of third. The other characters approximate somewhat closely to Catochrysops and Lampides. The almost universal distribution of this genus throughout the Old World is sufficiently shown by the habitats of the only species found in our fauna, and here enumerated. I have followed Mr. Scudder in his ruling as to the proper use and limit of this old generic name, a position already accepted by Messrs. Moore, Butler, de Nicéville, and other workers at Eastern Rhopalocera. 1. Polyommatus beticus. (Tab. XX., fig.83, 12.) Papilio Beticus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 789, n. 226 (1767); Esp. Schmett. i. 1, t. 27, f. 8a, 4 (1778); i, 2, t. 91, f. 8 (1784); Hiibn. Eur, Schmett. i. f. 873—875 (1798—1803), Polyommatus baticus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 658, n. 122 (1828); Moore, Lep. Oeyl. i. p. 98 (1881), Lycana Betica, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1. 0. p. 80, n. 14 (1828); Mill. Ann. Soc. Lyon. 1861, p. 229, t. 4, f. 1—6; Trim. Rhop. Afr. Austr. ii. p., 286, n. 188 (1866); Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887. Lycana Beticus, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 152, n. 45 (1876); Mab. Bull. Soe. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 215. Lampides Baticus, Butl, Cat. Fabr, Lep. p, 165, n. 11 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 647, n. 6 (1877). * J. A.5.B. vol. li. pt. 11, pp. 17 & 20 (1882). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 231 Lampides Batica, Walk. Ent. vol. y. p. 52, n. 42 (1870); Newm. Brit. Butt. p. 117, f. 89 (1874). Cupido betieus, Auriv. Ofy. Vet.-Ak. Férh, 1879, no. 7, p. 44; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 2 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 28, n. 90 (1878). Papilio Colutee, Fuessly, Schweiz. Ins. p. 31, n. 594, f. 2, 2 (1775). Papilio Pisorum, Fourer, Ent. Paris. ii. p. 242, n. 25 (1785). Male. Wings above pale violaceous; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly and the outer margin more broadly pale fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins pale fuscous, a large black marginal spot between second and third median nervules, and two contiguous smaller black spots at anal angle. Wings beneath pale brownish-ochraceous, with the following linear brownish fascie margined with greyish :—anterior wings with two crossing centre and two near end of cell, two (considerably fractured), crossing wing between end of cell and outer margin, commencing near the fourth subcostal nervule and terminating at submedian nervure, two submarginal (the innermost broadest), and the outer margin narrowly pale fuscous; posterior wings crossed from base to beyond middle with about eight linear fascize as on anterior wings (more or less fused and broken), followed by a distinct and somewhat broad greyish fascia, and with two submargina] linear brownish fasci#; two large marginal spots containing a few scattered greenish scales and inwardly margined with pale reddish ochraceous, separated by the lower median nervule; outer margin narrowly fuscous; fringe of both wings pale brownish, the tips greyish-white. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish-white; legs more or less streaked with brownish. Female. Wings above pale brownish; anterior wings with a discal bluish patch; posterior wings with two outer greyish submarginal fasciw, the innermost broadest; black anal angular spots as in male, distinctly margined with greyish ; wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 30 to 38 millim. Has.—Europe, generally south of the Alps.*— Madeira (Brit. Mus.).— Teneriffe (Brit. Mus.).— St. Helena (Trimen).—Egypt (Lord—Walk.).—Congo (Mabille).—Southern Africa (Trimen).— Damara Land (Aurivillius).—Delagoa Bay (Monteiro—coll. Dist.)—Madagascar (‘Trimen).— Mauritius (Trimen).—Arabia (Lord—Walk.).—Candahar (Roberts—Brit. Mus.).—Continental India; Kurrachee (Swinhoe—Brit. Mus.) ; Pulni (Robinson—coll. Dist.); Sikkim (de Nicéville)—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula ; Penang (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen); Bantam (coll. Dist.).—Celebes (Snellen).—Ceram (Brit. Mus.).— Aru (Brit. Mus.).— Duke York Island (Brown—coll. Godm. & Salvy.)— Australia; Melbourne (Butler).—Shanghai (Elwes); Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.).—Japan (Elwes). In Europe the food-plant of the larva of this widely distributed species is the “ bladder senna’ (Colutea arborescens), a hardy. plant reported to even grow on the ascent to the crater of Vesuvius. In Mauritius Mr. Trimen found the butterfly “almost confined to gardens, where it kept about the cultivated pea.” } According to Mr. Elwes this insect, although found in Japan and at Shanghai, is not known in Amurland,} and it seems little affected by local conditions as modifying agencies in colour markings, though M. Mabille writes of the species as found in the Congo district of West Africa :—‘‘ Il est un peu plus sombre que les individus d’Europe, en méme temps plus bleu, et ses ailes sont bien plus minces.” § * This species has occasionally been captured in England, and is not altogether confined to Southern Europe. + Trans. Ent. Soc, ser. 8, vol. v. p. 887 (1866). This butterfly seems to follow the introduction of agriculture. Dr. Hors- field states that his Javanese specimens were “collected chiefly in the cultivated districts.” It is also dependent on the seasonal method of cultivation, for as Mr. Newman observed in England, “it only occurs in our pea-fields now and then, but its existence must be very precarious, because the egg would, in all probability, perish with the pea-haulm, which is rarely kept through the spring and summer" (Brit. Butt. p. 118). } Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 887. § Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 215. 282 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus LYCAUSNESTHES. Lycenesthes, Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 773; Lepid. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 87 (1881). Anterior wings broad, costal margin slightly arched at base, oblique to near apex (which is subacute), outer and inner margins nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of costal margin, first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, second and third somewhat close together a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about half the length of third; cell extending to more than half the length of the wing; the three median nervules emitted near end of cell, the bases of the first and second much closer together than the bases of the second and third. Posterior wings subovate, somewhat elongate towards anal angle, the outer margin obliquely convex, with two short delicate cilial tail-like appendages situate respectively at apices of lower median nervule and submedian nervure. First subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before the end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell, the third at about middle of cell. Body robust; palpi projecting nearly half their length beyond the head, the apical joint slender, about half the length of the second; legs slender; anterior tibiw very finely spined beneath. The geographical distribution of this genus cannot be estimated in our present ignorance of even all the described species which belong to it. The African Lycenide also require to be carefully worked out before we can say that many of these genera are even confined to the Oriental region. , 1. Lyczenesthes lycenina. (Tab. XXL., fig. 32.) Lycamesthes lycanina, Felder, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1868, p. 281; Moore, Lepid. Ceyl. i. p. 87, t. 35, f. 8, 8a (1881), Male. Wings above lavender-blue, the margins narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath greyish-brown, crossed by the following pale greyish linear fascie :—anterior wings with two diseo-cellular at end of cell, followed by two also terminating at the upper median nervule, two extending from near the base of upper median nervule to submedian nervure, a single one between the first and second median nervules, and two somewhat waved submarginal; posterior wings with about eight arranged in pairs, the basal pair not extending above middle of cell, the two following from near base of lower subcostal nervule to near abdominal margin, the third pair very short and bounded by the costal nervure and the lower subcostal nervule, and the fourth pair situate between the lower subcostal nervule and the middle median nervule, and two much angulated submarginal fascim; a small brown spot margined with greyish beneath and at a short distance from base of costal nervure, and a similar spot near base of abdominal margin,* a black submarginal spot with a few bluish scales and inwardly margined with ochraceous situate between the second and third median nervules and a narrow transverse dark streak at anal angle. Body both above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Female.—Unknown to the writer. Mr. Moore deseribes it+ as ‘ violet-brown; basal area suffused with blue; marginal anal spots more distinet.” Has.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). Although I have somewhat minutely described the arrangement of the greyish linear fascie on the under surface of the posterior wings belonging to a male specimen, such * These spots have been unfortunately omitted by the artist; the specimen figured—the only one, then, received from the Malay Peninsula—being in very bad condition. + Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 87. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 233 description must not be taken to imply that these markings are of a constant and invariable character, as in the small series now before me there is slight but unmistakable divergence in that respect. Group APHNARIA. Aphnaria, Distant, antea, p. 196. I propose under the above name to group together a very large number of genera, comprising some of the largest species in the family. It is in this group also that the posterior wings attain the greatest amount of caudate elongation. JI have used the number of these tail-like appendages as an assistant factor in the artificial key to the genera which here follows, but in so doing have only recognised them when they are distinctly developed. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. Posterior wings with three slender tail-like appendages. A. Anterior wings with three subcostal nervules. ¢. Tail-like appendages short and slender, hb, sii jhe of posterior wings extending to near apex 5 —s . of wing. - - . - - - - - - CaATAPASCILMA. ZA aa. Tail-like appendages longer and more robust. bb, Costal nervure of posterior wings not reaching apex of wing. = - : : E = - > - Drupapta. AA, Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules. e. Tail-like appendages moderately long and robust. Fic, 07,—Anterior wing of Cata- pecilma elegans, showing sub- costal nervules. = d. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at La about centre of cell. - - - - - - - Brpvanpa.* % cc. Tail-like appendages short and slender. Pra, 68:—Posterioe wing. of Drie dd. First subeostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond padia moorei, showing position centre of cell. - = : > : . - - SemanGa.t of costal nervure. 2. Posterior wings with two slender tail-like appendages. b. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules. - : - Dacanana. BB. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules. : Go ¢e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosed with a costal nervure. - - : - - - . - JACOONA. | Fio.6i).—AnteriorwingofSemanga © _Eirst subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anastomosed superba, showing, position of with costal nervure. se eet ea pa J. Costal nervure of posterior wings extending to, or near to, apex of wing. q. Costal nervure of anterior wings terminating on costa Pas nearly opposite end of cell. : h. Tail-like appendages moderately short and slender. is. 0, Ahan eine ch Daan: i. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted mag °F? vider chic wiser iabenesal at about two-thirds the distance between base of nervules. third and apex of wing. - - : - - SPINDASIS. it. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted about midway between base of third and apex of wing. - - - . : - - Tasunta. * Gen. nov. type Myrina theemia, Hew. + Gen. nov. type Ilerda ! superba, Druce, t Gen. nov. type Myrina anasuja, Feld. Aueust, 1884, 30 234 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, hk. Tail-like appendages consisting of an outer long and robust, and an inner short, broad, and lobular. - Brypamara. gq. Costal nervure of anterior wings terminating on costa LZ - considerably before end of cell. YZ Bee J. A long tail-like appendage at apex of lower median Me nervule and a short one as Bpat of jie es : nervure. - - - NEOMYRINA.* Eto. 71.—Anterior win i Houston: showiaas ation ot y. A long tail-like aupandlae " apex of Sabeieaian costal nervure and subcostal nervure and a Boasts: one at = a of lower median nervules, nervule. - - - : : - Purursa. + Jf. Costal nervule of scaleator’s ‘wings herminasing at abons 3 two-thirds of costal margin. = - - CHERITRA. L BBB. Anterior wings with three subcostal nervules. k. First subcostal nervule ok auieeies tinge i on the costal nervure. - : - Srrnon. =e ica denice joddan of kk, First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not impinging on costal nervure, the costal nervure. - - Hypotyomna. 3 3. Posterior wings with a single tail- like appendage i in wale and Za with two in female. - § - - +« «= JRaota. we 4. Posterior wings with a single tail- like appendage in both sexes. Fic. 74,—Anterior wing of Sithon ©. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at, or medgmond, showing subcostal before, middle of cell. l. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules. m. Costal nervure of anterior wings eee only to about one-third of costal margin. — - - - NARATHURA. mm. Costal nervure of anterior wings satondine to about half of costal margin. - - - - - - PaNncHana. Fic. 74.—Anterior wing of Ambl W. Anterior wings with five pica nerves in male and podia narada g . showing at four in female. - . - * - - AMBLYPODIA. costal aeny ates CC. First subcostal nervule of aero wings emitted beyond middle of cell. — n. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating SE y opposite end of cell. - - ~ - - : - Rapana, nan. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating a Fro. 7.—Anterior wing of Lorura little beyond end of cell. —- : - : - - Devporrx. t , atymuus, showing position of ann. Apex of costal nervure of anterior wings terminating before nervules. end of cell. = - = - . - - Loxura. Genus CATAPAICILMA. Catapeciima, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 547 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 97 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin only slightly convex, the apex obtusely rounded, the outer margin moderately convex and scalloped, the inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell, second about midway between base of first and third, the last of which is emitted close to end of cell and continued to apex; middle median nervule emitted about one-fifth before end of cell; lower median nervule a little beyond centre. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin convex at base and then nearly straight to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin very slightly scalloped, with * Gen. nov. type Myrina hiemalis, Godm. & Salv. + Gen. nov. type Jolaus (Purliaa) giganteus, Dist. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 235 three slender tail-like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the second and third median nervules and of the submedian nervure. Costal nervure extending to about apex of wing, the subcostal nervules bifurcating about one-third before the end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell. Palpi moderately long, much compressed, second joint projecting more than half beyond the head and longly hirsute beneath; apical joint slender, but well formed; antenn# with a gradually formed but well-developed apical club. Only one species of this genus is at present described, and as it is here enumerated the specific habitats must be taken as representing our present knowledge of the generic area of distribution. 1, Catapzcilma elegans. (Tab. XXII, fig. 17 3.) Hypochrysops elegans, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 850, t. 82, f. 12. Catapacilma elegans, Butl. Trans, Linn. Soe, ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 98 (1881). Male. Wings above dark violet-blue, with the costal and outer margins somewhat narrowly dark fuscous; posterior wings with an inner greyish marginal line from beneath the subcostal nervules and with three transverse greyish submarginal streaks near anal angle divided by the median nervules, tail-like appendages fuscous, with their apices greyish-white; fringe of both wings greyish. Wings beneath greyish-brown. Anterior wings with three rufous spots, margined with black and silvery crossing cell, a series of silvery spots in the subcostal area, two beyond cell divided by the lower discoidal nervule, two or three beneath cell (both of these followed by ochraceous and black), an outer and irregular diseal series of five spots crossing wing and a submarginal series in which the silvery hue is somewhat less intense; between the discal and submarginal series of spots are some dark fuscous markings. Posterior wings with the following rufous spots, margined with black and silvery :—two beneath costal nervure, one (round) about centre of cell, and one (transverse) at end of cell, two beneath cell and situate between the submedian nervure and third median nervule, and one (transverse) about centre of abdominal margin; on about basal third of costal margin are some rufous, black, and silvery markings, two discal series of silvery spots margined with black cross wing, between and beyond which are some black spots on a rufous ground eolour, a submarginal series of pale silvery spots placed between the nervules, that between the second and third median nervules replaced by a black spot margined with rufous, and the silvery spots at anal angle margined with black; tail-like appendages pale fuscous with their apices greyish-white; fringe of both wings silvery grey. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Female.—Wings above pale violet-blue, with the costal and outer margins broadly dark fuscous, the posterior wings with three pale transverse spots near anal angle divided by the second and third median nervules and the inner margin also narrowly silvery at this area. Wings beneath with the ground colour much paler than in male, but with the markings similar, Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 27 to 35 millim. Han.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm. & Saly,). Since this beautiful insect was described from a Bornean specimen, it has been found to inhabit both the Malay Peninsula and Ceylon, and has doubtless an even wider geographical distribution. Chromo-lithography has proved unequal to producing the silvery metallic 236 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. spots on the under surface of the wings, and which in the figure here given appear greenish.* Genus DRUPADIA, Drupadia, Moore, MS. This genus is allied to Catapecilma in having only three subcostal nervules to the anterior wings and in possessing three tail-like appendages to the posterior wings. The differential points exist most strongly in the posterior wings, which are convex at base and then strongly oblique to apex, which is subacute; the posterior margin is oblique to apex of middle median nervule, when it is more produced and contains a tail-like appendage at the apices of the second and third median nervules and of the submedian nervure; the abdominal margin is very strongly cleft near anal angle; the costal nervure does not extend to about apex as in Catapecilma, but terminates on costal margin at about two-thirds of its length; the subeostal nervules bifureate a little beyond middle of cell, and the first and second median nervules have an apparently common origin a little before end of cell; the internal nervure is straight and terminates just above the excavation of the abdominal margin. The palpi are robust and porrect, the second joint clothed with coarse adpressed hairs projecting fully two-thirds of its length beyond the eyes; the third joint is slender compared with the second joint, but robust compared with the corresponding joint of many other somewhat allied genera. Legs moderately robust. Drupadia superficially resembles the following genus (Piduanda), and as arranged by Mr. Moore it included the species which here stands as the type of Biduanda. The resemblance, however, is only superficial, as one genus possesses three subcostal nervules to the anterior wings, and the other genus is provided with four. The extent of its geographical distribution cannot at present be estimated till the whole of the Lycenide are properly monographed. + 1. Drupadia moorei.} (Tab. XX., fig. 214, 20 and 30§ 2.) Sithon Moorei, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 6, vol. x. p. 246 (1882), Male. Anterior wings above very dark and glossy fuliginous-brown, with an irregular reddish spot or suffusion situate at end of cell and bases of the median neryules: posterior wings bright and somewhat * The structure and nature of these silvery spots have lately been investigated by Mr. Geo. Dimmock (‘ Psyche,’ vol. iv. pp. 64 and 66), and he has not only shown that “ Leydig was the first, in 1855, to call attention to the presence of air between or beneath their chitin layers as a cause for certain silvery spots and. scales on insects," but has treated the question more exhaustively, and has argued (taking the silvery spots of Argynnie idalia as an example) that these spots not sity contain air, but are “simply milk-white by transmitted light.” “‘'The difference is that there must be im the silvery seales a polished surface towards the observer. Ground glass does not appear silvery, but what is the surface of the smoothest polished plate of glass but finely ground glass? Ground glass differs from polished glass only in degree; in ground glass the scratches are so coarse and 60 abundant as to turn most of the light-waves into the glass again, where they are lost. In polished glass the scratches are still present, but have become so small that even the waves of light are large in proportion to them, and so the light-waves reflect as if from a Maceehcay flat surface. But something more than a polished glass is needed to reflect much light, for most of the light passes through the glass; something non-transparent must be behind the glass. In the common mirror it is a mercury amalgam; in the butterfly’s silvery scale it is a layer of cavities filled with air. This layer of cavities is not transparent for the same reason that ground glass is not. If we treat the seale with chloroform it has an analogous effect to that of treating the back of a common mirror with nitric acid, thus dissolving off the amalgam. In both cases a non- transparent body is converted into a transparent one, and a mirror, which, whatever be the materials of which it is made, if approximately perfect, has a silvery ap eae from the amown? of reflected light, is reduced to a slightly reflecting surface. But let the seale dry again from its bath, as Fischer apparently did not do, and the mirror will again appear, Both silvery and milk-white colorations are then only optical effects produced by reflected light.” + It is greatly to be desiderated that some competent entomologist would give a monographic catalogue of the Lyeenida@, in the manner of the late Dr. Stal’s ‘Enumeratio Hemipterorum,’ in which a key to the whole genera would be given, and in which some principle of variation in nature would be admitted. Our British Museum has a magnificent collection, and its staff of endowed officials may ultimately produce this necessary work, for which other students, as a rule, possess neither the time nor material. { Named after Mr. Frederick Moore, who in conjunction with Dr. Horsfield, published the ‘Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.,’ and has since written a ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon. § This figure was taken from a much mutilated specimen, with the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings almost destroyed. ' ' RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 297 pale bluish, the posterior margin black, inwardly bordered with white near anal angle, where there are two transverse black marginal spots, the fringe white; tail-like appendages blackish with marginal white fringe; costal area pale hyaline, darker near base, upper portion of cell and basal area between subcostal nervules tale-like, and pale transparent stramineous, above, beneath, and beyond which the colour is fuscous. The anterior wings beneath reddish ochraceous, a broad basal and a transverse central fuscous streak in eell, a pale fuscous lime at end of cell, and two transverse, narrow, waved fuscous fascie between end of cell and outer margin. Posterior wings greyish-white, the costal margin more or less suffused with reddish ochraceous, and with ten large fuscous discal spots, the upper six of which are subquadrate but irregular in size, and the posterior four are more irregular in shape, and have their centres more or less greyish; a submarginal and marginal fuscous line, the first of which is broken and irregular, and between which and the margin is a narrow fuscous streak, leading to a long, pale bluish fuscous spot; beneath the submarginal line near abdominal margin are two narrow ochraceous fascie, which amalgamate inwardly, and between which the colour is pale metallic bluish. Body above fuliginous-brown, beneath greyish-white; legs greyish-white, annulated and streaked with fuscous. Female. Wings above much paler than in male, and the posterior wings pale fuliginous-brown, excepting near anal angle, where there is an obscure bluish patch with a few obseure fuscous marginal spots. Wings beneath as in male, but with anterior wings paler in hue. Expanse of wings, 35 to 38 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist. & Sauer); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. and Saly.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford); Malacca (Biggs); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Sumatra (Wallace —coll. Dist. & Moore).—Daat Island (coll. Dist.). This species varies very much in size, and is probably somewhat widely distributed. It is allied to the Myrina ravindra, Horsf., a Javan species which belongs to, and is the type of, this genus. We thus find D. moorei inhabiting Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula, and differing from a closely allied Javan species, as is so frequently the case in all branches of Malayan Zoology, and has been so well and ably pointed out by Mr. Wallace. Genus BIDUANDA, gen. nov. Biduanda, Distant, antea, p. 288. Anterior wings globosely subtriangular, the costal margin ‘arched, the outer margin convex, the inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure terminating on costa before the apex of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted about the middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, the last of which arises a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at a short distance from apex of wing; disco-cellular nervules somewhat perpendicular; first median nervule emitted at end of cell, second nearer to first than third, which is emitted beyond middle of cell. - Posterior wings subovate; costal margin arched at base, and then straight and strongly oblique to apex, which is obtuse; posterior margin as in Drupadia, the abdominal margin angulated but not so suddenly cleft as in that genus. Costal nervure reaching apex of wing; other neuration much as in Drupadia. The species included in this genus were given me by Mr. Moore as forming part of his genus Drupadia, the description of which is promised to be published in a forthcoming part of the ‘Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.’ As they, however, possess four subcostal neryules to the anterior wings, whilst the species of Drupadia are provided only with three, it became necessary to form a new genus for their reception. Mr. Moore takes the Myrina ravindra, Horsf,, as the type of Drupadia, and the type of Biduanda must be found in the Myrina thesmia, Hew. Aveust, 1884. Sp 238 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 1. Biduanda thesmia. Myrina Thesmia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 32, n. 16, t. 14, f. 25—27 (1868). I have not as yet received this species from the Malay Peninsula, so have followed my usual course of copying both the original figures * and diagnosis of the describer. “Upperside. Male.—Purple-brown. Anterior wing with the inner margin eurved, projecting. Posterior wing with three tails; the outer margin and base of the tails black; a submarginal line between the tails, the fringe and the tails white.” Bie. 70 2Neiensides theewila, “ Underside. Anterior wing rufous orange, with two spots in and below the cell, a spot at the end of the cell, three transverse lines (the first, which is near the second, indistinct), the outer margin, and fringe, all brown. Posterior _ wing white (the apex rufous), with eight brown spots, followed by several zigzag black lines: the caudal spot, the lobe, and the space between them crowned with silvery blue: a spot above the lobe also powdered with blue: the outer margin black: the fringe white.” “Female does not differ from the male, except that it is rufous-brown above, and has the anal angle of the posterior wing grey, marked with the caudal spots.” Fic. 17.—Biduanda thesia, 2, Exp. wings, “1% inch.” : Han.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Hewits.).— Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).—Daat Island (coll. Dist.). Mr. Hewitson describes his species as closely allied to M. ravindra, Horsf., a species which belongs to the previous genus Drupadia, and so is structurally differentiated apart from colour divergencies. Mr. Hewitson also writes, ‘A male in the collection of Mr. Wallace has a rufous spot at the centre of the anterior wing, as represented in the accompanying figure”’ (fig. 76). 92. Biduanda lapithis. (Tab. XX, fig. 29 2.) Myrina Lapithis, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. vol. i. p. 48, n. 79 (1857); Hewits. Il. Diurn. Lep. p.86, n. 82, t.15, £. 85—88 (1863); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 5 (1877). Sithon Lapithis, Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 851, n. 7. Female. Wings above rufous-brown; posterior wings with a large greyish-white patch at area of anal angle containing three indistinct bluish spots separated by the second and third median nervules ; abdominal area greyish-white, with the margin brown; tail-like appendages blackish, with their margins greyish- white. Anterior wings beneath reddish-ochraceous, with a transverse white fascia crossing end of cell and widened towards inner margin; this fascia is broadly margined with fuscous on each side and is outwardly followed by a waved fuscous line crossing wing, which commencing at about middle of third subcostal nervule, is widely fractured at the upper median nervule, and terminates on inner margin. Posterior wings ereamy- white, with the apex ochraceous, and with the followmg blackish spots :—two near base, three crossing wing before middle, one near end of cell, and a curved outer series commencing beneath the first subcostal nervule and terminating in a long and much angulated spot above the anal angle; extreme posterior margin black, a black submarginal line between the discoidal and first median nervules, three submarginal * These figures are fae-simile of those of Hewitson, with all errors of neuration and peculiar arrangement of the tail-like appendages to posterior wings of male, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 289 black spots with scattered bluish scales and inwardly margined with ochraceous, separated by the median nervules, and a pale bluish streak inwardly margined with black and outwardly with ochraceous at anal angle. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Male. This sex is not known to the writer, but has been figured by Mr. Hewitson, and described as “ Anterior wing dark brown. Posterior wing brilliant blue."* Wings beneath apparently as in female. Exp. wings, ?, 28 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Horsf. & Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce). Mr. Hewitson, who had the opportunity of examining several specimens, states that ‘‘on the underside this species varies considerably in the form of the line which crosses the anterior wing beyond the middle, as well as in the size of the black spots of the posterior wing.” It appears to be a moderately scarce species, or at all events is uncommon in average collections made in the Malay Peninsula. Genus SEMANGA, gen. nov. Semanga, Distant, antea, p. 288. Anterior wings somewhat short and broad, costal and outer margins slightly convex, inner margin very slightly concave. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little before end of cell, where it is somewhat recurved; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell, second about midway between first and third, third at end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about two-thirds the length of third; disco-cellular nervules somewhat oblique; first median nervule emitted at about end of cell, the second emitted about two-thirds nearer the base of first than base of third. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin rounded at base and then straight and oblique to apex, which is obtuse; posterior margin rounded, very slightly waved or scalloped, with three slender tail-like appendages situate at the apices of the median nervules; abdominal margin concavely excavated a little before anal angle. Costal nervure extending to about apex; costal nervules bifurcating a little before end of cell, and opposite to the apparently common origin of the first and second median nervules; submedian nervure slightly curved outwardly, internal nervure strongly curved inwardly. Palpi robust and porrect, the second joint clothed with coarse and closely compressed hairs and extending for two-thirds its length before eyes; apical joint much more slender than second, but moderately robust. Body robust. Semanga is founded on a species already received from both Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, and its colour affinities are with Catapweilma, especially by the metallic markings of the under surface of the posterior wings; an additional subcostal nervule to the anterior wings, however, sufficiently separates it from that genus. 1. Semanga superba. (Tab. XXI., fig. 15 2. Iterda? superba, Druce, Proc. Zool. Boc. 1873, p. 851, n. 1, t. 32, f. 11. Female. Anterior wings above dark violaceous, with the costal and outer margins (broadest at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal, posterior and abdominal margins fuscous, the posterior margin darkest, and containing some irregularly sized and arranged ochraceous submarginal spots, one between the lower submedian nervule and submedian nervure, and one at lobular anal angle, each * Mr, Hewitson also appends to this deseription, “with one tail,” which is clearly erroneons, and probably referred to a mutilated specimen; he has also figured the female much in the same way, and probably from the same canse. My own figure is more or less imperfect for o similar reason. 240 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. containing a dark fuscous centre; these spots are followed outwardly by a narrow whitish line, and the apices of the tail-like appendages are also whitish. Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior wings crossed by a narrow pale castaneous fascia, outwardly bordered with greyish, commencing at lower subcostal nervule and terminating at submedian nervure, and there are faint indications of a greyish submarginal fascia, which is only clearly visible at posterior angle. Posterior wings with the apical half reddish-ochraceous, containing firstly an irregular transverse series of metallic bluish spots, followed by a more or less obscure and very irregular series of black spots, the outer margin broadly blackish, powdered with metallic bluish scales, and with a pale submarginal whitish line. A distinet black spot at lobular anal angle, inwardly margined with bluish, Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath greyish ; legs greyish, annulated with dark brownish. Exp. wings, ?, 28 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Godm, & Balv.). I have not seen the male of this species, which will probably prove to be similar to the _female, but without the broad blackish margins to the upper surface of the wings. I have only received two specimens from the Malay Peninsula, both collected by the Rev. L. Biggs at Malacea, and for one of which I am indebted to my helpful friend Mr. P. H. Gosse. Genus DACALANA. Dacalana, Moore, MS. ??* Anterior wings broadly subtriangular, the costal margin very strongly arched at base and slightly convex to apex, which is rounded, outer margin moderately convex; inner margin strongly sinuate, eonvexly lobular near middle, Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule short and emitted at about one-third before end of cell; second emitted about midway between first and third, the third arising near end of cell; third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third; fourth and fifth bifureating near apex at about two-thirds the length of fourth; diseo-cellular nervules erect, almost perpendicular; first median nervule arising at end of cell and about half the distance from second as second is from third, which is emitted about two-thirds from base of cell. Posterior wings elongately subovate; costal margin transversely convex for about half its length, and then obliquely deflected to apex, which is obtuse; posterior margin rounded, with two slender tail-like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted about one-third before the end of eell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at about end of cell; submedian nervure almost straight; internal nervure strongly curved inwardly. Palpi robust, second joint projecting about one-third before the eyes, apical joint slender; body robust; posterior legs long. Male possessing a sexual tuft of hairs on upper surface of anterior wing beneath cell, and a similar tuft on under surface near inner margin, concealed by the costal margin of the posterior wings. At present I am only cognisant of the following species as belonging to Davalana, and consequently can only refer to its geographical distribution. * Mr. Moore informed me that the species I here include was typical of his genus Dacalana, the description of which is not, but would be, published in the Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. He also kindly showed me his MS. description, in which it was stated “venation similar to Jolaws.' Now the type of Jolaws has been shown by Mr. Scudder to be the African species I. helius, Fabr., whieh has four subcostal nervules, whilst the species given me as typical of Dacalana possesses five subcostal nervules.. Consequently, though I use Mr. Moore's name, as he po Sonera I cannot accept his diagnosis. The type of Dacalana as used and described by myself is the Amblypodia vidura, Horsf. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 241 1. Dacalana vidura. (Tab. XXI., fig. 27 3.) Amblypodia vidura, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E.1I.C. p. 118, n. 45; Th. V. Le. t. 1, f. 6, 6a (1829), folaus vidura, Hewits. Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 48, n. 10 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 351, n. 1. Wings above bright, dark cmwrulean-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (very broad at apex) blackish; posterior wings with a narrow black posterior marginal line; the tail-like appendages blackish, with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath pale brownish, both wings crossed about middle by a narrow white fascia, commencing on costa at about end of cell on anterior wings and terminating near anal angle of posterior wings, where it is waved and angulated; beyond this fascia is a somewhat waved dark brownish submarginal line, which on posterior wings is amalgamated with the white fascia at anal angle; a black marginal spot, which is inwardly very broadly margined with ochraceous situate between the second and third median nervules and another black spot surrounded with greyish- white at anal angle; a posterior marginal black line inwardly bordered with greyish-white, and between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure are some scattered whitish scales almost forming a large and distinct conical marginal spot. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. 1 Exp. wings, ¢, 30 to 40 millim. Has.—Continental India; Silhet (coll. Hewits.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.)—Java (coll. Horsf.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.). —Borneo (Druce); Sarawak (coll. Hewits.). The female sex is unknown to the writer, and the species appears to be comparatively rare, as remarked by Horsfield.* It is also subject to slight local variation. Mr. Hewitson states,} ‘‘Examples of this species from Silhet have the anal angle of the posterior wing longer than those brought by Mr. Wallace from Sumatra”; and I notice in the specimens now before me that those from the Malay Peninsula have the white fascia on the under surface of the wings a little narrower than in my Javan examples. It is likewise very variable in size, the smallest specimens examined being from Malacca and the largest from Java, but this smallness is not peculiar to Malaccan specimens. Genus JACOONA, gen. nov. Jacoona, Distant (antea, p. 238). Anterior wings moderately long and subtriangular; costal margin strongly arched at base and then very slightly convex to apex, which is obtuse ; outer margin convex, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure short, terminating on costa before the end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted about middle of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure, second nearer to third than first, third arising from end of eell, third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third; lower disco-cellular nervule somewhat concavely oblique; first median nervule at end of cell, second about half the distance from first as from third. Posterior wings elongate and irregularly subovate; costal margin with its basal third convex and then deflected and oblique to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin oblique and rounded to median nervules, where it is more or less waved and is provided with two tail-like appendages, viz., a short one at apex of third median nervule and a very long one at apex of submedian nervure; abdominal margin convex. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating near end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third at about two-thirds from base of cell. Body and legs moderately robust. Palpi erect; second joint raised above the level of the eyes, third joint very small and slender. * Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. p. 114. + Til. Diurn., Lep. p. 45. Aveust, 19884. 3 Q 242 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, This is probably a somewhat restricted genus, and the following species is alone known to the writer as at present belonging to it. The anastomotic condition of the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings at once separates it from the allied genera. Mr. Moore informed me that the typical species of this genus (Myrina anasuja, Felder) should be placed in his genus Cheritra, but he had probably been unable to examine a specimen. 1. Jacoona anasuja. (Tab. XXL. fig. 15 ¢.) Myrina Anasuja, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. ii. p. 237, n. 266, t. 80, f. 8, 4 (1865). Male. Wings above bright violaccous-blue. Anterior wings with a broad fascia crossing apical half of cell and terminating a little above posterior angle, the costal margin beyond this fascia, the apex and outer margins all blackish. Posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins (the last as far as between the first and second median nervules) broadly blackish, after which to anal angle the posterior margin is whitish, containing a transverse black spot on cach side of the lower median nervule; a black outer marginal line, the tail-like appendages whitish, more or less blackish at base. Anterior wings beneath pale brownish-ochraceous, more or less pale bluish-green at base and towards posterior angle. Posterior wings pale bluish-green, the costal and outer margins (the last as far as median nervules) pale brownish-ochraceous; the white anal angular patch above larger beneath, inwardly margined with a much-waved black line, and containing an additional black spot at extreme anal angle; the tail-like appendages beneath with a central blackish line. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 40 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca, interior (Com. de Castelnau— coll. Feld.), Of this beautiful and scarce species the writer, like Felder is only acquainted with the male sex, and the female still remains to be discovered. Genus SPINDASIS. Spindasis, Wallengren, Lep. Rhop. Caffr. p. 45 (1857). Apineus (part), Hewit. Dl. Diurn. Lep. p. 60 (1865). Aphneus, Moore (nec. Hubn.), Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 105 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin slightly arched, outer margin moderately convex, inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule arising near middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds from base of third; disco-cellulars erect; first median nervule emitted at end of cell, second at about twice the distance from third as from first, the third arising a little before middle of cell. Posterior wings irregularly and elongately subovate; costal margin arched at base and then obliquely straight to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin convexly oblique, with two long slender tail-like appendages, situate respectively at apices of the third median nervule and of the submedian nervure; abdominal margin straight, but deeply and concavely excavated near anal angle. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules arising a little before end of cell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin just before the end of cell, third median nervule emitted at about two-thirds from base of cell; internal neryure curved inwardly.* Body moderately robust; palpi porrect, second joint not raised above the level of the eyes. * For the purpose of examining the neuration, it is not necessary to denude the wings of the scales, spirits of wine and a camel's-hair brush being quite efficacious, and, if the brush is used lightly, causing no injury to the most delicate Lycwnide, Benzoline can also be used, but its disagreeable smell renders it less useful than the spirits of wine. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 248 The species of this genus have hitherto been placed in the genus Aphneus, the type of which is the African A. orcas, Dru., which has five subcostal nervules to the anterior wings, * and consequently is quite distinct from Spindasis, which has but four. The late Mr. Hewitson pointed out the difference in the neuration,+ and though Mr. Moore, in his ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ describes the genus Aphneus on the characters of Ceylon species, and correctly gives the type of the genus as A. orcas, he must have been unable to examine a specimen of that species. There has been, however, no necessity to make a new generic name, as Wallengren proposed his Spindasis for the species hitherto known as Aphneus natalensis, D. & H., and under that generic name the Eastern species will find their natural classification. This is an Ethiopian as well as an Oriental genus, it being particularly well represented in Africa. Only one species from the Malay Peninsula is at present known to the writer. { 1. Spindasis syama. (Tab. XXIII., figs. 8 & 92.) Amblypodia Syama, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 107, n. 89 (1829), Amblypodia Syma, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 478, n. 20 (1852). Aphneus Syama, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 88, n. 50 (1857); Hewits. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, t. 25, f. 7 (1865), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, shaded with bright violaceous, this shading being principally on the inner basal area of the anterior wings, and on the inner basal half of the posterior wings; anal angle of posterior wings reddish-ochraceous, with two black marginal spots marked with some silvery scales, the first and smallest situate above the submedian nervure; tail-like appendages blackish, with their base ochraceous and their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath very pale ochraceous. Anterior wings with, five blackish fascia with silvery centres, the first crossing cell a little beyond middle and extending to costal margin, the second commencing on costa at about end of cell and directed outwardly to near posterior angle, the third short, straight and compressed on each side near middle, extending from costa to a little beneath lower discoidal nervule, the fourth directed inwardly and extending from costa to a little beneath upper median nervule (the third and fourth in some varieties meeting as in jig. 8), the fifth submarginal and almost, or sometimes quite, meeting apex of second near posterior angle; a longitudinal black streak with a few silvery scales extending nearly along the upper basal half of cell, a broad fuscous streak beneath basal half of cell, a narrow outer submarginal blackish fascia and extreme margin of the same colour. Posterior wings with four blackish fasciw with silvery centres; the first and basal more or less fractured, the second crossing disk of wing extending beneath the third median nervule (where it is always more or less indistinct), and deflected upwards to abdominal margin, third shortest extending from costa to beneath upper median nervule, the fourth and outer fascia commencing beneath apex, almost lost in the anal-angular ochraceous spot and deflected upwards to abdominal margin; some blackish basal streaks and spots, @ narrow posterior submarginal blackish fascia, and the extreme margin of the same colour. Fringe of both wings greyish. Black anal-angular spots as above. Body above more or less concolorous with _,_,™ This is a very rare species, and I am much indebted to both Prof. Westwood of Oxford, and Mr. A. G. Butler of the British Museum, for kindly examining the neuration of the same for me. Mr. Butler also informs me that Drury’s figure of tle species is a bad one. + Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 60 (1865). He describes A. orcas as having four, and the Syama group as having three “ branches sits eon ostal nervure”; but as pointed out (antea, p. 197) Mr. Hewitson estimated the number differently to the method x { Mr. Butler has included in the “ List of Butterflies collected by Cept. Pinwill in Malacca” (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 649, n. 1), Sram lohita, Horsf.; but althongh I have received a long series of A. syama from the various districts of the Peninsula, I have never met—as yet—with an example of A. lohita. 1t is easily recognised from A. syama, as pointed out by Horafield, by the fascia on the under surface of the wings being “ wholly without any black mayginal thread.” 244 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., wings; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous, lateral margins of the abdomen striped with blackish; legs more or less obscurely marked with the same colour. Female. Resembling the male, but uniformly fuliginous-brown above, without the violaceous reflections. Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 28 to $2 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java (coll. Horsf.). Genus TAJURIA. Tajuria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 108 (1881). Remelana, Moore MS8.* Anterior wings subtriangular; the costal margin moderately convex, the apex subacute, the outer margin moderately convex, the inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, third a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about or a little beyond half the length of the third; disco-cellular nervules suberect; first median nervule emitted at end of cell, second nearer to first than to third, third emitted at about two-thirds from base. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin obliquely convex to apex, which is rounded; posterior margin obliquely rounded, prolonged in a more or less distinct angle at apex of second median nervule, and with two slender tail-like appendages situate respectively at the apices of the third median nervule and of the submedian nervure. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervyules with an apparently common origin a little before end of cell, third a little beyond middle of cell; submedian nervure slightly curved outwardly; internal nervure strongly curved inwardly. Body robust. Palpi porrect, the apex of the second joint not reaching the upper margin of the eyes. This genus, proposed by Mr. Moore, is evidently—from the description—closely allied to Pratapa of the same author, a genus which I have had no opportunity to examine. The only structural differential characters given are in respect to the posterior wing, which has the cell broader, the subcostal and median branches emitted further from the base.” 1. Tajuria longinus. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 20 2.) + Hesperia Longinus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 480 (1798). Polyommatus Longinus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 634, n. 68 (1828); Luc. Lep. Ex. t. 44, £. 8 (1885). Bithys Longinus, Hibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 993, 984 (1887). Amblypodia Longinus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 140, £1, £7 (1829); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. B.LC. vol. i. p. 45, n. 70 (1857). Tolaus Cippus, race Longinus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 186, n. 2 (1869). lolaus Longinus, Hewits. Il. Diurn, Lep. p, 45, n. 18 (1869); Butl. Trans, Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p- 549, n. 1 (1877). Amblypodia Pseudolonginus, Doub. List Lep. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 23 (1847); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p, 45, n. 71 (1857). Jolaus Psevdolonginus, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 86. Tajuria Longinus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 109, t. 42, £2, 2a, 24 (1881). * Mr. Moore informs me that in this proposed genus the “ venation is similar to Tajuria.” { This figure is taken from a specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 245 Male. Wings above dark shining cwrulean-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin and the apical half of wing—inwardly angulated at median nervure and narrowed into a marginal fascia beneath lower median nervule—blackish; posterior wings with the costal margin and apex broadly and the posterior margin narrowly blackish, tail-like appendages blackish, with their apices white; abdominal margin greyish-brown. Wings beneath dark greyish; anterior wings with an outer discal series of linear fuscous or blackish spots placed between the nervules and a submarginal series of rather larger but much paler spots—these are sometimes almost obsolete; the outer margin also darker; posterior wings with two similar series of spots, the inner and darker series longer, more continuous and waved towards anal angle, where it is duplex, a third marginal series of spots, two black marginal spots inwardly broadly margined with ochraceous, situate respectively between the second and third median nervules, and at anal angle; some scattered bluish scales between lower median nervule and submedian nervure; the extreme outer margin blackish; fringe of both wings brownish-grey. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above very pale violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (broadest at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the basal third clothed with fine long greyish hairs, and with the costal margin broadly dark fuscous, a submarginal row of fuscous spots (sometimes obsolete towards abdominal margin, as in the specimen figured), and a marginal row of larger fuscous spots (sumetimes Jused and amalgamated towards apex into a marginal fascia), apex of abdominal margin fuscous, the spot at anal angle containing some scattered bluish scales, and more or less distinctly inwardly margined with ochraceous. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 35 to 38 millim. Has.—Continental India; *‘N. India,” sie. (Horsf. & Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Horsf.). The larva and pupa of this species, as observed in Java, have been figured by Horsfield,* who thus describes the first:—‘‘ The larva is considerably distended anteriorly, excavated at the sides, contracted behind and transversely swelled at the segments.’ It feeds ‘on a species of Loranthus, which grows parasitically in great abundance on the mango and other fruit trees surrounding the villages of the natives.” Dr. Horsfield also remarks, ‘‘ In the imago state the peculiarity chiefly exhibits itself in the antennw#, which are abruptly terminated by a short point.” I am unaware whether this may be a peculiarity confined to Javan specimens, but have certainly been unable to see it in Ceylonese examples, at least as prominently as figured by Horsfield. 2. Tajuria mantra.+ (Tab. XXL, fig. 11 2.) Psewidolycana mantra, Felder, Wien. Ent, Mon. iv. p. 396, n. 9 (1860), Myrina Mantra, Feld. Reise Nov, Lep. ii. p. 288, n. 270, t. 30, f. 14 (1865). Jolaus Mantra (var, ?), Hewits. Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 46, n. 20, t. 20, f. 24 (1865). * Cat. Lep. E.1.C.t, iv. f. 5, 5a. + The name “mantra” used by Felder for this species denotes that part of the “ Veda" which has been defined by Prof. Monier Williams as way er and praise, embodied in texts and metrical hymns” (‘ Hinduism,’ p. 18). It becomes a question whether it is justifiable, either in good taste or as a precedent to be followed, that ecclesiastic terms belonging to other religious Gosia than our own, should thus be used as specific names for insects. It cannot for a moment be believed that those alone born in Christian conntrices are to be the zoologists in the future, and there can be little doubt of the reception that would be accorded in this country to specific names of insects, proposed by a Hindu, on ecclesiastical terms used by the Christian Church. English entomologists, in particular, have not hesitated to ruthlessly use the most sacred names in both Buddhism and Hinduism for this purpose Usher has somewhat escaped), and the cralise logically culminated, when an American entomologist used in a similar manner the most sacred name in Judaism, to the seandal of those who did not hesitate to employ, and cheerfully use, the terms of concepts in other religious systems. Aveust, 1884, 3k 246 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Female. Wings above pale violaceous; anterior wings with the costal margin broadly and the outer apical third of wing dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins fuscous, the last widest at apex and gradually narrowing and becoming somewhat obsolete towards anal angle, where there is a blackish spot containing a few scattered bluish scales and inwardly and obscurely margined with ochraceous; a marginal greyish line from about second median nervule to anal angle, the extreme edge blackish; tail-like appendages fuscous, with their apices whitish. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous ; & narrow fuseous submarginal fascia crossing both wings, commencing on anterior wings beneath the sub- costal nervules and more or less fractured at the nervules, and on the posterior wings, strongly dislocated from the upper median nervule to abdominal margin: beyond this fascia on both wings is another, obscure and subobsolete: a pale ochraceous patch on posterior wings at anal angle, with two black marginal spots containing a few scattered bluish scales, situate one between the second and third median nervules, the second at anal angle:* between these spots are some scattered bluish scales, the margin as above. - The male is unknown to the writer, but is thus described by Felder :— 3. “Alw postier regione anali sat producta.” ‘Ale supra dilute metallico-cyanes, antice margine costali dimidioque lato apicali fuscis, posticm limbo costali et apicali fuscis, margine postico ante cilia nigro, limbo interno cano.”’ “ Alw subtus cano-fusem, striga externa in posticis anum versus angulata fusca, multo dilutius cincta alteraque submarginali obsoleta, postics macula subanali alteraque anali nigris, intus late aurantiaco-flavo circumdatis, extus metallico-virenti cinctis, atomis interjectis metallico-virescentibus, linea alba ante marginem posticum.” Exp. wings, ?, 34 to 44 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.; Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Celebes ; Macassar (coll. Hewits.) ? + 83. Tajuria relata,n.sp. (Tab. XXI., fig. 12 2.) Female. Allied to 7. mantra, but differing in the following respects :—The wings beneath are dark greyish, and not brownish-ochraceous as in Felder’s species, and the narrow fuscous submarginal fascia is rounded and outwardly convex on the anterior wings. Male. At present unknown to the writer. Exp. wings, 2, 35 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). Although I only possess a single female specimen of this species, it is still, though closely allied to 7. mantra, so very distinct in many important characters, as to necessitate its description as a new species. 4. Tajuria travana. (Tab. XXII, fig. 42.) Myrina Travana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. p. 88, n. 88, t. 17, £. 69, 60 (1865); Butl. Trans, Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 2 (1877). Sithon Travana, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 852, n. 9. Remelana Travana, Moore, M8. * This has been omitted in the figure, owing to the specimen—then only available—being in a somewhat mutilated condition. } It is doubtful whether this form is not really a distinct species or local race. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 247 Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a large oblong streak in lower portion of cell, the greater portion of the space between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure and a streak on inner margin bright shining violet-blue; posterior wings with the lower portion of cell and the outer cellular area of the same colour; a narrow greyish submarginal line from second median nervule to anal angle, where there is a black spot inwardly containing some greenish metallic seales; tail-like appendages dark fuseous, with their apices and their margins a little beyond base greyish. Wings beneath olivaceous- brown, both wings with two dark disco-cellular lines at end of cell; anterior wings with a very dark waved line crossing outer disk, commencing at bifurcation of third and fourth subcostal nervules and terminating near third median neryule; a similar line on posterior wings, commencing near costa, strongly fractured at upper subcostal nervule, and continued to near abdominal margin; three black marginal spots, inwardly and broadly margined with resplendent metalliec-green, the first small and transverse between the first and second median nervules, the second and third spots largest, between which, and separated by the third median nervule and submedian nervure, is a large patch of greyish seales also inwardly margined with the resplendent metallie-green, greyish marginal line as above near anal angle, Exp. wings,* 38 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce). Genus BINDAHARA. Bindahara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 111 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and slightly convex, the outer margin almost straight in the male and moderately convex in the female, the inner margin nearly straight. Costal neryure extending a little beyond end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell, second about midway between bases of first and third, the third from end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third; disco-cellular nervules suberect; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin just before the end of cell, third median nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell. Posterior wings elongately subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the posterior margin obliquely convex and obsoletely waved to apex of second median nervule where it is angulated, with a very long tail-like appendage at apex of third median nervule and with a short lobular tail-like appendage at anal angle. Costal nervure extending to apex of wing, subcostal nervules bifureating near middle of cell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell, third median nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell; submedian nervure straight, internal neryure rounded and convex. Body moderately robust. Palpi with the apical joint slender and about one-third the length of second in male and one half the length of second in female.+ This is probably a truly Oriental genus. 1. Bindahara phocides.{ (Tab. XX., fig. 25 2.) Hesperia Phocides, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 282, n. 85 (1798). Papilio Phocides, Donoy. Nat. Rep. ii. t. 44, f. 1 (1824). Myrina Phocides, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 188, n. 1 (1869). * One specimen only examined. + Mr. Moore, in his diagnosis of this genus, has presumably given the length only of the apical joints of the palpi in a male specimen, | This is not the species found in Ceylon, and figured and described by Mr. Moore as B. phocides, and of which he places the B. sugriva, Horsf., as a synonym. Horsfield's species—found both in Java and Ceylon—is, however, quite distinct, the large ochraceous anal patch and the blue marginal fascia to the posterior wings being alone well-marked differences, whilst the type specimen of B. phocides is contained in the Banksian collection of the British Museum, where T have examined it with Mr. Butler. 248 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; posterior wings with the tail-like appendages ochraceous, the smaller one at anal angle with a fuliginous spot. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous. Anterior wings with the following castaneous markings :—a spot at base of cell, a broad outwardly curved fascia crossing cell near middle, commencing on costal nervure and continued to about the submedian nervure; between this and outer margin is another broad fascia, commencing near costal margin and narrowly terminating at submedian nervure, and a narrow, obseure and more fuscous submarginal fascia; at end of cell there is i narrow, disco-cellular castaneous streak. Posterior wings with the following castaneous markings :— a series of basal spots, two narrow and much-waved and sinuated discal fasci# crossing wing beyond middle, between which and the basal spots is a broad obscure fascia commencing on costa] nervure and terminating at median nervure; a dark submarginal line at anal angle enclosing two blackish spots with seattered metallic greenish scales, and a prominent black spot on inner and shorter tail-like appendage. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above olivaceous-brown; posterior wings with a large white anal angular patch divided by the dark median nervules, and containing a large black marginal spot between the second and third median mervules and a smaller and much more obsolete spot at anal angle; tail-like appendages white, with black basal streaks. Wings beneath whitish; anterior wings with the castaneous markings as in male, the outer fascia narrowly margined with white, and the remaining ground colour pale castancous ; posterior wings with the markings more distinct and linear than on male. Exp. wings, ¢, 31 to 38 millim.; ?, 35 to 42 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kunstler—Calecutt. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery). Genus NEOMYRINA. _ Neomyrina, Distant, antea, p, 284. Anterior wings with the costal margin strongly arched; the outer margin nearly straight, the apex subacute, the posterior angle rounded; the inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, terminating on costal margin considerably before end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of cell and terminating on costal margin nearly opposite end of cell, second emitted rather nearer the base of third than first, third arising a short distance beyond end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about two-thirds the length of third; upper median nervule from end of cell and emitted nearer to second than second is from third, which is emitted fully two-thirds from base of median nervure. Posterior wings elongately subovate, costal margin oblique and very slightly convex, apex obtusely acute; posterior margin oblique, slightly waved, prominently angulated at apex of second median nervule, and with two tail-like appendages, one very long at apex of third median nervule, the second short and slender at apex of submedian nervure. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifureating about one-third before end of cell, disco-cellular nervules almost obsolete; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin just before the end of cell; submedian nervure almost straight, internal nervure curved and rounded inwardly. Body short, moderately robust; palpi porrect, the second joint extending distinctly before the eyes; apical joint much more slender than second, but moderately robust. It is necessary to form a new genus for the following species, as Myrina, under which it was originally placed, and the type of which is the African WW. silenus, Fabr., possesses strongly distinct structural characters. RHOPALOCERA ’ MALAYANA. 249 1. Neomyrina hiemalis. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 13 2.): Myrina hiematis, Godman & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 640, t. 40, f. bq 6. Female. Wings above pearly white; anterior wings with the outer margin and a large curved apical space terminating on costal margin at about one-third from base, black: posterior wings with the posterior margin from apex to median nervules (where it becomes obsolete) black; an elongate black marginal spot on each side of second median nervule; tail-like appendages with a faint and slender eentral blackish line. Wings beneath pearly white, with four transverse dark greyish fascim with still darker margins, the first two crossing cell and terminating at median nervure, third and fourth wider and more irregular, situate between end of cell and outer margin and terminating near the third median nervule, marginal and submarginal dark greyish fasciw, the colour between which is also dark greyish ; posterior wings crossed by five irregular dark greyish macular fasciw; the first near base consisting of five spots and terminating near base of abdominal margin, the second composed of three elongate spots, of which the lowermost tio are joined and terminate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, the third consists of four spots commencing beneath the lower subcostal nervule and recurved and terminating on abdominal margin, the fourth composed of Six fused spots extending in an almost straight line from costal margin to third median nervule, and the fifth submarginal, reeurved and extending to abdominal margin; a marginal dark greyish fascia extending from apex to upper midian nervule, followed by an elongate black marginal spot, a dark bluish spot between second and third median nervules, two small bluish spots between that nervule and submedian nervure, and a large bluish spot shaded with black at anal angle, above which the submarginal fascia is also tinged with bluish; tail-like appendages as above ; hody above pale greenish, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings. Male. This sex, as figured by Godman and Salvin, and described in error as a female, differs from that sex in having the apical area of the upper surface of the anterior wings bluish, the outer margin being only black; the posterior margin of the hind wings is also only slightly marked with blackish ; wings beneath as in female. , Exp. wings, 3 ‘'2°2 inches”;* ¢ 50 millim. Has.—Burma; Meetan (Hume—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstler—coll. Semper). Iam much indebted to Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, for the loan of this female Perak specimen, which is the only example of the species*-as far as I am aware—yet received from the Malay Peninsula. Genus PURLISA, gen. nov. Purlisa, Distant, antea, p. 284. Anterior wings subtriangular, the apex subacute; costal margin arched and convex; outer margin nearly straight, very slightly concave; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, terminating on costa before the end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell and terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell, second about midway between bases of first and third, the last of which is emitted a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third; first median nervule curved and emitted from end of cell, second and third straight and nearly twice the distance apart as second is from first. Posterior wings elongately and irregularly subtriangular, the costal margin convex, the posterior margin oblique, abdominal margin * As given by Godman and Salvin. Fesrvuary 20, 1885. : 38 250 . RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. acutely cleft near anal angle, posterior margin with a long tail-like appendage at apex of submedian nervure, and a short one at apex of lower median nervule. Costal nervure not quite reaching apex of wing, the subcostal nervules bifureating a little before the end of cell, first and second median nertules with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Palpi long and porrect, second joint robust, clothed with short adpressed hairs and extending more than half its length in front of eyes, apical joint moderately slender and about half the length of second; antenne with a very slender and gradually formed apical club. Lega mutilated, Although the name of this genus has appeared before,* it has not been previously described, and was used by Mr. Waterhouse in error. I originally described the typical species under the name of Jolaus (Purlisa) giganteus,} the name Purlisa being a proposal of Mr. Moore, but in ‘Aid’ the name “ Jolaus” was discarded, and the hitherto unpublished name of ** Purlisa”’ alone substituted. 1, Purlisa gigantea. (Tab. XXI., fig. 28.) Tolaus (Purlisa) giganteus, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xvii. p. 245 (1881), Purlisa gigantea, Waterh, Aid Ident. Ins, vol. i. t. 46 (1882). Wings above brilliant cerulean-blue; anterior wings with the basal third of costal margin dark greyish-fuscous, and from which the whole apical area (concave internally) to near apex of inner margin is black; posterior wings with the outer margin broadly black, the fringe greyish-white, abdominal margin greyish, anal angle fuscous, irrorated with bluish scales, outwardly margined with white, and followed by a dark line separating the fringe, tail-like appendages fuscous, margined with greyish-white. Wings beneath smoky-grey, both wings crossed by a submarginal narrow dark fascia, commencing on anterior wings about midway between end of cell and outer margin, sharply defined outwardly and evanescent inwardly, waved but entire on anterior wings, and deeply sinuate towards anal angle of posterior wings; a pale marginal border containing some obscure elongate spots on gnterior wings and a double row of smoky elongate spots on posterior wings; a black submarginal spot faintly margined with bluish between the second and third median nervules, and a larger spot of the same colour at anal angle; fringe as above. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 52 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.). This appears to be an exceedingly rare species. I possess but one specimen, and the only other example which I have seen is a much mutilated and unlocalised one in the collection of Mr. F’. Moore, where it has been for the last twenty years. During this time it has frequently excited the interest of the owner and the late Mr. Hewitson, but its condition prevented its proper determination. Genus CHERITRA. Cheritra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 109 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched and convex, the outer margin nearly straight, the inner margin nearly straight, but slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell, first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second * Aid to Ident. Ins. vol. 1. t. 46. + Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xvii. p. 245. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 251 emitted at about the same distance from first as second is from third, the last of which ‘- emitted a little before the end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at nearly two-thirds the length uf third; first-median nervule emitted at end of cell, the bases of the second and third being twice as far apart as those of first and second. Posterior wings irregularly and elongately subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the posterior margin oblique, angled and produced at area of median nervules, and with a long tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule and a shorter one at apex of submedian neryure; abdominal margin somewhat oblique, deeply and ‘acutely excavated near anal angle. Costal nervure not quite reaching apex of wing, subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of eell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Palpi very similar to those of Purlisa. Male with a tuft of fine hairs at base of inner margin of anterior wings, concealing a glandular patch at base of costal area of posterior wings. In the synopsis of genera (p. 234) I have unfortunately given the length of the costal nervure to posterior wings as found in ‘ Cheritra amrita,” a species which I have since found cannot be Included in Oheritra, and for which I haye proposed a new genus under the name of Neocheritra. 1. Cheritra freja. (Tab. XX., fig. 10 2.) Hesperia Freja, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii, 1, p. 268, n. 19 (1798), Myrina Freja, Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 84, 36, f.1; Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 183, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc, ser, 2, Zool, vol, i. p. 650, n. 8 (1877); Moore, Proce, Zool, Boe. 1878, p. B84. Sithon Freja, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 851, n. 8. Myrina Jaffra, Horsf. (nec. Godt.), Cat. Lep. E. 1.0. p. 118, n. 48, t. 2, f. 5, 5a (1829). Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with three large submarginal white spots, separated by the second and third median nervules, beneath the two outermost are two marginal white lines, and beneath the innermost 4 marginal white spot, fringe beneath these spots also white; tail-like appendages white, with a central fuscous line; abdominal margin at anal angle more or less spotted with white. Wings beneath greyish; anterior wings with the costal, apical and outer marginal areas pale ochraceous, with a disco-cellular and two discal submarginal darker ochraceous lines; posterior wings with two waved, fuscous submarginal linear fascim, darker and more broken towards anal area; these are followed by a brownish submarginal line from apex to discoidal nervule, two black linear spots divided by the upper median nervule, and a large black spot inwardly margined with bluish between the second and third median nervules, a bluish transverse spot between the lower median nervule and submedian nervure, a small black spot at anal angle, from which a bluish streak, outwardly margined with black, extends to lower portion of abdominal margin. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 2, 40 to 50 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein (Moore).—Upper Tenasserim; Taoo (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)—Java (Horsf.).—Borneo (Druce). I have not seen the male of this species, which is described by Horsfield* as ‘ covered with a beautiful saturated cupreous gloss slightly varying to purple,” and as having the posterior wings ‘‘marked with two white spots, one large, lunulate and marginal, the other oblong, narrow, and exactly opposed to the exterior one at the inner boundary of the anal region.” The species also varies in size, as the above dimensions of female specimens in my own collection testify. * Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 119. 252 | RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Genus NEOCHERITRA, gen. nov. Allied to Cheritra, but with the costal nervure of the posterior wings terminating at about two-thirds of costal margin, the subcostal nervyules of the posterior wings emitted a little before end of cell, and the position of the tail-like appendages reversed, the long one being at the apex of the submedian nervure, and the shorter one at the apex of the lower median nervule. 1. Neocheritra amrita. (Tab. XX., fig.15 2%, and Tab. XXIIL., fig. 12 ¢.) Myrina Amrita, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv, p. 895, n. 2 (1860); Hew. UL Diurn. Lep. p. 27, n. 1, t. 11, f. 1—8 (1868); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 7 (1877). Sithon Amrita, Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias. p. 82, n. 105 (1884)... , Male. Wings above violaceous-blue, more or less dusted with fuscous; anterior wings with the costal margin and rather more than the apical half black; posterior wings with the outer margin black, broadest at apex and containing three submarginal transverse pale spots, the two uppermost pale bluish and separated by the second median nervule, the third white and situate between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure, where above the black margin is also a pale greyish spot, and above the upper median nervule there is a discal black fascia, anal angle white, containing a small black spot; tail-like appendages greyish-white, with an indistinct central pale fusecous line; tuft of hairs at base of inner margin of anterior wings greyish with an ochraceous tinge. Wings beneath pale greyish; anterior wings with the whole cellular and outer areas pale reddish-ochraceous; posterior wings with the costal and apical areas pale reddish-ochraceous with two series of black spots, one marginal and separated by the nervules commencing near discoidal nervule, the other and preceding series consisting of three transverse spots separated by the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure; tail-like appendages with their bases blackish and with a central fuscous line; body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with the black and white markings at anal angular area as in male, but with the white markings larger® or sometimes, as in the figure here given, with the white area and the black spots therein much larger; tail-like appendages greyish-white, with prominent central fuscous lines. Wings beneath as in male, but with the black markings at anal angular area somewhat larger. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 40 to 44 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.; coll. Godm. and Salv.).—Nias Island (Kheil). The female specimen here figured is from Singapore, and contained in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin. It exhibits the maximum of varietal character as observed in the species, and which appears to be found in the extent of the black and white markings on the anal angular area of the upper surface of the posterior wings. Although C. amrita is only recorded here from the Malay Peninsula it is probable that its geographical distribution will be proved to be of a wider description, the Lycanide* of the Malayan Archipelago having still to be properly described and enumerated. * Mr. P. H. Gosse has written to me that, on p. 196, I should have cited him literatim, and should have used the word Lyca@nade, as he would reject the use of ‘a Greek patronymic in ide, from a noun of the first declension. Lyeena should make Lyecenade.” My friend is doubtless correct on the point, though I expect the more corrupt word “ Lycenide" will prevail. Should a day of literary purification ever arise the requisite change of well-known words in our liter@ture will be not inconsiderable. Even so careful and great a writer as Milton has been recently shown, by the late Mark Pattison, to have erred in his title of ‘Tl Penseroso,’ the adjective formed from ‘ Penstero’ being ‘ Pensieroso’ (Milton, p. 28). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 258 Genus SITHON. Sithon, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched at base, the apex subacute, the quter margin very slightly convex, posterior margin slightly convex and provided (in male) with a tuft of hairs near base. Costal neryure sinuate, terminating on costa near end of cell, first subcostal nervule impinging on the costal nervure and emitted at about one-third before the end of cell, second emitted about midway between bases of first and third, the last near end of cell, first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin near end of cell. Posterior wings subovate, costal margin at about one-third from base suddenly deflected and oblique to apex, posterior margin oblique, somewhat widened and lobular at apex of second median nervule, with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule, and a shorter and more lobate one at apex of submedian nervure, abdominal margin oblique, rounded and not cleft at anal angle, subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint extending about half its length beyond the head, third slender, about or a little less than half the length of second. Body long and moderately robust. Antenne moderately long, with a slender but well-formed apical club. As known at present, this genus seems to be distributed in an area comprising Bengal, the Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra. 1. Sithon nedymond, var. (Tab. XXII, fig. 1¢. Papilio Nedymond, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 299, H, F (1782). Theela Nedymond, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 96, n. 28 (1829), Sithon Nedymond, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 77 (1816); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 526. Male. Wings above dark freceus or black; anterior wings with a large discal dark bluish patch, not extending to base nor above the subcostal nervure, and outwardly reaching to about one-third between end of cell and margin; posterior wings with the outer margin very broadly of the same hue; tail-like appendages dark fuscous, the outermost with its apical third whitish, the innermost with a longitudinal pale bluish streak. Wings beneath pearly-grey, the outer third of both wings chocolate-brown, of which the innermost portion consists of a broad and somewhat straight darker brown fascia, the posterior wings with a marginal greyish line; at anal angle of posterior wings the brown is replaced by ochraceous and contains four bluish streaks margined with black, situate one between the second and third median nervules, two between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and the fourth oblique, between the submedian and internal nervures: above these and between the third median nervule and internal nervure is a transverse black streak inwardly containing some ochraceous markings: between the first and second median nervules is an obscure dark spot containing a few pale bluish scales and outwardly margined with ochraceous. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs pearly-grey, streaked and annulated with dark fuscous; palpi pearly-grey, with their apices dark fuscous. Exp. wings, 34 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (coll. Godfery).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.),—Java (Horsf), I have only seen one specimen of this species from the Malay Peninsula, which Mr. Godfery writes me that he caught ‘in a forest-path near the banks of the Linggi in Sungei Ujong.” It is evidently an extremely rare species. I have no knowledge of the female,* and have * Tf it is not to be found in the following species? Fepruary 20, 1885. oT 204 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. treated the form here figured as a variety, owing to the transverse black streak above the anal angle on the under surface of the posterior wings containing some ochraceous markings not observed in typical Javan specimens. 2. Sithon chitra. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 15 °.) Thecla Chitra, Horsheld, Cat. Lep. E.1. 0. p. 97, n. 29, t. 1, f. 5 (1829). Myrina Chitra, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. B.1.C. vol. i. p. 61, n. 87 (1857); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 3 (1877). I have not received this species myself* from the Malay Peninsula, but have figured a Malacean specimen contained in the British Museum, and have copied the original deseription of Dr. Horsfield. “Surface above dark brown, with a very slight ferruginous lustre, being paler on the disk and more saturated at the borders; in the hinder pair the anal region is covered by a broad white patch, confined posteriorly by a delicate black marginal thread, and bearing two irregularly round black spots, the exterior one being dotted with white; the anal appendage bears a black dash, attenuated imteriorly and marked laterally with a greenish silvery line; the extreme fringe of the hinder pair and the tails throughout being white; underneath the anterior wings are fulvous, the hinder silvery white, with a broad fulvous posterior border, attenuated towards the anal region, and continued by a narrow striga passing irregularly flexuose to the inner margin; the anterior wings are paler at the base, have an obscure yellowish litura on the disk, behind this a curved brown striga, mereasing in breadth and intensity of tint towards the interior margin, and finally a black marginal thread; the hinder pair have a very delicate linear yellowish transverse streak on the disk, a medial band of brown dots, more saturated near the costa, and continued at the inner boundary of the anal areola by a very deep black broad regularly transverse streak, tending to the inner margin, and accompanied, a little above its termination, by a solitary black dot; the anal region is interiorly bounded by a series of diversified marks of an intense black colour, disposed in a simple curve; it commences, near the outer apical angle, with an oblong black streak touching a wedge-shaped streak with a minute dash of green silvery irrorations at its inner extremity; this is followed by two large irregularly defined black spots, which also appear on the upper surface, the exterior one being bordered at its inner margin by a crescent of silvery irrorations, the next divided into two portions by the passage of the fulvous striga, bearing near the middle two silvery lunules opposed to each other; the series is terminated by a black streak, extending in contact with the fulvous band along the oblique portion of the inner margin, being nearly concealed by a corresponding streak of silvery irrorations; the anal appendage is black, and surrounded by a lax ciliated white fringe which is broader internally; the thorax and abdomen are brown above and white underneath, the latter being banded at the sides; the feet are white, annulated with black; the entenne are also delicately annulated, and the club has a broad white ring at its base and a ferruginous tip.” Exp. wings, ¢, 32 millim. Hav.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Java (Horsfield). Dr. Horsfield’s description evidently applies to a female specimen, and of the male sex I can find no account. It probably has a bluish gloss above, and is evidently allied to the preceding species. What is the female of S$. nedymond? and what is the male of S. chitra? There is certainly no great reason why the two species (?), as at present known, should not be * Since this was written I have received a female specimen from Sungei Ujong, which has enabled me to certify its generic position. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 256 classed as male and female S. nedymond. ‘The only reason why that course is not followed here, is owing to the fact, that the female S. chitra has a more curved upper tail-like appendage than the male S. nedymond, and the ground colour beneath being somewhat diverse. When the insects are bred the above supposition may not improbably prove correct. Genus HYPOLYCAINA. Hypolycana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. Vi. p- 2038 (1862) ; Moore, d. A. 5. Beng. vol. litt. pt. il. no. l, Dp: 14 (1884), Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched at base, the apex subacute, outer margin slightly convex, inner margin slightly concave. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell, second a little closer to first than third, the last of which is emitted a little before end of cell, which reaches to about the middle of wing; first and second median nervules emitted close together at end of cell. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin at a short distance from base oblique to apex, which is rounded, outer margin oblique, slightly waved and produced at second median neryule and with two slender tail-like appendages, one at apex of third median nervule and the other at apex of submedian nervure; abdominal margin somewhat concavyely cleft near anal angle, which is moderately lobular. Costal nervure strongly arched at base and reaching apex of wing, first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before the end of cell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Palpi porrect, second joint stout, but scarcely extending before the eyes, third joint slender, very long, of nearly equal length to second; antennw moderately long, with a gradually thickened but well-formed apical club, This is a widely distributed genus, and extends from Continental India through the Malay Peninsula, and throughout the Malayan Archipelago. It is also probably common to Tropical Africa, a number of species found there being apparently congeneric. 1. Hypolyczena erylus. (Tab. AX., fig. 5¢; 62.) Polyommatus Erylus, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 638, n. 60 (1828). Amblypodia Erylus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. p, 111, n. 48 (1829), Myrina Erylus, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.C. yol. i. p, 60, n. 84 (1857), Hypolycana Frylus, Hew. Il. Diurn. Lep. p. 49, n. 1, t. 21, f. 1, 2, 4 (1866); Druce, Proe. Zool, Soc. 1873, p, 851, n. 1; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 282, n. 44 (1880); de Nie, J. A.5, Beng. vol. u. pt. 1. p. 52, n. 48 (1881); Butl, Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877); Moore, J.A.8. Beng. vol. lili, pt. ii. no. 1, p. 15 (1884); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 31, n. 97 (1884). Hypolycan Andamana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 589. Hypolycena Hrilus, Snell, Tijd, Ent. xxi. p. 28, n. 95 (1878). Male. Wings above dark indigo-blue; anterior wings with a discal patch of blackish seales at end of cell; posterior wings with a whitish submarginal line extending from second median nervule to anal angle ; fringe greyish; tail-like appendages with their margins pale greyish; a dark spot at anal angle margined with white. Wings beneath dark grey, tinged with greenish. Anterior wings with two brown disco- cellular lines at end of cell, followed by a narrow dark brown fascia, margined with greyish, commencing near costa and terminating at the submedian nervure, and a paler brownish submarginal fascia, between which and the outer margin the colour is more or less tinged with brownish; fringe brown, tipped 256 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, with greyish. Posterior wings with two brownish lines at end of cell, followed by a dark fascia as on anterior wings, but more or less dislocated at the nervules, especially between thg first median nervule and the abdominal margin, and duplex near anal angle; two pale brownish submarginal fascim, a large ochraceous patch containing a black spot between the second and third median nervules, and a black spot at anal angle—between these spots is a patch of metallic bluish seales—; extreme margin black, narrowly bordered on each side with whitish; fringe as on anterior wings. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; beneath greyish; legs greyish, broadly annulated with black. Antennm black, annulated with greyish, the apex castaneous. Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown ; both wings with the dark discal fascia beneath more or less distinctly visible above; posterior wings with the anal area pale greyish, traversed by two submarginal fuliginous fascim, the outermost beyond the second median nervule consisting of three large spots, the third at lobe of anal angle: tail-like appendages fuliginous, margined with greyish. Wings beneath as in male, but somewhat paler in hue. Exp. wings, ¢, 28 to 86 millim; ¢, 30 to 38 millim. Han.—Continental India; N.E. Bengal, Sikkim, Khaisa Hills, Cherra Punji (Moore).—Andaman Islands (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Burma (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Saly.; Kerr—coll.-Dist.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Horsf.).—Borneo (Druce).—Celebes (Snellen); Macassar (coll. Hewits.). H, erylus is probably distributed throughout the Malay Archipelago, and is in all its recorded habitats a moderately abundant species. I have always received the sexes in unequal proportion, male specimens predominating, and Mr. de Nicéville, when collecting in Sikkim, in October, 1880, found the “‘males very common all throngh the Terai and up to Chunabatti,” but “only one female taken.’’* It is a species little subject to variation, as is evident from the series from different habitats in my own collection, and, as found in the Andamans, Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Nicéville remark, ‘Absolutely indistinguishable from fresh Sikkim specimens.” + 2. Hypolyczena etolus. (Tab. XX., fig. 23 2.) Papilio Ktolus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 66, n. 620 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 264, n. 20 (1793), Amblypodia Etolus, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 115, n. 46; Thecla BE. 1c. t. 1, £. 9 (1829). Myrina Ktolus, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. H.1.C. vol. i. p. 49, n. 82 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 188, n. 8 (1869), Hypolycena Ftolus, Hewits. Dl. Diurn. Lep. t. 22, f. 19, 20 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 351, n.2; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 549, n. 2 (1877); de Nic. J. A.5. Beng, vol. 1. pt. 11, p. 59, n. 105 (1881); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 81, n. 98 (1884). Hypolyeana Amasa, Hewits. Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 61, n, 8 (1865). . Male. Wings above very dark indigo-blue or blackish, base of anterior wings and whole area of posterior wings, excluding apex and two submarginal spots (one between second and third median nervules and one at anal angle) pale bluish, with a greyish tinge; fringe of posterior wings and tail-like appendages greyish, the last with a faint central bluish line. Wings beneath yery pale bluish, with a greyish tinge; anterior wings with the apical half more or less ochraceous, and with the following darker ochraceous markings :— , two short contiguous lines at end of eell, followed by two transverse fascim, the innermost of which is most distinet; posterior wings with the apex and two outer waved and dislocated narrow fascim ochraceous, * J.A.8. Beng. vol. u. pt. ii. p, 62 (1881). + Ibid. vol. xlix. p. 232 (1880). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 257 these fascis becoming more or less fuscous on inner half of wing; two somewhat faint ochraceous lines at end of cell; a black spot near base; and some submarginal blackish spots, the two largest corresponding with the position of those above. Body more or less concolorous with wings; legs greyish, broadly annulated with black; antenn# black, narrowly annulated with greyish. Exp. wings, ¢, 26 to 32 millim. Han.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nic.) ; N.E. Himalaya (coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Horsf.)—Borneo (Druce). The female of this species appears to be particularly scarce, and I have not as yet received it. Mr. de Nicéville states that H. etolus is very common in Sikkim, that “it is a rapid flyer, and on the wing at once reminded me of the common blue-bodied Dragon-flies which abound everywhere near water ;’’ and asks, ‘‘ is it possible that a butterfly has ‘ mimicked’ a Libellula?” * 38. Hypolyczna tharis. (Tab. XX., fig. 19.) Osxylides Tharis, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Sechmett. f. 883, 884 (1837), Myrina Tharis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0, vol. i, p, 47, n. 78 (1857); Butl, Trans. Linn, Soc. ger. 2, Aool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 6 (1877). Sithon Tharis, Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 82, n. 108 (1884), Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with two obscure streaks of scattered bluish seales situate one on each side of submedian neryure; posterior wings with a transverse macular white fascia crossing wing from apex of lower subcostal nervule to notch at anal angle; beneath this is a white spot at anal angle and a narrow submarginal white line, fringe white, submedian nervure tinged with greyish ; tail-like appendages white, with faint dark central lines. Wings beneath ochraceous, the anterior wings reddish ochraceous; posterior wings with the anal angular area largely white, anteriorly defined by a waved blackish line bordered with greyish, and from which some very obscure narrow pale linear fascia radiate towards costa; this white area includes the following black spots:—a submarginal row of six, of which the first, second and fifth are small and linear; above the fifth and sixth is a broad irregular spot and another is placed above notch at anal angle; fringe and tail-like appendages as above. Body more or less concolorous with wings; legs greyish, broadly annulated with black; antenne dark fuscous, narrowly annulated beneath with greyish. Exp. wings, 28 to 32 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kiinstler—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Horsf.). 4, Hypolyczna thecloides. Myrina thecloides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 395, n. 8 (1860). Hypolyeena theeloides, Hewits. DL. Ditrn. Lep, p. 49, n. 4, t. xxii. figs, 9, 10 (1869) ; Wood-Mas. & de Nic., J. A. 8. Beng. vol. li. pt. u. p. 17, n. 47 (1882); Moore, J.A.5. Beng. vol. liiig pt.1i. n, 1, p. 16 (1884). Not having seen this species I have copied Felder’s original diagnosis, and reproduced Hewitson’s figure of the same. “‘ Alis supra fuseis, posticis bicaudatis, fascia anali fulva, subtus omnibus glauco-albis, litura discali geminata strigaque exteriore anticarum continua, 10. 78—Hypolycena thecloides. * J.A.5. Beng. vol. 1. pt. ii. p. 59 (1881). Frsrvary 20, 1885. . 3 u 258 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. posticarum bis refracta aurantiacis albo cinctis, anticis extus fulvescentibus, posticis macula subcostal concolore binisque analibus atris, exteriore in areola fulva. 3.” ““Colore Theclis quibusdam hand absimilis.” Exp. wings,* 36 millim. Han.—Nicobar Islands; Nankouri, Katschall (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca? (Feld.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.). There seems little doubt that this species is rightly placed in the genus Hypolycena, though I have not examined a specimen. Hewitson’s figure of H. thecloides gives a congeneri¢ impression, whilst the structural remarks + added by Felder emphasise that view. Genus IRAOTA., Jraota, Moore, Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p. 101 (1881), Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched at base and then obliquely continued to apex, which is subacute; exterior margin moderately convex and slightly waved; inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure curved, terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell, second about midway between first and third, third emitted at about the same distance from end of cell as its base is from that of second, third and fourth bifureating a little beyond middle of third; first and second median nervules emitting rather more than one-third nearer together than second and third. Posterior wings short and broad; costal margin obliquely convex to apex; posterior margin convexly rounded, with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of submedian nervure in the male, and with an additional and similar appendage at apex of lower median nervule in the female; anal angle lobately produced, and a somewhat prominent angulation at apex of second median nervule. Costal nervure arched at base and extending to apex; subcostal nervules bifureating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell; third at about one-third before end of cell. Body robust; palpi porrect, second joint about reaching apex of head, third joint long and slender; legs robust; antenne with a long and gradually formed apical club. The male, as described by Mr. Moore, possesses ‘a tuft of hair on underside of posterior margin” of anterior wings, and also “a slightly indicated glandular space between the base of costal and subcostal veins” of posterior wings.”’ This genus is of moderate extent, and is recorded from North-Eastern India, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands. It is probably to be found throughout the true Indo-Malayan region. 1. Iraota boswelliana,{ n.sp. (Tab. XXIL., fig. 25 2.) Male. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a large patch of dark bluish seales occupying base of cell and extending along inner half, but not reaching outer margin; posterior wings with a very large and similar dark bluish patch occupying the whole discal area; tail-like appendage and the * Taken from Hewitson's figure. + “Species hee et ejus affinis M, crylus, Godt., et Sipylus, Feld., a Myrinis palporum articulo secundo capite breviore, tertio longo aciculari arcuato antennisque graciliter clayatis recedunt.” { In naming this species I have taken a hint from Dr. Johnson. The great lexicographer once remarked to his future biographer, a y of a moth which fluttered into a candle, ‘‘ That creature was its own tormentor, and | believe its name Was aarekes his is probably the whole condensed “entomological" observation of Dr. Johnson, and as such may be remembered, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 259 angulation at apex of second median nervule dark fuscous, with the apex greyish-white. Wings beneath warm brownish, shaded with purple. Anterior wings with seven white spots, situate one largest and elongate in cell, one at end of cell, and five in somewhat curved series between end of cell and outer margin, of which the third is the largest and extends outwardly, and a submarginal, somewhat obscure, macular series of small greyish spots; towards inner margin the ground colour becomes much paler. Posterior wings with the basal half dark purplish, bounded by a central silvery white fascia, which is widest at abdominal margin and contains some irregular purplish markings; the basal dark purplish area also contains two silvery white fasciw, the first short and costal, the second very large, extending from near base of abdominal margin to apex, with a concave depression above and a narrow central continuation beneath, which reaches the central silvery fascia; beyond this the colour is ochraceous, with some purplish marginal spots, bordered with white near apex, and a broad bluish marginal fascia bordered with white, extending from about upper median nervule to anal angle, and containing a darker spot at either end. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs pale brownish. Female. Wings above pale uniform ochraceous-brown, the costal area of the posterior wings paler, the tail-like appendages and angular prolongation darker brown, with their apices greyish. Wings beneath as in male, but brighter in hue and markings. Exp. wings, d, 35 to 38 millim.; ¢°, 45 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Godfery). Although the female is decidedly larger than the male it is probable, if a large series could be measured, that the diversity is not so great as the above dimensions advocate. The male also possesses a more elongate appearance than the female, but I was unable to figure one when the plate was executed. Considerable confusion has ensued by several distinct species having for a long time been placed under one name. ‘Thus Mr. Hewitson* has not only considered J. timoleon, Stoll, I. rochana, Horsf., and J. lazarena, Feld., as one species, but has also included the species described here, as is evident from the mention of Penang as a locality. In this opinion he has been copied by Mr. Kirby.+ All these species are, however, clearly distinct and easily determinable by the emphatic markings on the under surface of the wings, which, in the Rhopalocera, are the surest guide for specific difference. | Genus NARATHURA, Narathura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 835. Nilasera, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 114 (1881). Anterior wings ample; costal margin more or less convex, either oblique towards apex as in N. centaurus, or convexly depressed towards apex as in N. amphimuta; exterior margin more or less convex ; inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure short, terminating at about ofie-third of costal * Til. Inurn. Lep. p. 25 (1869), + Cat. Diarn. Lep. p. 418 (1871), | Amidst the present creation of specific names, which seem in many cases to be the only reason why certain insects are called by the term “species,"—that pons asinorum of so many naturalists,—it is refreshing to see clearer views bei sometimes enunciated. ‘Thus quite recently Mr. W. F. de Vismes Kane (‘ Naturalist,’ November, 1884, p. 78) has well remarked :— From one point of view there is no sucli a thing as variation of species; since the most rigid and painstaking serutiny of Nature leads, little by little, slowly but inevitably, it seems to me, to the conclusion that there is no such a thing as species, if we mean by the term a primeval type which has permanent and unaltered persistence of characteristics.” The evolution of species appears to have been always admitted by the older anthropologists, for who can doubt the modifying and constructive # sabe in Nature which has produced the diverse races of mankind, and deny that the same cause has been imoperative or ineffectual in the case (say even) of butterflies. ; 260 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. margin; first subeostal nervule emitted at about one-third from base, and terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell, second emitted about midway between first and third, the last of which arises at about an equal interval from end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about middle or two-thirds of third; first and second median nervules about one-third nearer together than second and third, the first convexly rounded. Posterior wings broad, the costal and outer margins convex, with a short tail-like appendage at apex of third median nervule, either distinct as in N. centaurus, or short, fragile, and obscure as in N. amphimuta; anal angle obliquely rounded and not lobed. Costal nervure about reaching apex of wing; subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of cell; lower median nervule at about one-third before end of cell. Body robust; palpi porrect, second joint compressed and flattened. Antennw very slightly and gradually thickened at apex. IT have failed to find any structural differences between the two genera Narathura and Nilasera, as proposed by Mr. Moore, and, although the first and earliest name is here used, it is not without some hesitation, as no single character of neuration is given in the diagnosis of Narathura, and it can only be accurately determined by the fact of the typical species (Amblypodia hypomuta, Hewits.) being given. This genus and the two following, Panchala and Amblypodia, have till quite recently been classed and catalogued together as one genus under the last-mentioned name. As, at present, all the species thus treated have not been examined to ascertain their true generic position, it will be better to deal with them corporately in ascertaining their geographical distribution. This distribution is distinctly Oriental, and not only includes Continental India, the neighbouring islands, and the Malay Peninsula, but also the entire length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago. ° Another strongly marked peculiarity of these genera is their singular individuality, both in depth and intensity of hne and general increase of size, compared with the remaining Lycenide, which affords some support to the theory that climate has a tendency to influence coloration. This principle can of course have no universal application, as in the Tropics we find no diminution of pale-coloured butterflies. The true test seems to be this, whether we can observe, in different groups, that the most melanie members of those groups are found in the region of the Tropics, whilst at the same time the most albinic species are discovered only in the highest latitudes to which the distribution of the group extends.* The whole question, however, still requires a further amount of material and a patient and qualified investigation. One other feature of this deep blue coloration is not to be neglected, and that is its recurrent character throughout the Rhopalocera. In families whose members have a generally sombre hue it usually appears in an unexpected, complete and brilliant manner, and in * Mr. de Vismes Kane has recently advocated this view as the result of his study of European peneee ren (‘ Naturalist," Nov. 1884, p. 77). The result of other investigations has pointed to similar considerations, in which, however, the controlling or exciting cause has been rather that of southern latitude than of tropical heat. Thus Prof. Milne-Edwards pursued a course of studies on the colour of birds as connected with their geographical distribution, and found that birds with black plumage are found in almost all parts of the world; but in certain widely distributed families the tendency to melanism is displayed only in the southern hemisphere, and especially in the oceanic district including New Zealand, New Guinea, Madagascar, and the intermediate islands. This was remarkably illustrated in the family of swans, of which its numerous representatives in the northern hemisphere are all perfectly white, whilst in the southern hemisphere there are only three species, of which one, that of New Holland, is perfectly black, and of the two others, natives of South America, one has a few black feathers and the other a black head and neck, the rest of the body being white (‘ Comptes Rendus,' Dec, 29, 1875). This peculiarity has also been shown by Mr. J. A. Allen to exist in the North American birds (Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. vol. xv. p. 212), and also—and by the same naturalist—to be found in the North American squirrels (Paper read before U.S. Soc. Nat. Hist. Boston, Feb. 4, 1874). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. — 261 decided contrast to the allied species. A few examples will suffice. In the genus Kuplea of the subfam. Danaine, in which the prevailing colour is generally some shade of black or brown, we see this resplendent blue coloration seeking to establish itself, as in the Midamus group, and reaching its full splendour in FE. diocletia, Hiibn., a species found in the Philippine Islands. Amongst the Satyrine of generally sombre hue we again find this colour manifesting itself in such dull coloured genera as Lethe, where the L. seanda, Moore, a Sikkim species, is in striking contrast to its specific allies; in the genus Celites this blue coloration assumes a more dominant form, but reaches its maximum in Ptychandra lorquinii, Feld., another Philippine species.* In the Nymphalide (referring only to this fauna) we have already seen it as a special element in the Morphina, and in the Nymphalina, Eurytela castelnaui, Feld., is a striking example. The eastern Erycinide show little approach ‘to this hue, but still in the subfam. Libytheine we find again another and excellent illustration of the recurrence in Libythea antipoda, Boisd., a species found both in Celebes and the Philippine Islands. The Papilionide prove no exception. In the subfam. Pierine, in which white and yellow hues predominate, this same phenomenal coloration appears in Appias celestina, Boisd., a Papuan species, whilst in the Papilionine the most resplendent bluish coloration is exhibited in P. ulysses, Linn., and some other allied species, likewise found in the Papuan region. These examples are taken solely from the Oriental and Papuan regions, and could be considerably augmented by increasing the area of examination. It is such isolated instances, and such concurrent facts, that promote research, and must be understood before we can arrive at any adequate explanation of the gorgeous and diverse coloration of butterflies. The last remark, and one not the least important, is that though the late Mr. Hewitson was a considerable collector of these butterflies, and has left behind him some beautifully illustrated results of his study and regard, the figures in these works, which were drawn by himself, and represent in many cases the types of his own species, will very often be found to disagree with the figures of the same species given in this publication. The figures have been, however, carefully compared with his types, and the only explanation feasible is, either that his figures are not sufficiently exact, or, as I have had reason to believe, in substituting fresh and perfect specimens for his own cabinet, he has been known to have discarded a faded type, and replaced it by a well-conditioned specimen of an allied but distinct species. 1. Narathura centaurus. (Tab. XXI., figs. 4¢, 5 ?.) Papilio centaurus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 620, n. 329 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 117, n. 523 (1781); Mant. Ins. p- 68, n. 646 (1787); Emt. Syst. iii, p. 275, n. 63 (1793). Amblypodia nakula, Feld, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv, p. 895, n. 4 (1860); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 353, n.1; Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 33, n. 121 (1884). Arhopala nakula, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 222, n. 244, t. 20, f. 14 (1865); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p- 885; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.S. Beng. vol. u. p. 251, n. 77 (1881). Amblypodia centaurus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 179, n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i, p. 548, n. 1 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107, n, 1. * The occurrence of these two bright blue butterflies in the Philippines, belonging to both the Danaina and Satyrina, recalls the several similar instances found in insular faunas, given by Mr, Wallace in illustrating his thesis (“On some Relations of Living Things to their Environment,” Pres. Address, Sect. Biology, Brit. Ass. Glasgow, 1876). Frsrvuary 20, 1885. ax 262 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the fringe brownish. Wings beneath ochraeceous-brown. Anterior wings with two looped spots, margined with pale bluish in cell and a subquadrate spot, inwardly margined with pale bluish and outwardly with greyish at end of cell, a waved fascia margined with greyish crossing wing beyond cell, and the following spots margined with greyish:—one neur costa above end of cell, and two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule; the apical third of wing is somewhat paler, and contains a marginal and submarginal dark fascia, Posterior wings with the following spots and fascia margined with greyish :—seven basal spots, a central transverse fascia, which is connected above at the lower subcostal nervule with a broken macular fascia extending to abdominal margin; 2 marginal and two submarginal somewhat obscure fascie; three transverse marginal metallic greenish spots near anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above violaceous-blue, costal and outer margins of anterior wings broadly fuscous ; posterior wings with the costal margin broadly, and the outer margin narrowly, fuscous. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢, 50 to 58 millim.; ?, 52 to 58 millim. Has.—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Cale. Mus.).—Tenasserim; Taoo (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (colls. Sater and Dist.); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Siam ; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).—Nias Island (Kheil),—Borneo (Druce). This is the true Papilio centaurus, Fabr., of which I have satisfied myself by a comparison with the Fabrician type contained in the Banksian collection in the British Museum. Considerable confusion exists as to the true identity of this species, and this has been greatly due and is still frequently caused by the erroneous representations of the species given by the late Mr. Hewitson,* which seem to apply to a variety or distinct species found in Continenta] India. It is probably these figures which have induced many to consider as distinct the Malay butterfly described by Felder under the name of Amblypodia nakula. Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue, + placed the two species as synonymous with one another; and, to render the matter as complicated as possible, N. M. Kheil has recently pointed out that Mr. Kirby is wrong, and uses Felder’s name as distinct from the Fabrician. Mr. Butler, in 1869,{ corrected this error, but his remarks appear to haye been overlooked. This is an abundant Lycenid in the Malay Peninsula, and its distribution extends through Tenasserim into Burma, but, owing to the confusion as to identity, its known geographical area is somewhat difficult to ascertain. 2. Narathura agnis. (Tab. XXL., fig. 29 2.) Arhopala agnis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep, ii. p. 228, n, 252 (1965). Female. Wings above violaceous-blue; costal and outer margins of both wings broadly fuscous. Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following spots and fascia margined with greyish :—anterior wings with two spots in cell and one at end of cell, two spots beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule, a somewhat curved macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin commencing near costa and terminating at lower median nervule, and a more obscure submarginal fascia; posterior wings with about seven basal spots, a subquadrate spot at end of cell continued as a macular fascia to abdominal margin, an outer discal macular fascia which becomes duplex near anal angle, and a somewhat obscure submarginal * Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. t. 2, f. 10—18 (1862). | Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 419-20. t Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 179. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 265 fascia; three transverse, marginal, metallic greenish streaks, the innermost with a black spot near anal angle (two of these are rubbed or obliterated in the specimen jigured); tail-like appendages with their apices greyish-white. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath more or less greyish ; legs pale brownish. Exp. wings, ?, 60 millim, Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.; coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.) ; Perak (Kinstler—Calc. Mus.). Since writing the above I have been enabled to examine a male specimen of this species, and find it is unicolorous and dark violaceous-bluc above, and exactly resembling the female beneath. It is evidently a much rarer insect than N. centaurus, or at least more seldom met with by collectors. Mr. Kirby has placed N. agnis as a synonym of the Sumatran species, N. anarte, Hew., but it is sufficiently distinct for specific separation. 3. Narathura anthelus. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 4 2.) Amblypodia anthelus, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. t. 74, £. 6 (1852); Hewits. Cat, Lye. Brit, Mus, t. 3, f. 28, 24 (1862); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, n. 8 (1877). Satadra anthelus, Moore, J.A.5. Beng. vol. lui. pt. i. no. 1, p. 24 (1884), Female. Wings violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal margin, apex, and outer margin broadly fuscous, the fuscous coloration also continued in a diseo-cellular streak at end of cell; posterior wings with the costal margin broadly and the posterior margin more narrowly fuscous; apices of the tail-like appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath pale brownish, with the following dark purplish or pale brown spots and fascia margined with greyish; anterior wings with two looped spots in cell and a subquadrate spot at end of cell, a fractured macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin, which is strongly dislocated at upper median nervule; between this faseia and base are a series of large irregular costal spots, a small spot beneath cell between the bases of the second and third median nervules, and a more obscure and narrow, macular, submarginal fascia; posterior wings with an irregular series of five subcostal spots, beneath which are four smaller basal spots, a very irregular diseal fascia extending from lower subcostal nervule to abdominal margin, and an outer pale, waved fascia extending from the outer subcostal spot to abdominal margin; three transverse metallic greenish spots more or less shaded with black near anal angle, where the outer margin is narrowly greyish. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings. Male. I have not seen this sex, but, as figured by Doubleday and Hewitson, it is violaceous-blue above, with the costal and outer margins narrowly dark fuscous, somewhat more broadly so at the apices of both wings and at the anal angle of the posterior wings. Exp. wings, 2, 55 millim. Has.—Burma ; Moulmein (Doub. & Hew.).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.). 4, Narathura maxwelli, n.sp.* (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 10 ¢.) Female. Wings above violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (abruptly widened at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark fuscous; abdominal margin fuseous, tail-like appendages with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fascie margined with greyish :—two in, and one at end of cell; above this * Named after Mr. W. E. Maxwell, not only well known as the “ Resident” at Larut, but also as the author of ‘A Manual of the Malay Language,’ &c. 264 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, last is a small and obscure spot; a curved macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin, commencing near costa, abruptly dislocated at upper median nervule, from which it is continued by three fused spots, the uppermost smallest, two spots beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule, and a submarginal waved fascia; posterior wings with seven basal spots, two transverse, waved, discal fascim dislocated and fused from lower subcostal nervule to costal nervure, a waved submarginal fascia as on anterior wings, and three metallic greenish spots, more or less shaded with black near anal angle; body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 50 millim, Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.). One female specimen collected by the Rev. L. Biggs is at present my only knowledge of this species. It appears, however, quite distinct from anything described, and is an interesting addition to this large genus. 5. Narathura farquhari,* n. sp. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 3 ¢.) Amblypodia eumolphus, Butler (nec Cram.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 2 (1877). Male. Wings above bright golden-green; anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly, and the outer margin more broadly, dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal, posterior and abdominal margins dark fuscous, the posterior widest and continued in rays along the median nervules; apices of the tail-like appendages greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fascim margined with greyish :—anterior wings with two spots in cell, one transverse at end of cell reaching the third subcostal nervule, a small spot between bases of second and third subcostal nervules, two spots beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule, a macular fascia between end of cell and outer margin, strongly dislocated at the upper median nervule, a submarginal and a more obscure marginal fascia; posterior wings with seven basal spots, two central, transverse macular fascia dislocated and united into one from the lower subcostal nervule to the costal nervure, marginal and submarginal fasci# as on anterior wings, but more obscure, and three transverse metallic greenish spots, more or less marked with black, near anal angle. Body above and beneath, including legs, more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢, 54 to 58 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr, Biggs—coll. Dist. ; coll. Godfery). I have not seen the female of this species. Horsfield has given + a deseription of that sex belonging to the Javan species (under the name of A. ewmolphus) which may or may not be conspecific, but is certainly very closely allied to N. farquhari. According to that description the female is black above, ‘‘the greenish golden lustre being limited in the fore-wings to a medial patch extending to the base, and in the hinder to a triangular spot occupying the basal areolet.” This species has hitherto been confounded with the N. ewmolphus of Cramer, but a reference to that author's figure will at once dispel any ground of misunderstanding, it having the outer discal transverse fascia to the anterior wings straight and not strongly dislocated as in this species. Cramer also gives the ‘‘ Coast of Bengal’’ as its habitat, * Named after Colonel Farquhar, whilom Governor of Malacca, whose worth may be estimated by the tribute paid to his memory by the native writer, Abdulla bin Abdul Kadar, munshi. This no mean authority, in addition to much other favourable testimony, states, “‘ All the four races (Malays, Chinese, Klings, and Portuguese) in Malacca were exceedingly fond of, and attached to, the Governorship of Major Farquhar” (‘Translations from the Hakayit Abdulla,’ by J. T. Thomson, p- 27). Can Proconsul achieve much more? + Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 104. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 26a 6. Narathura adatha. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 12, 2 2.) Amblypodia Adatha, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. t. 4, f. 29—81 (1862); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Aool. vol. i. p. 648, n. 4 (1877). Before describing this species it is necessary to make two preliminary observations. Firstly: the figures here given are those of a male and female specimen captured in Malacea by Capt. Pinwill, and now contained in the British Museum; and secondly: these figures do not altogether correspond to those given by Mr. Hewitson as representative of his species. I have, however, carefully compared them with the type specimen of Hewitson, and find that they are correct and faithful. Mr. Hewitson also obscured the identity of his A. adatha by firstly placing it as a synonym of the ‘ Arhopala micale”’ of Boisduval,* and subsequently as distinct from 4. micale, but conspecific with the Amboinese Amblypodia cleander, Feld. + Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue ;{ apices of the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings greyish-white. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fasciz margined with greyish ; anterior wings with two spots in, and one at end of cell, two spots beneath cell divided by the third median nervule, a curved fascia (dislocated at the upper median nervule) between cell and outer margin and a@ narrower submarginal fascia; posterior wings with seven basal spots, a transverse central fascia commencing at costal nervure and terminating near base of upper median nervule, followed by a transverse fascia commencing at lower subcostal nervule, a submarginal fascia and three marginal transverse metallic greenish spots, more or less spotted with black, near anal angle. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Resembling the male, but with broad darker margins to the upper surface of the wings. Exp. wings, ¢ and @?, 40 to 42 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr— coll. Dist.). 7. Narathura atosia. (Tab. XXIIL., figs.6 ¢, 5 2.) Amblypodia atosia, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 9, n. 87, t. 2, £ 8, 9 (1868); Drnce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 358, n. 4; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 548, n. 6 (1877). The figures of this species, here given, are taken from two Malaccan specimens in the British Museum. As I have not received the species, I append a copy of Mr. Hewitson’s description :— “Upperside. Male.—Lilac-blue; the margins black, very narrow. Anterior wing with a large central spot of somewhat different colour, not seen except in a certain light, and not produced by any unusual arrangement of the scales.” ““ Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing, with the transverse band broken, composed of seven parts ; three together, the fourth projecting outwardly from the rest, the three following further from the margin than the fourth.” * Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 7 (1862). ! Tl. Diurn. Lep. p. 8, n. 28 (1868). : } A specinien received from Singapore has the colour above darker blue and less violaceous than in the figures here given, which are taken from Malaccan specimens in the British Museum. Fesrvary 20, 1885. 3 Y¥ 266 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. “ Female.—Violet-blue. Anterior wing with the costal margin, the apex, and the outer margin broadly black, the nervures black. Posterior wing with the apex and outer margin broadly dark brown, the nervures black.” “Exp. lm inch.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce). 8. Narathura antimuta. (Tab. XXIII, fig. 11 2.) Arhopala antimuta, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 283, n. 260 (1865), Amblypodiv antimuta, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, nm. 6 (1877). The Malaccan specimen here figured has been identified and recorded by Mr. Butler as Felder’s species. The following is a copy of the original description :— “@. Alm supra obscure violaceo-cyanem, margine externo perangusto fusco, subtus omnes dilute fusc#, antic intus pallidiores, maculis duabus annularibus in cellula, tertia infra venam medianam, fasciola discocellulari, fascia exteriore abbreviata catenulari fracta alteraque maculari submarginali fundo paullo saturatioribus, multo dilutius cinctis, postice macula in costw lobulo, tribus basalibus, quarta interna, quinta subcostali, sexta majore cellulari annularibus, septima infra hance, vix cordata, fasciola discocellulari fasciaque externa a margine bene distante macularum subtriangularium fundo saturatioribus, multo dilutius cinctis, fascia pone medium, catenulata, apud ramum medianum primum valde fracta et per striolam cum fasciola juncta, postice sursum flexa, fundo paullo saturatiore (maculis duabus supremis ejus plane separatis, annularibus), maculis duabus analibus nigris, metallico-cyaneo introrsum limitatis et maculis totidem obsoletis nigris, atomis albidis intus cinctis insedentibus.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld. ; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.). 9. Narathura aroa. (Tab. XXIII, fig. 17.) Amblypodia Aroa, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 18, n. 60, t. 2, f. 12 (1868); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p, 548, n. 9 (1877). This is another species not yet obtained by the writer from the Malay Peninsula. The specimen figured was collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and I append the description as given by Mr. Hewitson :— ““Upperside. Male.—Violet-blue: the margins very narrow, black.” ‘Underside rufous-brown. Anterior wing with the band of nearly equal breadth, slightly curved.” Exp. 1% inch. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Wallace—Hewits.). Mr. Hewitson also remarks, ‘‘ A. Aroa is very nearly allied to A. Hypomuta ;* the blue of its upperside is less brilliant, and the spots and bands of the underside appear to be much wider apart. A. Hypomuta seems, on the posterior wing, as if covered throughout with spots, the spaces between the bands and spots having nearly the same appearance as the usual spots and bands themselves have.” * A species deseribed on the following page under the earlier name of N. amphimuta, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 267 10. Narathura metamuta.* (Tab. XXIII., figs. 19, 18 var. ?) Amblypodia jwetamuta, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 18, n. 59, t. 2, f. 14, 16 (1863); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 648, nm. 10 (1877). j This is another of the many species captured in Malacca by Capt. Pinwill that have apparently been met with by no other collector. The figure represents two such specimens now contained in the British Museum. Fig. 19 is typical; fig. 18 represents a specimen catulogued as Hewitson's species by Mr. Butler, and which may probably be but a variety, and is figured as such ? The original description is as follows :— ‘Underside. Male.—Anterior wing violet-blue: posterior wing brilliant morpho-blue; the margins broad, dark brown.” “Underside. Anterior wing with the first three spots of the transverse band placed obliquely outwards, the two outer spots a little within them and placed transversely.” «Exp. 14 inch.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Wallace—Hewits.). The different colour of the anterior and posterior wings readily indicates the identity of this species, and, as remarked before, the so-called variety here figured, is only admitted us such with hesitation, until a series of specimens can be examined. 11. Narathura amphimuta. (Tab. XXL. fig.10¢, and 9 ¢.) Amblypodia Amphimuta, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 896, n. 6 (1860); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2 Zool. vol. i. p. 548, n. 6 (1877). Arhopala Amphimuta, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 282, n. 269, t. 29, f, 8 (1865), Amblypodia Hypomuta, Hewits. Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 11, n. 52, t. 6, f. 68, 64 (1862); IL. Diurn, Lep. p, 12, n. 68, t. 2, f. 13 (1863); Drnee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 854, n. 11; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 11 (1877). Male. Wings above violaceous-blue, margins narrowly dark fuscous; wings beneath brownish with the following spots and fascia margined with greyish; anterior wings with two spots in, and one at end ‘of cell, two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule, a slightly curved fascia between end of cell and outer margin, which is strongly dislocated between the lower discoidal and upper median nervules (where it has the appearance of a projecting spot),t a subcostal spot between the first and second subcostal nervules and a narrow submarginal fascia; posterior wings with six basal spots, two irregular central curved macular fascie, dislocated and united into one from lower subcostal nervule to costal nervure, a submarginal fascia and three marginal metallic greenish spots more or less marked with black near anal angle: apices of tail-like appendages greyish-white. Body above and beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Paler bluish above, the dark marginal shadings very broad on anterior wings at apex and outer margin, and at apex of posterior wings; wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, g and ?, 32 to 45 millim. “In the specific nomenclature of this genus several authors appear to have not only recognised the difficulty of properly eats | bests apecies, but to have alsss endeavoured (0) make it almost impossible to remember the names of such species, by inventing a farrago of euphonious words, as though rhyme was the one thing needful. To this rhythmical and Inbyrinthian effect the following contributions may be acknowledged :—'‘ muta,’ ‘epimuta,’ ‘amphimuta,' * antimuta,’ ‘hypomata,’ ‘metamuta, and ‘perimuta.’ As these are all uames of closely allied species, such “ contributions to science" require application and study, | This las not been sufficiently shown in the figure of the female here given, though it is distinctly indicated in that of the male. 268 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; eolls. Moore and Godm. & Saly.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.),—Borneo (Druce). This species varies greatly in size, the smallest specimen examined being a female and expanding only 32 millim. As Mr. Hewitson pointed out, an excellent differential specific character is found in the spot-like projection to the discal fascia on the under surface of the anterior wings ; but when the describer states that in the female the last spot of this fascia also projects outwardly, he has described what is found on none of the specimens now before me. Mr. Hewitson recognised the identity of his A. hypomuta with the A. amphimuta, Feld.,* and though Mr. Butler states+ that the two are quite distinct, and places them wide apart, I have failed to find these differences. A closely allied species, 4. epimuta, Moore, was included by Mr. Butler in his catalogue of Malaccan butterflies, ! but could not be found in the National Collection, for the use of our artist, and so it is not included here. 12. Narathura kurzi,§ n.sp. (Tab. XXI., fig. 1 3.) Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue. Wings beneath brownish, with the following spots and fascie margined with greyish :—anterior wings with two spots in and one at end of cell; two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule; a macular fascia beyond cell, which is strongly dislocated at upper median nervule and is then inwardly continued by an almost separated spot terminating near the central median neryule; posterior wings with about six basal spots (the extreme basal spots have been omitted in the figure), a central discal fascia commencing at lower subcostal nervule, followed by a fascia crossing the whole breadth of wing, a submarginal fascia, and marginal metallic greenish spots, more or less marked with blackish near anal angle. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, gf 42 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Dist.). Only one male specimen of this distinctly marked species is known to the deseriber, and the female has still to be discovered. 13. Narathura ameria. (Tab. XXI., fig. 30 2.) Amblypodia ameria, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 14, n. 64, t. 8, f. 85, 86|| (1862). Female. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, costal and outer margins of both wings, and abdominal margin of posterior wings broadly dark fuseous. Anterior wings beneath somewhat rufous-brown, cell containing a whitish line near base, two near centre, and two at termination, some obscure whitish linear marks above the cell; beneath the cell the colour is paler, containing a conical brownish spot between the second and third median nervules and a broad brown spot between the third median nervule and * TL. Diurn. Lep. p. 12, n. 58. + Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 549. } Ib. p. 548, n. 7. & Dedicated to the memory of the late excellent botanist, Sulhiz Kurz, author of the ‘ Forest Flora of British Burma,’ &c. He died at Penang on his way to the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, for the purpose of botanical exploration. || The figure of the underside of this species as given by Hewitson is totally unlike that which I have given here. I have, however, carefully compared my figure and specimen with the fype specimen of Hewitson's species in the British Museum, and they are altogether identical. Hewitson's figures of the undersides of these Amblypodie are frequently altogether misleading. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 269 the submedian nervure, a curved transverse fascia bordered with greyish between end of cell and outer margin dislocated at the upper discoidal and median nervules, and with a submarginal row of lunulate spots bordered with greyish. Posterior wings beneath brownish with a steely tinge, the basal third with reticulated dark brown faseciw, followed by a transverse, discal, angulated fascia of the same colour, and with a submarginal series of dark brown spots. Body above and beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 2? , 44 millim. Has.—Continental India; N. India (sic) (coll. Hewits.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Saly.).—Siam (coll. Hewits.). A female specimen, captured by Dr. Townsend in Perak, is here figured, and is the only example of the species from the Peninsula of which I have, at present, information. 14. Narathura anniella. (Tab. XXL, fig. 20 ¢.) Amblypodia anniella, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 10, n. 46, t. 8, £ 88, 84 (1862).* Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; costal and outer margins narrowly darker. Anterior wings beneath pale castaneous with an ochraceous tinge, and with the following dark castaneous spots and fascie narrowly margined with greyish:—a spot crossing cell near centre (the basal portion of cell is also dark castaneous), a short broad fascia at end of cell joined to a spot beneath cell and terminating at lower median nervule: this is followed at a short distance by another fascia commencing nearer costa and terminating in a spot between the second and third median nervules, and an outer marginal fascia, becoming obsolete towards outer angle; between these fascim, but particularly at apex of wing, there is a strongly developed steely-blue tinge. Posterior wings beneath dark castaneous, with the following spots and fascie margined with steely-blue lines; a looped costal spot near base and terminating near subcostal nervure: this is connected with three discal fasciw, which are also more or less fused at the extreme margins, and the uppermost of which is dislocated at the median nervure, and the lowermost is narrowest and strongly tinged on each side on lower half of wing with steely blue; a small black marginal spot with some metallic greenish scales between the second and third median nervules, and another near anal angle. Body above and beneath, with legs, more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above paler in hue than those of the male, and with the margins (especially at apex of anterior wings) broadly dark fuscous. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 40 to 44 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (coll. Godfy.); Sunge: Ujong \Durnford—ceoll. Dist.).— Singapore (coll. Hewits.). 15. Narathura lyczenaria. Amblypodin lycanaria, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396, n. 9 (1860); Hew. Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 12, n. 64 (1862); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 354, n. 12, Arhopala lycenaria, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. 1. p. 232, n. 268, t. 29, f, 18 (1665). * These figures do not at allagree with the one here given, and I could not have believed that I possessed the species had I not carefully compared my specimens with Hewitson’s te There can be vo doubt that in the Eastern Lycanide Hewitson's figures are, in several cases, in direct antithesis s typical specimens, which being now contained in the National Collection, must be accepted as decisive. Fersrvary 20, 1885. oz 270 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. The woodeut here given is copied from Felder’s figure, and which when executed, constituted the writer’s sole knowledge of the species. Since then a specimen has been received which affords an opportunity of giving a fuller deseription. Male. Wings above bright shining cerulean-blue; costal and outer margins narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath brownish, with the following greyish lines or ae nome fasciw and spots:—anterior wings with two pairs of transverse lines in cell (one at base and one near middle), and a similar pair at end of cell; above the last are two placed closer together, and almost reaching costa; a pair beneath cell situate on each side of lower median nervule; between cell and outer margin is a curved fascia, strongly dislocated at the nervules, commencing at second subcostal nervule and terminating at lower median neryule, and a submarginal row of small greyish spots placed between the nervules; posterior wings with two basal spots, and the whole disk covered with transverse fascim more or less dislocated and fused ; three black spots with metallic greenish scales near anal angle. Body and legs more or less coneolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢, 38 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—eoll. Dist.); Malacca (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.) ; Singapore (Wallace).—Borneo (Druce). I have not seen a female specimen, but in the male sex the species is rendered very distinct from any of those preceding and here enumerated, by the metallic cerulean-blue of the upper surface of the wings. As it is now recorded from Penang, Malacea, and Singapore, N. lycenaria is probably generally distributed throughout our area. The following species are only known to the writer by figures and descriptions (both of which are here reproduced), and seem to belong to the genus Narathura :— 16. Narathura vihara. Amblypodia vihara, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 895, n. 6 (1860); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel Nias, p. 88, n. 122 (1884). Arhopala vihara, Feld, Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 228, n. 253, t. 29, f. 7 (1865), Male. ‘Alm supra saturate violaceo-cyaner, antic margine costali et externo latiusculo nigro-fuscis, postice limbo costali in marginem posticum latiusculum inerescentem transeunte limboque interno fuscis,” ‘“Ale subtus dilute fusem, fascia submarginali communi, anticarum maculis binis annularibus fundo saturatioribus in cellula, macula discocellulari, Fin. 80,—-Nerathera vihara.s Guabus infra venam medianam fasciaque catenulari exterlore apud ramum medianum primum finita, apud tertium fracta, posticarum maculis quinque basalibus annularibus fundo saturatioribus, sexta interna, fasciola tripartita discoidali fasciaque exteriore catenulari apud ramum subcostalem secundum fracta, fasciole contigua, postice sursum flexa et continu * ‘This figure is taken from the coloured copy of Felder's work. If an uncoloured copy is consulted, the spots on the under arian of the posterior wings appear to have a greater amount of specialisation. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 271 fuscis, multo dilutius cinctis, antic triente in terno pallido, postiew maculis tribus analibus, inerescentibus atris, media omnino—, reliquis introrsum metallice cyaneo atomatis.” Female. ‘Ale supra dilutiores, quam in mare, anticm limbo costali sinuato et margine lato postico fuseis, postice limbo costali in limbum postieum transeunte ejusdem coloris, limbo interno pallidius fusco.”’ ** Alte subtus omnino ut in mare.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malaeea (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.) ; Nias Island (Kheil). Felder also appends the following remarks :—‘‘ Schon durch die viel dunklere, zeimlich breit gerandete Oberseite des Miinnehens von der vorbeschriebenen Species anuffallend abweichend. Die Vorderfliigel sind stumpfer und die Hinterfliigel kiirzer und am Scheitel mehr vorgezogen, als bei A. Aqnis.” 17. Narathura inornata. Amblypodia inornata, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 396, n. 6 (1860). Arhopala inornata, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 284, nm. 261, t. 20, f. 12 (1865). Male. ‘Al supra vivide saturate cyanem, margine ante cilia fusca, subtus dilu- tissime fuse, anticw introrsum pallentes, maculis duabus annularibus cellule, tertia mediana, quarta interiore, quinta discocellulari fasciaque exteriore, curvata, catenulari fundo paullo saturatioribus, dilutins cinctis, vix conspicuis, fascia submarginali plane fere evanescente, posticm maculis septem basalibus annularibus (exterioribus sat- So: 7 : ; Mest A : : Fro, 81.—Narathura magnis), fasciola discocellulari, fascia exteriore vix catenulari, apud ramum sub- canenat. costalem secundum et medianum primum valde fracta, postice sursum flexa alteraque submarginali, submaculari, decrescente, fundo paullo saturatioribus, multo dilutius cinctis, linea ante marginali diluta.” Female. ‘Ale supra multo dilutiores, antiew margine costali fusco in limbum terminalem ad apicem sat latum, dein valde decrescentem, intus subarcuatum transeunte, posticm limbo costali fusco, in marginem externum perangustum, angulum analem versus latiorem abeunte, limbo interno, ut in mare, fuscescente.” “Alves subtus omnino ut in mare.” Han.—Malay Peninsula; ‘‘ Malacca Interior” (Com. de Castelnau—coll. Feld.). 18. Narathura achelous. Amblypulta Achelous, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 7, n. 30, t. 6, f. 47, 48 (1862); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 354, n. 18. “‘Upperside. Male.—Dark blue: the margins with a narrow border of brown.” “Underside rufous-brown: the costal margins broadly lilac. The band of the anterior wing broken, formed of five spots, the middle spot projecting towards the outer margin. Posterior wing without a band: the apex with four black spots irrorated with golden-green.” ** Female.—Like the male, except that the blue of the upperside Fro. &2.—Narathura achelous. is lighter, with the margins broadly brown. The costal margins of the underside paler.” Hasn.—Malay Peninsula; “ Singapore" (coll. Wallace—Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce). 272 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 19. Narathura ammon. Amblypodia Anon, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p, 9, n. 41, t. 5, f. 49, 50 (1882). “Upperside. Male.—Lilac-blue: the margins with a narrow border of black.” ‘Underside rufous and lilac-grey. The band of the anterior wing | | broken, the middle spot projecting outwards. Posterior wing without irs: 89.5 Wavebhuen vesmeien. a transverse band, with a white spot on the middle of the costal margin: the black spots at the anal angle irrorated with silvery-blue.” “ Female—Like the male, except that the margins are much broader.” Haz.—Malay Peninsula; “ Singapore” (coll. Wallace—Hewits.). Genus PANCHALA. Panchala, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 251. Satadra, Moore, J, A.8, Beng. vol. li. pt. 2, no. 1, p. 28 (1884), This genus is closely allied to Narathura, the only structural difference of any value which I can discover being in the length of the costal neryure of the anterior wings, which, as pointed out in the generic synopsis (antea, p. 234), extends to about half the distance of the costal margin. I have felt no hesitation in placing Satadra as a synonomy of Panchala, Mr. Moore, its proposer and describer, stating that its ‘‘ venation”’ is ‘‘ similar to that of Panchala.” It is, however, a question whether these four proposed genera, viz., Narathura, Nilasera, Panchala, and Satadra, as formulated by Mr. Moore, and condensed into two by the present writer, would not even be more naturally treated as one, under two sections. One feels a reticence in altogether disagreeing with the conclusions of a veteran lepidopterist, but at the same time how can this generic splitting advance the study of Entomology, which, after all, is the only excuse for publication ? The geographical distribution of Panchala has been noticed with that of Narathura, a. Posterior wings with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule, and a small rudimentary one at apices of second median nervule and sulmedian nervure. 1. Panchala diardi. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 142.) Amblypodia Diardi, Hewitson, Cat. Lye. Brit. Mus. p. 9, n. 48, t. 5, f. 41, 42 (1862); Drace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107, n. 2. Amblypodia? Diardi, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 13 (1877). Satadra diardi, Moore, J. A.5. Beng. vol. lit, pt. li, no, 1, p. 26 (1884), Female. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins broadly (especially at the apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and posterior margins fuscous; tail-like appendages with their apices greyish-white. Wings beneath violaceous-brown, with the following dark purplish-brown markings and fasci# margined with greyish :—anterior wings with the basal half of costal area (somewhat paler), basal half of eell (somewhat excavated internally), a broad RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 278 curved and angulated fascia commencing at end of brown costal area and terminating at lower median nervule, followed by a more regularly curved fascia extending from costa to lower median nervule, and a narrow marginal and submarginal fascia fused together near apex; posterior wings with a basal costal spot, followed by eight very irregularly sized spots (some more or less fused and one long and fascia-like extending from costa to base of upper median nervule) on discal half, again followed by an outer dislocated narrow fascia, which is merged in a purplish-brown patch near apex, a faint lunulate marginal fascia including some very small spots, and three large marginal spots of metallic greenish scales near anal angle, the first and third of which contain a black spot. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs concolorous, the tarsi greyish. Exp. wings, 2, 42 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Singapore (coll. Godfery) ; Siam: Nahcon- chaisee (Druce). The male, as figured by Hewitson, is unicolorous, violaceous-blue above. \ sy 2. Panchala singhapura, n. sp. Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the fringe dark fuscous. Wings beneath violaceous-brown, with the following dark purplish-brown markings and fascie:—anterior wings marked as in P, diardi; posterior wings with a basal costal spot, a broad transverse fascia crossing wing at basal third, followed by a central fasciate spot extending from costal nervure to base of third median nervule, where it is connected with an upper spot situate between the median and the submedian nervures; other markings as in P. diardi, save that the anal angular greenish marginal spots are situate in a broad dark purplish-brown patch. The ground colour of the under surface of the posterior wings is much more violaceous than that of the anterior wings. Female.—Wings above much paler violaceous-blue than in male; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (broadest at apex and extending to upper disco-cellular nervules) broadly dark fuseous ; posterior wings with the costal, outer and abdominal margins dark fuscous. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and 9, 40 to 42 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr and Biggs—coll. Dist.). Fic. t4.—Panchala singhapura >. This species is closely related to P. diardi, as may be seen by comparing fhe figures here given, the specific differences being most emphatically illustrated by the distinct markings on the under surface of the posterior wings. It is also very closely allied to the Philippine species, P. fulgida, Hew., from which it is most readily discriminated by the much larger blnish area on the upper surface of the wings in the female sex. 8. Panchala apidanus. Papilio Apidanus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 187, F, G (1779). Papilio PDortmond, Stoll, Suppl. Cram, t, 27, f. 4,4 D (1790), Polyonumatus Apidanus, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 652, n. 118 (1828). Amblypodea apidanus, Horef. Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 100, n. 82 (1829); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1, C. vol. i. p.39, n. 58 (1857) ; | , Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 16, n. 64(1876); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. Fic. sakere tna sarc 3 ee ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 12 (1877). a bird, oe Amblypodia Aphidanus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. $53, n. 7, Satadra apidanus, Moore, J, A.5. Beng. vol. liii. pt.2, no. 1, p. 26 (1884). Frpruary 20, 1885. 44 274 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue, the outer margins narrowly fuscous. Wings beneath pale violaceous-brown, with the following dark chocolate-brown markings and fascia margined with obscure greyish :—anterior wings with a basal patch oceupying more than third of wing, to which is attached a curved fascia crossing end of cell and terminating at lower median nervule, beneath which is a rounded spot, followed by an outer eurved fascia terminating a little before the lower median nervule, and an obscure submarginal fascia; posterior wings with a patch occupying about basal third, and outwardly waved; a central narrow much-waved fascia preceded by a spot between the third median nervule and the submedian nervyure, an outer wider irregular fascia, a faint submarginal scalloped fascia, and with the usual greenish scales near anal angle, containing a large black spot at the extreme angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢, 44 millim. Han.—Burma; Moulmein (Grit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Godfery).—Sumatra (Moore).—Java (Horsf.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (Druce). The late Dr. Horsfield remarked that this butterfly in Java appeared to be a most abundant species compared with its allies. Strange to say, I did not meet with it myself when collecting in Province Wellesley, and have seen it in none of the large collections since received or examined from different parts of the Peninsula, excepting a specimen contained in the collection of Mr. Godfery, who labels it “rare kind.” It is therefore not common in this fauna. ‘The specimen figured is one certified by Mr. Godfery to have been mutilated by a bird, and I have figured it in this condition. According to Dr. Horsfield, as observed in Java, ‘the larva feeds on the leaves of several species of Mugenia and Calyptranthes.” * 4. Panchala morphina. Panchala morphina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xiv. p- 201 (1884). Male. Wings above dark shining purplish-blue, the margins (narrowly), nervures, and nervules more or less blackish; abdo- minal area of the posterior wings fuscous. Wings beneath pale brownish: anterior wings with the basal area from costa to median nervure, and extending outwardly to a little beyond cell, darker brown, followed by a waved fascia of the same colour, terminating beneath second median nervule, where it is narrowest; the outer Fra. 8.—Panchala morphina 3 | margin also darker brown, with the apex and extreme margin pale violaceous. Posterior wings with the basal fourth dark chocolate- brown, with a narrow outer violaceous margin; a small chocolate-brown spot margined with violaceous above the submedian nervure, a narrow waved central violet-margined fascia crossing disk, strongly fractured at end of cell, and then more narrowly continued to internal nervure; this is followed by a short and somewhat broken fascia, commencing at lower subcostal nervule and narrowly terminating at lower median nervule, the whole outer margin broadly infuseated, the apex and extreme margin pale violaceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢, 51 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler—Caleutta Mus.). * Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 101. | The absence of the tail-like appendages to the posterior wings in this specimen is probably due to mutilation. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 276 I have not seen the female of this beautiful species, and its discovery is in a large part due to the encouragement given to Herr Kiinstler by Dr. Anderson, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 5. Panchala trogon. Panchala trogon, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xiv. p, 201 (1884), Male. Wings above bright metallic emerald-green; nervures and ner- vules, extreme margins of the anterior wings, costal area, abdominal area, and posterior margin—narrowing from apex to upper median nervule and then broadly to anal angle—of posterior wings dark chocolate-brown; fringe and short tail-like appendage of the same colour, the latter with its apex greyish. Wings beneath purplish-brown, the lower half of anterior wings almost without the purplish reflections: anterior wings erossed by the '!%-"!—Panchala trogon g. following greyish lines:—two looped and macular crossing cell, two disco- cellular at end of cell (the innermost continued to third median neryule), two diseal, waved and fractured, commencing near costa and terminating at third median nervule, and two submarginal, which are narrow and somewhat obsolete; from base of third median nervule to inner margin is a narrow greyish line, from which to outer angle the colour is greyish and before which is a small greyish spot: posterior wings darker purplish, the basal area beneath the median nervure clothed with long brownish hairs and with the following greyish lines:—four macular, arranged in transverse basal series, followed by three macular, situate one above and one within cell, and one irregular in shape beneath cell; these are followed by about four, much waved and fractured, crossing disk of wing, and a waved marginal line from apex to second median nervule, where there are three blackish spots, much covered with metallic greenish scales and outwardly bordered with greyish, extending to anal angle. Body above brownish; body beneath and legs somewhat paler. Exp. wings, ¢, 86 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinstler—Calcutta Mus.). This species is allied to both the N, farquhari, Dist., and the P’. awrea, Hewits. (a Bornean species), by the metallic emerald-green colour above; it is, however, very distinct from both, not only by the different markings beneath, but also by the much smaller brownish markings on the upper surface of the wings. Genus AMBLYPODIA. Amblypodia, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1I.C. p. 98 (1828); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118 (1881). Wings broad; anterior wings with the costal margin arched at base and convexly oblique to apex ; outer margin moderately convex; inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell; subcostal nervules five in male and four in female; first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second rather nearer first than third, which is about midway between second and end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating near middle of third, fourth and fifth (in male) bifurcating about midway between base of fourth and apex of wing; cell broad; first and second median neryules emitted a little nearer together than second and third. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin obliquely convex; outer margin broadly rounded, elongated near anal angle, with a short tail-like appendage at apex of submedian nervure, the anal angle somewhat broadly lobate. Costal nervure convex and extending to apex; subcostal nervules bifureating at about one-third before end of cell, which is broad; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell, third emitted a little 276 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. beyond middle of cell. Body robust; palpi robust, porrect, the second joint extending about one-third in front of the eyes; third joint short. Antenne gradually incrassated. The note as to the geographical distribution of Narathura (antea, p. 260) must again suffice here, as it is uncertain how far the genus Amblypodia, as thus restricted, really extends. It is probable that its species are focussed in the Indo-Malayan region, 1. Amblypodia narada. (Tab. XXI., fig. 25 ¢.) Amblypodia narada, Horsfield, Cat. Lep, E.1. 0. p. 98, n. 80; Th. N. Le. t. 1, f 8 (1829). Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the last most broadly) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins dark fuscous, the abdominal margin paler fuscous. Wings beneath somewhat rufous-brown; both wings crossed by a narrow and somewhat waved fuscous fascia, which commences a little beneath the apex of anterior wings and terminates on posterior wings near middle of abdominal margin (this fascia is much more distinct in some specimens than in others); this is followed on both wings by two narrow broken fuscous fascie, very obscure on anterior wings, where they commence close together near apex, and more distinct on posterior wings, where they are margined with greyish towards anal angle; the lobular anal angle fuscous, with some greyish scales; tail-like appendage fuscous. : Exp. wings, 3, 40 to 45 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Javwa (coll. Horsf.). The female of this species is unknown to the writer, but is described by Horsfield as differing from the male in having the ground colour of the upper surface of the wings paler: “the blue patch has a light azure tint with a purple reflexion, is less widely diffused, especially in the posterior pair, and the borders are proportionally broad”; the colour beneath is also described as ** gray,” Genus RAPALA. Rapala, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 105 (1881), Wings broad. Anterior wings with the costal margin arched at base, and then slightly eoAvex, the outer margin obliquely convex, inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell; second and third subcostal nervules emitted nearer together than first and second; third and fourth bifurcating beyond the middle of third; first and second median nervules emitted at about half the distance that separates second and third. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin arched at base and oblique to apex; outer margin convex, with a short tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; subcostal nervules bifureating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together at end of cell. Male with « tuft of hairs near base of inner margin of anterior wings, and with a broad conical- shaped glandular depression at base and between the costal and subcostal nervures of posterior wings. Body robust; palpi mutilated in the one specimen of (A. amisena) only available for examination. This genus has been so recently proposed, and without the whole of its known species being enumerated, that it is impossible to properly define its area of distribution. One species is found in Ceylon, and others are known from the Malay Peninsula and Java. It is probably common to the Indo-Malayan Region. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 277 I am only able to record one species as found in this fauna, and though another or others seem necessary to be added, I have, however, no adequate knowledge to justify their present incorporation. Thus Mr. Hewitson* described (but not figured) a Singapore specimen, in the collection of Mr. Wallace, as a variety of the Javan species, R. vivarna, Horsf.; and Mr. Moore + refers to “‘f. orsets from Singapore,” a species described by Mr. Hewitson (and not figured) as Deudoria orseis,{ and as from Sumatra. 1. Rapala amisena. (Tab. XXIII., fig. 15 2.) Amblypodia amisena, Hewitson, Cat. Lyc. Brit. Mus. p. 18, n. 62, t. 7, f. 74, 78 (1862); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias. p. 38, n. 128 (1884), Male. Wings above dark violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (very broadly at apex) dark fuscous; posterior wings with the costal and outer margins (the first broadly, particularly at apex, and the second narrowly) dark fuscous, the abdominal margin somewhat paler fuscous. Wings beneath dark brownish, with the following dark fuscous markings :—anterior wings with a linear spot near centre and one at end of cell, a waved and sinuated linear fascia between end of cell and apex of wing, preceded by a subcostal linear spot situate between the first and second subcostal nervules, and a submarginal series of small spots placed between the nervules; posterior wings with a short broken linear fascia near base, commencing at costal nervure and terminating near submedian nervure, a much-waved and sinuated linear fascia more or less outwardly margined with greyish, crossing wing beyond end of cell; a submarginal series of spots (largest beyond the upper median nervule) placed between the nervules, and three metallic greenish marginal spots, more or less centred with black, near anal angle; tail-like appendage fuscous, with the apex greyish-white. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Extreme apex of antenne ochraceous. Exp. wings, ¢, 35 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Brit. Mus.; Kerr—coll. Dist.). The female sex was evidently figured by Mr. Hewitson, and is much paler than the male. It was described as ‘‘ Upperside dull lilac-blue. Anterior wings with the margins suffused with brown. Posterior wing rufous-brown, glossed with blue in the middle." The species was originally described from a Singapore specimen, and I have only received it from that habitat. Genus DEUDORIX. Deudoric, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 16 (1868); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 102 (1881). Nadisepa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249. Baspa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 260. Vadebra, § Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 628. Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched at base, and more or less oblique to apex; outer margin either nearly straight or somewhat convex; inner margin slightly coneavely sinuate. Costal neryure terminating on costa a little beyond end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, and at about the same distance from second as second is from third, which is emitted a very little before end of cell; third and fourth bifurcating a little beyond middle of third; first and second median nervules ** Cat. Lye. Brit. p. 18. + Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p. 105. { Ul. Diurn. Lep. p. 23, n. 20 (1863). § This name has already been used, in an earlier part of the same volume (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883), by Mr. Moore, for a proposed new genus in a section of Huplea. Frpsrvary 20, 1885. 4B 278 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. with their bases about half the distance apart as that separating second and third. Posterior wings some- what elongately subovate; the costal margin convexly oblique to apex; the outer margin oblique, slightly waved; the anal angle lobately produced, and with a slender tail-like appendage at apex of lower median nervule; abdominal margin nearly straight and obtusely cleft near anal angle. Costal nervure strongly arched at base and extending to near apex; subcostal nervules bifurcating about one-fourth before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell; third at a little beyond middle of cell. Body robust; palpi porrect, second joint projecting a little in front of the head, third joint slender, nearly one-half the length of second in male, a little shorter than second in female. Antenne long, with a distinct and well-formed apical club, This genus is recorded from Continental India, Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula, and is found throughout the Indo-Malayan Region. 1, Deudorix jarbas. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 15¢; Tab. XX., fig. 26 2.) Papilio Jarbas, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 68, n. 645 (1787); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 40, f. 8 (1800). Hesperia Jarbes, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 276, n. 65 (1793). Polyommatus Jarbas, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 646, n. 108 (1823), Theela Jarbas, Horsf. Cat, Lep. BE. 1.0. p. 98, n. 26 (1829), Deudorix Jarbas, Butl, Trans, Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 8 (1877). Nadisepa jarbas, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 249. Male. Wings above bright sanguineous-red; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins (broadest at apex) dark fuscous, the basal half of cell and the nervures and nervules also dark fuscous; posterior wings with the outer margin very narrowly dark fuscous, the abdominal margin pale fuscous, the nervures and nervules very pale fuscous, the lobular anal angle ochraceous (sometimes containing a black spot), the margin greyish at the anal-angular area. Wings beneath greyish-brown, both wings with an obscure disco-cellular fascia at end of cells; a narrow and distinct fascia outwardly margined with greyish between end of cells and outer margins, which is dislocated, waved and sinuated near termination on posterior wings, and duplex above anal angle, and a fainter submarginal fascia, which is most distinct on posterior wings, where it is interrupted by a black marginal spot inwardly bordered with ochraceous between the second and third median. nervules, followed by some seattered bluish scales, and a large black spot on the lobe at anal angle. Tail-like appendages fuscous, with their apices greyish. Body above fuscous; head greyish-white between the eyes; body beneath and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above reddish-brown, the margins more obscurely fusecous than in male. Wings beneath as in male. Kixp. wings, ¢ and ¢?, 80 to 40 millim. Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier and Dist.); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf.). 2. Deudorix sequeira,* n.sp. (Tab. XXIII, fig. 21 2. Deudoria Petosiris, Butl, (nec Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877), Female. Wings above violaceous-blue, the margins obscurely fuscous; a black spot at lobular anaj angle of posterior wings. Wings beneath pale brownish; anterior wings with a disco-cellular fascia outwardly margined with greyish at end of cell; a narrow waved dark fascia outwardly margined with * Named after Diego Lopez di Sequeira, the early Portuguese voyager to Malacca, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 279 greyish between end of cell and outer margin, and a fuscous marginal and submarginal fascia; posterior wings with a transverse dark fascia bordered with greyish at end of cell; a narrow and strongly dislocated fascia outwardly bordered with greyish (dislocated at the nervules from costa to second median nervule and then continuous and broader to abdominal margin) crossing wing between end of cell and posterior margin; a marginal and submarginal fascia as on anterior wings, a black marginal spot surrounded with greenish scales between the second and third median nervules, a pateh of greenish seales between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, a black spot at lobular anal angle, and two small fuscous spots beneath costal nervure. Exp. wings, 2, 35 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.). The female specimen captured in Malacea by Capt. Pinwill, and presented to the British Museum, was identified in error by Mr. Butler as D. petosiris, Hew., a species, however, from which D. sequeira differs by the distinct markings on the under surface of the wings, such as the absence of the transverse spot in the cell of the anterior wings, and by the strongly dislocated transverse fascia to the posterior wings, kc. ‘The male has still to be discovered, and will doubtless prove to have the wings above of some shade of rufous-brown. My collection contains a Burmese example of the true D. petosiris, which perfectly agrees with Hewitson’s figure. 3. Deudorix utimutis,* n.sp. (‘Tab. XXII, fig. 22 2.) Deudoriw pheretina, Butl. (nec Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 2 (1877). Male. Wings above dark rufous; a black spot at the lobular anal angle of the posterior wings. Wings beneath pale brownish, with a transverse dark brown spot margined with greyish, in and at end of cells of both wings, followed between ends of cells and outer margins by a narrow transverse dark brown fascia outwardly margined with greyish, which on posterior wings is strongly dislocated and sinuated from upper median nervule to abdominal margin, where it is considerably widened; an obseure submarginal fascia to both wings, and three marginal spots to posterior wings near anal angle, the first and third black, and the central one composed of greenish scales; extreme outer margin narrowly paler, the fringe dark. Female. Wings above pale bluish, the margins irregularly pale fuscous. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 40 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.). A male specimen in the British Museum captured by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and a female Penang specimen in my own collection, are the materials which have induced the description of this species. Though Mr. Butler included it in his list of the Malaccan butterflies as D. pheretima, he now quite agrees with the writer as to its perfect distinctness from that species, as a reference to Hewitson’s figure will testify. D. pheretima, Hew. (a Bornean species), not only has the spots and fascia on the under surface of the wings of a larger character than in D. utimutis, but also possesses a large spot above the cell of the posterior wings. | * Dedicated to the memory of the unfortunate Malaccan rajah Utimutis, a victim to the mistaken ferocity of the early Portuguese settlers. 250 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 4, Deudorix domitia. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 7 3.) Deudoriz Domitia, Hewitson, Ill, Diurn. Lep. p. 19, n. 7, t.6, f£. 6, 7 (1863); Drunee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p- 858, n.1; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 649, n. 4 (1877). My only knowledge of this species is derived from the figure and description of Mr. Hewitson, both of which are reproduced here. Upperside. Male.— Rufous-brown. Anterior wing with a longitudinal rufous band within the cell; the anal lobe and the fringe at the base of the tails white.” “ Underside yellow. Anterior wing with three black spots—one on the middle of the cell, a triangular spot on the costal margin beyond the middle, and a smaller spot between the second and third median nervules; the apex and a large spot on the inner margin grey. Posterior wing with one tail; the outer margin brown: the caudal spot, the lobe, and two spots between them black, irrorated with blue, and above these spots two parallel black lines.” “Female does not differ from the male, except that the underside is nearly white, the third spot of the anterior wing scarcely seen,” Exp. wings, “ 143 inch.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Wallace); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Druce). 5. Deudorix barthema,* n. sp. Deudoriz Xenophon, Hewits. (nec Fabr.), ? , Ill. Diurn. Lep. p. 21 (1869). Myrina Meyistia (?), Butl. (nec Hewits.), Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n. 1 (1877). Female. Wings above fuliginous-brown, with a black spot at the lobe of the anal angle of posterior wings. Wings beneath yellow, both wings with a very narrow and linear slightly darker fascia outwardly margined with greyish, situate between ends of cells and outer margins, angulated and inwardly margined with fauscous from the central median nervule of posterior wings to abdominal margin, where it is duplex; three marginal spots near anal angle of posterior wings, the first and third black, the central one composed of greenish seales; extreme outer margin narrowly greyish, the fringe pale brownish. Exp. wings, ?, 30 to 34 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Godfery—coll. Dist.). I have not seen the male of this species, and I did not receive the other sex in time to have it figured on the plates. It is, however, closely allied in colour to the male of D. domitia, wanting, however, the black spots on the under surface of the anterior wings, which renders it easily distinguishable. I have refrained from giving a woodcut, owing to the little advantage that such would afford in portraying a plainly coloured and little marked insect. Genus LOXURA. Lowtra, Horsfield, Cat, Lep, B.I.0. p. 119 (1829); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 110 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin strongly arched and convex, apex acute; outer margin almost straight and slightly oblique; inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure short, terminating on costa before the end of cell; first subcostal nervule short, emitted a little beyond middle of cell and * Named after Ludovico Barthema, of Bologna, who is reported to have visited Malacca about 1508, or six years before the visit of Sequiera. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 281 terminating nearly opposite end of cell, second emitted about midway between first and third, the third emitted at end of cell, third and fourth bifurcating beyond middle of third; second and third median nervules about one-third farther apart than first and second, the first emitted at end of eell; submedian nervure nearly straight and widely separated from the lower median nervule. Posterior wings elongately and irregularly subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin oblique and produced into a long tail-like appendage near apex of submedian nervure; abdominal margin concavely excavated near anal angle. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules emitted close together near end of cell. Body moderately small; palpi very long, second joint projecting fully two-thirds in front of head, third joint about half the length of second; antenn# short, gradually thickened to apex. This small genus is found in Continental India, the adjacent islands, and throughout the Indo-Malayan Region. Two species are here understood as found in this fauna. 1. Loxura atymnus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 7 3.) Papilio Atymnus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 331, D, EF (1782). Hesperia Atymnus, Don, Ins. China, t. 89, f. 1 (1798). Myrina Atymnvs, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 594, n. 5 (1823); Horsf. Cat. Lep, E.1.C. t. 2, f£..6, 6a (1828); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 107, n.1; Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 32, n. 118 (1884). Myrina alymnus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 853, n. 1. Lowura Atymnus, Horsf. Cat. Lep, E. I. C. p. 121, 0,49, t. 2, f.6, 6a (1828); Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. t. 7, £.3 (1836) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 61, n. 90 (1857); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 885; ibid. 1882, p.251; de Nie. J.A.8. Beng. vol. li. p. 68, n. 183 (1882), Male. Wings above fulvous. Anterior wings with the costal area—very narrowly for about half its length—and the apex and outer margin broadly dark fuscous; base pale fuscous. Posterior wings with the base pale fuscous, the outer margin narrowly dark fusecous, the abdominal margin and lobular anal angle pale fuscous; tail-like appendage more or less streaked with pale fuscous, its apex greyish-white. Wings beneath bright ochraceous; both wings with a more or less distinct diseal dark transverse fascia and a submarginal series of small spots (these fascie and spots are extremely variable in intensity of hue); lobular anal angle pale fuscous; tail-like appendage as above. Body above fuscous, beneath with legs more or less greyish. Female. Resembling the male, but with the fuscous margins of the anterior wings rather broader, and having the costal margin more or less broadly pale fuscous to base. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 32 to 35 millim. Hasn.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Sikkim (de Nicéville); Canara (Horsf. and Moore).—Tenasserim; Meetan, Moolai (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam ; Chentaboon (Druce).—Nias Island (Kheil}.—Java (Horsf.).—Borneo (Lowe—Druce). Mr. de Nicéville found this species ‘‘common amongst clumps of bamboos” in Sikkim.* * J.A.8. Beng. vol. li. p. 68 (1882). Frpruary 20, 1885. 4c¢ 282 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 2. Loxura cassiopela. Lowura cassiopeia, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xiv. p. 200 (1884). Male. Wings above dark reddish ochraceous; anterior wings with the costal margin (as far as subcostal nervure) and the outer margin (broadest at apex) fuscous or black, the base tinged with olivaceous-brown; posterior wings with the outer margin fuscous (darkest at apex), the fringe ochraceous, the base and abdominal area more or less olivaceous-brown, the tail-like appendage ochraceous, with an obscure central reddish line, and the apex whitish. Wings beneath bright ochraceous, with the following brownish spots :—anterior wings Fro. $8.—Lozura eassiopeia, J. with one about centre of cell, three disco-cellular and contiguous at end of cell, and beyond these are two separated by the second subeostal neryule; a waved macular discal band and a submarginal series of very small and somewhat obsolete spots: posterior wings with some obscure basal spots, a macular band crossing disk, but not extending below third median nervule, and a submarginal series of small obscure spots as on anterior wing. Body above fuscous, beneath greyish ; legs and palpi blackish, speckled with greyish. Female. Resembling the male, but with the posterior wings above shaded with fuscous, which is darkest on the costal and outer margins. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 34 to 35 millim, Fic, 60.—Loxura cassiopeia, 2 . Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunstler—Calc. Mus.). The nearest ally of this species is the L. prabha, Moore, from the Andaman Islands. marciana. (Tab. XXIIL., fig. 16 2.) Myrina marciana, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep. p. 34, n, 22, t. 12, f, 12, 18 (1868); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soo. per. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 549, n, 4 (1877). The figure here given is taken from the Malaccan specimen contained in the British Museum, and referred to as above by Mr. Butler. I have since examined this specimen, and find it is considerably mutilated, and that it should in a perfect condition possess two tail-like appendages to the posterior wings. It thus evidently belongs to the genus Tajuria, but I have thought it better to merely refer to the figure on this occasion, and to endeavour to obtain perfect specimens to allow of a proper description in the subsequent appendix to this volume. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 288 Fam. PAPILIONIDA. Panilionide, Leach, Sam. Comp. p. 284 (1819); Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2, vol.i. p. 187 (1827); Westw. Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. p. 347 (1840); Bates, Journ. Ent. vol. i. p. 219 (1861); ib. vol. iu. p. 177 (1664); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 116 (1681); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol, i. p. 18 (1882). Six perfect legs in both sexes. Discoidal cells of wings perfectly closed. Pupa secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle. Under the name of Papilio, Linneus ori- ginally grouped as one genus all the day-flying Lepidoptera ; the name is now usually restricted to one very large genus, which perhaps, from the size and diversiformity of its species, is the best known of any of the Rhopalocera. It like- wise now dictates the construction of the above family name, which comprises the two well- marked and extensive subfamilies Pierine and Fic. 01.—Pupa of Hebomoia glaucippe. (From Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1. C.) é 2 Fra. 00.—Anterior legs (showing tarsi) of Ornithoptera hephestus var. Papilionine, both of which from the variety and beauty of the butterflies which are thus divisionally classified, have long been the pride of the amateur’s collection, and the admiration of all lovers of Nature. Another result of their handsome appearance is that they are better known by name or individuality than most other butterflies, and consequently observations made by non- entomological observers can be with some degree of certainty connected with the true species, which is more than can be said for many other insects thus referred to, by which the value of numerous entomological facts and observations recorded in books of travel is frequently destroyed. Subfam. PIE RIN/E. Pierine, Swainson, Cab. Cycl. p. 87 (1840); Dates, Journ. Ent. vol. ii. p, 177 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 116 (1881); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p, 18 (1882). Pieridae, Dup. Cat. Lep. Fr. p. 28 (1846); Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 82 (1847); Trim. Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 24 (1862), Pierides, Westw. Introd, Mod, Class. Ins. p. 849 (1840); Voll. Faun. Ind-néerl, Mon. Pier, p. 1 (1865). OO ee : ree nme Abdominal margin of the hind wing not curved inwardly, Fia, 02.—Larva of Hebomota glaucippe. nor channelled, to receive the abdomen. Larve more or less (From Horsf. Cat. Lop, i. 1.C.) 264 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. pubescent and attenuated at each end without any nuchal tentacles. Anterior tibim not provided with a medial spur.* In this large and well-known subfamily considerable variation ensues in the neuration of the wing (a character of great differential value in the diagnosis of genera), and also in the structure of the antenne. The Pierinew are very well represented in the Malayan Region, and have induced the publication of two fine monographic works by the late Dr. Snellen van Vollenhoven+ and Mr. Wallace, * whilst a study of the neuration of the whole subfamily with a view of generic division has been attempted by Mr. Butler. § Like the Lycenide, the Pierinw are ubiquitous, are recorded from the highest latitudes of butterfly distribution, and also produce some of the best known and most abundant species found in either temperate or tropical areas. It is, however, in the tropics that the Pierina reach their full maximum of colour decoration, the plain whites and brimstones of the Palearctic area being frequently shaded by the most vivid hues in tropical regions. But the most remarkable features connected with the Pierine are their gregarious and migratory habits. Of the first peculiarity we have.many independent records from different parts of the world, a few only of which can here be recapitulated. In South Africa Mr. Trimen bears witness that ‘the habits of the species of this division are often gregarious or pseudo- gregarious, as considerable numbers of one kind are often found about some favourite spot or attractive flowers; and little clusters of some species of ‘ Whites’ may frequently be seen congregated on the damp mud at the margins of pools or brooks.” || This was strongly witnessed in South-west Celebes by M. OC. Piepers, and well described by that entertaining entomologist. When travelling in that region,—to use his own words,—‘*my companion suddenly exclaimed, as we were crossing a nearly dry brook, ‘Oh, look what a beautifal flower!’ And on looking where he pointed I saw in the bed of the stream, amongst the damp gravel, a beautiful orange-coloured flower with a white centre, about ten centimetres in diameter. The strangeness of the occurrence led me to step nearer in order to observe it more closely, when what did I see ?—the flower consisted of two concentric rings of butterflies (Callidryas scylla, Linn.), which had closed their wings (which are yellow, and orange beneath), and were busily sucking up the moisture from the damp sand, and thus represented in the most closely deceptive manner the petals of a flower. They surrounded five of another white species of Pieris similarly occupied, which thus seemed to form the white centre of the flower. I still remember the amazement of my travelling companion, when on my nearer approach the whole flower dissolved into a swarm of butterflies.” {] It was probably Pierine, or principally butterflies belonging to that subfamily, which surprised and delighted Mr. E. L. Arnold in Southern India, on one of his excursions in the dry season. He graphically relates that he “came upon a quiet nullah meandering through the jungle. The bed by chance, just there, was broad and sandy, and the stream a single * The two subfamilies may also, apparently, be separated by their mode of flight, as Dr. Collingwood, who observed both in Bornoo, describes ‘the swift fight, mow over the tops of the trees, now down near the ground," as characteristic of the Piertwe, whilst the Papilionine were distinguished “by their strength of wing and straight headlong course” (“ The Lepidopt, of Labuan "— Entomologist,’ 1868, p. 14). + Faun. Ind-Neerl. Mon. Pier. 1905. | Trans. Ent. Soc. 1567. § Cistula Entomologica, vol. i. (1870). || Rhop. Afr, Austr. p,. 25, "| Tijd. Ents xix. pp. xviii to xxiv, and English translation by Kirby, ‘ Entomologist,’ x. p. 267. * RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 285 thread that seemed every moment in danger of vanishing. But to my astonished eyes the whole place appeared a garden of flowers of a thousand colours, and crowded so close by the water that the sand could scarcely be seen. I looked and looked again, and then stepped down to observe the parterre closer; but as I did so these animated blossoms sprang into the air in a huge cloud, and the truth was plain that they were a countless host of thirsty butterflies, collected from the forest all round to drink at this thread of liquid.”* Sometimes these swarms appear both suddenly and unexpectedly, as related of a species, T'erias lisa, in Bermuda. According to Mr. Jones, the butterfly was first observed on ‘‘ 10th October, 1847, on which day it suddenly appeared in great abundance, hundreds being seen in every direction. . . . . They all disappeared, however, in the course of a few days.” + This brings us to the subject of migration, and here we are again indebted to Mr. Jones for an exeellent account of a swarm of this same species which visited the Bermudas in October, 1874. ‘Several persons living on the north side of the main island perceived, as they thought, a cloud coming over from the north-west, which drew nearer and nearer to the shore, on reaching which it divided into two parts, one of which went eastward and the other westward, gradually falling upon the land. They were not long in ascertaining that what they had taken for a cloud was an immense concourse of Terias lisa, Boisd., which flitted about all the grassy open patches and cultivated grounds in a lazy manner, as if fatigued after their long voyage over the deep. Fishermen out near the reefs, some few miles to the north of the island, very early that morning, stated that numbers of these insects fell upon their boats, literally covering them. They did not stay long upon the island.”} During Mr. Spruce’s sojourn in South America he witnessed large flocks of butterflies pass across the Amazons near the mouth of the Xingt in November, 1849, in a direction from about N.N.W. to S.S.E., evidently in the last state of fatigue, “all of common white and orange-yellow species.” The little wind there was’ blew from EH. to N.E., and therefore the butterflies steered their course at right angles to it.§ In Ceylon Sir Emerson Tennent watched the “extraordinary sight” ‘of flights of these delicate creatures, generally of a white or pale yellow hue, apparently miles in breadth, and of such prodigious extension as to occupy hours, and even days, uninterruptedly in their passage—whence coming no one knows; whither going no one can tell.’’ || On Sunday, July 5th, 1846, an enormous flock of white butterflies arrived at Dover from the French coast. It was deseribed as being so extensive as to pass like a cloud of snow.{| ‘The late Mr. Darwin describes one such swarm which he witnessed when about ten miles from the Bay of San Blas. ‘Vast numbers of butterflies, in bands or flocks of countless myriads, extended as far as the eye could range. Even by the aid of a telescope it was not possible to see a space free from butterflies. The seamen cried out ‘it was snowing butterflies'’”; and these again were principally Pierine, as Mr. Darwin found the most common butterfly to be a species of the genus Colias.** The pseudonymous ‘Eha,’ who has written so pleasantly of Natural History in India, observes that “butterflies of some kinds—especially those energetic greenish-white ones of the si On the Indian Hills,’ vol. ii. p. 314. + «Naturalist in Bermuda," p. 120. } ‘Psyche,’ Dec. 1875, No. 20, p. 121. § Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. ix. p. 356. || ‘Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 403. *| J. Pemberton, ‘ Zoologist,' vol. iv. p. 1442. ** * Voyage of the Beagle,’ p. 158, : Marcu 20, 1885. ay 286 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. family surnamed Callidryas*—are sometimes seized with a mania for migrating to the far West. . . . . I have stood near one of the parade-grounds at Poona, and watched them, with scarce a pause to rest their wings or sip a flower, from eight or nine o’clock until the afternoon, as far as eye could reach, the host kept streaming past, like the fugitive Gauls after one of Ceesar’s great battles.” + These interesting facts could be multiplied if our space permitted, and the only reason why they have been thus somewhat amply recorded, is to show, what an interesting, and phenomenal phase of butterfly existence, still requires a scientific explanation. In my treatment of the neuration of these Pierinz, I am not altogether in unison with the views of my contemporaries Messrs. Butler and Moore, who also differ somewhat im this respect from one another. I only recognise a discoidal nervule, as such, when its basal emergence is distinctly traced from some portion of the end of the cell. Mr. Butler has a contrary opinion, and treats as a discoidal nervule what I consider as a lower subcostal neryule. The genus Delias affords a good example. In this genus Mr. Butler counts three subcostal nervules ;{ I enumerate four, the difference being due to a divergence of view as to what is really a discoidal nervule. Here I am supported by Mr. Moore, whose view, however, of this nervule is somewhat capricious, as in Hebomoia he describes five subcostal nervules,§ whilst Mr. Butler and myself can see but four. a. — SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. Anterior wings with one discoidal nervule. A. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules. Bs - - - Leprosta. aa. Discoidal nervule of anterior wings emitted at middle apex Fro, 05,— Arrangement of nervules of cell. - - - = = os = = - Denis. epee = of Delias par- B, Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules, b. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings longer than lower. - = © = - - - - - PRIONERIS. bb. Up disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings shorter than ower. ¢. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted at about middle of cell. - . : - - + Caropsmta. | ec. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted beyond (7 middle of eell. | ———— d. First and second subcostal neryules emitted some- Si An peated ee al what close together near end of cell. Ps Ah ame Of Derviiles. . F * * in anterior ives of Udaiana é. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating cynis. nearapexofwing, - - - = «= = Uparana.|| _ = The writer evidently means the genus Callidryas, which is now correctly restricted to American species. Hiibner's earlier genus Catopsilia embraces all the Old World species. It is usual to find these butterflies spoken of as “ Callidryada™ in the East; but it is also common to hear about boa-constrictors, alligators, hamming birds, &c., inhabiting the same region ! + ‘The Tribes on my Frontier,’ p. 118. } Cist. Entom. vol. i. p. 565. § Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 127. || Gen. nov. type Pieris eynis, Howits. Mr. Butler (Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 49, 1870) gave this species as the type of his genus Phrissura, He subsequently (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1871, p. 171) stated that this was an error, and that the species “ agrees in venation, and in every other character, with the species of the genus Belenots.” But the type of Belenois, as given by Mr. Butler himself (Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 34), is the Papilio Calypao, Dra., a species in which the first subcostal nervule is more or less anastomosed with the costal nervure, a character not applicable to P. cynis, and I have therefore been compelled to erect a new genus for its reception. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. - 287 SSSXQ. ee. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifurcating =r \ almost midway between end of cell and apex 2: of wing, J. Diseoidal cell about half the length of anterior Fre. 05.— Arrangement of nervules 1 2 Z ; - s = : = in anterior wings of Dercas cs bie Sass . ; TeRtas. gobrias, Jf. Diseoidal cell not half the length of anterior wings. Drrcas. dd. First and second subcostal nervules emitted some distance before end of cell. g. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifureating about midway between end of cell and apex of wing. - Ixtas. eT auc r oe ae adie gg. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifarcating near nathalia, J. apex of wing. - - - - - Apptas. C. Anterior wing with five subcostal nervules in male and four in female. ggg. Third and fourth subcostal nervules bifnreating in male at extreme apex of wing. - - - BaALerara. * 4 FA 2. Anterior wings with two discoidal nervules. ie UE abe Ca ok Nepiooraes C. Anterior wings with four subcostal nervules. - - - Heromota. hippia. D. Anterior wings with five subcostal nervules. - : - NEPHERONIA. Genus LEPTOSIA. ptosia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p.95 (1816); Seudd. Proe. Am. Arts & Sci. vol. x. p. 204, n. 618 (1875). Nychitona, Buil. Cist. Ent. vol. i. pp. 84, 41 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 117 (1881), Nina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 140 (1829). Pontia, Boisd. (nec Fabr.), Spec. Gén. i. p. 480 (1886). Anterior wings subpyriform; costal margin arched and convex; apex rounded; outer margin very convex; inner margin nearly straight, very slightly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, second a little before end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about one-third from base of third; lower disco-cellular nervule inwardly bent and angulated, upper minute; discoidal nervule emitted from near upper apex of cell; upper median nervule somewhat convex, second and third wide apart. Posterior wings subovate; costal margin slightly oblique, posterior margin strongly convex, abdominal margin oblique towards anal angle. Costal nervure short, terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; first subcostal nervule emitted beyond middle of cell, curved and extending to apex, second at a short distance before end of cell; upper disco-cellular directed outwardly, lower more or less inwardly bent and angulated; position of the discoidal and median nervules as in anterior wing. Body slender; palpi moderately short, and strongly pilose beneath; antenns with a long compressed and pointed apical club. This is a small but widely distributed genus. It is found in Tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar, Continental India, and generally throughout the Malay Peninsula and Malayan ‘Archipelago, absent—according to Mr. Wallace+—from the Moluccas and New Guinea, but extending through the islands east of Java to Timor, and thence nto North-West Australia, Mr. Wallace, who had opportunities of observing the habits of these butterflies, has stated that they “fly about slowly in woods and shady places, keeping near the ground, and often settling on leaves and flowers.” { The fragile butterflies of this genus, which possess a facies distinct from most of the other Picrine, and have a more or less superficial resemblance to the Lycenad genus Liptena, “ Gen. nov. type Pierts nathalia, Feld. + Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 316 (1867). } Ibid. 288 * RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. appear to be a very ancient and little differentiated generic group. This is evidenced by their wide geographical distribution as a genus, the extremely large area in which two, at least, of the species* are also found, and their generically distinct appearanee combined with smallness of specific differentiation. 1. Leptosia xiphia. (Tab. XXVL., fig. 8.) Papilio Xiphia, Fabricius, Spec. Ins. ii. p. 48, n. 180 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 20, n. 204 (1787). Papilio Nina, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 194, n. 604 (1793). Pieris Nina, Godt. Enc. Méth,. ix. p. 162, n. 147 (1819). Pontia Nina, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C. p. 140, n. 66 (1829); Boisd. Sp. Gén. 1. p. 481, mn. 2 (1836); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I. 0. vol. i. p. 69, n. 180 (1857); Voll. Faun. Ind-Néerl. Pier. p. 3, n, 1 (1865); Wall. Trans, Ent. Soc, ser, 3, vol. iv. p. 817, n. 1 (1867); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 16, n. 65 (1876); Lep. v. Midden-Sumatra, p. 22, n. 1 (1880), Pontia Xiphia, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 229, n. 2 (1869); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 854, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 107, n. 1. Nichitona Xiphia, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soe, 1878, p. 887; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118 (1881). Var. a, Leptosia Chlorographa, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 47, 48 (1818), Male and Female. Wings above white. Anterior wings with the costal margin narrowly blackish, the basal third of which is spotted with greyish, apex, and a large spot at about centre of upper median nervules black. Anterior wings beneath with the costal area and apex speckled with fuscous strige ; an outer marginal series of small black spots, and the discal spot as above, but paler. Posterior wings beneath crossed with irregular fuscous strigm, those on the disk assuming the form of transverse fascie. Body above blackish, beneath greyish; legs greyish, streaked with fuscous. Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 40 to 44 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bombay (Leith —ceoll. Dist.); Calcutta (de la Chaumette).— Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Tenasserim; Ahsown (Limborg—Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Wallace).— Siam; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce).— Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (Horsfield)—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Bali (Wallace).—F lores (Wallace).—Timor (Vollenhoven).—Philippine Islands (Brit. Mus.). Mr. Wallace, who examined a long series of this species from many habitats, states that it varies but little throughout its extensive range, and that the specimens from the Philippine Islands “are very large.’’+| Some variation does, however, ensue, Vollenhoven writes, ‘* Chez un individu de Sumatra le sommet des ailes supérieures est presque entiérement blanc en dessous. Les individus de Timor ont la tache post-cellulaire plus grande que les autres.” } Horsfield found it ‘by no means unfrequent” in Javya’”;§ but it appears to be a moderately scarce insect in the Malay Peninsula. In North-Western India, Capt. Lang only met with it ‘‘in one place, a forest in the interior of Oudh, in the month of October,’ where it seemed **to be afraid to fly boldly from the shelter of the bushes.”’|| Capt. de la Chaumette, however, found it ‘in great abundance in Caleutta, flying very softly about as if blown by the wind,” and during the months of March and April.{{ It would appear to be found nearly all the year round, as Mr. Hutchison, in Ceylon, records it as found at Matale in August, and from June to December, in gardens at Colombo.** * L, aleesta in the Ethiopian, and L. xiphita in the Oriental Regions. + Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 317 (1867). } Faun. Ind-Neerl. Pier. p. 4. § Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 141. 4 Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 102. 7 Ibid. vol. ii. p. 36. ** Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 118.. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 289 Genus DELIAS. Delias, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 91 (1816); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 40 (1870); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 189 (1881). Cathamia, Hiibn, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816). Pontia, Hiibn. (nec Fabr.), Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 92 (1816). Thyea, Wallengr. Svensk. Acad. Férh. 1858, p. 76; Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 844 (1867). Pieris, sect. 1, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 44 (1847). Anterior wings somewhat elongate; costal margin moderately convex, the apex rounded, outer margin obliquely rounded, inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure extending to about two-thirds of wing; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-fourth before end of cell, second and third bifurcating near apex of second, fourth springing from second at about one-third beyond end of cell; upper disco- cellular obliquely directed outwardly, lower disco-cellular somewhat concave; discoidal nervule emitted at central apex of cell; median nervules emitted wide apart, first and second a little nearer to each other than second and third. Posterior wings elongately subovate; the costal margin oblique, the posterior margin convex, abdominal margins obliquely divergent towards anal angle. Costal nervure extending to about two-thirds of costal margin, first subcostal nervale emitted at about one-third before end of cell, second almost midway between bases of the first and of the discoidal nervule; upper disco-cellular oblique, lower disco-cellular very slightly coneaye; upper median nervule emitted at apex of eell, second and third median nervules almost twice as wide apart at base as first and second; submedian nervure slightly curved outwardly; internal nervure reaching about centre of abdominal margin. Body somewhat robust; head and pronotum clothed with long hairs; palpi porrect, extending considerably beyond the head, and clothed with long hairs beneath; legs long and slender; antenne with a well-formed and moderately channelled apical club. This is an extremely large genus, and one in which the coloration of the wings assumes a most vivid and extraordinary character. It is on the under surface of the wings that the most brilliant hues and markings are found, and these are often of a bizarre and ostentatious description, Mr, Wallace has thought that these butterflies may have some special protection which renders the disguise of sombre colours unnecessary, and this seems the more probable when it is found that some of them are the subjects of “‘mimicry”’ by species of the genus Prioneris.* Delias has a wide geographical distribution; it inhabits Continental India and the neighbouring islands, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan * ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 344. This exposure of the gaily-coloured under surfaces of the wings is often equalled in moths where a bright- eoloured upper surface is only seen when at rest. Protection is, however, generally afforded in some respect. Mr. Johnston observed such a case on the banks of the Congo. He saw such a moth sitting “complacently, not fearing to attract attention by the magnificent carmine of the upper side of the wings, although their underside is leaf-brown and ‘protective’ in colour, and, if the creature liked, would when closed render it quite indistinguishable from the dead and serubby foliage it haunts” (‘The River Congo,’ p. 330). In this ease, however, the same author remarks that he was never able to secure it, “for the reason that it enters a tangle of thorny bush where capture is impossible,” and that it was there he thus observed it. Difficulties, however, do occur in the thorough explanation of facts afforded by the theories of “mimicry” and “protective resemblance." Thus Mr.Jolinston, who ia a thorough evolutionist, remarks that “large green mantisses or ‘praying imsects’ are chasing small flies with their great pouncing fore legs, and every now and then a blue roller-bird snaps up a mantis in spite of its wonderful assimilation to its leafy surroundings” (‘The River Congo,’ p- 37). Another new feature in the theory of mimicry is afforded by that competent travelling naturalist, Mr. Herbert Smith. n Brazil he noticed spiders which mimic ants, but the peculiarity was that the spiders “eat the particular ants which they mimic.” But, as Mr. Smith remarks, “ It is difficult to suppose that the quick-witted ants would be deceived, even by so close a resemblance; and in any ease it would seem that the spiders do not require such a disguise to capture slow-moving ants." The supposition is therefore hazarded that as ants evjoy an immunity from the attacks of birds, the spiders thus acquire a similar protection from the same enemies" (‘ Brazil, the Amazons, and the Const,’ p. 228). Marcu 20, 1885. - 4E 290 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Archipelago, North Australia, many of the Pacific Islands, and is found as far north as China. Mr. Wallace had many opportunities of observing the habits of these butterflies, in more than one habitat, and he reports that ‘they all fly weakly and slowly, yet they are by no means rare, since in almost every locality I found some of the species very abundant in the forests, flying lazily along near the ground, sometimes settling on a flower, but more generally seeming to wander aimlessly through the pathless recesses of the forest.’ * Seven species of Delias are here included as found in this fauna.+ 1. Delias dione. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 5%, 62.) Papilio Dione, Drury, Il. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 8, £. 8, 4 (17738). Delias pasithoé var. dione, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 6. Pelias dione, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n. 2 (1877). Male. Anterior wings aboye very dark indigo-blue; the basal half pale bluish, with the extreme base, costal and inner marginal areas and neuration dark indigo-blue; a small pale spot beyond cell, and a submarginal series of pale linear ray-like spots placed between the nervules. Posterior wings above dark indigo-blue, the basal half pale bluish, the abdominal margin more or less yellowish, the extreme base dark indigo-blue; a small pale spot at end of cell, and a marginal series of pale linear ray-like spots, but less distinct than those on anterior wings. Anterior wings beneath dark fuscous, a broad and irregular greyish fascia crossing very near centre, divided by the fuscous neuration; a pale spot beyond cell as above, and the submarginal spots as above, but larger and more greyish. Posterior wings yellow, the basal third, the neuration and the outer margin blackish, the last widening at apex, and apparently containing five yellow spots; the basal black area crossed by a bright carmine-red fascia. Body above indigo-blue, thorax beneath and legs blackish. Abdomen beneath greyish. Female. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a broad irregular central greyish fascia divided by the fuscous neurations, and a submarginal series of greyish linear spots; posterior wings crossed by an oblique, broad, greyish fascia near base, divided by the dark neuration. Wings beneath nas in male, the central fascia to anterior wings broader and absorbing the spot at end of cell; posterior wings with the yellow colour paler and more greyish. | Exp. wings, ¢ and ¢, 65 to 72 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Saiier & Dist.) ; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).— Borneo (Brit. Mus.). This species is intermediate between D. pasithoe, Linn., a species found in Continental India, and D. egialea, Cram., which is a Javan species. It is one of the many distinct forms or species found in this region, in which more or less common features bear witness to a common progenitor. t * Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 844. + In a synonymie list of the species of Deliag (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 20), Mr. Butler has given D. hierte, Hiibn., D. eucharis, Dru., and D. descombesi, Goisd., as found in Penang, but I have as yet failed to find any corroboration of the fact of such species being found there. | The Rev. L. C. Biggs has given some interesting facts relating to this butterfly, under the name of Delias Aigialea. He speaks of it as the “common coasting butterfly," and describes it as being found sometimes in an “ apparently endless stream" all following one direction, and numbering twenty to thirty in sight per minute from any one point, but forming & belt several miles broad, extending far inland from the coast, and from morning till night continuing to pass any fixed point for a fortnight or more. “It seema seldom to feed or alight during these migrations, except at night or in earl morning, when with dawn it resumes ita flight. . . . . Now and then it is entangled in a sort of eul de sac, formed by thie clumps of fruit trees, or the high walls of houses, against which it will dash itself repeatedly and recklessly, willing to persevere until death. This is especially apt to be the ease when a strong head wind is blowing against it” (‘ Monthly Packet,’ vol. ii. pp. 186-7, 1881). -RRHOPALOCERA- MALAYANA. 991 2. Delias parthenope. (‘l'ab. XXIV., fig. 42.) Thyca parthenope, Wallace, Trans, Ent. Soc, ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 847, no. 8, t. 6, f. 5, 5a (1867); Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 1. Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with the following bluish-grey markings :—a broad cellular streak, a large spot occupying about two-thirds of the area between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure, a smaller spot between the second and third median nervules, a sublunulate spot at end of cell, two contiguous spots beyond end of cell (these are sometimes fused with the marginal spots), and a series of submarginal elongate spots placed between the nervules, of which the two lowermost are shortest and more or less relieved with greyish. Posterior wings above with a bright earmine-red patch at base, and oceupying basal third of cell, which is followed by a transverse bluish patch: apex of cell and the area from the upper median nervule to apex of wing blackish, remaining portion bright yellow: neuration and outer margin black, narrowing towards anal angle and inwardly angulated at the nervules. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the spots larger and more marked with greyish. Posterior wings beneath with a large and outwardly transverse basal patch of carmine-red, broadly margined with blackish; remainder of wing bright yellow, the neuration and outer margin black. Body above and thorax beneath, with legs, black, shaded with bluish; abdomen beneath greyish. Exp. wings, ¢, 55 to 70 rnillim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Provinee Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater) ; Singapore (Wallace). The female of this species is unknown to the writer, and the male was alone described by Mr. Wallace. It is allied to the Indian D. pyramus, and bears a similar relationship to that species as we have seen to exist between D. dione and D. pasithoé. 8. Delias ninus. Thyea ninus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 8, vol. iv. p.847, n.9, t.7, £1 EOF); Delias ninus, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 29, n. 2. ' This species is only known to the writer by the figure and description given by Mr. Wallace, both of which are here reproduced. ** Closely allied to T. pyramus, Wall. Mole<-Wings broader, uppers more triangular, the outer margin not concave and produced. Above: upper wings marked nearly as in J’. pyramus, but the ground colour is blacker, and the basal patches bluer and less elongate; lower wings with the red patch at the base much smaller, not filling one-third of the cell, below it a broad transverse bluish-ashy band, paler at the abdominal margin, a large ochre-yellow patch Fre. 98.—Delias ninus 3. ut the anal angle divided into four parts by the nervures; outer angle black, without whitish markings. Beneath almost exactly as in 7’. pyramus, but the red semicircle does not extend quite so far down, and the posterior markings of the hind wing are more clearly defined, and of a nearly uniform ochre-yellow.” Exp. wings, ‘‘3 inches.” Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea; Mount Ophir (coll. Wallace). Mr. Wallace accurately states the systematic position of his species in the following terms :— ‘‘ This insect differs so clearly in form, size, markings, colouration, and locality from its allies, 292 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. that I have felt obliged to give it a different name, although its general appearance is such that many entomologists would at once pronounce it ‘a mere variety.’ Male specimens were only taken by myself at Malacca.” Mr. Wallace appears to have been perfectly justified in this course. The amount of differentiation is equivalent to what is considered as specific by entomologists, subject of course to the final ruling of the breeder of this and the allied species. 4. Delias ithiela. Thyca Ithiela,. Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 242 (1869). Delias Ithiela, Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 62, t. xxiv. f.1 (1871); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 80, n. 18. This is another of those species which are at present only known to the writer by the original figure and description, both of which are accord- ingly reproduced. ‘Ale supra nigre, velut in D. Hors- Be T= Aa ANE, jieldio* cinereo plagiate et maculate ; , postice macula subcostali apud basin aureo-flava; maculis quatuor discalibus et uno apicali albidis; area abdominali albicante (haud flavo maculata): corpus nigrescens, antennis nigris; ale subtus fere velut in D. Horsjfieldio, maculis posticarum multo minoribus, latius separatis: corpus cinereum, abdomine albicante, antennis nigris, cinereo squamosis: exp. alar. une. 8, lin. 8}." Has.—Malay Peninsula; ‘‘ Penang (colls. Brit. Mus, & W. W. Saunders).”’ This is another differentiated or local race of an Indian species, the D. belladonna, Fabr. 5. Delias hyparete, var. metarete. (Tab. XXIV., figs. 132,142.) Papilio Hyparete, Linneus, Mus. Ulr. p. 247 (1764); Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 768, n. 92 (1767). Delias metarete, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 650, n. 1 (1877). Male.—Wings above greyish-white; onterior wings with the neuration blackish, the apical third dusted with blackish, and with a series of marginal black spots at the apices of the nervules; posterior wings with the apices of the nervules and the outer margin irregularly blackish, the red submarginal spots beneath giving a roseate tint above. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with the apical blackish area more broken, and containing a series of five greyish-white spots. Posterior wings beneath greyish-white, the neuration blackish, the inner area bright ochraceous, and with a submarginal series of large red spots, the largest towards anal angle, outwardly and somewhat broadly margined with black, and inwardly more narrowly and obscurely with the same colour from apex to the lower median nervule. Body above and beneath dark greyish; legs dark greyish, more or less streaked with blackish. Female. J’orm a.—Anterior wings above more or less suffused with blackish, the cell and inner area from lower median nervule to margin being palest; five or six distinct, but obscure, greyish subapical spots. Posterior wings above, with the outer margin (not reaching apex of cell) broadly blackish, the * Synonymie with D. belladonna, Fabr., an Indian species. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 293 red spots beneath being obscurely visible above; neuration of both wings broadly blackish. Wings beneath as in male, but with all the black markings larger and darker. Female. Form b.“—Resembling form a, but with the black suffusions above larger, and altogether covering the anterior wings and reaching the apex of the cell in posterior wings. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 72 to 80 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.— coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.); Banjermassin (coll. Dist.). The two forms of the female here described seem to negative the probability that we are dealing with anything but a simple variety of D. hyparete, more especially as in Bornean specimens in the writer’s collection, Sarawak examples agree with the form found in the Peninsula, whilst others received from Banjermassin are almost inseparable from Javan D. hyparete. 6. Delias singhapura. Thyca Singhapura, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 863, n. 29, t. 7, f. 2 (1867). Delias Singhapura, Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 88, n. 36; Drnee, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 855, n. 8. “Male. Wings elongate; above white, the costal margin and the outer half of the uppers dusky, nearly black at the apex, and with an ill-defined inner edge; lower wings with a narrow interrupted black border behind, within which dusky patches of scales extend a short distance along the nervures. Beneath: upper wings white, the nervures of the upper half black-margined, the apex Fro, 100.—Delias «inghapwra g. blackish, leaving a row of six distinct ovate white spots; lower wings bright yellow, the nervures black-bordered, and a rather broad black border round the hind margin enclosing a row of six whitish spots, the inner ones bifid, the outermost yellow-tinged.” Exp. wings, “‘ 34 inches.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; ‘‘ Singapore (coll. Wallace).""—Borneo (Druce' ; Sarawak (Brit. Mus.). This species has not been received by the writer, nor seen by him in any of the many collections examined, which have been formed in different parts of the Peninsula. 7. Delias orphne. Thyca Orphne, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 861, n. 56, t. 8, £. 2 (1867). “Male. Above, white, with the base dusky; upper wings with a narrow black border from the apex to near the outer angle, the costa dusky, as well as the extremity of the cell, and a broad marginal band beyond as if smeared with black; the lower wings have a very narrow dusky edging behind. Beneath: the uppers have the base dusky, a broad patch at the end of the cell nearly black, and a broad dusky outer margin enclosing a row of six white spots, the two lower the largest; lower wings black, but nearly covered with chrome- Fie, 101.—Delias orplne ff. = This is represented by the figure (Tab, XXIV., fig. 14). Marcu 20, 1885. 4 294 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. yellow, which covers the whole abdominal margin to the middle of the wing, beyond which are three large oval spots near the outer angle; another band of yellow crosses the lower half of the cell, and reaches up to the inner margin near the base of the wing.” Exp. wings, “ 24 inches,” Has.—Malay Peninsula; ‘* Malacca—Mount Ophir—(coll. Wall.).” This, judging from Mr. Wallace’s figure and deseription, is a very distinct species, and from its general absence in collections, appears to be a very scarce one. As Mount Ophir is given as the precise locality where the species was taken, it may probably be peculiar to that little—entomologically—known and worked district. Genus PRIONERIS. Prioneris, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. iv. p. 888 (1867); Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 89 (1870);* Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 140 (1881). Anterior wings somewhat elongately subtriangular; costal margin arched at base, the apex subacutely rounded; outer margin oblique, inner margin slightly concavely sinuate. Costal nervure extending to nearly two-thirds the length of costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell, second at a short distance from first, third and fourth bifurcating at about two-thirds the length of third, third and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth of the length of third from end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule very oblique and longer than the lower; cell extending to more than half the length of wing, median nervules situate wide apart. Posterior wings somewhat elongately subovate; costal margin oblique to apex, which is broadly rounded; outer margin convex and slightly and irregularly sinuate. Precostal nervure curved outwardly; costal nervure convexly rounded; first subcostal nervule emitted near middle of cell, second midway between bases of the first and of the discoidal nervule; disco-cellular nervules oblique, the uppermost much the longest; first and second median nervules a little closer together than second and third; submedian nervure nearly straight; internal nervure recurved and reaching to about two-thirds the length of abdominal margin. Body somewhat large and robust; head and pronotum very hairy; palpi long, and clothed with very long hairs beneath; legs long; antenn» long, with a gradually thickened apical club. Costal margin of the anterior wings minutely serrated. This is a very distinct genus, both by its neuration and also by the peculiar character of the serration of the costal margin of the anterior wings, which is immediately discovered if the finger is passed from the apex towards the base. In colour and markings the species approximate towards those of Delias, or, as "Mr. Wallace remarks, ‘‘seem to mimic’ them, as in all the cases the species of Delias “‘ are very abundant, and are weak, slow-flying insects, while the mimicking species of Prioneris are rare, and in all cases the pairs which resemble each other inhabit the same district, and they often are known to come from the same locality.”’ t Prioneris 18 a somewhat small genus, and its species are distributed from Continental India and Ceylon throughout the Indo-Malayan region. One species is found in the Malay Peninsula. * In describing this genus Mr, Butler has omitted one of the subcostal nervules to the anterior wings. + Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 883 (1867). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 295 1. Prioneris clemanthe. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 16 2.) Pieris clemanthe, Doubleday, Ann, Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 28 (1846); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 758 ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 854, n. 1. Prioneris clemanthe, Wall. Trans. Ent, Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p, 885, no. 4 (1867); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p- 839. Pieris Berenice, Lue. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 824. Pieris Helferi, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 161, n. 181, t. 25, f. 10, 11 (1865). Male. Wings above greyish-white; anterior wings with the neuration (widely broadened towards apex and outer margin) black, the costal and apical areas and outer margin powdered with blackish ; posterior wings with the neuration only blackened on outer third, the posterior margin blackish. Anterior wings beneath as above, the cell either immaculate as in the specimen figured, or sometimes contaming two or three longitudinal blackish lines; posterior wings with the whole of the neuration black, a bright red basal spot, the whole disk yellow, the apex and the area beyond cell between the upper subcostal and the second median nervules greyish-white, the outer margin broadly blackish towards anal angle, sometimes continued to apex by a narrow submarginal fascia, which is absent in the specimen figured. Body above more or less coneolorous with wings; thorax beneath and legs blackish; abdomen beneath greyish white. Exp. wings, ¢, 70 to 85 millim. Has.—Continental India ; Bengal (Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (Felder).—Tenasserim ; Houngduran source, Nathoung to Paboga (Limborg—Moore!.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Kiinstler—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce). The females of this genus are exceedingly scarce, and | have not seen that of this species. Genus CATOPSILIA. Catopsilia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p.98 (1816); Butl. Lep. Exot. p. 154 (1873); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 121 (1881). ! Murtia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p, 98 (1816). Callidryas, Trim. (nec Boisd.), Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 67 (1861). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin arched and convex, outer margin oblique, Inner margin slightly sinuate. Costal nervure arched and extending beyond middle of costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted at about middle of cell, second from near end of cell, third and fourth bifureating at about two-thirds the length of third, fifth bifurcating from third at about one-third beyond cell; disco-cellular nervules oblique, both somewhat concavely bent inwardly; discoidal nervule emitted from about their middle; first and second median nervules with their bases slightly nearer to each other than those of second and third. Posterior wings broadly subovate, costal and outer margins convex, the abdominal margins obliquely divergent at anal angles. Costal nervure arched and not quite reaching apex of wing, subcostal nervules bifureating at about one-fourth before end of cell, disco-cellulars oblique, the lowermost the longest and slightly bent inwardly; upper median nervule from end of cell, the bases of the first and second about one-fourth nearer together than those of second and third; submedian nervure nearly straight, very slightly curved; internal nervure slightly curved. Body stout, pronotum hairy; palpi porrect, projecting one-third beyond the head, second joint laterally compressed; legs slender; antenna gradually thickened into an apical club, which is truncate at tip. Male with a tuft of silky hairs near base of inner margin of anterior wings, and with a glandular patch of raised scales above the subcostal nervure of the posterior wings. 296 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This genus until quite recently was better known under the name of Callidryas, and embraced a number of American species as well as those of the Old World. Subsequent and more careful examination has shown that the butterflies of these areas are generically quite distinct, the peculiarity in neuration of the wings being sufficient to easily separate them. The Old World species are thus grouped under Hiibner’s genus Catopsilia, and are found in Western, Southern and Eastern Africa, Madagascar and the African Islands, Continental India, the Malay Peninsula, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and also in Australia and New Zealand. The species of Catopsilia are usually very abundant and gregarious, and notices of their habits have already been given under the generic name of Callidryas (antea, pp. 284-5). 1. Catopsilia crocale. (Tab. XXV., fig. 11¢, 12°.) Papilio Crocale, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. t. 65, C, D (1779). Papilio Jugurtha, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. t. 187, E, F (1779). Papilio Alemeone, Fabr. (nec. Cram.), Ent. Syst, iii. p. 196, n. 611 (1798), Colias Jugurthina, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 96, n, 21 (1819). Callidryas crocale, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 625, n. 19 (1886); Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 400, n. 7 (1867); Butl. Lep. Ex. p. 22, t. 9, f. 1, 2,8, 6(1870); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 855, n.1; ibid. 1874, p. 108, n. 2; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 18, n. 66 (1876); ibid. xxi. p, 35, n. 184 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 387. Catopsilia crocale, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 550, n, 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 591; ibid. 1882, p. 258; Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 122, t. 48, f. 1, 1a, 6 (1881); Wood-Mas. and de Nic. J.A.8. Beng. vol. xlix. p, 286, n. 60 (1880); de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. li, p. 63, n. 188 (1862) ; Kheil, Bhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 85, n. 184 (1884). Colias Alemeone, Horsf. Oat. Lep. E.I.C. p. 181 (1829). Callidryas Alemeone, Horsf. & Moore, Cap. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 57, t. 1, £. 7, Ta (1857). Var. ?. Callidryas Findeer, Boisd. Voy. Astr. Lep. p. 63, t. 2, £. 8, 4 (1882). Male. Wings above very pale greenish-white; anterior wings with the costal and outer margins— broadest at apex and not reaching the outer angle—dark fuscous; the basal third of wing and costal area to a little beyond end of cell sulphur-yellow; posterior wings with the inner half—concave externally— sulphur-yellow. Wings beneath pale stramineous, with an ochraceous tinge; anterior wings with the lower half—beneath cell and extending to outer margin—pale greenish-white. Body above with the pronotum dark and thickly covered with long pale greenish hairs, the abdomen pale ochraceous, eyes castaneous, body beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above greenish-white or pale sulphureous, both wings with the basal areas more or less suffused with darker sulphureous or pale ochraceous asin male. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins broadly and irregularly dark fuscous, broadest at apex, where there is a more or less distinct subapical fascia enclosing some pale apical spots; a dark fuscous spot at end of cell sometimes connected with the dark costal margin. Posterior wings above with the outer margin broadly and irregularly dark fuscous, sometimes having some faint and obscure pale fuscous submarginal markings. Wings beneath as in male, but darker, with one small disco-cellular spot on anterior wings and two on posterior wings. Exp. wings, ¢, 52 to 68 millim.; %, 70 to 78 millim. Has.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore) ; Darjeeling, Punjaub, Nepal (Butler) ; Madras Coast (Brit. Mus.); Bombay (Leith—coll. Dist),—Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Moore).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).— RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 297 Tenasserim ; Moolai to Meetan (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Siam; Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee (Druce).— Hong Kong (Butler)— Sumatra (Wallace).— Nias Island (Kheil).— Java (Horsfield).—Borneo (Lowe—coll. Dist.).— Lombock (Butler).—Philippine Islands (Wallace).—Celebes (Snellen).—Batchian, Ceram, Timor (Wallace). — : 3 Guipopatphanaics stows kk. Diseo-cellular nervules of anterior wings suberect. - TaGiapEs. neuration. C. Posterior wings with the outer margin angularly produced near apex. ApanarHa. * Gen. nov,, type Unkana batara, Dist, + Gen. nov., type Eudamus calathua, Hew. t In using the term “ pseudo-scent glands,” I do not necessarily question the results of such careful investigators as Fritz Miiller, Wood-Mason, and others on this point, and only think it necessary to make this remark, as Mr. Butler, of the British Museum, has thought it necessary to record the remarkable opinion that, “in nine cases out of ten,” he considers these suggestions ns “the most pitiable nonsense” (Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 247). “ Audi alteram partem.” § Gen. nov., type Paduka glandulosa, Dist. || Gen. nov., type Hesperia hyela, Hew. q " » Pamphila mytheca, Hew. sea ‘ » Jema obscura, Dist. Apri 30, 1886. Bn 370 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus UNKANA. Unkana, Distant, antea, p. 869. : Anterior wings elongate; costal margin moderately convex, outer margin oblique, inner margin nearly straight, a little shorter than outer margin. Costal nervure extending to about half the length of costal margin; first subcostal nervule emitted at about one-third before end of cell; seeond, third, and fourth emitted at about equal distances apart between base of first and end of cell; fifth from end of cell: disco-cellular nervules obliquely directed inwardly, the upper distinctly longer than the lower; second median nervule emitted much nearer upper than lower median nervyule. Posterior wings elongate and somewhat lobately produced near anal angle, the outer margin obliquely convex. Subcostal nervules bifurcating beyond middle of cell; second median nervule emitted nearer to upper than lower median nervule. Body robust; palpi broad and pilose; antennw moderately long, their apices incrassated, with the tip attenuated and curved or hooked; legs long, anterior tibim short and thickened; posterior tibiz with two long and prominent spines near apex. Unkana is allied to Badamia, Moore, and includes three species which are at present known as found in this fauna. 1. Unkana batara. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 11.) Ismene batara, Moore, MS.* Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with three large irregular pale discal spots, one in and beyond middle of cell, and two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule: beyond these are six minute pale spots, four in oblique series directed outwardly situate beyond upper end of cell, and two separated by the lower discoidal nervule; a pale streak near centre of inner margin; posterior wings with the fringe very pale ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath with the costal and apical areas pale steely bluish, and the pale spots above ochraceous beneath ; posterior wings bluish-grey, a spot near apex and the anal-angular area dark fuliginous. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 52 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Singapore (coll. Staudinger).—Java (Horsf. and Moore). This appears to be a moderately scarce species,—at least in collections,—though such comparatively little ardour has been shown in the capture of Hesperiidae that few correct conclusions can be formed on these questions. 2. Unkana elia. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 25, var.). Hesperia Elia, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. ii. p. 469, n. 9 (1866). Carystus Elia, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 2. Cobalus elia, Butl. Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 654, n. 1 (1877). Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with nine pale irregularly formed spots, of which five in oblique series extend from between the discoidal nervules to the submedian nervure, three in almost perpendicular series divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and one in and near end of cell; posterior wings with a transverse discal macular pale greyish fascia commencing at discoidal nervule, and the abdominal-marginal area also largely of the same colour. Wings beneath a little paler than above; * This species is enumerated, but nof described, in Horsfield and Moore's Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 249, n. 656 (1887). : RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 871 anterior wings spotted as above; posterior wings with about the basal half pale greyish, the costal area and a patch at base of cell fuliginous. Body more or less concolorous with wings. Var.—Posterior wings above having the transverse, discal macular fascia narrower than in specimen figured, and the pale coloration at abdominal margin also considerably more restricted, Exp. wings, 47 millim. Has. —Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; coll. Staud.) ; Singapore (Godfery—coll. Dist.) —Sumatra (Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce), The above described varietal characters may possibly be of a sexual nature, but the material now before the writer is not sufficient to warrant a conclusion on that point. 8. Unkana attina. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 30.) Hesperia attina, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. ii. p. 489, n, 10 (1866); Plétz, Stett. Ent, Zeit. xlin. __-p, 889, n. 122 (1883). Hesperia Latreillii, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii, p. 611, n. 892, t. 71, f. 8 (1866). Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with eight pale irregular spots, of which four are in oblique series from upper discoidal nervule to lower median nervule, three divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, and one in cell; posterior wings with the disk pale greyish. Wings beneath somewhat paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above, and with some submarginal greyish streaks near apex ; posterior wings with the pale discal area much larger than above, and extending to the outer margin between apex and median nervules. Body more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 55 millim. Has.— India, sic. (Hewitson).— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Java (Feld. and Hewits.). Genus LOTONGUS. Lotongus, Distant, antea, p. 369. This genus is allied to Unkana in having the outer margin of the anterior wings a little longer than the inner margin, but differing by having the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings only slightly longer than the lower, and the disco-cellular nervules suberect, and not oblique as in Unkana.* Two species belonging to Lotongus are found in the Malay Peninsula, and are here enumerated. 1. Lotongus calathus. (Tab. XXIV., fig. 14.) Fudamus Calathus, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 3583 (1876), Wings above dark fuliginous; anterior wings with three large pale contiguous discal spots situate one in and near end of cell, and two beneath divided by the second median nervule, a small pale spot near centre of submedian nervure, and a smaller and more obscure pale spot beyond cell; posterior wings paler than anterior with the apex and the fringe pale ochraceous. Wings beneath as above, but anterior wings having the pale discal spots united to the costa and to the inner margin by pale greyish ochraceous ; posterior wings having the apex more continuously pale ochraceous than above. Body more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 47 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Biggs—coll. Dist.),—Sumatra (Hewits.). * The writer has thought it best, in describing genera belonging to the Heaporiida, to give comparative, rather than more exhaustive but less easily understood diagnosis. B72 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This species is at present scarce in collections. I am indebted to the Rev. L. Biggs for the possession of two Malaccan specimens, and these are the only examples from the Malay Peninsula with which I am at present acquainted. 2. Lotongus maculatus, n.sp. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 1.) Allied to Z. calathus, but differing from that species above by having the three large discal spots replaced by four smaller ones and by the absence of the ochraceous apex to the posterior wings; wings beneath as in JL. calathus, but the discal macular fascia to the anterior wings somewhat narrower, and containing a central fuliginous spot. Body more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 47 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Biggs —coll. Dist.). This is another species discovered in Malacca by the Rev. L. C. Biggs. Genus CHOASPES. Choaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 168 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular, costal margin arched at base, outer margin obliquely convex, Inner margin nearly straight. Costal nervure terminating on costal margin nearly opposite end of cell; fourth and fifth subeostal nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of cell; disco-cellular nervules almost subequal in length, and obliquely directed inwardly; base of second median nervule about twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule.’ Posterior wings elongate, more or less lobately produced at anal angle. Subeostal nervules bifurcating at about one-third before end of cell; first and second median nervules with an apparently common origin at end of cell. Body very robust; palpi broad, flattened, and coarsely pilose, apical joint long, naked, and cylindrical; antenna with the apex long, curved, and slender; femora pilose. This genus appears to be truly Oriental in distribution; it is allied to Ismene, but apart from other structural characters the males have no * glandular patch of raised scales” on the anterior wings, as is found in species of Ismene. 1. Choaspes crawfurdi.* (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 26.) Ismene (Choaspes) Crawfurdi, Distant, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x. p. 247 (1882), Wings above obscure olivaceous-green, becoming tinged with fuseous towards outer margins. Posterior wings with a large anal-angular bright yellowish patch, inwardly and broadly margined with black, apical portion of abdominal margin also bright yellowish. Wings beneath paler and more metallic-green, the nervures and nervules distinctly darker; posterior wings with a very large bright yellowish anal-angular patch which extends from about middle of abdominal margin to between the second and third median nervules, and which possesses a long black irregular streak on inner side of submedian nervure, two parallel black streaks between the submedian nervure and lower median nervule, and two similarly placed black spots between the second and third median nervules on outer edge of the yellow patch. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; anal tuft yellow; body beneath and legs paler. Exp. wings, 52 to 58 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—eoll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). * Named after Jno. Crawfurd, author of the ‘ Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries,’ &c. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 378 2. Choaspes harisa. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 22 3.) Ismene Harisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 782; Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg, xxi. p. 84, n. 105 (1878); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. 1. p. 255, n. 110 (1881); Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 54, n. 6 (1884). Hesperia harisa, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 1 (1877). Choaspes harisa, De Nic. J. A.5, Beng, vol. li. p. 64, n. 194, t. x. f. 8 (1882). Male. Wings above dull vinaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the disk somewhat paler and with an ochraceous costal streak; posterior wings with the fringe pale ochraceous and the costal area pale greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler and more ochraceous; anterior wings with a curved pale discal fascia divided by the nervules, and situate just beyond end of cell; inner marginal area pale greyish- ochraceous; posterior wings with the neuration and intermediate linear fascia and the fringe brighter ochraceous; a black spot margined with ochraceous at base and a discal curved pale fascia divided by the nervules as on anterior wings. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. The following is Mr. Moore’s description of this sex :—‘ Upper side dark purple-brown ; the base of wings greyish, with steel-blue gloss. Body greyish. Cilia of hind wing pale orange-yellow. Underside as in male; posterior margin of fore wing with a less-defined pale patch.” * Exp. wings, 46 to 50 millim. Han.—Continental India; Sikkim (de Nie.) ; Caleutta (Plétz); Darjeeling (Moore).—Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Godfery). 8. Choaspes chuza. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 27.) Ismene Chuza, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iv. Ism. t.1, f. 4 (1867); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 858, n. 1; Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 61, n. 86 (1884). Wings above dark purplish-brown, their basal area paler; anterior wings with an ochraceous costal streak, three contiguous pale discal spots divided by the nervules and situate at end of cell, and four small white contiguous subapical spots divided by the third, fourth, and fifth subcostal nervules; posterior wings with a broad, central ochraceous fascia, and the fringe of the same colour. Wings beneath paler, particularly their basal areas; markings as above, but the discal spots on anterior wings connected by pale ochraceous to the costal and inner margins. Body above concolorous with wings; body beneath and legs paler. Exp. wings, 44 to 46 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Singapore (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Borneo (Druce); Sarawak (Hewitson). 4. Choaspes? malayana. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 2.) Ismene malayana, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 28 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 72, f. 15 (1866). This species is only known to the writer by Felder’s description and figure, both of which are here reproduced. Its generic position is therefore not determined. — “‘Alis supra fuscis, subtus antiearnm limbo costali, posticarum dimidio basali chalybmis, his striga diseali alba. ¢.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Felder). * Proc. Zool. Soe. 1865, p. 783. Aprit 30, 1886. 5c B74 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Genus HASORA. Hasora, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 159 (1881), Hasora principally differs and is most easily distinguished from the previous genus, Choaspes, to which it is closely allied, by the position of the second median nervyule of the anterior wing, which is emitted about midway between the bases of the first and third median nervules. According to present knowledge, Hasora is a purely Oriental genus, and two species are here included as found in the Malay Peninsula. 1. Hasora badra. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 32.) Goniloba Badra, Moore (Horsf, & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1I.C. vol. i. p. 245, n. 582, t. 7, f. 8, 8a (1857) ; Proc, Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778. Hesperia Badra, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 8 (1877). Ismene Badra, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 41, n. 167 (1878); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. u. p. 266, n, 111 (1881); Plétz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 59, n. 25 (1884). Hasora Badra, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p, 159, t. 65, f. 4, a, ) (1881); de Nic, J. A.5. Beng. vol. li. p. 65, n, 195 (1882), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with the fringe brownish-grey. Wings beneath paler than above, both wings crossed by a somewhat indistinct dark fuliginous fascia; anterior wings with the inner marginal area pale yellowish-grey; posterior wings with a greyish-white spot in and near end of cell, and a fuliginous submarginal fascia developing into a large and dark fuliginous spot at anal angle, which 1s.preceded by an oblique greyish spot. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings; palpi and posterior segmental margins beneath yellowish-grey. Var.—Posterior wings beneath having the greyish spot in cell and the greyish streak above anal angle practically obliterated or obsolete. : Female. This sex is figured and described in Mr. Moore's ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ and differs from the male in having the anterior wings spotted above; “three small subapical spots .... and three large obliquely-quadrate spots, two being disposed on the disc, the third above them within the cell.” * Exp. wings, 48 to 50 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands ; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinstl—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (Pinwill— Brit. Mus.) ; Johore (coll. Staud.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore).—Celebes (Snell.),— Philippines (Plitz). Mr. Moore, in describing both Bengalese and Ceylonese male examples of this species, refers to ‘‘ three conjugated very small yellowish semitransparent spots near the costa, one fourth from the apex”’ on the upper surface of the anterior wings, but these spots are practically absent in the few specimens I have examined from the Malay Peninsula. The larva and pupa of this species as observed in Java are figured by Horsfield, + who describes the first as feeding ‘upon a leguminous plant bearing the native name of Tungkul.” * Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 160. + Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1.C. vol. i. t. vii, f. 8, 8a, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 875 2. Hasora vitta. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 4 ¢.) Hesperia Vitta, Butler, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 498 (1870); Lep. Ex. p. 167, t. 59, f. 9 (1874); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, n. 2 (1877). Ismene Vitta, Druce, Pros. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 868, n. 5; Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 67, n. 18 (1864). Ismene Chabrona, Plitz, Btett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 66, n. 16 (1884). Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with three (frequently only one) very small greyish subapical spots; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-brown, the anal angle more or less suffused with darker fuliginous. Wings beneath paler than above, more or less suffused with obseure violaceous ; anterior wings with an outer submarginal dark fuliginous fascia and with subapical small greyish spots as above; posterior wings with a narrow oblique greyish-white fascia crossmg wing from costal margin to near anal angle, which is occupied by a large blackish spot, with a greyish-white spot on its upper inner margin and a linear greyish-white spot on its outer lower margin. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings; palpi and anal tuft beneath greyish-ochraceous, Exp. wings, é, 43 to 45 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacca (Plitz ; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Druce) ; Sarawak (Butl.).—Philippines (Plétz). I feel little hesitation in placing the J. Chabrona, Plotz, as the female, and therefore synonym, of this species. I have not seen a female specimen, but the description of Plétz specifies spotted anterior wings combined with all the other characters of H. vitta, which are in unison with the differential sexual characters which obtain in the previously described species, H. badra. Some amount of variation is apparent in the width of the greyish-white fascia on the under surface of the anterior wings. Genus PADUKA. Paduka, Distant, antea, p. 869, Anterior wings elongate, subtriangular; costal margin oblique, outer margin nearly straight, inner margin very slightly rounded. Costal nervure terminating on costa a little before the end of cell, first subcostal nervule emitted a little beyond middle of cell; second, third, and fourth subcostal nervules about equal distances apart, fifth from near end of cell; disco-cellular nervules about equal in length, the upper suberect, the lower obliquely directed inwardly; middle median nervule slightly nearer upper than lower. Posterior wings with the costal margin rounded, the outer margin sinuated and somewhat lobately produced at anal angle; subcostal nervules bifurcating about middle of cell; median nervules with their bases moderately close together. Body robust, pilose, the hairs forming several prominent tufts, of which the most noticeable are three in triangular series above base of abdomen. Palpi broad and coarsely pilose. Legs longly pilose beneath. Antenne somewhat long and slender, with a moderately formed club, its apex attenuated and strongly curved or hooked. Male. Anterior wings above with a large discal patch of silky hairs extending to base along the median nervure, and an elongate patch of long silky hairs on base of inner margin. Posterior wings above with long silky hairs at base and along submedian nervure, and with two prominent discal elongate glandular pouches—or pseudo-scent glands—situate on the second and third median nervules. Anterior wings beneath with a long tuft of coarse hairs on the submedian nervure. The extraordinary butterfly for the reception of which I have been compelled to propose this genus, is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, who has obligingly placed it 576 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. in my hands for figuring and identification. It appears to exhibit a maximum of glandular development. 1. Paduka glandulosa, n.sp. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 5, 2.) Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with a large discal patch of dark fuscous silky hairs; posterior wings with the fringe pale ochraceous, and with two pale raised discal elongate glandular pouches situate on the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings with the disk darkest, the inner area palest, and with a long tuft of coarse pale ochraceous hairs on the submedian nervure; posterior wings with a transverse discal pale ochraceous fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antenn@ blackish, their hooked apices ochraceous. Exp. wings, ¢, 55 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Staudinger). Genus PIRDANA, Pirdana, Distant, antea, p. 869. This genus principally differs from the preceding—Paduka—in the following characters :—The upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing is longer than the lower; the first and second median nervules of the same wing are emitted moderately close together and remote from the lower median nervule; and there is a complete absence of the glandular patches and pouches as found in Paduka. This genus will also contain the Hesperia ismene, Feld.,* a Celebesian species. 1. Pirdana hyela. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 6 2.) Hesperia Hyela, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp. p. 28, n. 2 (1867). Female. Wings above very dark fuscous, the basal areas of both wings somewhat extensively bluish-green; posterior wings with the anal-angular area bright orange-yellow, the fringe yellowish-grey. Wings beneath extensively shaded with bluish-grey, with darker reflections between the nervules; anterior wings purplish-brown between the two lower median nervules, the inner area pale yellowish-grey; posterior wings with the anal-angular area and the fringe as above. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath somewhat yellowish-grey ; legs brownish. Exp. wings, ?, 45 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (coll. Godfery).—Java (Hewitson). I have examined a Malaccan male specimen in the collection of Dr. Standinger, which may prove to be the male of this species, but which is unfortunately so rubbed beneath as to make exact determination somewhat hazardous. This specimen is dark obscure chocolate- brown above, with the anal-angular area orange-yellow as in the female. If this is really the other sex, as I strongly suspect, then Mr. Hewitson erroneously described the female as a male, * This species has been included by Mahille in his genus Tanyptera (Ann, Soc. Ent, Belg. xxi. p, 88, 1878), but erroneously. That genus was first applied to.a West African species, the Hesperia laufella, Hew., which may therefore be taken as the type, of which the neuration is quite distinct from the species included in Pirdana, The name Tanyptera is also pre-oceupied, having been used for a genus in Diptera (1804). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 377 Genus ZABA. Zea, Distant, antea, p. 369. This genus is allied to the preceding in general characteristics and in having the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings a little longer than the lower; but it strongly differs from Pirdana by the position of the median nervules of the anterior wings, the second of which has its base only about twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. It is probable, looking at the many superficially allied but structurally or generically distinct species of Hesperiide, that in this family much generic separation must be made before these butterflies can be rightly understood, or their distribution in any way studied; and whilst this generic separation can be effected by the recognition of such structural characters, as may be clearly expressed in words, and capable of synoptical illustration with reference to other genera, the work is necessary and to be commended. But when a supposed genus is better known by its name than separable by its characters, it becomes but a term of a catalogue and an encumbrance to Science.* 1. Yea mytheca. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 7.) Hesperia mytheca, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. 19, p. 81 (1877). Female. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown ; anterior wings with three pale yellow discal spots, one in cell and two beneath, divided by the second median nervule, a fourth very small greyish spot above upper end of cell. Anterior wings beneath as above; posterior wings beneath with a very broad silvery-white discal fascia commencing on costa and terminating near the submedian nervure. Body and legé more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 50 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Staudinger). The type, in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, is here figured and described, and I am much indebted to that esteemed lepidopterist for the loan of what I believe is at present all unique specimen, Genus MATAPA, Matapa, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p, 168 (1881). This genus is most readily recognised by the position of the cell to the anterior wings, which is attenuated anteriorly. The male is described by Mr. Moore as having “ an oblique discal slender linear glandular streak of raised scales” to the anterior wings. = What would old Isaac Walton have thought now, if yeas ee of the same spirit of admiration as when he wrote, mere than two hundred years ago, “Nay, the Royal Society have found and published lately that there be thirty and three kinds of spiders; and yet all, for aught I know, go under that one general name of spider." Arr 80, 1886. 5D 378 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 1. Matapa aria. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 8.) Ismene Aria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 784; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. xlix. p. 241, n. 75 (1880). Pamphila Aria, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, n. 1 (1877). Hesperia Aria, Plétaz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xiii. p. 615, n. 4 (1882). Matapa Aria, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 164, t. 66, f. 1, le (1881). The figure is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, and the following is Mr. Moore’s original description : ‘* Male and female chocolate-brown. ‘“‘ Male. Upperside pale brown; fore wing with a abort impressed comma-like grey streak obliquely beneath the cell. Cilia yellowish white. Underside bright ferruginous-brown. Palpi ferruginous-brown.” “ Female. Upperside dark chocolate-brown, without the impressed streak; cilia of hind “oe pale orange-yellow. Underside bright ferruginous-brown." Exp. wings, “* ¢ 14, ? 24 inches.” Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (Horsf.). Several accounts of the habits of this species have been given by observers in Ceylon. At Colombo Capt. Hutchison found it in “ Plains and forest. During 8.W. Monsoon. Settles on leaves.” At Kandy Capt. Wade-Dalton reports it as ‘Uncommon. Found in Guinea- grass’’; whilst Mr. Mackwood states that it ‘appears twice a year generally—in January and July ; at other times very scarce.” * Genus PITHAURTA. Pithauria, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 689. This genus has the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings longer than the lower disco-cellular, thus differing from Matapa, whilst from Zea, with which it agrees in that respect, it is differentiated by the position of the median neryules of the anterior wings, of which the second has its base less than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. In his description of this genus Mr. Moore does not describe the neuration, but only states “‘ venation similar to Pamphila.” It is evident that at that time Mr. Moore had not recognised the true genus Pamphila, and therefore these remarks are Hiroe. The genus, however, is fixed by its type, which is here described. 1. Pithauria murdava. (Tab. XXKYV., fig. 9 2.) ° Ismene murdava, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 784; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p, 859, n. 7. Pithauria murdava, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 689, t. xlv. £. 18. Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the base greyish, and with six small pale ochraceous discal spots, situate two in cell, two beyond cell separated by the fifth subcostal nervule, and two beneath cell separated by the second median nervule; posterior wings greyish, with the margins broadly olivaceous-brown. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous; anterior wings with the disk blackish, and spotted more or less as above; posterior wings with indistinct ochraceous discal and submarginal w : * Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 104. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 379 markings. Body above olivaceous-brown; abdomen above with segmental ochraceous fascia ; body beneath and legs more or less ochraceous. Female. Differing from the male by having the greyish markings above much darker in hue, and the abdomen above without the pale segmental fascim. Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 40 to 42 millim. Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling (Moore and coll. Dist.)— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godfery).— Borneo (Druce). The only specimen known to the writer from the Malay Peninsula is the one here figured, which was captured at Singapore by Capt. Godfery. Genus BAORIS. Baoris, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 168 (1881). Parnara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl, vol. i. p. 166 (1861), Chapra, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i, p. 169 (1881). In this genus the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, thus agreeing with Pithawria, but it differs from that genus by the position of the median nervules of the anterior wings, of which the second has its base about twice as far apart from the lower as from the upper median nervule, thus resembling Zea, from which, however, it is distinguished by the very oblique position of the upper median nervule. I have failed to discover the characters which separate the above-named three proposed genera of Mr. Moore, no diagnosis of the neuration having been given in either case, save that Parnara has similar venation to Chapra. Glandular tufts have been used for the separation of Baoris and Chapra, but these alone have not been considered as primary generic characters in this work. Tt is probable that this genus has a wide Ethiopian as well as Oriental distribution, but the classified material is too scanty as. yet to warramt very definite conclusions on that point. 1. Baoris moolata. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 10 ¢.) Hesperia moolata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 848. Pamphila julianus, Butl. (nec. Latr.), Trans. Linn. Soe, ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n, 2 (1877). Male. Wings above dark vinous-brown, the fringe greyish-ochraceous; anterior wings with the following very pale ochraceous spots:—one in and near end of cell, two or three—small—beyond cell and before apex, and three placed obliquely, divided by the first and second median nervules, and of which the lowermost is much the largest and is subquadrate in form. Wings beneath as above. Female. Resembling the male, but having two spots in and near end of cell and an additional spot placed between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure. Wings beneath lighter and brighter in hue than above. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 86 to 39 millim. Haz.—Tenasserim; Ahsown, Moolai to Moolat (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Saly.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). 380 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 2. Baoris narooa. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 12 2.) Hesperia narooa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 687; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.8. Beng. vol. xv. p. 260, n. 125 (1881). Parnara narooa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 167, t. 69, f. 8, a, b (1881); De Nic. J. A.8. Beng. vol. lii. p. 99, n. 264 (1883). Male and Female. Wings above vinous-brown, the basal areas paler, fringe pale brownish-grey. Anterior wings with the following very pale ochraceous spots :—two in and near end of cell, three—small— in almost upright series beyond cell and divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, five in oblique diseal series, of which the fourth is exceedingly minute and placed beneath the lower median nervule (omitted in the figure here given); posterior wings with two very small pale diseal spots—three in female. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above; posterior wings with a small pale spot at upper end of cell, and a discal series of four small pale spots. Body above concolorous with wings; palpi, anterior portion of sternum, and abdomen beneath, greyish-brown. Exp. wings, # & ¢, 40 to 48 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bombay (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.),—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).— Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). This species seems closely allied to the Gegenes contigua and G. javana of Mabille, both described as from Java," and principally differs from the description of those species by the number of the discal spots on the under surface of the posterior wings. 8. Baoris chaya. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 9.) Hesperia Chaya, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1865, p. 791; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 242, , n. 85 (1880); de Nic. J.A.S. Beng. vol. u. p. 60, n. 124 (1881). Pamphila Chaya, Mab, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 37, n. 184 (1878). Wings above vinous-brown, the fringe greyish-brown; anterior wings with the following pale ochraceous spots:—a duplex spot within cell, two—small—beyond cell and separated by the lower sub- costal nervule, and an oblique discal series of four spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and fourth are smallest; posterior wings with some very obscure pale discal spots. Wings beneath paler and more rufous-brown ; anterior wings spotted as above; posterior wings with a few small and very pale diseal spots. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; palpi and abdomen beneath greyish-brown. Exp. wings, 82 to 35 millim. Has.—Continental India ; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood- Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malaeca (coll. Staud:; Biggs— coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore). According to Mr. de Nicéville, “this is the widest spread and commonest Hesperia in North India, met with everywhere from the plains to 8000 feet elevation.” + 4. Baoris mathias. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 10.) Hesperia Mathias, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 488 (1798); Latr. Enc. Méth, ix. p. 741, n. 61 (1828); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 594; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol... p. 288, n. 61 (1881). Epargyreus Mathias, Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 276, n. 1, t. 111, f. 8 (1869). * Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 232, note. + J.A.8. Beng. vol. 1. p. 60 (1881). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 381 Pamphila’ Mathias, Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 728, n.1; ibid. 1881, p.612, n.50; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1874, p. 109, n.1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, n. 76 (1876); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 87, n. 188 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 848; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol. x. p. 261, n. 129 (1881); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p. 38, n. 146 (1884), Pamphila Matthias, Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 654, n. 8 (1877); Proc. Zool. Soe. 1877, p. 515, n. 40. Chapra Mathias, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 169, t. 70, f.1, la (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 261; de Nic. J.A.8. Beng. vol. lii. p. 99, n. 269 (1883); Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 164, n. 82. Parnara Mathias, Butl, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1884, p. 498, n. 39, Wings above vinous-brown, the fringe greyish; anterior wings with eight small greyish spots, situate two in cell, three in suberect and subapical series beyond cell, and three in oblique series—of which the uppermost is smallest—divided by the first and second median nervules; between the lowermost spot and the submedian nervure is a narrow, transverse linear, greyish impression. Wings beneath paler than above ; anterior wings spotted as above, but the spots a little darker in hue; posterior wings with a small pale spot in cell, and a curved discal series of small pale spots situate between the costal nervure and the lower median nervule. Body above more or less concolorous with wings; palpi and abdomen beneath greyish. Exp. wings, 31 to 33 millim. Has.—Aden (Butl.).—Continental India; Karachi (Swinhoe—Brit. Mus.); N.W. Himalaya (Hocking —Moore); Gujerat 'Spaight—Brit. Mus.); Sikkim (de Nic.),—Ceylon (Moore).—Nicobar Islands; Kamorta (Moore). — Burma; Moulmein (Limborg—Moore).—Tenasserim; Meetan (Limborg—Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Staud; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Godfery).—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Nins Island (Kheil).—Java; Batavia (Snell.).—Formosa (Butl.). This widely spread species appears to have been somewhat neglected by collectors in the Malay Peninsula, as beyond the specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca and now contained in the British Museum, the example captured in Singapore by Capt. Godfery—here figured—-has alone passed through my hands. It also appears to have passed through many generic vicissitudes, Mr. Butler, as the above quotations testify, having already placed it in four different genera. 5. Baoris unicolor. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 11.) Wings above and beneath unicolorous rufous-brown; body dark brown; legs pale brown. Exp. wings, 30 millim, Has.—Malacea (coll. Staud.). This obscure, and to me unique, Baoris is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of figuring and describing it in this work. Genus TELICOTA. Telicota, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 169 (1881). Padraona, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 170 (1881). Ampittia, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171 (1881), In Telicota the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, thus agreeing with the preceding genera Pirdana, Pithauria, Zea, and Baoris, but from these genera it differs by the position of the second median nervule of the anterior wings, which has its base either midway between that of the upper and lower median nervules, or rather nearer to the lower than to the upper. Apron 30, 1886. 5 E 382 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 1. Telicota augias. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 23). s Papilio Augias, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 794, nu. 267 (1767); Joh. Amoen, Acad, vi. p. 410, n. 80 (1764); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 48, f. 1 (1800), Hesperia Augias, Latr. Mune, Meth. ix. p. 767, n, 111 (1628). Pamphila Augias, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. LC. vol. i. p. 261, n. 566 (1857); Moore, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1865, p.792; Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 2; Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p- 248, n. 82 (1876); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 4 (1877); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, n. 77 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 8 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 41, n. 172 (1878); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 87, p. 188 (1878); Salv. & Godm. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 149, n. 40; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A. 5, Beng. vol. u. p. 261, wn, 189 (1881); de Nic, J. A. 5. Beng. vol. 2. p. 60, n, 121 (1881). Wings above dark ochraceous ; anterior wings with the neuration, a broad oblique discal fascia,— commencing at end of cell where it is broadest and ending at submedian nervure,—and a series of outer marginal more or less elongate spots placed between the nervules,—of which the two uppermost are longest and the third and fourth shortest,—black; the discal fascia has its central area puler in hue; posterior wings with the costal and basal areas,—excluding cell,—a broad scalloped outer marginal fascia widening towards anal angle, abdominal area and the neuration black; fringe of both wings greyish ochraceous. Anterior wings beneath as above, but the black discal fascia shorter, and the outer marginal spots more or less obsolete; posterior wings beneath with only traces of the black markings above. Body above fuscous, beneath greyish-ochraceous; legs dark ochraceous. Exp. wings, 30 to 33 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood- Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Staud.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—eoll. Dist.)—Siam ; Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf.) ; Batavia (Snell.).—New Guinea; Port Moresby (Brit. Mus.)—Duke of York Island (Salv. & Godm.). 2. Telicota bambusz. (Tab, XXXYV., fig. 12.) Pamphila bambuse, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 691, t. xlv. f. 11 & 12. Mr. Moore thus diagnoses his species:—‘‘ Allied to P. augias, Linn., from typical Java specimens of which it differs in its somewhat broader and less pointed wings. Markings above similar, but more defined, the borders of the wings blacker, the basal yellow streak on hind wing confined to a terminal spot at the end of the cell, and the abdominal border black. On the underside the markings are also more clearly defined and the interspaces blacker.” Exp. wings, “ ¢ 1¢, ? 14 inch.” Has.—Continental India; Calcutta (Frith & Atkinson—colls. Moore & Staud.).—Malay Peninsula ; Johore (coll. Staud.). According to Dr. Atkinson, the larva of this species ‘* feeds on the bamboo.” * The figure is taken from a specimen captured at Johore, and contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger. 3. Telicota goloides. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 13 7.) Padraona goloides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171, t. 71, f. 8, 8a (1881). Pampiila naranata, Moore, MS.; (Horsf. & Moore),-Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0. vol. i. p. 261, n. 565 (1857), _ Male. Anterior wings above dark ochraceous, the outer margin broadly dark chocolate-brown, and with an uregular oblique discal fascia of the same colour, which commences at costa,—where it is united * Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 691, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 383 with the outer margin,—is widest and elongately produced beyond cell, and is continued through cell to base; this fascia encloses a small ochraceous spot at upper end of cell; posterior wings above dark chocolate-brown, with a transverse discal ochraceous fascia; fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath with the dark markings more or less obsolete; anterior wings with the outer margin only dark chocolate-brown towards outer angle, the discal fascia obsolete, represented by a dark disco-cellular spot at end of cell, the inner margin and basal area also of the same colour; posterior wings much paler than above, the discal fascia more or less margined with dark spots. Body above dark chocolate-brown, beneath with legs more or less dark greyish-ochraceous. Exp. wings, 24 to 27 millim. Has.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Staud.).—Java (Horsf.). This is the species which stands in Horstield and Moore’s Catalogue under the MS. name of Pamphila naranata, as I have satisfied myself by a careful comparison with the specimen thus named in the Horsfield collection. It has since been described under the name of Padraona goloides by Mr. Moore. My Ceylonese specimens are identical with the Singapore example here figured, which belongs to the collection of Dr. Staudinger. In Ceylon, according to Mr. Mackwood, this species ‘‘is widely distributed. Sea coast up to 5000 feet. Generally January to March.” * 4. Telicota mzsoides. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 24.) Pamphila mesoides, Butler, Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 554, n. 5 (1877); Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 594; Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 242, n. 87 (1880). Padraona mesoides, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 171 t. 71, f. 5, 5u (1881). Wings above dark ochraceous; anterior wings with the outer margin broadly dark chocolate-brown, and with an oblique discal fascia of the same colour, commencing at costa, deflected outwardly at end of cell—sometimes connected with outer margin—and continued broadly beneath cell to base; posterior wings dark chocolate-brown, with a transverse discal fascia, a spot in cell and a subcostal spot dark ochraceous ; fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath as above, but much paler. Body above dark chocolate-brown, beneath with legs more or less greyish-ochraceous. Exp. wings, 20 to 25 millim. Harn.—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.)—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (coll. Moore & Cale. Mus.).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacca (coll. Stand.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.)—Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.). This seems a widely distributed species, and from T. golowles may be readily distinguished by the very different markings of the under surface of the wings. 5. Telicota maro. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 14¢, 152.) [Tesperia Maro, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 482, n. 242, 248 (1798), Cyclopides Maro, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 279, t. 11, f. 12 (1869), Cyclopides Camertes, Hew. Deser. Hesp. p. 48, . 8 (1868). Pamphila Maro, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1874, p. 109, n. 3; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soe. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 6 (1877); Snell. Tijd. Ent. xxi. p. 41, n. 171 (1878); Mab. Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p, 88, n. 146 (1878). Ampittia Maro, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 172, t. 71, £1, le (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 262, * Moore's Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 171. 384 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Male. Anterior wings above dark ochraceous, outer margin broadly chocolate-brown and a discal narrow transverse fascia of the same colour commencing at costa and united to outer margin beyond cell, and connected from lower median nervule with inner margin, where it there encloses a small ochraceous spot; posterior wings above dark chocolate-brown, with a short but broad transverse discal ochraceous fascia; fringe of both wings greyish-ochraceous, spotted with brownish. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler and with the outer dark margin broken; posterior wings beneath ochraceous, with dark, waved and somewhat reticulated narrow fascim, and with a submarginal series of dark spots. Body above dark chocolate-brown, beneath with legs more or less greyish-ochraceous. Female. Wings above dark brown, the pale markings of the male only represented by a few scattered pale spots; wings beneath much paler than in male, and with the darker markings larger. Exp. wings, ¢, 21 to 23 millim.; ¢, 21 millim. Haz.— Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore).— Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (colls. Hewits. & Godfery).—Siam ; Nahcon- chaisee (Druce).—Java (Mabille).—Celebes (Snell.). This species has been redescribed by the late Mr. Hewitson under the name of Cyclopides Camertes. The female is peculiar by its diverse appearance, a specimen of which, belonging to the collection of Capt. Godfery, is here figured. 6. Telicota nigrolimbata. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 16.) Thymelicus nigrolimbatus, Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 165, t. 7, f. 6 (1876); Kheil, Rhop. der Insel. Nias, p, 88, n. 147 (1884); Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 289, n. 19 (1884). Pamphila nigrolimbata, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 655, n. 7 (1877). This species—not contained in the writer's collection—differs from the preceding species here enumerated and described, in the apparently broken and more or less obsolete discal fascia on the upper surface of the anterior wings; the lower wings above somewhat resemble those of 7’. mescides. Wings beneath generally resembling their upper surface. Eixp. wings, “19 to 23 millim.” Has,— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java; Batavia (Snellen). The figure here given represents a capture made by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and now contained in the British Museum. It has not been included in any of the numerous collections which have passed under the writer's examination. Genus SATARUPA. Satarupa, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 780. The first distinguishing feature between Satarupa and the preceding genera is that of the regular outer margin of the posterior wings, which is neither sinuated nor lobately produced at anal angle. The base of the second median nervule of the anterior wings is about, or little more than, twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. The antenne have their apices strongly hooked or curved, This genus is somewhat scarcely represented in most collections, and its area of distribution cannot be rigidly defined owing to our little knowledge of its species. It is represented in Continental India by several species, and one has been described from Borneo. RHOPALOCE RA MALAYANA. B85 1. Satarupa affinis var. cognata. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 17.) Satarupa ajfinis, Druce, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 860, n. 1, t. xxxiii. f. 9. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with seven or eight small pale and semihyaline spots, situate two beneath cell divided by the lower median nervule (the lowermost sometimes duplex), two beyond cell divided by the upper median nervule, two separated by the upper discoidal nervule, and one on each side of the fourth subcostal nervule; posterior wings with a broad white central discal fascia, commencing near costa and terminating at abdominal margin, its outer margin fringed with a series of blackish spots just contained in the outer fuscous area; fringe alternately greyish-white. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings as above, but the white area larger, the basal fuscous coloration above replaced by greenish-grey beneath, the black spots beneath more or less detached from the outer fuscous coloration. Body above dark fuscous, beneath with legs greyish; palpi greyish, with their apices fuscous. Exp. wings, 40 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (coil. Staud.’. This may probably prove to be a distinct species, but I have been unable to find any very strong character to separate it from the type of Mr. Druce’s Bornean species, which I have carefully examined, and which is now in the collection of Messrs.Godman and Salvin. Its chief difference is in the position of the black spots in the outer fuscous area of the posterior wings, and these in typical S. ajinis are more immersed In that fuscous area than in var. coynafa. On the under surface of the wings this area is also much more broken and obsolete than in the variety ? here described and figured. Genus CASYAPA. Casyapa, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 576 (1871). Chetocneme,” Feld. Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Math. Nat. Cl. xl. p. 460 (1860). In this genus the anterior wings are relatively somewhat shorter and broader than in the preceding genera, the costal margin is slightly faleate at apex, the outer margin nearly straight; the upper disco- cellular nervule is shorter than the lower, which is obliquely directed inwardly, and the base of the second median nervule is a little more than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. The posterior wings are subovate, the first and second median nervules having an upparently common origin at about end of cell. The body is robust and hairy, the palpi broad, thickly clothed with somewhat short hairs and directed upwards and forwards; the antennw are of moderate length, with a well-thickened curved club, which is not so strongly hooked as in Satarupa; the posterior tibis are very prominently spined and clothed with very long hairs. This genus has sometimes had an indiscriminate application, and without a thorough examination of many species—some not attainable to the writer—it is impossible to speak of its geographical distribution. The typical species on which the genus was founded is from Ampboina, and Casyapa is probably widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago. One species only is known to the writer as found in the Malay Peninsula. 7 eine name was preoccupied by Chwetocnema in Coleoptera, and therefore the genus was rightly renamed by r. Kirby. Apri 80, 1886. : bF B86 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 1. Casyapa phanzus. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 18.) Eudamus Phaneus, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 14, n. 24 (1867). Wings above rufous-brown. Anterior wings with three large pale discal semihyaline spots margined with fuscous, situate one in and at end of cell, and two beneath céll divided by the second median nervule; beneath these are two fuscous spots situate between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure ; three subapical fuscous spots with greyish centres divided by the fourth and fifth subcostal nervules. Posterior wings with a single discal and a series of submarginal fuscous spots; abdominal margin more or less ochraceous. Wings beneath somewhat duller and paler in hue than above; markings similar. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 55 millim. Han.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Borneo; Sarawak (Hewitson). Genus ISMA. Isma, Distant, antea, p. 869. In this genus the anterior wings are elongate, the outer margin oblique and slightly convex; the disco-cellular nervules are obliquely directed inwardly, and the base of the second median nervule is about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. The body is robust and pilose, the palpi broad and hairy, projecting forward and almost level with the upper surface of the head; antenn# with a pyriform club, the apex of which is slender and slightly hooked. Two species are here enumerated as found in the Malay Peninsula. 1. Isma obscura. n.sp. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 19.) Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with five greyish spots, situate two—small—in and before end of cell, two—largest—beneath cell and divided by the second median nervule, and one between end of cell and apex of wing. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above, and with the inner marginal area greyish; posterior wings with the abdominal area paler. Head and thorax above more or less greyish; legs brownish. Abdomen mutilated. Exp. wings, 83 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.). 2. Isma bononia. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 20.) Hesperia Bononia, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 29, n. 16 (1868); Ex. Butt. v. Hesp. t. 7, f. 75, 76 (1876). This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen (which is here figured) in the collection of the late Mr, Hewitson, whose original description is also reproduced :— ‘“‘Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with five transparent spots:—three between the median nervures and two before the apex: an opaque pale-yellow spot near the costal margin. Posterior wing with two transparent spots." ‘Underside ochreous-yellow; the middle of the anterior wing dark brown. Posterior wing with the transparent spots bordered below with brown, and with a brown spot on each side of them.” Exp. wings, “1, inch.” | Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll, Hewitson). : RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 387 Genus TAGIADES. Tagiades, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 108 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. 1, p. 175 (1881). Pterygospidea, Wallengr. Rhop. Caffr. p. 53 (1857). Anterior wings moderately short, the costal and outer margins slightly convex. Costal nervure moderately swollen; diseo-cellular nervules subereet and almost subequal in length; base of the second median nervule about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. Posterior wings subovate. First and second median nervules emitted somewhat close together. Body short; palpi broad and flattened, the terminal joint short and slender; legs not prominently pilose ; antenne somewhat short, the club not prominently thickened, its apex recurved, but not strongly hooked. ‘his genus is both Ethiopian and Oriental in distribution, and the species appears to be subject to considerable variation. 1. Tagiades atticus var. calligana. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 6.) Hesperia Atticus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 859, n. 288 (1798), Tasiades calliyana, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 556, n. 8, t. lxix. f. 11 (1877). Var. a. Anterior wings dark fuscous, with a subapical series of nine small pale ochraceous spots arranged in semicircular series; posterior wings greyish-white, with about basal half and apex dark fuscous, and three submarginal black spots, the uppermost more or less fused with apical coloration, and lowermost situate on second median nervule. Anterior wings beneath as above, but slightly paler; posterior wings beneath greyish-white, the costal and apical margins broadly fuscous, and with a submarginal series of darker spots, which become marginal and more or less fused on posterior margin; the basal dark coloration above appearing as pale obscure bluish beneath. Body above dark fuscous, beneath more or less greyish. Exp. wings, 35 milim. Has.— Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.). This is the variety figured, and which appears to differ from typical 7’. attieus in wanting a lower marginal spot to the upper surface of the posterior wings. T. atticus in its typical form is found both in Continental India and Ceylon. Var. b. Differing from var. a in having the basal fuseous coloration to the upper surface of the posterior wings larger, and extending more than half way across the wing; and with four dark marginal spots as in typical 7’. atticus. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Staudinger). There can be little doubt that 7. atticus is a most variable species, and little good can accrue to our knowledge by raising these varieties to specific rank. It is difficult to understand the position of those entomologists who, professing to believe in the doctrine of natural selection, yet tacitly deny variation on which that very doctrine is sustained, by naming and describing each varietal form as a distinct species. If variation exists, why is it excluded from so many cabinet drawers? Surely this is making evolutionary brick without natural straw. 388 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 2, Tagiades gana. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 22.) Pterygqospidea Gana, Moore, Proce. Zool. Soe. 1865, p. 780. Tagiades gana, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 2 (1877). Male. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with three small greyish semibyaline subapical spots, and a transverse discal macular fascia, a large spot within the cell, another near base, and the exterior margin blackish; posterior wings with about the outer third greyish-white; apical margin, three upper discal spots, and two marginal spots on the greyish-white area, blackish. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings beneath greyish-white, the costal and apical margins broadly fuscous ; spots as above, but the marginal ones frequently larger and more spreading, and the basal fuscous coloration above, pale and obscure bluish beneath. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath greyish. Female. Wings above paler than in male, and the greyish-white area to the upper surface of the posterior wings much smaller than in the other sex. Exp. wings, ¢, 48 to 45 millim.; ?, 45 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.; Wallace —coll. Godm. & Salv.); Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus. ; Biggs—coll. Dist.). 3. Tagiades ravi. (‘I'ab. XXXIV., fig. 1¢.) Pterygospidea Ravi, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 779. Tagiades Ravi, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 1 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J.A.5. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 241, n. 78 (1880); ibid. vol. 1. p. 288, n. 60 (1881). Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with three small greyish semihyaline subapical spots, two somewhat larger spots of the same colour beneath and beyond extremity of cell, three obscure blackish spots in transverse series across disk, one of the same colour in cell and another near base, apex and exterior margin darker; posterior wings with curved discal series of small blackish spots. Anterior wings beneath paler brown, with the semihyaline spots as above; posterior wings beneath olivaceous-grey, the costal and outer margins brown, and with curved discal series of smal! blackish spots—these are sometimes almost obsolete. Body above concolorous with wings, beneath more or less olivaceous-grey. Female. Resembling the male, but with two minute additional semibyaline subapical spots, and with the blackish discal spots rather larger and brighter. Exp. wings, ¢ & ?, 40 to 48 millim. Han.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.).— Nicobar Islands; Nankowri (Wood-Mas. & de Nic.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.). —Nias Island (coll. Dist.)—Siam (Druce).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). This species varies in the colour of the under surface of the posterior wings, which in some specimens is wholly pale fuliginous-brown, and in others more or less olivaceous-brown as in the specimen here figured. 4. Tagiades dealbata, n. sp. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 21.) Wings above dark fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a cluster of small pale semihyaline spots, of which three or four are discal, and five in irregular series are subapical; posterior wings with the outer margin RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 389 from a little beneath apex to anal angle broadly greyish-white, a discal series of dark spots margining the upper end of this white area. Anterior wings beneath paler, spotted as above; posterior wings beneath with about the outer half irregularly greyish-white, the white area partly crossed by a series of small brown spots, and the basal brown area also variegated by somewhat large dark brown spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous with the dark hue of wings. Exp. wings, 30 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.) ; Malacea (coll. Staudinger). 5. Tagiades lavata. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 5.) Tagiades lavate, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 567, n. 4, t. Ixix. f. 8 (1877). Wings above dark fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a few (irregular in number in different specimens) small pale semiliyaline subapical spots; posterior wings with the outer margin from beneath apex to anal angle somewhat broadly greyish-white. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings beneath greyish-white, with a pale bluish tinge, the costal margin and apex broadly fuscous. Body above dark fuscous, beneath greyish; legs more or less streaked with brownish. Exp. wings, 32 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.): Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.), 6. Tagiades trichoneura, rar. (Tab. XXXIYV., fig. 20.) Pterygqospidea trichonenra, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 402, n. 81 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. iii, t. 78, f, 14, 16 (1867). | Tagiades trichoneure, Kheil, Rhop, der Insel Nias. p. 88, n. 149 (1881), Wings above dark purplish-brown; anterior wings with the neuration more or less greyish and with thirteen pale grevish spots, situate two in and two above cell, four in oblique series beneath cell, and five subapical (there is sometimes a small fourteenth subcostal spot as in the specimen figured). Posterior wings with the outer margin from the upper median nervule to anal angle broadly orange-yellow, and the same colour is extended narrowly for a short distance along the margin as far as the lower subcostal nervule, two elongate spots in cell, a discal series of elongate spots and the apical margin dark purplish. Anterior wings beneath as above, but with a few additional greyish spots; posterior wings beneath pearly-white, the costal and apical areas purplish-brown, containing a series of dark purplish elongate spots. Body above purplish-brown, the abdominal segments margined with greyish ; body beneath with legs greyish. Exp. wings, 33 to 42 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiimst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (coll. Staud. & Feld.).—Nias Island (Kheil).—Java (Feld.). Mr. Kirby* has placed the Pterygospidea Pralaya, Moore, as a synonym of this species. It is, however, at least a distinct race, and appears to be confined to Continental India. In Mr. Moore’s species the posterior wings are ochraceous, not pearly-white beneath. The width of the ochraceous margin to the posterior wings above is variable, as is the greyish margin of other species of the genus. * Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 635-6. Apnit. 80, 1886. Dey 390 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus ABARATHA. -lbavatha, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 181 (1881). This genus differs from all those of the family which have been here previously enumerated by having the posterior wings with the outer margin angularly produced near apex.* ‘The anterior wings have the - costal margin moderately arched, the outer margin obliquely rounded, the inner margin nearly straight. The first, second, third and fourth subcostal nervules are emitted at about equal distances apart, the fifth from upper end of cell, disco-cellular nervules obliquely directed inwardly, the lowermost the longest, second median nervule about twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper median nervule. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin sinuate and angularly produced near apex and again more moderately so near centre; subcostal nervules bifurcating at about one-fourth before end of cell, first and second median nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of cell. Body moderately robust; palpi laterally compressed, terminal joint short and conical; posterior legs strongly pilose ;+ antennse with a short and thick curved or hooked club. The strength and geographical distribution of this genus cannot at present be fixed; one species is found in Ceylon, and two are at present recorded from the Malay Peninsula. 1. Abaratha sura. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 16 2.) Avhylodes Suva, Moore, Proce, Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 786. Pterygospiden Helias, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 529, n. 926, t. 78, f. 12, 18 (1867), Wings above dull purplish; anterior wings with an oblique blackish fascia (sometimes broken) crossing wing before middle, a waved submarginal blackish fascia, margined interiorly with two subapical white spots, and with two others divided by the second median nervule, these white spots margined with blackish ; beyond the outermost fascia the colour is more or less bright ecastaneous; posterior wings with a sub- basal greyish oblique linear fascia, two subapical (the innermost very short) linear greyish fascim, and two submarginal series of greyish spots, the lowermost with dark centres in the imale, a series of apical marginal blackish spots and the basal greyish fascia in male also inwardly margined with blackish. Anterior wings beneath much paler than above; posterior wings beneath greyish-white with a subcostal rounded blackish spot near base, and the spots above darker and better defined beneath. Body above more or less concolorous with wings, beneath with legs greyish. Exp. wings, 35 to 40 millim. Han.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore }).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kimst.—Cale. Mus. ; ‘Townsend—coll. Godm. & Saly.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.).—Celebes (Felder). 2. Abaratha pygela. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 18.) Pterygospidea Pyyeia, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 58, n. 6 (1868) Ex. Butt. v. Peer. t. 1, f. 8 (1878). Antigonus pygela, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 860, n, 1. Wings above chocolate-brown, extreme bases narrowly greyish; anterior wings with a transverse dark fascia margined with greyish near base, a waved irregular dark fascia inwardly more or less * Of course this is « superficial and not a true strnetural generic character, but it is of wreat nse in ilistingnishing between the genera of » small fauna, as of the Malay Peninsula, and is simply used in the * Synopsis” for that purpose, ‘The practice of founding genera upon shape of wing is even less followed than advocated. ! Mr. Moore describes the legs as nuked, but I have specimens of the Ceylonese A. ransonneti, Feld., the type of his genus, in which the pilosity of the posterior legs is strongly developed. ; Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C, vol. i. p. 251 (1857). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,. 391 margined with greyish situate near outer margin, and a submarginal narrow dark fascia; posterior wings with the abdominal margin, rather less than outer third of wing, a transverse sub-basal fascia, followed by a very irregularly waved linear fascia greyish-white; the outer white area traversed by two pale brownish fascie. Anterior wings beneath as above, but paler; posterior wings beneath greyish-white, the costal area spotted with brownish, and with some minute dark spots along outer margin. Body above chocolate-brown; apical half of abdomen more or less greyish; body beneath and legs creyish. Kixp. wings, 32 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery; Ktimst.—Cale. Mus.); Malacea (Hewitson).—Borneo (Druce). SPECIES INCERTZ SEDIS. T have here followed the method of Messrs. Godman and Salvin,* in enumerating the following species without exact generic determination. The reason for such a course with myself is that the species are represented by single specimens, and are not in my own possession, so that complete study of neuration has been prevented by my responsibility to keep the specimens uninjured. 1. Baoris? insignis, n.sp. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 22.) Wings above dark chocolate-brown ; anterior wings with seven greyish-white discal spots, situate two subapical, two divided by second median nervule, two in cell, and one small and subcostal above them ; posterior wings with the fringe prominently greyish-white; anterior wings beneath paler than above, spots similar, but with a faintly marked submarginal series of small pale spots; posterior wings beneath greyish-brown, the costal and basal areas brownish, and with a discal and marginal series of brownish spots, fringe as above. Body above concolorous with wings; body beneath with legs more or less greyish. Exp. wings, 26 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godfery). 2. Isma? homolea. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 23.) Hesperia Homolea, Hewitson, Deser. Hesp. p. 29, n. 15 (1868); Ex. Butt. V. Hesp. t. 7, f. 77, 78 (1876); Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv. p. 43, n. 312. The figure is taken from the typieal specimen in the late Mr. Hewitson’s collection, and his description is here repfoduced. “ Upperside dark brown. Anterior wing with five transparent spots; one in the cell, two between the median nervures, and two before the apex.” “Underside. Anterior wing with a submarginal band of ochreous spots. Posterior wing with two bands of similar spots and one spot more distinet than the rest towards the anal angle.” Exp. wings, ‘1% inch.” Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Hewitson). * Biologia Centrali Americana—Rhop. vol. i. p. 486. B92 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., Group ERTONOTARIA. This group—which was proposed (autea, p. 368) to include those genera whose species possessed posterior wings more or less convex and about as broad as long—is PROD BEnY distributed wherever the family is found. As already stated, this division is only proposed as a ready means of discrimination in the study of this fauna. I have not presumed to advocate it as of universal application, and in the words of Captain Cook, I do not wish, in this respect, “‘ to go beyond soundings.’ SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. A. Outer and mner margins of anterior wmgs subequal in length. a. Upper and lower disco-cellular nervules of anterior wings —— almost subequal in length. 7 hb. Anterior wings elongated, about twice as long as broad. c. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of Fio. 118.— Anterior wing of upper median nervule. Erionota thrax, showing ae es ; sulk yan parewabaa d. Median nervure between bases of the two upper median | nervules more or less oblique and curved. - - Ertonora, dd. Median nervure between bases of the two upper median PI nervules straight. - : - : - - GANGARA. ec. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings about three times as far apart from that of lower as from that BE of upper median nervule. eS ¢e. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more : nearly opposite the base of second than of lower Fie 11) = pies wens ot _median nervule. - - - - - = = Paster. Me pettiont Fee heal end ee. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more ladian abe va lea. nearly opposite the base of lower than of second median nervule, = - - - - - Hyanorrs. bb. Anterior wings short, not twice as long AS broad. - - CoLADENIA. aa. Upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wing longer than lower. j. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings not more than twice as far apart from that of lower as from that : of upper median nervule. — - - - - - - Hiparr. * | Jf. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings more than =o twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper median nervule. - - - - - - Upaspes. — Anterior wing of shine la fava showing seg B. Inner margin of anterior wings longer than outer margin. tion of median nervules, q. Base of second median nervule of anterior wings moderately close to that of upper and remote, or more than twice as far apart, from that of lower as alin that of EBA median nervule. - . - - PLEsfonnuna. aq. Base of second median nervule of qntseat aie Rhone twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper median nervule. | h. First subeostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more nearly opposite the base of lower than of second median Fra, 121,— Anterior wing of nervule. - - : - : - - : - ASTICTOPTERUs. Kerana armata, showing hh. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted more position of subeostal and * nearly opposite the base of second than of lower median median nerviles, nerv ule. i ia E i ‘4 : ? Srna * Gen. nov., | Hesperia Irava, Moore, Gen. nov., type Astictoplerus armatus, Druce. Pp YE iu ' RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 393 Genus ERIONOTA. Erionota, Mabille, Ann. Soe, Ent. Belg. xxi. p, 84 (1878), Anterior wings moderately long, the inner margin longer than the outer, costal margin very slightly sinuate, inner margin distinctly sinuate. Costal nervure terminating on costa nearly opposite end of cell; fifth subeostal nervule emitted at about end of cell; disco-cellular nervules moderately oblique, the upper and lower subequal in length; second median nervule with its base more than twice as far apart from that of lower as from that of upper median nervule. Posterior wings about as broad as long, the costal margin obliquely convex, the outer margin irregularly rounded and slightly sinuate towards anal angle. Subcostal nervules bifurcating at about half the distance before end of cell; seeond median nervule emitted at rather more than twice the distance from lower than from upper median nervule, which starts from end of cell. Body long, robust and pilose; palpi large, broad and considerably compressed, the terminal joint very short; antenne slender, tlhe apex moderately thickened and curved, not strongly hooked. Mon. Mabille, the founder of this genus, included in it the Hesperia trava, Moore, but this species is structurally distinct, and is the type of my proposed genus Hidari. 1. Erionota thrax. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 17.) Papilio Thrax, Linnwus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 794, n. 260 (1767); Don. Ins. Ind. t. 49, f. 2 (1800). Hesperia Thrax, Latr. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 748, n. 63 (1828); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 254, n. 582 (1857); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 790; Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliii, p. 327 (1882). Casyapa Thrax, Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 168, 0.73 (1876); ibid. xx. p.8 (1877); ibid. xxi. p. 40, mn. 161 (1878) ; Batl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 558, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 641, n.33; Elwes, Proc, Zool. Soc, 1881, p.909; Kheil, Rhop. der Insel Nias, p. 38, n. 146 (1884), Casyapa Thrax, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 358, n. 1. Frionota Thrac, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 35, n. 114 (1878). Telegonus Thrax, De Nic. J. A. 5. Beng. vol. li. p. 65, n. 196 (18832). 4 Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with three discal pale ochraceous spots, situate one crossing cell, another beneath cell and between the two lower median nervules, and the third and smallest between the first and second median nervules; posterior wings with the fringe greyish- ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings with the disk distinctly darker and spotted as above; posterior wings with a discal, rounded, macular darker fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, g and ¢, 63 to 78 millim. Han.—Continental India; Bengal (Horsf. & Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.); Darjeeling (Plétz).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Kitinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.); Malacea (Biggs—coll. Dist.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).— Sumatra (Snell.).— Nias Island (Kheil).— Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java; Batavia (Snell.).— Borneo (Druce).— Celebes (Snell.).— China ; Foochow (Elwes). The larva and pupa of this species have been figured by Horsfield and reproduced here (antea, p. 867, f. 111), and the first is stated, in Java, to feed on the ‘‘ Pisang (Musa paradisatca), November and February.” * * Cat. Lep. Mus. E, 1.0. vol. i. p. 264. Aprit 30, 1886. ies 94 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus GANGARA. Gangara, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 164 (1881). This genus is closely allied to the preceding, Erionota, and seems to differ principally—so far as I can discover—by the median nervure between the bases of the two upper median nervules being straight, and not curved as in Erionota. 1. Gangara thyrsis. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 13.) Papilio Thyrsis, Fabricius, Syst. Knut. p. 632, n. 888 (1775); Mant. Ins. p. 86, n. 781 (1787); Ent. Syst. in. p. 885, n. 264 (1793). Telegonus Thyrsis, Butl. Cat, Fabry. Lep. p. 262, n. 5 (1869); Wood-Mas, & de Nic. J. A.5. Beng. vol... p. 261, n. 127 (1881); ibid. p. 238, n. 64 (1881). Hesperia Thyrsis, Plotz, Stett. Ent Zeit. xliii. p. 331 (1882). Hesperia Pandia, Moore (Horsf, & Moore), Cat. Lep, Mus, E. 1. 0, vol. i. p. 254, t. 7, £10, 10@ (1857); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 790. (Fanygara Thyrsis, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 165, t. 66, f. 3, Ba (1881), Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with six pale ochraceous spots, of which the three largest are discal, and situate one crossing cell, one beneath cell and between the two lower median nervules, and the third between the first and second median nervules, the other three spots are small and subapical (in some specimens there is an additional linear spot on submedian nervure); posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings with the disk darker and spotted as above, the inner marginal area also pale ochraceous, and with a tuft of short hairs in male, the subapical area irrorated with bluish-grey scales; posterior wings irrorated with bluish-grey scales, which form some irregular fascim across their surface. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 70 to 88 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Canara (Horsf. & Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Cale. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands (Cale. Mus.).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (Bireh—eoll. Dist.); Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.).— Java (Horsf. & Moore). [ am indebted to Mr. J. K. Bireh, of Butterworth, Province Wellesley, for a specimen of this species, which, as he wrote to me (under date of April 24th, 1883), was ‘ Caught in my verandah a few nights ago, attracted by the lamp.” The larva is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’* and is there thus deseribed :— ‘Larva greyish-white, with a few ochreous dorsal spots and marks. From the body, according to Dr. Thwaites, a loose shagey filamentous clothing consisting of pure wax+ 1s excreted, but which is easily rubbed off when handled, leaving the larva quite naked. Feeds on Palmacer. Pupa pale olivaceous-yellow; the tongue spirally protruded.” | = Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. tab. 66, f 5a, | In the Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1876, p. 510, Prof. Westwood published “ Notes on the habits of a Lepidepterous Insect parasitic on Judgore candelaria, und states that there is every probability “for our believing that it is wpon the waxy secretion of the Fulgora that this parasite subsists,” { Lep, Ceyl, vol. i, p. 165. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, O05 Genus HIDARI. Hidari, Distant, antea, p. 892. This genus differs from Erionota and Gangara in having the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings longer than the lower; the base of the second median nervule of the anterior wings is also not more than twice as far apart from lower as from upper median nervule. Three species are found in the Malay Peninsula, and are here included in the genus. 1. Hidari irava. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 15 2.) Hesperia Irava, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 254, n. 588 (1857); Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlii. p. 328, n. 80 (1882). Celenorrhinus Thrux, Hiibn. (nec Linn.), Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 875, 876 (18382). Hesperia Hypapa, Hew. Deser. Hesp. p. 25, n. 7 (1868). Krionota Hypepa, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p, 35, mn. 115 (1878). Casyapa irava, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 453, n, 2 (1877). Erionota irava, Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 85, n. 116 (1878). Male and Female. Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with the basal costal area rufous and the disk much darker, containing four pale ochraceous spots, situate one in cell and three beneath cell divided by the median nervules and two (sometimes only one) small greyish subapical spots; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath very much paler than above; anterior wings with the disk blackish, spotted as above, and with small fuscous spots divided by the lower discoidal nervule; posterior wings with usually four small fuscous discal spots in curved series. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 52 to 64 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Perak (Ktnst.—coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Staud.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll, Dist.).—Java (Horsf.). 2, Hidari sybirita. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 24.) Hesperia Sybirita, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 451 (1876). Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with three discal pale ochraceous spots, one in cell and two beneath, divided by the second median nervule, and three small subapical greyish spots in suberect series; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings with the inner and subapical areas somewhat violaceous, and spotted as above; posterior wings with a diseal constellation of dark fuseous spots. Eixp. wings, 68 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Hewitson). The figure is taken from the typical specimen in the collection of the late Mr. Hewitson, and this constitutes at present my whole knowledge of the species. 3. Hidari staudingeri, ».sp.* (Tab. XXXY., fig. 25). Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with an ochraceous, irregularly transverse discal macular fascia, composed of one spot in cell and three spots beneath divided by the two lower median * Named after Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, the great living authority on Palearctic Lepidoptera. 306 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, nervules, and two minute greyish subapical spots; posterior wings with the fringe brownish-grey. Wings beneath as above, but the lower spot of the macular fascia to the anterior wings having its posterior half greyish-white. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 52 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Staudinger). This very distinct species is contained in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, and I have not seen a second example. Genus PLASTINGTIA. Plastingia, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. vii. p. 95 (1870). This genus differs from MHideri in having the upper and lower disco-eellular nervules of the anterior wings almost subequal in length, thus agreeing with Hrionota and Gangara, but easily distinguished in a structural sense from those genera by the position of the seeond median nervule of the anterior wings, which has its base about three times as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. Another distinguishing character in Plastingia is the position of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings, which is emitted more nearly opposite the base of second than that of lower median , nervule. Plastingia, as at present known, is a small genus, and its species appear to be principally found in the Indo-Malayan Region. Several have been described from Borneo. 1. Plastingia callineura. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 26.) Hesperia Callineura, Felder, Reise Noy. Lep. iii. p. 518, n. 895, t. 71, £. 9, 10 (1866). Plastingia callineura, Drauce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 2; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555, n. 1 (1877); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 86, n. 182 (1878); Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xlv. p. 148, n. 12 (1884). Hesperia Latoia, Hewits. Deser. Hesp. p. 84, n. 27 (1868); Ex. Butt. esp. t. 6, f. 62, 68 (1878). Plastingia Latoia, Plita, Btett. Ent. Zeit. xly. p. 149, n, 18 (1684), Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with basal costal, subcostal, and inner marginal ochraceous streaks, and with a discal series of seven pale semi-lyaline spots, of which the largest is bifid and situate above the lower median nervule, three—the uppermost smallest—in oblique series separated by the lower discoidal and the upper median nervules, two small and subapical and one in and near end of cell; posterior wings with a central transverse fascia connected with base, a narrow streak along inner edge of abdominal margin and the fringe ochraceous. Wings beneath paler than above; anterior wings spotted as above and with a series of dark submarginal streaks placed between the nervules; posterior wings with the neuration ochraceous, the discal fascia as above, and with a submarginal series of minute ochraceous spots. Body above brownish, with segmental ochraceous fascim ; body beneath pale ochraceous, abdomen with a central series of dark brownish spots; legs brownish. Iixp. wings, 38 millim. Han.— Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.; Wall.—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java; Buitenzorg (Felder). | Mr. Hewitson redeseribed this species under the name of Hesperia latoia, and the figure here given represents the typical specimen in the Hewitsonian Cabinet, According to the writer’s experience the species is moderately rare in the Malay Peninsula. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. S97 Genus HYAROTI5. Hyarotis, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 174 (1881). This genus can be readily distinguished from the preceding—Plastingia—by the position of the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings, which is emitted more nearly opposite the base of the lower than of the second median nervule. A single species (according to present knowledge), and one which is given by Mr. Moore as the type of the genus, is found in the Malay Peninsula. 1. Hyarotis adrastus. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 4.) Papilio Adrastus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iv. t. 319, F, G (1782). Tagiades Adiastus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 109, n. 1. Hesperia Adrastus, Plitz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xliv. p. 80, n. 240 (1883), Hyarotis Advastus, Moore, Lep, Ceyl. vol.i. p. 174, t. 67, £5, 5a (1881); Proce. Zool. Soc, 1884, p. 262; de Nic, J. A. 5. Beng. vol. li. p. 99, n. 274 (1883), Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with seven pale greyish semi-hyaline spots, situate one in cell, three in oblique series beneath cell divided by the two lower median nervules, and three small and subapical in suberect series; posterior wings with the fringe greyish-brown. Anterior wings beneath spotted as above, the outer half paler and with a distinct darker submarginal fascia; posterior wings beneath with the basal third chocolate-brown, the discal third more or less violaceous, and the outer third pale fuscous; the discal third contains some irregularly formed greyish-white spots, and the outer third has an inner dark macular fascia. Body above chocolate-brown; .body beneath and legs paler brown. Eixp. wings, 40) millim, Han.—Continental India ; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).—Ceylon (Moore),— Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (coll. Staud.).—Siam; Nahconchaisee (Druce).—Java (Plotz). It is not accurate to speak of any species belonging to this family as being really rare in the Malay Peninsula, the Hespertide having been so little worked, but certainly 1. adrastus is not common in collections belonging to the fauna, as one specimen in my own collection and another in that of Dr. Staudinger are the only Malay examples I have seen. Genus COLADENIA. Coladenta, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 180 (1881). This genus differs from all those of the Hrionotaria here previously enumerated in having the anterior wings short, and not twice as long as broad. The anterior wings have the upper disco-cellular nervule a little shorter than the lower, the second median nervule has its base about twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule; the posterior wings have the subcostal! nervules bifureating near end of cell, the first and second median nervules having an apparently common origin near end of cell. Body robust and pilose; palpi laterally compressed; antenne with a well-formed apical club moderately hooked at tip; posterior tibi# with two prominent spines. Aprit 80, 1886. , 51 398 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 1. Coladenia dan. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 27.) Papilio Dan, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 88, n. 798 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii. p. 341, n. 297 (1793), Hesperia Facus, Latr. Fine. Méth. ix. p. 788, n. 25 (1823). Hesperia Fatih, Koll. Hiig, Kaschm. iv, 2, p. 454, t. 18, f. 5, 6 (1848), Hesperia Dan, Horst. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E,I.C. vol. i. p, 243, n. 580 (1857). Hesperilla Dan, Butl, Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 271, n. 1 (1869). Pleisoneura Dan, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 789; Snell, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 158, u. 80 (1876); ib. xxi. p. 41, n. 178 (1878); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 4 (1877). Coladenia Dan, De Nie. J. A. 8. Beng. lit, p. 100, n. 282 (1883). Wings above rufous-brown; anterior wings with four discal greyish-white spots, one—largest and sublunate—in cell, a smaller spot above it and two beneath cell divided by the second median nervule, and three—sometimes two—small subapical greyish-white spots in suberect series, outer half of wing with obscure dark fasciw; posterior wings with discal and outer marginal dark fasciw. Wings beneath as above, but slightly paler. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 30 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.}.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (‘l’ownsend— coll. Godm. & Salv.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snell.).—Celebes (Snell.). A Malaccan specimen, captured by Capt. Pinwill, and contained in the British Museum, is here figured. Genus UDASPES. Udaspes, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 177 (1881). In Udaspes the upper disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is longer than the lower, and the base of the second median nervule is more than twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule. P 1. Udaspes folus. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 3.) Papilio Folus, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 74, F (1779). Hesperia Cicero, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 888, mn. 287 (1798); Latr. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 787, n. 154 (1823). Pterygospidea Folus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 778. Tagiades Folus, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 288, n. 8 (1869). Pleisoneura Irolus, Druee, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, -p. 109, nu. 1; Snell. Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 168, n. 79 (1876); Butl. Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 1 (1877); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 815, n. 41; Mab, Ann, Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 38, n. 99 (1878). Udaspes Folus, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i, p. 177, t. 68, £. 8, $a (1881); Proc. Zool. Soe. 1882, p. 268: de Nie. J.A.5. Beng. vol. li, p. 65, n. 200 (1883). Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, the fringe alternately greyish-white; anterior wings with the following greyish-white spots:—one in cell, two beneath cell which are contiguous and only separated by the lower median nervule, one—small—between the first and second median nervules, two submarginal separated by the lower discoidal nervule, and three subapical which are more or Jess fused and sometimes preceded by a minute fourth spot near costa; posterior wings with a broad, irregularly shaped, and outwardly angulated greyish-white discal fasciate patch. Anterior wings beneath somewhat paler, spotted as above, und with a pale fascia near apex; posterior wings beneath much paler than above and somewhat greyish, the costal area and a patch on outer margin castaneous, the fasciate patch more or less continued RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 899 towards base, a subcostal greyish-white spot, and a central dark castaneous linear spot. Body above olivaceous-brown, beneath with legs greyish. Exp. wings, ¢ and @ , 45 to 50 millim. Han.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).— Ceylon (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery ; Kiimst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford— coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).— Siam; Chentaboon (Druce).—Java (Mabille). Genus PLESIONEURA. Plesionewra, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. vi. p. 29 (1862); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 177 (1881). In this genus the inner margin of the anterior wings is longer than the outer margin, thus agreeing with the two following genera, but it possesses a distinctive character in the position of the second median nervule to the anterior wings, which has its base close to that of the upper and remote from the lower median nervule, or more than twice as far apart from that nervule as from the upper one. 1, Plesioneura alysos. (Tab, XXXIV., fig. 7). Plesioneura Alysos, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 789; ibid. 1877, p. 593; Lep, Ceyl. vol. i. p. 178, t. 67, f. 8, a, 6 (1881); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1982, p. 263; Butl. Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 2 (1877); Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A.S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 241, n. 80 (1880); de Nic. J.A.5. Beng. vol. L. p. 60, n. 128(1881); Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xxi. p. 88, n. 98 (1878). Hesperia Alysos, Horsf. & Moore, MS. Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 258, n. 677 (1857). Male. Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a discal transverse whitish fascia, crossing wing near end of cell and not reaching either the costal or inner margins and with a small whitish spot between the upper median and the lower discoidal nervule. Anterior wings beneath paler than above, especially near outer margin, the fascia and spot as above, but the first more or less eonnected with the costal margi'; posterior wings beneath much paler than above, with a somewhat indistinct darker curved discal fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢, 30 to 38 millim. Har.—Continental India; N.W. Himalaya (Hocking—Moore); Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.).— Ceylon (Moore).—Andaman Islands; Port Blair (Wood-Mas. & de Nie.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (Mab.). The female, as found in Ceylon, is thus described by Mr. Moore :—* Forewing with broader medial band, three subapical spots, the spot between upper median and radial, and sometimes another between the upper and middle medians.” * Mr. Moore also describes the Ceylonese males as having ‘“ either one or two very small oblique subapical spots,’ but there is no trace of these in any of the specimens from the Malay Peninsula which I have examined. = The larva as observed in Ceylon is described as ** pale green, white speckled; head black bordered. Feeds on Ainziberaces." + * Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p, 178 (1881). + Tid. 4) RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Mr. de Nicéville states, from observations made m Sikkim, that this species ‘always settles with expanded wings."’* 2. Plesioneura asmara. (Tab. XXXY., fig. 28.) Plesioneura Asmara, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 556, n. 8 (1877). Hesperia Asmara, Horsf. & Moore, MS. Cat. Lep. Mus. E.L.C. vol. i. p. 258, n. 676 (1857). The figure here given is taken from a Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, and the following is Mr. Butler's original description :— “Similar to P.dan,+ but not tawny-tinted, the three spots in the centre of primaries united, and hyaline-white.”’ Exp. wings, ¢ & ?, “1 inch 8 lines.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore). This species is much more closely allied to P. alysos, and appears remote in appearance from C. dan. 8. Plesioneura pinwilli. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 29 2.) Plesionenra Piniwilli, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 656, nu. 5, t. beviii. f. 4 (1877). As with the last species, Mr. Butler's figure and description are reproduced :—- “Primaries black, with a bluish shot; a broad oblique shining pale-yellow subhyaline patch, separated by the median nervure and its second and third branches into three spots; two small spots of the sume colour, placed obliquely below it, on the interno-median interspace; secondaries bright orange, the base and the apical portion of external border chocolate-brown; remainder of outer border, a rounded spot at end of cell, a second near anal angle, and five, submarginal, touching the outer border, black; head and thorax greenish grey, vertex of head edged with sordid white; abdomen orange banded with black. Primaries below as above, excepting that there is a bifid whitish spot above the end of the eell, a whitish spot at base of interno-median area, und that the inner margin is brown; secondaries bright orange; the costal and outer borders irregularly purplish black; fringe brownish ; a subcostal dash, a rounded spot at the end of the cell, and a reniform spot near the anal angle black; body below and legs bright ochreous, palpi pale ochreous; neck below white; antennw black above, testaceous below.” Exp. wings, “2 inches 2 lines.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.). This is a rare species, and is only known to the writer by the single specimen captured by Capt. Pinwill, and now contained in the British Museum. Genus ASTICTOPTERUS., Astictopterus, Felder, Wien. Eut. Mon. iv. p. 401 (1860); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol. i. p. 162 (1881). This genus differs from Plesioneura by having the base of the second median nervule of the anterior wings about twice as far apart from that of the lower as from that of the upper median nervule: the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is emitted more nearly opposite the base of the lower than of the second median nervule. = J.A.5. Beng. vol. L. p. 60 (1881). | Coladenia dan, antea, p. 398. RHOPALOCERA MALAY ANA. 401 1. Astictopterus jama. Astictopterus jama, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 29 (1860); Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc, ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555, mn. 1 (1877). Wings above and beneath uniform dark fuseous. Body above concolorous with wings; abdomen beneath and legs somewhat greyish-brown. Exp. wings, 32 to $4 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Salv.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.); Malacca (colls. Feld. & Staud.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Staud.).—Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.). This is apparently a very widely distributed species, but on account of its small size and obscure appearance it probably frequently escapes the collector’s net. It has not been considered necessary to figure this species, as its uniform coloration renders it easily distinguishable. ] " ur . 2. Astictopterus salsala. (‘lab. XXXIV., fig. 21.) Niseniades Salsala, Moore, Prov. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 786. ('yelopides Salsala, Bail. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 655, n. 1 (1877). Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a transverse curved series of rufous spots crossing wing beyond cell, the so-called spots consisting of scattered groups of scales. Wings beneath rufous- brown; anterior wings with the rufous spots above bluish-grey beneath, and generally with a small cluster of similarly coloured spots (variable in number) in cell; posterior wings with some discal spots of the same colour, also variable in number in different specimens. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Var. a, Astictopterus steilifer, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 655, n. 7 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. vol, i. p. 163 (1881), This variety simply differs from what is understood as the typical form of A. salsala by the absence (and probably accidental obliteration) of the scale-like spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings. Exp. wings, 26 to 28 millim. Han,—Continental India; Bengal (Moore).—Ceylon (Thwaites—coll. Dist.).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Townsend—coll. Godm. & Balv.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Biggs—eoll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr— coll. Dist.).—Nias Island (coll. Dist.). There is little doubt that this proposed species of Mr. Butler (A. stellifer) is simply a variety of A. salsala. In fact, the process of reunion has already commenced, as, though they were originally enumerated by Mr. Butler in different genera, they now—or rather did on the 29th March last—appear arranged in the same genus in the National Collection. It is no doubt a variable species. Mr. Moore cited his Ceylonese species as A. stellifer, Butl.; but on my visit to the British Museum (on the above-named date) Mr. Butler had separated the specimens received from Ceylon as distinct from his A. stellifer. It is therefore not beyond possibility that the Ceylon forms may yet be described as a ‘‘ new species.” Aprin 30, 1856. 5K 402 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 3. Astictopterus xanites. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 28.) Astictopterus ranites, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 510; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 665, n. 2, t. Ixix. f. 7 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 2; Mab. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg, xxi. p. 48, n. 179 (1878). Wings above dark fuscous; anterior wings with a sanguineous transverse fascia not reaching costal or inner margins and crossing wing at end of cell. Wings beneath as above, but the transverse fascia to the anterior wings broader and paler than above and approaching nearer to the costal margin. Body and legs dark fusecous. Exp. wings, 32 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacca (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.).—Java (Mabille).—Borneo; Sandakan (Pryer—ceoll. Dist.); Sarawak (Butl.). 4. Astictopterus sindu. (Tab. XXXYV., fig. 30.) Astictopteris Sindu, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 30 (1860); Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 555, n. G (1877). The specimen collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacea, and now ‘contained in the collection of the British Museum, is here figured, and the following is Felder’s original description :— ‘ Alis utrinque fuscis, anticis fascia lata transversa subsinuata fulvo-aurantiaca. 7.” ““Pracedenti* affinis, sed minor pedibusque gracilioribus instruectus.” Has.— Malay Peninsula; Selangor; Kwala Lumpor (Biggs—coll. Dist.); Malacea (coll. Felder— Pinwill—Brit. Mus.). The small size of this species and the position of its transverse fascia on the anterior wings are the characters which apparently identify it. It appears to be a moderately scarce species ; one specimen only—mutilated—is in my collection. Genus KERANA. Kerana, Distant, antea, p. 392. This genus is closely allied to Astictopterus, but structurally differs by having the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings emitted more nearly opposite the base of the second than of the lower median nervule. 1. Kerana armata. (‘lab. XXXYV., fig. 31.) Astictopterus Armatus, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 359, n. 8, t. 38, f. 7; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 655, n. 4 (1877). Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a broad, transversely oblique dark orange- yellow fascia, which is convexly rounded outwardly and nearly straight inwardly, crossing wing at about end of cell. Wings beneath as above, but a little paler in hue, the fascia to the anterior wings being also paler than above. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 50 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula Malacea (coll. Staud.; Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Godfery),— Borneo (Druce). * A.jama, Feld. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 403 2. Kerana gemmifer. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 29.) Astictopteras genmifer, Butler, Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 555, n. 8 (1877). Wings above dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a broad and outwardly rounded transversely oblique orange-yellow fascia crossing wings at about end of cell. Wings beneath as above, the fascia to anterior wings slightly paler, Body and legs concolorous with wings. Iixp. wings, 32 to 84 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.). 3. Kerana aurivittata, var. cameroni.* (Tab, XXXIV., fig. 19.) Plesionettra Attrivittata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 848. Plesioneura Cameroni, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. x. p. 248 (1882). Wings above chocolate-brown; anterior wings with an obliquely transverse yellow fascia crossing wing at about end of cell, and three small fused pale subapical spots. Wings beneath as above, the colour somewhat duller, and the posterior wings haying an obscure yellowish spot at end of cell. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 88 millim. Han.—Tenasserim ; “above Ahsown™ (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Saiier); Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.). This variety differs from typical K. aurivittata in the shape of the fascia of the anterior wings, which, as depicted by Mr. Moore, is widened beneath the cell. Although I previously described the form here figured as specifically distinct, I think its natural position is better represented by the formula ‘“ variety.” 4. Kerana diocles. (Tab. XXXIV., fig. 8.) Nisoniades Diocles, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1965, p. 787; Horsf. & Moore (M8.), Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. 1. C. vol. i. p. 250, n. 562 (1857). Astictupterus Dioeles, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 859, n. 1; Butl. Trans, Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 655, n. 6 (1877); de Nic, J. A. 5. Beng. vol. x. p. 60, n. 126 (1881). Wings above fuscous-brown, with a slight bronzy tinge, the fringe greyish-brown; wings beneath paler than above, both wings with a submarginal paler fascia, the inner marginal area of the anterior wings somewhat greyish-brown. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ & ¢, 46 to 57 millim. Has.—Continental India; Bengal (Moore); Sikkim (de Nic.)— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Ktinst.— Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.; Wallace—coll. Godm. & Salv.; Biggs—coll. Dist.) ; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore); Bantam (coll. Dist.'.—Borneo (Druee). In Sikkim Mr. de Nicéville found this species ‘‘the commonest Hesperia seen. Settles with closed wings.” + * Named after John Cameron, author of ‘Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India.’ | J.A.8. Beng. vol. 1. p. GO (1881). 404 - —RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. SPECIES INCERTA( SEDIS. Plesioneura? anthea. (Tab. XXXV., fig. 32.) Hesperia Anthea, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 29, n, 17 (1868). Cobalus ciliatus, Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 544, m. 2 (1877). This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the Hewitsonian cabinet (here figured) and the specimen in the British Museum Collection presented by Capt. Pinwill, which was redescribed by Mr. Butler under the name of Cobalus ciliatus. Mr. Hewitson’s description is here reproduced :— “Upperside dark brown. Anterior wings with five small transparent white spots: two between the median nervures and three before the apex. Posterior wing with a broad band of white from the inner margin to the middle; the fringe white.” “Underside as above, except that the white band is broader and crosses the whole of the wing.” Exp. wings, “17, inch.” Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill—Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewitson). Astictopterus? harmachis. Astictopterus harmachis, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 3841 (1878). This species was deseribed by Mr. Hewitson as from Sumatra and Malacca, but it is only represented by a Sumatran specimen in the Hewitsonian cabinet, and although the describer said, ‘Also in coll. Dr. Staud. from Malacca,” Dr. Staudinger writes me that he is unable to trace the specimen. I therefore merely draw attention to the species as doubtfully belonging to our fauna. APPENDIX. —— Sryce the commencement of this publication, in 1882,* much additional information has been acquired, some new species discovered, and many other known species, not hitherto recorded from the Malay Peninsula, have been received from various helpful collectors and lepidopterists. These are now included, and though doubtless many others have still to be captured and enumerated, the present work must be brought to a conclusion. Subfam. DANAINA!.—Group DANAINA (antea, p. 3). In 1883 Mr. Moore published his ‘* Monograph of Limnaina and Eupleina, &c.” +—in other words, a monographie list of the genera and species belonging to this group. Mr. Moore approaches the subject in an analytical spirit, and has thus described many genera and species which fail to find acceptance with lepidopterists of more synthetical views and method, and he has also made several useful corrections to the synonymy, all of which, so far as they relate to species found in this fauna, are duly referred to. Genus HESTIA (antea, p. 5). 1. Hestia lynceus (antea, p. 6). Reference has been made to the general variability in size and hue as found in different specimens of this species.} Mr. Moore has estimated and described these forms as distinct species, limiting the true H. lynceus to Borneo, describing three new species as found in the Malay Peninsula, and also specifically separating the Javan and a Sumatran representative of the species. As the writer inclines to the purely varietal view of these characters, he adds to the synonymy of A, lynceus :— Hestia Reinwardti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 218, n. 8. Hestia Logani, Moore, ibid. n. 4. Hestia Donovani, Moore, ibid. n. 5. This species has now been recorded by Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville as not uncommon in the southern portions of Continental India,§ and Perak must also be added to the Malay districts in which it is found. ¢ | : © Dnring this interval some valuable contributions to a knowledge of tropical Rhopalocera have been published. Messrs. Salvin and Godman have completed the first volume of their work on the Central American Rhopaloceragethe first volume has also appeared of Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville’s ‘ Butterflies of India, Burmah, and Ceylon’; whilst Herr Georg Semper is just commencing to publish his description of the Rhopalocera of the Philippine Islands. , } Proc. Zool. Soc, 1883, pp. 201 and 253. | Antea, p. 7. § ‘Butt. India, Burmah, aud Ceylon,’ vol. i. p. 25 —It was also captured in the Madura district by my late friend F, E. Robinson, whose untimely death by a tiger is deplored by many friends and entomologists alike. Jcuy 30, 1886. 5 406 , RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Its habits on the ‘‘ Indian Hills” have been described by Mr. E. L. Arnold as “‘ water- loving.”’ ‘Their favourite habit is to lazily flap their wide wings while ascending to the tops of the trees, and then, keeping their wings spread out to the full on either side, they let themselves come slowly sailing down in wide circles, like large white blossoms, until just at the surface of the water, when they flutter over their own bright reflection for a moment, and again rise up to the tree-tops—a happy, lazy sort of way of spending existence, which I was generally reluctant to disturb.’’* 2, Hestia linteata (antea, p. 7). I have received specimens from Banjermassin—South Borneo—which only slightly vary from typical forms of the species. By an oversight the reference to the figure was printed ‘Tab. II., fig. 1," instead of Tab. I., fig. 1. 3. Hestia leuconoe. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 3 ?.) Idea Leuconoe, Krichson, Nova Acta Ac, Nat. Cur. xvi. p. 283 (1834), Hestia Leuconoe, Doubl, & Hew.{Gen, Diurn. Lep. t. 13, f. 2 (1847); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 887, n. 1; Semp. Schmett. Philippin. Ins, p. 6, n. 2, t. 1, f. 8, 4, 5 (1886). Nectaria Leuconoe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 216, n. 6. Hestia clara, Butl, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1867, p. 469, Nectaria clara, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 217, n. 8. Nectaria labuana, Moore, MS. Male and Female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, more or less suffused with yellow on basal areas, neuration black. Anterior wings above with the following black markings :—some black longitudinal lines in cell, and a macular fascia crossing cell near centre, a waved disco-cellular spot at end of cell, a much angulated and waved discal fascia commencing at costa and terminating on Inner margin, between which and the median nervure are two spots separated by the lower median nervule—the lowermost largest— and a waved submarginal fascia enclosing a marginal series of pale spots; posterior wings with the following black markings :—two black longitudinal lines in cell, united towards base and the uppermost cellular at diseo-cellular nervule, a spot a little beyond middle of cell, and discal and submarginal fascia as on anterior wings. Wings beneath marked generally as above. Body greyish-white; head above spotted with black; thorax with two black stripes; abdomen with a central dorsal stripe; thorax beneath and legs streaked with black. - Exp. wings, ¢, 120 millim.; ¢?, 155 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Philippines; Manilla (coll. Dist.) —Formosa (Brit. Mus.). I am indebted to Capt. Jno. Manners Kerr for the first knowledge of this species occurring in the Malay Peninsula. Capt. Kerr forwarded me two specimens from Singapore, one of which was taken by A. P. Wodehouse, Esq., in a Mangosteen orchard, and the other by himself. This species, like its allies, varies widely in appearance, and Herr Georg Semper informs me that he has been able to trace complete gradation from typical examples to the forms clara, Buitl., and labuana, Moore, * ‘On the Indian Hills,’ p. 194. APPENDIX. 407 Genus IDEOPSIS (antea, p. 8). 2. Ideopsis daos (antea, p. 8). I have examined a very pale specimen of this species, which was collected by Herr Kiinstler in Perak, and one which bears the same relationship to typical smoky forms as is exhibited by the varieties of species in the preceding genus Hestia. Genus RADENA (antea, p. 9). 1. Radena juventa. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 4.) Papilio Juventa, Cramer, Pap. Ex. ii. t. 188, B (1779). Danais Juventa, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 198, un. 54 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C. vol. i. p. 122, n. 240 (1857); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 387, n. 8; Semp. Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien. 1867, p. 698; Godm. & Balv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 687, n. 4; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. Ac. xliv. Nr. 2, p. 259, t. 2, f. 6, A, B. (1882). Radena Juventa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 224, n. 6, t. xxix. f. 1; Semp. Schmett. Phillip. Ins. p. 8, n. 5, t. A, f. 1 (1886). Radena Manillana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Boc, 1888, p. 224, n. 7. Male and Female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish-grey markings; anterior wings with a basal subcostal streak, followed by three subcostal spots, a large cellular fascia more or less broken near middle, two spots beyond cell, three large spots beneath cell, divided by the two lower median nervules, the lowermost of which is very large and more or less divided by a fuseous streak, three subapieal spots, a submarginal series of somewhat rounded spots and a marginal series of much smaller spots; posterior wings with the cellular area bluish-grey, surrounded by six elongate spots of the same colour, which are divided by the neryules, and of which the lowermost is very large, submarginal and marginal series of spots and the abdominal margin bluish-grey. Wings beneath as above, but somewhat paler. Body above fuscous; head and thorax spotted with greyish; thorax beneath, palpi and legs spotted and streaked with greyish. Exp. wings, 72 to 83 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Godfery—coll. Dist.).—Billiton (Godm. & Salv.).—Java (coll. Dist.).—Lombock (Moore).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.).—Philippines (coll. Dist. di : Manilla, South Luzon (Moore). A specimen captured by Capt. Godfery at Singapore has enabled me to add this insular species to our fauna. Genus DANAIS (antea, p. 11). Attention was previously drawn (antea, p. 13) to an observation made by Mr. Meldola tending to show that the species of this genus possess an immunity after death from the attacks of mites and other museum pests. ‘This has since been corroborated by Mr. Jenner Weir as regards some Indian specimens.* On the other hand, Mr. W. F. Kirby has kindly drawn my attention to the fact that several species of Chalcis have been reared from East Indian Danaids. + * ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xv. p. 160 (18982). {| C. cuplea, Hope, Proc, Ent. Soc. ser. ii. p. vi. t. 2, £ 9 and 10, also C. albierus, Klug. Symb. Phys. t. $7, f. 9, parasitic on D. chrysippus. 408 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 2. Danais melaneus (antea, p. 14.) Caduga Banksii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 251, n. 8. Mr. Moore has named the above varietal form as a distinct species, a course with which I cannot agree, as typical forms of D. melaneus have since been received from Perak and other portions of the Malay Peninsula. r 5. Danais genutia (antea, p. 18). Salatura intermedia, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 241, n. 6. As before remarked, in nearly every series of D. genutia received from the Malay Peninsula there is found a variety in which the posterior wings have the fulvous-red much suffused with white (Tab. IT., fig. 8). Mr. Moore has since deseribed this variety as a distinct. species under the name of S. intermedia, and in his monograph has separated it from the typical form of D, genutia by the intervention of four other species. The reasons, however, for thus treating this usually recognised variety as a distinct species are unfortunately not given. Its purely varietal nature has been further exemplified by the subsequent examination of a Perak specimen in which the fulyous shading is mixed with the white of the posterior wings. 7. Danais chrysippus (antea, p. 20), var. alcippoides. (Tab. XL., fig. 13.) Limnas Aleippoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 238, n. 3, t. 81, f. 1. Danais Alcippus, Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol: i. p. 51 (1882). This variety bears the same relationship to D. chrysippus as a similar variety does to D. genutia. Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville incline to this varietal opinion, although provisionally keeping it under a distinctive name. The specimen figured was captured at Singapore by Capt. Godfery; it is also reported as found occasionally in Continental India and Rangoon.* 8. Danais tytia, var. (Tab. XLI., fig. 15 2.) Fuplea Tytia, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal. p. 9, t. 9, f. 2 (1888). Danais Tytia, Doubl. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. i. p. 50 (1844); Doubl. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 12, f. 4 (1847); Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 810, n. 4. Danais Sita, Koll. Hig. Kasehm. iv. p. 424, t. 6 (1848). Danais (Chittira) tytia, Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 42 (1882). Caduga tytia, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 249, n. 1, Caduga niphonica, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 249, n. 2. Caduga swinhoei, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 250, n. 4. Male. Anterior wings above black, the cell, a large patch occupying the greater portion of the interspace between the lower median nervule and the submedian nervure, a smaller patch or subquadrate spot between the second and third median nervules,—sometimes divided or in other specimens only partially cleft,—two spots above this situate between the two upper median neryules, five or six subapical spots in curved series, a submarginal row of spots and a very indistinct and broken series of small marginal spots, pale bluish-grey and subhyaline. Posterior wings above pale subhyaline and bluish-grey, the costal area and the outer margin broadly castaneous, enclosing beyond the cell some pale spots and containing near anal angle two black pseudo scent-glands; neuration blackish. Wings beneath as above, but the anterior wings with the ground colour of the apical area reddish-brown; posterior wings with two * Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 62. APPENDIX, | 409 submarginal series of small pale spots. Head and thorax above blackish, spotted and streaked with whitish; abdomen olivaceous-brown. Head and thorax beneath and legs blackish, spotted and streaked with white, abdomen above fuscous; abdomen beneath olivaceous-brown, with a series of apical segmental whitish fasciw. Exp. wings, 82 to 115 millim. Has.—Continental India; Himalayan Region (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim (Marsh. & de Nic.).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.—Cale. Mus.).—Formosa (Butl.)—Japan (Jonas—coll. Dist.); Nikko (Brit. Mus.). There can be no question as to the variability of this species, and I here treat it accordingly, and do not follow Mr. Moore in giving distinctive names to the local forms. The form found at Perak is certainly not constant, as in two specimens in my own collection one has the large pale spot on the anterior wings between the second and third median nervules partially cleft, whilst the other has the spot completely divided (specimen figured). According to Col. Lang it is a forest-loving insect, frequenting in the Western Himalayas wooded glens, at 6000 to 7000 feet altitude, with a high and soaring flight. In Kulu ‘‘it is not uncommon; it has four broods—-the first brood appearing in April at the lower altitude ; the second brood appears in June at about 6000 feet elevation; a third brood appears in Angust and the first week in September; and the fourth, which is much the smallest in numbers, appears late in October. It is strong on the wing and a high flier; the long pendant flowers of the hill toon (Cedrela serrata) are much affected by it” (A. Graham Young).* I am indebted to Dr. J. Anderson for my first knowledge of this species oceurring in Perak, his fine collection made by Herr Kiinstler having been submitted to me for examination. The systematic position of D. tytia is after D. melaneus. 9, Danais abigar. (Tab. XLIL., fig. 11.) Idea Abigar, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, ili. p. 209, t. 7, f. 12a, 6 (1821), Euplea chionippe, Hiibn. Sammi. exot. Schmett. t. 6, £ 1, 4 (1806—1824)., Danais cecilia, Bougainv. Voy. Thétis, ii. p. 842, t. 44, f. 1 (1887). Salatura chionippe, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 248, n. 16. Anosia abigar, Semp. Schmett. Phillip. Inseln. p. 17, n. 15 (1886). Anterior wings above dark ochraceous ; costal area, apical half, inner marginal area and the neuration dark fuscous; the outer fuscous area contains the following whitish spots:—one small costal spot near middle of costal margin and two above end of cell; six large spots in oblique series beyond end of cell, of which the upper five are only separated by the nervules and the lowermost is rounded and more detached ; a few small apical spots, and a marginal and submarginal series commencing at upper median nervule. Posterior wings above whitish, the costal and outer marginal areas broadly dark fuscous, inwardly spotted und marked with castaneous; the costal dark area contains some whitish markings, and the outer dark itwvea contains a marginal and a submarginal series of small whitish spots. Anterior wings beneath as above, but slightly paler, and with the marginal and submarginal series of spots continued to apex; posterior wings beneath as above, but paler. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, the head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with whitish; abdomen dark ochraceous, with a dorsal fuscous stripe; head and thorax beneath blackish, spotted with whitish; legs black, the femora streaked with whitish. Exp. wings, 68 to 74 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (Birch—coll. Dist.).— Philippines; Manilla, Luzon (Moore). | = Marsh, & de Nic. ‘ Butt. Ind. Burm. and Ceyl." vol. i. p. 43. Juuy 80, 1886. 5 om 410 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. The discovery of D. abigar in the Malay Peninsula is a most interesting fact in geographical distribution, as the species was generally considered as peculiar to the Philippine Islands. The systematic position of D. abigar amongst the Malay Danaids is after D. melanippus var. hegesippus. Genus EHUPLCSA (antea, p. 21). 2. Euploea bremeri (antea, p. 23). Since writing the description of this butterfly, the male of which was then alone known to me, I have, through the kindness of Mr. L. de Nicéville, received some female examples captured by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim. ‘These Tenasserim females are paler and more olivaceous than my males from the Malay Peninsula, the markings are similar, and the discal spots equally variable. One, and the smallest, of these Tenasserim females has been described by Mr. Moore as a distinct species, under the name of T'ronga olivacea.* 4. Euploca midamus (aniea, p. 24). Mr. Moore has come to the conelusion that the description of Papilio midamus by Linneus really applies to a Chinese species, and he has therefore renamed, as T'repsichrois linnai, + the widely spread butterfly which has hitherto been understood as EL. midamus. I do not propose to alter the name here, as the species is at present so generally known as HE. midamus, and has been thus referred to by so many authors that much inconvenience would arise by such transference of names, whilst, on the other hand, some authors might not accept Mr. Moore's conclusion. 7. Euplea vestigiata (antea, p. 26). Salpinz lazsulina, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 800, n. 8. Mr. Moore has added what I consider as another name to the synonymy of L. vestigiata, which again is most probably but a variety of the Javan species E. leucostictos, Gmel. } 9. Euploea crassa (antea, p. 29.) Pademmea apicalis, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1888, p. 808, n, 15. The view was here previously expressed that £. crassa was probably a variety of the FE. erichsoni, Feld., and a long series of Felder’s species, since acquired from Burma, strengthens that opinion. The experience of the writer is that both these species—if they are distinct—are very variable in markings, and therefore he can see no reason for Mr. Moore having given the Malay form the distinctive name of )P. apicalis, If any alteration should be made it might be better to sink the name £, crassa under that of E. erichsoni, rather than to erect new species in a group which has already been made almost unintelligible by the specific treatment of varieties. § * Proce. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 267, n. 5. } Ibid. p. 286, n. 1. { Syst. Nat. V. Ins. ii. p, 2289 (1789), § It is singular that when a so-called species is sought to be relegated to its proper varietal position in respect to some parent species, the greatest proof is desiderated by the analytical describer, who himself is constantly naming what other entomologists consider as varieties, without giving any reason whatever for the process. APPENDIX. 411 17. Eupleea harrisi. /vuplaa grotei (antea; p. 36), Euplaa Harrisi, Felder, Reise Nov. ii. p. 828, ¢ (1865). Stictoplea Harrist, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 320, n. 4, t. xxx. £. 8, ¢. Mr. Moore has discovered that the insect figured by Felder* as his EH. grotei is really the female of another species he had previously described as E. harrisi. The name of the Malay butterfly must therefore be altered as above. 18. Eupleea marsdeni. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 1 ¢.) Tronga marsdeni, Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1888, p. 266, n. 3. The following is Mr. Moore's description of this species :— ‘Intermediate between 7’. bremerit and J’. crameri.+ Colour paler. Fore wing more the shape of that in T. crameri, being comparatively longer and narrower than in 7’. bremeri; the markings also are more like those in T'. eramert, there being only two small upper submarginal spots, which, however, are more elongated and narrower, the next (or largest) spot is also much longer and narrower, the fourth smaller, and the lower three very small; the marginal row is distinct but very small; hind wings with two rows of small distinct white spots.” Exp. wings, ¢, 98 millim. Has.— Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Moore; Kerr—coll. Dist.). I have given Mr. Moore's original description, because the species 1s evidently a variable one, as in two male specimens sent me, by Capt. Kerr, from Singapore, one (the specimen figured) possesses three small pale spots beyond the cell, and a very small spot in the cell, which are altogether absent in the second example. I systematically place EH. marsdeni as following E. bremeri. Subfam. SATYRINAS (antea, p. 37).—Genus MELANITIS (antea, p. 40). 1. Melanitis leda (antea, p. 41). M, determinata, Butl. Ent. Month, Mag. vol. xxi. p. 246 (1885). Mr. Butler states that “the true J. leda is a totally dissimilar Amboinese species,’ and proposes the name M determinata for the common Indian and Malay form of the species. I do not agree with this course, firstly, because Mr. Butler himself does not seem clear as to what is the typical form, as, though he would now restrict that form to Amboinese examples, he has previously stated that he “ found the small dark form (the true P. Leda of Linnzus) to be almost exclusively confined to India”; } and, secondly, because I possess Amboinese specimens of the species collected by Mr. Forbes, and find nothing but the gradual variation previously described by Mr. Butler himself in the paper referred to, thus proving his also previously expressed words, ‘‘I am fully convinced that this species is capable of almost any amount of variation in form as well as in colour.’' § Tt has been already stated (antea, p. 40) that WV. leda and MM. ismene have often been considered as varietal forms of one species. Mr. L. de Nicéville has subsequently informed us that M. ismene is but the dry-season form of M. eda, || the species thus exhibiting seasonal * Heise Nov. Lep. ii. t. 41, f. 7. + A Bornean species. | “ Observations on the Variation of Cylla Leda,” Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser, 8, vol. xix. p. 51 (1867). § Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 2 (1868). || Proe. Ent. Soe. 1885, p. 11. 412 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. dimorphism or variation. Of course we await the recital of the experiments which will demonstrate this conclusion, and doubtless this will soon be afforded, for Mr. de Nieéville is a most careful lepidopterist. Meanwhile this proposed seasonal identity of the two forms is eminently reasonable and probable. It is therefore to be regretted that, awaiting these fuller particulars, Mr. de Niceville’s interesting and valuable theory should have been subjected by another writer to some jocose criticism," and the fact of the two forms having been found flying together does not prove that they entered the imago condition at the same time. Should this theory prove to be correct—and I certainly incline to the opinion that it will—a necessary qualification will be given to many of our specific views, and more benefit will be afforded to the study of Lepidoptera than by an annual contribution of the descriptions of three or four hundred so-called new species. 3. Melanitis zitenius. (Tab. XXXVIII., fig. 2, ¢.) Papilio Zitenivs, Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. vol. vil. p. 5, t. clxxxii. f. 1, 2 (1796). Melanitis veamana, Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. OC. vol. i. p. 223, n. 463 (1857), Melanitis Ambasara, Horsf. & Moore, Oat. Lep. Mus. E.I. 0. vol. i. p. 223, n. 464 (1857). Melanitis Gnophodes, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 5, n. 11, t. 2, f. 1 (1868). Melanitis sitenius, Wood-Mas. & de Nic. J. A. 8. Beng. vol, u. p. 244, n. 9 (1881); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind. Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 258, n. 251 (1882). Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; anterior wings with a fuscous oblique patch at end of cell, followed by a subapical ochraceous subquadrate spot, beneath which is a very small spot of the same colour; posterior wings with two small whitish submarginal spots separated by the second median nervule. Wings beneath brownish-ochraceous, much mottled with small darker strigw; anterior wings with a dark oblique fascia almost crossing wing beyond end of cell, two small subapical greyish-white spots, and some similar and very indistinct spots placed between the nervules near outer margin; posterior wings with a discal curved dark fascia crossing wing beyond end of cell, and some submarginal small and obscure greyish spots as on anterior wings; outer margins of both wings warmer ochraceous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. . 1 Exp. wings, 73 to 78 milim. Has.—Continental India; East Himalaya, Khasi Hills (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Andaman Islands (de Reepstorfi—Calc. Mus.).— Burma (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim (Bingham—Cale. Mus.). — Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).—Java (Horsf. & Moore), A male specimen captured in Perak, and now contained in the Calcutta Museum, is here figured. ‘The female is larger and paler in hue than the male, and the under surface of the wings is more ochraceous and less prominently mottled with the dark strige. 4. Melanitis suyudana. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 2.) ? Melanitis Sinyudana, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 224, n. 466 (1857). Melanitis Aswa, Marsh. & de Nic. (part),"Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 261, n. 244. The followmg is Mr. Moore's original description : “Upper side deep dark brown, paler on the margins: a single whitish spot near apex of fore-wing, and a minute dot on hind-wing. Underside deep mottled ferruginous-brown, with indistinct dark usually * Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xxi. p. 246, APPENDIX. 413 transverse streaks; a triangular space of mottled greyish-white from costal margin near the apex; hind-wing with six small pale spots centred with a white dot.” Exp. wings, 67 to 75 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—coll. Semper).—Java (Horsf. & Moore); Bantam (coll. Dist.). I am indebted to Herr Georg Semper for the opportunity of examining and figuring a Perak specimen of this species. Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville treat M. suyudana as conspecific with M. aswa, Moore, and M. tristis, Feld.,* or rather estimate the three forms as varieties of one species. I possess Javan and therefore typical examples of M. suwyudana, with which the Perak specimen figured exactly agrees, and I think it is sufficiently distinct to stand alone. 5. Melanitis abdullz. (Tab. XIX., fig. 3.) Melanitis abdulla, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 241 (1883). Wings above dark fuliginous-brown, somewhat paler at outer margins. Wings beneath ochraceous, thickly mottled with brown; anterior wings with two broad and irregular dark fascie crossing cell and wing, some irregular waved markings beyond cell, and some small and indistinct ocellated spots placed in irregular series on outer discal area, of which the most distinct are two separated by the upper discoidal nervule, and two separated by the second median nervule; posterior wings with a narrow dark fascia passing a little beyond end of cell, beyond which the colour is uniformly darker and more opaque, and on which is included a series of six submarginal ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which the second (situate above the discoidal nervule) and the sixth (placed near the anal angle) are somewhat the smallest. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 63 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). My collection contains but a single specimen of this species, and I have not met with it in any of the numerous and large consignments from Perak, of which opportunity for examination has been afforded. Genus LETHE (antea, p. 48). 2. Lethe mekara. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 9 #.) Debis Mekara, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 219, n. 454 (1857). Lethe Mekara, Butl, Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 119, n. 82 (1868); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 148, n. 182 (1882). Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with four submarginal blackish spots surrounded by dull red, and sometimes with a fifth subapical black spot as in the specimen figured. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown; the disks of both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fascie, the first straightest, crossing cells, and on anterior wings having a short additional branch from median to subcostal nervures, the second waved—particularly on the posterior wing—and crossing wings beyond cells, the inner fascia is outwardly margined with greyish-white, and on posterior wings the lower disco- cellular nervule is also shaded with: castaneous; beyond the outer fascia the colour is paler, more violaceous, and inclining to ochraceous at outer margin, and containing on anterior wings five submarginal ocellated spots placed between the nervules (a sixth apical spot is only denoted by a dark central spot), and on posterior wings six ocellated spots, the uppermost largest and well separated from the rest which are more or less contiguous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢, 68 millim. * Two species described from Continental India. Juny 30, 1856. ov = 414 RHOPALOCERA MALAYVANA., ;. Has.—Continental India; Sikkim, Sibsagar (Marsh. & de Nic.).—Tenasserim; Ahsown, Taoo (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.—Cale. Mus.).—Malacca (Godfery—coll. Dist.). Some examples from the Malay Peninsula, by the presence of the fifth marginal spot to the upper surface of the posterior wings, approach the Javan form deseribed by Felder under the name of L. manthara,* but other specimens from the same locality exhibit only the four normal spots. The female is figured by Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville,} and as described by those authors differs principally from the male on the upper surface of the anterior wings, which are *‘crossed beyond the cell by an angulate macular white band, consisting of a short oblique bar from the costa to third{ median nervule, below which are two triangular spots directed inwards, one on each median interspace; a subapical bifid white spot near the costa.” | According to the experience of Capt. Godfery, this species in Malacca “ frequents dark shady places, passing the day at the foot of a tuft of bamboo, or on low shrubs under shady trees. When disturbed it goes off with a rapid flight, soon settling again, however, unless it has been several times alarmed.” 3. Lethe minerva. (Tab. XXXVI, fig. 82.) Papilio Minerva, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 498, n. 216 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 74, n. 827 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 87, n. 388 (1787); Ent. Syst. iil. p. 95, n. 295 (1798). Papitio Arcadia, Cram. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 116, E, F (1779). Temenis Arcadia, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 84, n. 279 (1816). é Satyrus Cawmas, Godt. Enc, Méth. ix. p. 479, n. 7 (1828). Debis Arcadia, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i. p. 219, n. 458 (1857). Lethe Arcadia, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 118, n. 24 (1868); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 824. Lethe Minerva, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 29, n. 4 (1869); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 122 (1882). Male. Wings above dark brown; anterior wings with a sexual patch of differently formed scales near the centre of the submedian nervure and surrounded by blackish hairs; posterior wings with the outer margin reddish ochraceous, and with an outer discal patch of the same colour, on which are situate three dark spots separated by the two upper median nervules, a glandular patch of blackish hairs beneath cell and between the two lower median nervules; abdominal area somewhat paler in hue and clothed with long hairs. Wings beneath pale violaceous-brown, both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fascim, the first nearly straight crossing cells and commencing at subcostal nervure of anterior wings and angularly terminating near submedian nervure of posterior wings, the outer fascia much waved and deeply angulated on posterior wings, between this fascia and outer margin there are on anterior wings three or four subobsolete ocellated spots placed between the nervules, and on the posterior wings there are six ocellated spots—the lowermost bifid—the centres of which are ochraceous dusted with blackish and broadly surrounded by warm ochraceous; a submarginal castaneous fascia to both wings, and the margins reddish ochraceous with an inner black line; the anterior wings have a short oblique broken fascia in cell and the lower disco-cellular nervule of the posterior wings is also shaded with castaneous. Body above and beneath more or less concolorous with wings; legs dark o¢hraceous. Exp. wings, 56 millim. Has.—Tenasserim; Ahsown (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.).— Sumatra (Smith).§—Java (Horsf. & Moore). * Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 497, n. 861. + Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceylon, vol. 1. t, xi. f. 24. } Upper median nervule of Messrs. Marshall & de Nicéville's arrangement. § In Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appendix V. APPENDIX. 415 This species does not appear to be searce in Tenasserim, as Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville report that ‘Capt. Bingham took the species in the Donat Range and Meplay in January, at Meplay i in January and February, in the Thoungyeen Forests in March and May, and at Houndraw in November; and Limborg took it at Ahsown, probably in the cold weather.” * The only example I have seen from the Malay Peninsula is the male specimen here figured, belonging to Dr, J. Anderson, and destined for the collection of the Calcutta Museum. Genus CQZLITES (antea, p. 45). - 2. Ceelites epiminthia. (Tab. XIX., fig. 8.) Calites Epiminthia, Westwood (Doubl. & Hew.), Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 368, n. 2, note (1851); Butl. Cat, Satyr. Brit. Mus. pp. 111, 112 (1868); Druce, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 839, n. 1. Wings above violaceous-blue; anterior wings with the base, costal area, the apex and outer margin pale brown; posterior wings with the base, costal area and outer margin pale brown. Wings beneath pale brown, a greyish-violaceous fascia crossing both wings near apices of cells, and the apices and outer margins broadly of the same colour; this pale coloration on the anterior wings possesses four or five obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which two near the apex are the most prominent; posterior wings with five ocellated spots placed between the nervules, of which the third is smallest; two narrow dark violaceous submarginal lines to both wings and the margins narrowly of the same colour. Body above pale brown; body beneath and legs pale brown. Exp. wings, 68 to 70 millim, Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Sumatra (Butl.)—Borneo (Westw. and Druee). Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville have evidently misunderstood this species, and not Mr. Butler, as they conclude.} The anterior wings do possess ocellated spots beneath, which Prof. Westwood did not describe—they are sometimes almost obsolete—and they were found present in all the Bornean examples which I have examined. Genus NEORINA (to follow Cairns). Neorina, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 869 (1851); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt, Ind., Burm.& Ceyl. vol.i. p. 138 (1882). This genus as arranged systematically with other genera of Satyride belonging to the Malay Peninsula is related to Corlites, agreeing with that genus in the common characters of having the median nervules of the anterior wings widely separated, the first and second median nervules of the posterior wings having a common origin at apex of cell, and the lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly longer than the upper one. It, however, differs from Calites in having the costal nervure of the anterior wings only dilated in a scarcely perceptible manner, and the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings is strongly and concavely bent inwardly towards the lower discoidal nervule. The species of Neorina are also noticeable by their large size and the well-developed caudate prolongation of the posterior wings. Neorina, as at present understood, is a small genus, and its species are confined to Continental India and the true Indo-Malayan region. * Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 141. + Ibid. p. 102. 416 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 1, Neorina lowii, var. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 3.) Cyllo Lowii, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 869, t. 61, f. 4 (1851). Neorina Lowii, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p, 111, n. 8 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soo, 1878, p. 339, n. 1; Kheil, Rhop. der Ins. Nias, p. 19. n. 28 (1884). Male and Female. Wings above dark fuscous-brown; anterior wings with the outer margin paler and traversed by a dark submarginal line, and with a large ocellated spot near apex, a submarginal series of four small whitish spots,—five if the centre of the ocellated spot is counted,—an apical white marginal spot, and a very pale stramineous patch on inner margin near outer angle; posterior wings with a large and very pale stramineous patch at apex, which extends inwardly to near upper median nervule, an ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules, and often a small white spot between the first and second median nervules,—not present on the specimen figured,—two dark submarginal lines, and fringe greyish- white. Wings beneath as above, but somewhat paler; anterior wings with the area beyond the spots more or less violaceous, and with two dark submarginal lines; posterior wings as above, but with an ocellated spot between the subcostal nervules and the pale stramineous patch above, smaller, paler and broken beneath, the abdominal and anal-angular areas more or less dusted with greyish, and with a sublunate greyish spot at anal angle. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ & ¢, 98 to 102 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kimstler—colls. Semper & Cale. Mus.).— Nias Island (Kheil).— Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.)—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). Malay (and also Sumatran) specimens of this species slightly vary from Bornean examples by having the apical pale patch on the under surface of the posterior wings more or less broken, but whoever studies the fauna of the Malay Peninsula together with that of Sumatra and Borneo will find much specific variation of this character. Genus MYCALESIS (antea, p. 47). 2. Mycalesis orseis (antea, p. 49). Since writing the description of the above, when a single specimen in the Hewitsonian collection from Singapore was the only record of the species from the Malay Peninsula, I have received several specimens, and the following locality can be added :— Sunget Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.). 8. Mycalesis anaxias. (Tab. XXXVLI., fig. 7.) !' Mycalesis anaxias, Hewitson, Fix. Butt. iii. Myc. t. 4, f. 25, 26 (1862); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 141, n. 59 (1868); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825; Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl, vol. i. p. 106, n. 86, t. xvi. f. 64 (1882). Virapa anaxias, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 166. The following is Mr. Hewitson's original description of this species :— “* Upperside.—Male brown; anterior wing crossed near the apex by an oblique band of white.” “‘ Underside dark brown from the base to beyond the middle (its border on the anterior wing angular), followed by a broad margin clouded with lilac and grey, and rufous-brown: traversed by three lines of dark brown; the cilia lilac; anterior wing with the white band as above, and three small ocelli, two above, one below the band; posterior wings with five ocelli;* all black, with white pupils, the iris rufous, and indistinct.” * Sometimes seven as in specimen figured. APPENDIX, 417 Exp. wings, 45 millim, Has.—Continental India; Nilgiris, Trevandrum, Travancore, Sikkim, Assam, Khasi Hills (Marsh. and de Nic.).— Tenasserim; Ahsown, Moolai (Limborg —Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.— Cale. Mus.). This species is subject to considerable variation, and Messrs. Marshall and de Nicéville, who have examined long series of specimens, have fully described the same; they also write, “The female differs from the male in its larger size, broader and more rounded forewing, and paler coloration, in consequence of which the ocelli of the underside not unfrequently show through on the upperside.” The figure is taken from a single specimen contained in a Perak collection placed in my hands by Dr. J. Anderson, and I have seen a second specimen in the collection of Messrs. Birch and Egerton, now exhibited in the Colonial Exhibition. This species should here precede M. maianeas, and thus be placed at the beginning of the genus. 9. Mycalesis nautilus. (Tab. XL., fig. 4¢.) Myecalesis Nautilus, Butler, Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist, ser. iii, vol. xx. p, 403, t. 9, f. 7 (1867); Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 136, n. 39 (1868). Calysisme Nautilus, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc, 1880, p. 162. Male. Wings above fuscous-brown; anterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia on which are five ocellated spots divided by the nervules, the lowest largest and situate between the two lower median nervules, three narrow marginal fascie, the innermost waved; posterior wings with fascie as on anterior wings, two obscure ocellated spots near apex and with a large glandular patch of silky dark indigo scales situate on the median nervules. Wings beneath much paler than above, two narrow dark discal fasciw, the outermost margined with pale violaceous; anterior wings with ocellated spots as above, but paler and larger; posterior wings with a series of seven ocellated spots placed between the nervules, the fourth and fifth largest; the spots on both wings are inwardly narrowly and sinuately margined with pale greyish. Body above and beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above much paler than in male; posterior wings with the spots beneath obsoletely visible above,” and the dark silky patch absent. Wings beneath as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 48 to 49 millim. Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kunst.—Cale. Mus, & coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Roberts). Attention has already been drawn to this species (antea, p. 55), and it has recently been received freely from Perak, where evidently it is not a rare species. In this enumeration it should follow 1/. mineus. 10. Mycalesis mnasicles. (Tab. XXXVIL., fig. 5), var. Mycalesis Mnasicles, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Mye, t. 5, f, 82, 38 (1864); Butl. Cat, Satyr. Brit. Mus, p, 141, n. 68 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 389, n.4; Marsh. & de Nic, Butt. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 126, t. 16, f. 61 (1882). Culapa Mnasicles, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 825; Trans, Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 168. * Mr. Butler in his original description states that ‘the sexes differ only in size"; it is therefore probable that he had not seen both of them. Juny 30, 1886, bo 418 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. The following is Mr. Hewitson’s original description :— “Upperside. Male rafous brown; both wings with a submarginal black line. Anterior wing with two ocelli, one at the apex minute, the other below the middle, very large. Posterior wing with one indistinet ocellus and a submarginal band of indistinct lunular spots.” ‘Underside with the basal half rufous; both wings crossed before the middle, and at the middle by common rufous-brown narrow bands: both with two black lines near the outer margin and a submarginal zigzag rufous band.- Anterior wing with five ocelli, the first four minute, the fifth larger, and marked with a large white pupil. Posterior wing with seven small ocelli, the first and fifth the largest.” “Female does not differ except in size.” Exp. wings, ¢, 65 millim. Has.—Tenasserim; Ahsown, Meetan (Limborg—Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godfery; Kiinst.—Cale. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.).—Borneo (Druce). The specimen figured is a pale variety captured by Capt. Godfery in Perak, and I have seen similar examples of the species from Tenasserim. However, this variety is not constant in Perak, as specimens have recently passed through my hands which perfectly agreed with Hewitson’s figure. M. mnasicles should be here arranged after M, blasius, 11. Mycalesis anapita. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 8.) Mycalesis Anapita, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1, C, vol. i. p. 232, n, 495 (1857); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. | p. 146, n. 85 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1878, p. 389, n. 6. Mydosama Anapita, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 171. Male and Female. Wings above reddish-ochraceous, basal areas darker; anterior wings with the eostal, apical and outer margins broadly fuscous, and the outer third of inner margin also of the same colour and with a large ocellated spot containing a white centre situate between the two lower median nervules; posterior wings with a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, the two largest being separated by the second median nervule, three marginal fuscous linear fascim, the innermost broadest. Wings beneath paler ochraceous than above, both wings crossed by two narrow castaneous fascie; anterior wings with a large ocellated spot as above, and two small and united ocellated spots near apex (in some specimens the large spot has a smaller one beneath it); posterior wings beneath with a submarginal series of seven ocellated spots, the three uppermost smallest, the spots on both wings preceded by a pale waved castaneous fascia; both wings with one submarginal and two marginal dark lines. Body above pale brown, beneath with legs more or less concolorous with wings; legs more or less shaded with fuscous. Exp. wings, ¢ and ?, 40 to 45 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Selangor—Klang (coll. Godfery); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—eoll. Dist.).— Sumatra (Moore).—Borneo (Druce); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). This species, though seemingly scarce in the Malay Peninsula, has been found abundant in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer. It has not been recorded from Tenasserim, and does not appear to occur above the limits of our fauna. M. anapita is allied to M. fusca. 12. Mycalesis ustulata. (Tab. XLI., fig. 16 ¢.) Mycalesis ustulate, Distant, Entomologist, vol. xviii. p. 289 (1885). Male. Wings above bright rufous-brown; anterior wings with the apex and outer margin broadly infuscated, and with a moderately-sized dark fuscous ocellated spot—having a minute greyish centre and a APPENDIX, 419 pale rufous outer margin—situate between the two lower median nervules; posterior wings having the eostal and outer margins somewhat broadly infuscated, and the male with a costal tuft of pale ochraceous hairs near base. Wings beneath fuscous; a dark waved and obscure narrow linear fascia crossing cell of anterior wings, and two similar ones crossing cell of posterior wings; both wings erossed beyond middle by a violaceous fascia, beyond which on anterior wings are two large ocellated spots, the uppermost smallest, both blackish, with white centres and narrow ochraceous outer margins, which are again surrounded by an outer pale waved marginal ring; these outer rings approach one another, and at their prolongations each contains an additional minute and obscure greyish spot; posterior wings with seven ocellated spots as on anterior wings, the fifth largest, the sixth and seventh contained in one encircling ring, and a more minute and much more obscure spot above anal angle; both wings with three narrow marginal pale fasciw, the outermost fringe-like, the innermost broadest and scalloped. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 48 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kanst.—eoll. Ribbe). This is another novelty captured by Kiinstler in the Perak district, and is in the collection of Herr Ribbe, of Dresden, who forwarded it to me for determination. It belongs to the section of the genus which has been generically separated by Mr. Moore under the name of Loesa. It is intermediate in form between the Javan M. oroatis, Hew., and the M. surkha, Marsh., found in Upper Tenasserim. Genus YPTHIMA (antea, p. 55). 1, Ypthima pandocus var. corticaria. Ypthima corticaria, antea, p. 55, Ypthina Pandoeus, Moore (Horsf. & Moore), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. vol. i.-p. 285, n. 606 (1857); Hew. Trans, Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. ii. p. 290, n. 16, t, 18, f. 12 (1865); Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 149, n. 5 (1868); Marsh, & de Nic, Buti. Ind., Burm. & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 228, mn. 211 (1882). Since enumerating the above species under the name proposed by Mr. Butler I have received long series of both typical Y. pandocus from Java, and the form Y. corticaria from the Malay Peninsula. The difference between the Malay and Javan specimens is simply that the former have the under surface of the wings, and particularly the basal half of the anterior wings, paler than in the typical form of the species as found in Java and Borneo. I have therefore now placed the Y. corticaria as a simple variety or local form of Y. pandocus. To the former habitats given may be added— Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kinst.—Cale. Mus.); Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Singapore (Kerr—coll. Dist.). 2. Ypthima methora (aniea, p. 56). Mr. L. de Nicéville has communicated his opinion to me that the species thus identified by Mr. Butler, and enumerated as such by myself in this work, is not typical Y. methora, Hew., which is a larger insect and confined to Northern India and Upper Burma, As I have not received a specimen myself from the Malay Peninsula, and only know it by the example from Malacca in the British Museum (which agrees with Hewitson’s figure in markings, thongh not in size), itis better to leave it under this name, subject of course to a further series of specimens proving its varietal or distinct character. ? 420 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 5. Ypthima fasciata, var. Ypthima fasciata, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. ii, p. 287, n. 12 \ : (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p, 840, n, 2. The following is Mr. Hewitson’s original description :— “Upperside brown. Both wings undulated with grey, chiefly beyond the middle; both crossed at the middle by a common band of darker colour, the margins dark brown. Anterior wing with one large bipupillated ocellus; posterior wing with five or six obscurely marked upon a band of rufous-brown.”’ “Underside grey, beautifully undulated throughout with rufous- brown; both wings crossed by two bands of darker colour. Anterior wing with the ocellus as above, but more distinct; posterior wing with seven small ocelli of nearly equal size, placed as above upon a band of rufous-brown, all black, the pupils silver, the irides orange-yellow.” Exp. wings, 38 to 40 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Dist.)—Sumatra (Hewitson).—Borneo; Sarawak (Wall.—coll. Dist.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). The Perak specimen here figured only differs from typical Bornean examples by the somewhat paler hue of the under surface of the wings. It thus bears the same relationship to the Bornean type as the Javan Y. pandocus exhibits to the Malay var. corticaria. Fia, 122,—Ypthima fasciata, Genus RAGADIA (to follow Yrruia). Neonympha, subgenus Ragadia, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 876 (1851); Marsh. & de Nic. Butt. Ind., Burm, & Ceyl. vol. i. p. 284 (1882). This genus is allied to Ypthima, from which it may be at once synoptically separated by the very short and acute discoidal cell to the posterior wings. In Ragadia the costal nervure of the anterior wings is strongly swollen at the base, the first subcostal nervule of the anterior wings is alone emitted before the end of the cell as in Ypthima: the disco-cellular nervules concave, the lowermost longest; discoidal cell of the posterior wings very short and acute, the lower disco-cellular nervule apparently emitted from the subcostal nervure, and joining the median nervure near the base of the lower median nervule; this nervule is simple in the female, but in the male is developed into a narrow glandular pouch, Of this very distinct and somewhat aberrant genus two species are known, one of which appears to be confined to Northern India, Burma and Tenasserim, and the second, found in this fauna, is also distributed through some of the islands of the Malayan Archipelago, and in the Philippines diverges into several distinct forms, which have been estimated by different lepidopterists as either varieties or distinct species. 1. Ragadia crisia. (Tab. XIX., fig. 7). Euptychia Crisia, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 675, 676 (1832), Neonympha (Ragadia) Crisia, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 876, n, 26 (1851), Hipparchia Makuta, Horsf. Cap. Lep. E. 1. C. t. 5, f. 9, 9a (1829). Ragadia Makuta, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. vol. i. p. 226, n, 478 (1857). Ragadia Crisia, Butl. Cat. Satyr. Brit. Mus. p. 158, n. 1 (1868); Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 839, n. 1. Male and Female. Wings above pale greyish-brown; anterior wings crossed by three oblique dark fasci#,—the one at base short and obscure,—a submarginal fascia of the same colour enclosing a series of APPENDIX. 421 seven obscure ocellated spots, the uppermost small and the lowermost duplex, and a narrow marginal fascia. Posterior wings with three oblique fascim; beyond the third is a series of six obscure ocellated spots, of which the uppermost is smallest and the lowermost duplex, and a narrow submarginal and a rather broader marginal fascia of the same colour. Wings beneath pale ochraceous, the fascim darker, and the ocellated spots with bright silvery centres. Body above greyish-brown, beneath with legs pale ochraceous; thorax and legs streaked with greyish-brown. Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 36 to 46 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang, Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Perak (Ktnst.—Cale. Mus.) ; Sungei Ujong (Durnford—coll. Dist.); Malacca, Singapore (Godfery).—Sumatra (Forbes—coll. Dist.).— Java; Bantam (coll. Dist.)—Borneo (Druce); Sarawak (Wallace—coll. Dist.); Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). This species varies in hue above, and of a long series in my own collection the palest specimen is from Sumatra and the darkest from Perak. One of the most peculiar facts in relation to this butterfly appears to be its almost recent appearance in the Malay Peninsula, or at all events its first capture there by collectors. I did not meet with it myself when collecting at Province Wellesley, nor did I subsequently receive it in numerous collections derived from the Peninsula. In 1883, however, the species seems to have been common from Penang to Singapore, I first received two specimens captured on Penang Hill, and sent to me as a new species; others shortly followed from Province Wellesley, with the remark of an experienced collector that the species was quite new to the locality; and almost simultaneously the Indian Mail brought me more examples from Sungei Ujong, Malacca, and Singapore. My friend Mr. Logan also sent me an example with the comment, ‘‘a very rare butterfly, not known to collectors here.” * Capt. Godfery, who also captured the species at Sungei Ujong, describes it as being found ‘‘in low undergrowth in the forest, where, especially in the early morning, I several times met with it. Its flight is weak and feeble, but it cleverly eludes pursuit by threading its way through the tangled brushwood.” Genus ELYMNIAS (antea, p. 58). 8. Elymnias abrisa. (Tab. XLIII., fig. 52%.) Elymnias abrisa, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xvii. p. 531 (1886). Male. Wings above dark obscure indigo-blue, posterior wings with a large submarginal pale bluish patch. Wings beneath glossy brownish, much mottled with paler strige; anterior wings with the basal half of costal area and apical margin castaneous, and with a large triangular pale subapical patch; posterior wings with a subcostal castaneous patch, a pale stramineous spot between the subcostal nervules, and the outer half of wing with the ground-colour pale violaceous and having a few small submarginal spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female.+ ‘ Wings dentated, the hind wings most strongly, brown with a slight blush shade. Fore wings with a large whitish patch, eommencing above the submedian nervure at half the length of the cell, to beyond the discoidal nervule; below the submedian nervure it extends obliquely outwards to the level * In England the plentiful yeas of some hitherto rare insect frequently gives the character to an entomological year, aud the above facts show that this spasmodic appearance is exhibited by certain species in the tropics, | I am indebted to Mr, W. F. Kirby for furnishing me with the above deseription of the female of this species, which T found contained (unnamed) in the Hewitsonian collection. JuLy 30, 1886, 5 P 423 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. of the internal nervure, which, however, it does not pass, nor does it reach the hind margin, which it approaches nearest above the anal angle. There is also a white band running obliquely across the tip from beyond the middle of the costa to beyond the submedian nervure, which divides it; but this also does not reach the wing margin. Hind wings white, with a broad border of the bluish-brown ground colour, not sharply defined on the inner side. Underside brown, thickly mottled with pinkish-white, especially on the portions corresponding to the white parts of the upper surface. A little below the costa, just above the diseoidal nervule, is a large slightly oval primrose-coloured spot, slightly paler round the edges.” Exp. wings, ¢, 70 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) FE. abrisa is allied to the Sumatran species HE. sumatrana, Wall., from which it differs by the pale patch on the upper surface of the posterior wings, and by the subcostal stramineous spot beneath. It is therefore also allied to KH. penanga, after which species I place it in this enumeration. An unloealised and unidentified specimen in the Hewitsonian collection is clearly the female (described above) of this species, and also differs strongly from the corresponding sex of H sumatrana,. 9. Elymnias kunstleri. (Tab. XLI., fig. 9 3.) Elymnias Kimstleri, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. Bd. xxix. Heft 11, p. 276, t. viii. f. 8 (1888). Female. Wings above greyish-white ; anterior wings with bluish reflections in cell and pale ochraceous shadings on inner mar- ginal area. Costal area more or less spotted @ and marked with blackish, thickly so to end of cell, and some similar markings in cell along the median nervure, nervules orna- mented with fuseous and blackish blotches— Fic. 125,—a, antenna; b, palpus; c, anterior leg; d, abdomen. the three median nervules and the lower dis- coidal nervule most prominently so; posterior wings with the basal and abdominal areas more or less shaded with pale ochraceous, neuration with black and fuscous blotches as on anterior wings, but less prominent, a blackish spot uniting the discoidal and upper median nervules; a submarginal series of irregularly shaped blackish spots, between which and posterior margin are many fuscous and black irregularly shaped and placed linear spots. Anterior wings as above, but more uniformly greyish, the shadings along neuration much more broken and unrelieved by fuscous-brown, several curved black lines crossing cell; posterior wings generally as above. Exp. wings, 101 millim. Har.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiunstler—coll. Honrath). IT am indebted to Herr Honrath for a very careful and beautiful drawing of this species, which is here reproduced, and also for the loan of the blocks showing illustrations of the intenna, palpus, anterior leg, and abdomen. As far as can be gathered from an examination of the neuration in the drawing, this species is a true Elymnias, and is one of the most interesting and beautiful additions to our knowledge of the genus. APPENDIX. 423 10. Elymnias godferyi. (Tab. XXXIX., fig. 5 2.) Elymnias Godferyi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. p. 851 (18898), Female. Allied to E. vasudeva, Moore,* but differing above by the much paler colouring of the wings, the fuscous shadings in the Indian species being replaced by bluish; the anterior wings are greyish-white, shaded with bluish, which become darker beyond the cell; a broad outer marginal dull bluish black fascia, widest at apex; nervures and nervules dark bluish, the median nervules and submedian neryure more or less margined with dark bluish; posterior wings as in J). vasudera, but the markings bluish and the outer margin very broad at anal angle. Wings beneath as in EH. vasudeva, but the dark mottled markings much smaller and closer together; anterior wings with two small submarginal ocellated spots (black with greyish centres), divided by the lower discoidal nervule; posterior wings with eight similar submarginal spots, the two uppermost largest, the first between and near the bases of the subcostal nervules, the second above the discoidal nervule, and the remaining spots following regularly between the nervules—two between the lower median nervule and submedian nervure; the red basal colouring of the posterior wings oceupies the largest portion of the cell, and extends to the base of the abdominal margin; the yellow space does not extend from the abdominal margin to the upper median nervule, as in P. vasudera, but terminates suddenly at the second median nervule. Exp. wings, ¢, 53 millim.; ?, 70 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Sungei Ujong (Godfery—coll. Dist.).—Borneo ; Sandakan (Pryer—coll. Dist.). Since describing this species, from a female specimen sent home by Capt. Godfery, I have examined male specimens which were captured in North Borneo by Mr. Pryer. These differ from the female by their smaller size, their darker colouring above, and by the smaller and less vivid expanse of the red and yellow shadings to the under surface of the posterior wings. Capt. Godfery caught the species ‘‘ hovering with somewhat feeble flight over the high banks separating the road from the adjacent forest.”’ Subfam. NYMPHALINAS.—Group MORPHINA (antea, p. 67). Genus AMATHUSIA (antea, p. 70). 1. Amathusia phidippus (antea, p. 70). Several specimens of a variety of this species have been sent home by Herr Kiinstler from Perak, in which on the under surface of the wings the outer dark fascia is—on the anterior wings—somewhat narrowed and its outer margin broken and sealloped ; the basal dark fasciee are also narrowed, and therefore appear further apart.t+ | Typical examples of the species are also plentiful m Perak, and I can find no reliable character to differentiate this form as a distinct species. 2. Amathusia dilucida. (‘l'ab. XXXVIIL., fig. 72.) Amathusia Dilucida, Honrath, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. Bd. xxviii. p. 206, t. 8, f. 8, t. 4, f.8, 4, ¢ (1884). Male. Wings above very dark chocolate-brown; anterior wings with a broad and inwardly crescentic subapical resplendent pale violaceous fascia, commencing on costa, but not reaching outer margin, and inwardly occupying nearly apical half of cell; posterior wings with an evanescent violaceous outer margin, the abdominal area pale brownish, and with two small and obscure dark spots on the caudate prolongation. ® A species recorded from Sikkim and Upper Tenasserim. + Herr Honrath has advised me that he considers this form as o distinct species, and proposed describing it as A. perakana ; this description, however, has not yet been published. 424 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Wings beneath pale brownish, with a violaceous tinge; anterior wings with the following dark castaneous linear fasciw:—three crossing cell, one passing through lower apex of cell and continued to lower median nervule, after which it is inwardly curved and more obscure towards inner margin, an obscure fascia beyond cell almost at right angles to the preceding one, a narrow curved submarginal fascia, and a very obscure and narrow marginal line; beneath the lower median nervule the ground colour is more or less bronzy. Posterior wings with the following linear dark castaneous fascism :—two crossing cell from costal margin, one crossing apex of cell and extending from costal margin to near lower median nervule, and one submarginal which tends towards the apex of the preceding and is then recurved upwardly to a little above anal angle, a curved fascia almost following the submedian nervure and a marginal linear fascia terminating above the caudate prolongation, which is more or less castaneous and has two small dark ocellated spots ; two somewhat large ocellated spots, the first between the subcostal nervules and the second between the two lower median nervules and more or less uniting the two outer castaneous fasci®. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢@, 115 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Perak (Kiinst.—colls. Semper, Ribbe, Dist., and Cale. Mus.). The position of this proposed species is more that of a constant local form of A. portheus, Feld.,* and is intermediate between that and the Bornean A, ottomana, Butl. All these so-called species are almost exactly similar in markings beneath, and so also are A. amythaon, Doubl., and i , ai Ag | ~~) . - = ; — RHOP MALAYANA TAB X! MALAYATLA . RHOP ro ee Hy re Vernier Se Low West TAB. ALIII ALAYANA it iE J i TT Th =, RHE I Al | it it kek chrom kth aq, pat Wen 1 Meera A Ge TAB XLIV RHOP MALAY ANA , : +8 Wee: Neeren & Go ads. chro. itn tw He ens F 4 A a ro _ = eee © 5 ; " 7 - 7 a | 1 -s ee =e - - rs ‘of \ Ti | | _ a ae Hb fy ie ae mi ‘ ; - 7 ; att = . i ee Mp ge RE : 5 ot eI Ao Pr an Bee 5 a _ * i ; & te BE i= + Qua a ae a , Pi - 4 Ff : i k | 3 ee oo we 6s i ° i |. a ae it mal tee CSTR | ae aoe 1 a om * L E ; ier ee at hy H * oa . «= fs mo * rp 7 oi : a, ba’ . e 7 . ae = — ; ' 1 s > be 7 i i — =e A - i 7 i : oe = er" - ms args Rom: | = a 3 Ed | 4 As i 7 ae hi 4, = : i‘ 7 Ae | sels i a ae k £ i] | L] = ie is* 7. - eo ' “= => A. vey Pi yy . 7" - at en ' . AG* + »* ‘wet TA, ° " r as ae " i . va - 5 ay Ne = ae ee eam eS Z a ner i ee ee a, 8 ae: t A » “4 J “ \ ‘ P Newee" “ od ae dna ee sa ees - Dg rt 8s “ ae Sa Po, «i . ee a el Ay. vie . " ’ ' ae ees | “is ee nee ae te aye wel _ PS "is *s VL el , ve re «et a ries 7 . ~ , 3 ! : ww ® Taney ae La ‘tas. rat J a y : A Os se . ns . RE tle as Pada Leeper essa ns Taek a ae nea, - ala Y, s Aa ' had oe. sl Ne ee ie i ." ces : : Ve be ons ot oe Fio, 2. Pupa of Danais zi é chrysippus, Fic. 1. Anterior tarsi of (From Moore's ‘ Lep. of Euploa midamus. Ceylon.) Hoy Fie. 3. Larva of Danais chrysippus. (From Moore's ‘ Lep. Ceylon.’) i j t a el 3 adi @2 «&& * il Fira. d. Fie. 4. Anterior wing of Euplea phebus:—a, costal nervure; 6, subcostal nervure; 61, 62, 3, b4, b5, subcostal nervnles; el, 2, discoidal nervules; 4, median nervure; d1, d2,. d3. median nervules; ¢, submedian nervure; fl, (2, diseo-cellulor nervules; h, costa or anterior margin; ¢, posterior or outer margin; j, inner margin; &, apex or anterior angie; 4, posterior or anal angle; m, disenidal cell, ngdie dB 2 dl Fra. 5, Fra. 6. Posterior wing (under side) of Danais septentrionia:—a, b, 61,02, d, dl, 2, ds, ¢, ¢1, as in fig. 4; g, internal nervore; m, precostal nervure; nm, abdominal or inner margin; o, discoidal cell. a 6 Fro. 6.—a, Antenna of Hestia lyn- ceus, b. Antenna of Ideopais daos. a b Fic. 7.—a. Intermediate tarsus of Hestia lyncens. 6. Posterior tarsus of Ideopsis : es Pio. 8. Larva of Melanitis leda. (From Horsf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ming. B.C.) Fie. 9. Heal, showing palpi (greatly magnified) of Melanitis iamene. Uf Fie. 10. Posterior wing, Melanitis ismene, showing median nervules, YS Frio. 11. Post. wing, Lethe europa, showing médian nervules. — Fro. 12. Post. wings, Frites angu- laris, showing median nervules. yr Fria. 13. Anterior wing, Melawitia immene, showing median nervules. Za Fro. 14. Ant. wing, Elimnias caat- phone, showing median nervules, \ \ Kio, 14, Fro, 16.—Post, wing of Fre. 17,—Head, showing palpi of Amathusia phidippus. aay UAV AA = va mle mt vill) ‘al Alo | se ve mote ll ae | aba || Saea ||, wi aa —— es a CAN ae eatin Ps aeiR ah 1s Fi, F “¢ file i Mt, | i( AN WAST ll — a sia ede ey eee yg eee ar. eel = 2 cece me eee al Sy ST es TRS attains i aiNIl\ uN Ny) \ i WAN ‘ Fic. 148.—Larva of Amathusia phidippus (from Horaf. Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1.0.) Frio, 10.— ,, Discophora celinde = =. Fro. 20.— Post. wing, Amathusia phidippus, showing apex of cell partly closed by atrophied ner- vule. oe S ee Fic, 21.— Ant. wing, Amathusia phidippus, showing subcostal nervules, bases of diseoidal ner- vules and base of first median nervul LE. —— a et oa = as = Fie. 22.—Ant. wing, Zeuzidia ame. thystus, showing base of first médian nervule, with oblique supplementary nervule attached to fold in wing (dotted line). Fia. 23.—Ant. wing, Discophora célinde, showing arrangement of subcostal nervules and bases of discoidal nervules, Fie. 24.—Post, wing, Clerome gra- ciliz, showing bifurcation of sub. costal nervules and apparent base of upper disco-cellular nervule. SEPTEMBER 30, 1882. Pio. 3h, Head, showing palpi of Cynthia detone, a Fie, 26.—Arrangement of subcostal nerviles in ant. wings of Doles- cheltia pratipa, a Fro. 27,— Arrangement of sunbeostal nérvules in ant. wings of Rhino- palpa fulva, Fic. 48.—Arrangement of subcostal nervules in ant. wings of Cha- razes schreiberi, Frprvary 28, 1883. —— Fie, 29.—Arrangement of subcosta | nervules in post, wings of Bu- thalia anosia, Fie. 30,—Arrangement of subcostal nervules in post. wings of Ta- natcia pulasara. Pio. 41.—Arrangement of median nervules in ant. wings of Par- thenot gambrisius, var, SS Fro, $2.—Section of ant. wing of Limenitis procris, showing fourth subeostal nervule angularly bent near base. as Fro. 84.—Costal area of post. wing of Athyma leucothoe, showing nervnre extending to apical angle. a Fie. $4.—Arrangement of subeostal nerviles in ant, wings of dfella phalanta. ———— Fie. 35.— Arrangement of subcostal nervules in ant. wings of Cirro- chroa orissa. 4a Fro. 4.—Arrangement of subcostal nervules in ant. wings of Cynthia deione. es : 4) _— HX Fira. 37,—Larva of C. athemas, var. samatha, from Moore's Lepid. Ceyl, Fia, 38; Fro. 39,—Larva of Euthalia garuda. From drawing br Gen. Hardwicke, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mas. E.1C. Huthalia larerna, 9 - Fic. 40, Fig. 41. Huthalia decorata, 9 . Fig. 42. FKurtpus pfeiffera, 9 . 43.—Neptis charon. | + . Fig. Fre. 44.—Larva of Athyma perius. From Horstield's Cat. Lep. E.1.C. Fic. 45.—Larva of Atella phalanta, from Horsfield’s Cat. Lep. E.1.C. hic, 46.—Atella alcippe, J . * “Entomologist,’ vol. xiv. p. 3. : Ent. Month. Mag. vol. i. p. 87. Fic. 47.,—Anterior legs (showing tarsi) of Abisara kausambi. Fie. ese fe of Abivara prunosa. (From Moore's Lep. Ceyl.) Fie. 40.—Post. wing of Zemeros emesoides, showing position of lower disco-celluolar nervule, Fro, 60,—Post. wing of Abisara kausambi, showing position of lower disco-cellular nervule, Fig, 61.—Abtsara thuisto, J. Fie. 62.—Abiszara thuisto, > . Fig, 63.—Anterior legs (showing tarsi) of Lampides elpis. eS Fic. 54.—Larva and pupa of Am- blypedia narada, (From Horaf, & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C.) Vile es Fira. ee wing of Poritia phraa showing subeostal nervules, : os Fie. 66.— Arrangement of sub- costal nervules in anterior wing of Cyaniris lambi. a Fie. 57.— Arrangement of snub. costal nervules in anterior wing of Neopithecops horafieldi. as Fie. 38.— Arrangement of sub- costal nervules in anterior wing of Zizera lisizone. Fro. 59.—Posterior leg of Gerydus aymethtus. Fro. 60.—Posterior leg of Paragerydus horsfieldi, Fia. 61.—Posterior leg of Logania malayica, grr Fria. 62.—Anterior wing of Cas. talius elna, shewing subcostal nervules, am Fie, 63.—Antorior wing of Jamides bockus, showing eubcostal ner- yules. LAE Fro. (4.—Anterior wing of Polyom- mattis beticus, showing subcostal nervules, Fic. 65,— Nacaduha viola J. Fic. 66.—Everes parrhasiua, 3 . ZA Fie. 67,—Anterior wing of Cata- pecilma elegans, showing sub- costal nervules, Fic. 68.—Posterior wing of Dru- padia moorei, showing position of costal nervare. B= Fig. 09.—Anterior wing of Semanga superba, showings position of subcostal nervules. Om Fie. 70,.—Anterior wing of Daea- lana vidura, showing subcostal nervules, Fira. 71.—Anterior wing of Purliza gigantea, showing position of costal nervure and subcostal nervules. 4 Fie. 72.— Posterior wing of Cheritra _amritra, showing position of costal nervure. ae Fro, 75.—Antenor wing of Sithon , Showing subcostal Fe | a val Fic. 74.—Anterior wing of Ambly- podia narada JZ , showing sub- costal nervules. fro Fic. 7u,—Aunterior wing of Lorwra atymnus, showing pee of costal nervure and su nerviles, Pia. 70.—hiduanda thesmia, fi. wh Fio. 77,—Biduanda thesmia, @, Fio. 78.—Hypolyeena thecloides. Fira, 70.—Narathura lycanaria. Fria, 80,—Nurathura vihara.* Fra. &L—Noarathura imornata, Fra. 42.—Naralhora achelous, Fico. 83.—Nurathura ancmon. Fia. $4.—Panchala singhapura 9. Fro. 85.—Panchala apidanus 3 , showing mutilation effected by the attack of a bird, Fie. 86.—Panchala morphina 3 .t Frio, 87.—Panchala trogon J. Fra. #8.—Loxrura cassiopeia, ff. Fie. 80.—Lorura cassiopeia, 9 . ? Fro. 90.—Anterior legs (showing tarsi) of Ornithoptera hephastua WiE. Fic. 91.—Pupa of Hebomoia glaucippe. (From Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. 1. C,) Fio. 2.—Larva of Hebomoia glaucippe. (From Horsf. Cat. Lep. I. I. C.) Fig. 13,—Arrangement of nervules in anterior wing of Delias par- thenope. Fro, f4.—Arrangement of nervules in anterior wing of Udaiana cynis, \ Fro. 05.— Arrangement of nervules in anterior wings of Dercas gobrias, Fio. 96,—Arrangement of nervules in anterior wing of Saletara nathalia, J . Ses Fro. 07.—Arrangement of nervules in anterior wing of Nepheronia Fic. 06.—Delias ninus J . Fire, ti.— Delian tthiela. Fro. 100,—Delias singhapura 7. Fie. 101.—Delias orplue J. Fro, 102,—Appias enarete 7. Fie. 103.—Larva andl pupa of Papilio pamenien. (From Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. fos. Mus. E. 1.) Fia. 105.—Anterior wing of Lepto- circus megea, showing position of subcostal nervules, Fro. L0U.—Ornithoptera rhadamantiwa, 9. bic. 107.—Ornithoptera rufieollis, > . Fra. 108.—Papilio mecisteus. Fro, 109 — Pap lia felepliua, y