eS ape ease . Le " Ee we Ss —_—_— a 5 ’ 4 4 « 4 — Eee VAs see) oe ae ae Cnt -» —— a i eS r hi hee eS Be * i —_ =a — a oe Sheik! es or = = 7 iz . i ' . “ : A =e at te PT B03013684C 7 - a : . 7 nh = * Vian RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. LOX DON * WENT, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS, HATTON GARDEN, &.C, Q //. 4004 =e ek S95. 78095} RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA; A DESCRIPTION OF THE BUTTERFLIES THE MALAY PENINSULA. BY W. L. DISTANT, M.A.I. FELIOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; MEMBERED OF THE EXTOMOLOGICAL BOCIETY OF FRANCE, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENXTOMOMMICAL AOCIETY OF STOCKHOLM, AXD OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, With 46 Coloured Plates and 129 Woodrnts. LONDON: W. L. DISTANT, care or WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C. PENANG: D. LOGAN, Ese. 1652—1886. 75.18 PREFACE. A prescription of Malay Butterflies needs neither apology nor defence. All such publications appeal to two universal sentiments, the love of Nature—the keystone of the sense of beauty—and the love of Science*—which is equivalent to man’s innate craving after knowledge; and the first has frequently prompted the second, so that a mere collector of butterflies often develops into an excellent entomologist. There are three methods under which a faunistic study may be pursued, and these seldom appeal in an equal degree to the same worker. They may be described. as the classificatory, in which the species and genera are analytically described and enumerated in their proper families or groups; the comparative, by which an analysis of different faunas affords the materials which support the generalisations us to geographical distribution; and the evolutionary or really biological method—often the first only—which seeks in embryonic development, and the peculiarities of surface colouring und markings to form some conception of how living animals came to have the forms and appearance which they possess. These methods are dependent on each other, and the most profound generalisations have been made by those who have done much of that pure and simple anatomical and classificatory work, + which by’ some theorists of the day, who would explain the problems of Nature from the revelations of their own inner consciousness, is looked upon as the amusement of a few unphilosophiecal pedants. To understand these Malay butterflies, of which 503 species, arranged in 143 genera, are here described, and, with very few exceptions, figured, several preliminary positions require to be mastered, such as the physical dimensions and position of the area on which our fauna is found, the extent to which at present that fauna has been investigated, and what relationship it bears to the various insular and continental faunas which surround it. To define our area is to commence our difficulties, for most faunistic works bear the name of a region which has not been thoroughly—often very imperfectly—explored by the collecting naturalist, and consequently we are sometimes only describing a part under the designation of the whole. ‘This element of partial knowledge is very pronounced in ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,’ for though the Malay Peninsula may be described roughly as extending from the Isthmus of * The butterfly has frequently fulfilled an unscientific réle, as in the notion of the “leyp-bya," or butterfly spirit of the Burman, & corrupt exerescence of Buddhism (ef. ‘The Burman, his Life, and Notions,’ by Shway Yoe, vol. ii. chap. xi), According to Friederich (‘Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur’) the butterfly was a symbol of death, as signifying the soul separated from the body; for which reason it was represented as sitting on an empty skull. One species was specially thought to announce disaster and a dry summer. + As Darwin, who produced the *‘Monvograph of the Cirripedia," and Huxley, Haeckel, Wallace, Bates, and others, who have all contributed much to the same class of Biological literature. b vi PREFACE, Krah or the southern extremity of Tenasserim on the north, to Cape Romania, the Tanjung- bulus, or “naked headland” of the Malays, in the south, including the many islands on the western and the less numerous islands on the eastern coasts;* unfortunately the Zoology of the whole of this areat 1s unknown, and our information is almost entirely derived from the collections made at the different settlements along the western coast. It must therefore be remembered that our knowledge of the butterflies and other living animals of the Malay Peninsula is principally based on collections made at Kedah, Penang, Province Wellesley, Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Johore, and Singapore; and although there is no reason to suppose that the fauna of the eastern portion of this narrow peninsula is much different from that of the western, there are probably still many local species to be found there, which will add considerably to our faunistic catalogues. } In comparing an insect fauna with those of surrounding areas, the physical geography, geology, and botany of the different areas become factors of first importance in showing us not only the road by which much specific migration may have taken place, but also whether the surrounding conditions are capable of maintaining the emigrant species, and in an unmodified form. Now a study of the Rhopalocera of the Malay Peninsula gives unmistakable proof of the relationship both in genera and species to those of Burma and North-Eastern India on one side and to the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and—in a less degree—to Java at its southern extremity. This is exactly what the physical geography and geology of the Peninsula would lead us to expect. As Logan has remarked, ‘it is directly united not only geographically but geologically with the continental mass, and, through the islands to the south and Sumatra on the west, a connection with the rest of the Malayan Archipelago can be established.”’§ Of the classificatory details of the vegetation I do not possess sufficient knowledge to warrant an assertion, but we must remember—as Spruce truly remarks when speaking of the distribution of the Lepidoptera of the Amazon Valley—that it ‘‘can rarely correspond to the grander features of the vegetation, for the simple reason that the food of caterpillars is scarcely ever the foliage, &ec., of the loftier forest trees, but chiefly of soft-leaved undershrubs and low trees, (1) which grow under the shade of the forest, and have, many of them, a restricted range, or (2) which spring up where the primeval woods have been destroyed, and in waste places * The reader who may wish to consult some of the best and original descriptions of the Peninsula may be safely referred to the ‘Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Malay Peninsula,’ by J. R. Logan (Journ, Ind. Archip, vol. ii. p. 88 (1848), the previously published chap. vii. of the first vol. of Newbold's ‘ British Settlementa in the Straits of Malacca’ (1899), and also the excellent compilation of Crawfurd in his ‘Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries,’ p. 255 (1856), More modern accounts are often largely indebted to the above. + Much ingenuity has been displayed in identifying the Malay Peninsula with the Awrea Chersonesus of the ancients, and many modern writers have adopted the view. Prof. Haeckel, however, states his conviction that “The Tarshish of the ancient Phoenicians and Hebrews can only have been Galle; the apes and peacocks, ivory and gold, which these navigators brought from the legendary Tarshish, were actually known to the old Hebrew writers by the same names as they now bear among the Tamils of Ceylon, and all the descriptions we derive from them of the much-frequented port of Tarshish apply to none of the seaports of the island, but the Rockpoint—Punto Galla” (‘A Visit to Ceylon,’ p. 178). On this subject one must cite the nameless commentator alluded to by Jortin, “ who, explaining 1 Kings x. 22, Once in three years came the navy of Tarshish, bringing gold and silver, apes, and peacocks, says that by the apes wo are to understand heretics" (‘ Remarks on Eccles. Hist.’ vol. i. p. 148). { As these pages are passing through the press, Mr. J. K. Birch has forwarded to me a specimen of the ubiquitous * Painted Lady," Pyramets cardut, Linn., which he captured on Penang Hill. § Journ. Ind. Archipel. vol. ii. p. 90 (1848), PREFACE. vii near the habitations of men, &e.”* It appears, however, that the flora follows more or less the main features of the Rhopalocerous fauna, for Prof. Thiselton Dyer, with the knowledge acquired from the vast Indian Collection contained in the Kew Herbarium, has found that ‘there is a marked difference between the vegetation of the greater part of the Peninsula of Hindostan and that of the areas to the north and north-east of it. The latter belongs to the type characteristic of the Malayan region, which is also represented on the Malabar coast and in Ceylon.” + Too little attention is often paid to the physical characteristics of a region which, qualifying the flora, greatly influences the nature of the insect fauna, and this doubtless will be clearly shown in the Malay Peninsula, when the central highlands have been more fully worked, and collections made there compared with those acquired on the alluvial coasts.} Even introduced plants will often add a corresponding diversity in insect life. Mr. Uhler found from an examination of the country in and around Denver in North Ameriea, particularly on the west side, that the common weeds of the eastern division of the continent had already established themselves there, and that, as was to be expected, many of the common insects dependent upon them were present in abundance. § The material is not yet collected and tabulated by which the Rhopalocera of the Malay Peninsula can be thoroughly and analytically compared with that of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; but our facts are sufficient to show that the Malay butterflies have their nearest relationship with those of Borneo—especially North Borneo; || im a lesser degree with those * Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. ix. p. 852. +: Proc. Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. xxii. no. vi. p. 25 (1878). } This particularly struck the late Dr. Stoliczka when at the Nicobars, and he gave the following table, based on the information of Hochsetter, to illustrate the fact :— GEOLOGICAL CHANACTER OF THE UNDERLYING Ke alluvium. 2. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, dry marine alluvium. 8. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, beside dry fresh-water allnovium. 4, Fresh-water swamp and damp fresh-water alluvium. 5. Plastic clay, magnesian clay, marls and partially serpentine. 6. Sandstone, slate gabbro, dry river alluvium. Coanacten or Sor. Swampy ground, not capable of cultivation. Fertile calcareous soil, principal constituents carbonate and phosphate of lime. Fertile caleareous sandy soil. Swampy ground, capable of being cultivated, Not fertile, clayey soil, de constituents silicate of alumina an Loose clayey sandy soil, rich in alkalies and silicate of magnesia. Mangrove forest. HespectTive CHARACTER oF VroErraTron. Cocoa-palm forest. Large forest trees. Pandanua forest. Grassy plains. Jungle (the true pri- lime, very fertile. | meval forest). —(‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. ii. p. 44.). § Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. vol. iii. p. 856. Mr. E. L. Layard has given a most interesting account of a similar oceurrenee:—'' Many years ago, on my old magistracy at Point Pedro, in Ceylon, we had a very rainy season. Up sprang a flower I had not previously noticed in the north, the Aristolochia indica. Two beautiful insects, one a moth, the other a large Papilio, frequented it in the south of the island, both unknown in the north. I said to my wife, ‘Remember the marbled white; let us watch.’ True enough in due time I captured the Papilios hovering over it, and found the glorious caterpillar of the moth feeding on it. Whence had they come? Thoy were unknown in the north! I believe from what I have experienced, that with insects a species may remain dormant in the egg, and even at the pupa state, for years, until some peculiar state of the atmosphere or other occult causes bring them out” (‘ Field,’ June 9, 1877, p. 674). || I am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer for the opportunity—by the aid of his large collection—of forming a somewhat thorough acquaintance with the Rhopalocera of Northern Borneo. witt PREFACE. respectively of Sumatra, Burma and the North-Hastern Indian districts,* and in a still much less degree to those of Java and Ceylon. In fact, without some reference to the butterflies of Borneo, Sumatra, and North-Eastern India, a knowledge of those of the Malay Peninsula is as superficial as would be that of those of England when restricted and uncompared with the Rhopalocera of the other portions of the Palearctic region. So closely are many of these Malay species allied to other surrounding local forms or species, that far more accuracy could have been attained had a larger and wider fauna been described. Thus, owing to the exigency of the case, I have treated Fuplea diocletianus as a distinct species from the Continental Indian E. rhadamanthus and the Bornean FE. lowei. Now had the Rhopalocera of the whole Indo-Malayan region been enumerated the identification would have been more philosophically as follows :— Euplea diocletianus. Var. a. rhadamanthus. Continental India. Var. b. diocletianus. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Cochin China, Sumatra. Var. c. alcidice. Java. Var. d. loweix. Borneo. This would point out to the student that he is dealing with a number of distinct local races, or, as might be better expressed, local phases of one dominant form or species. Through this cause the enumeration of a local fauna, such as of the Malay Peninsula, is necessarily narrow in principle, and lacks the philosophical breadth which raises descriptive Entomology to a true biological standard. It is very satisfactory to find how many good observations are made by collectors abroad, and how much our knowledge is increased by not only their facts, but frequently also by their suggestions. It is not to be accepted as canonical, though frequently tacitly advanced, that all good work in entomological literature can only be done at home. The observer abroad is untrammelled by much of the obscurations of the Scribes and Pharisees found in our learned societies, and many a good naturalist has been spoilt by the jealousies and opposition of many who profess the same study as himself.t When one recalls the names of such observers as Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace, Bates, Belt, and Fritz Miller, Emerson’s opinion of Thoureau is recalled: “he saw as with a microscope, heard as with ear-trumpet, and his memory was a photographic register of all he saw and heard.” The study of butterflies does not consist only in a recognisable knowledge of their imago condition, but the egg} is a structure of wonderful diversity, and the larval or caterpillar condition affords a field of research of which the ground may be said to be only just broken. It would be in breeding that the writer—were he permitted to sojourn in the Peninsula again—would find his employment, and till the life-histories are worked out, and the egg and larval stages properly described and figured, * As found in the valleys and plains, and not above an height of 8500 or 4000 feet. } It is not uncommon to find that the elnim to have originally described a species, or to be acknowledged aa the authority on some genus which no one else has studied, affords as much satisfaction as though the writer had created ‘Hamlet’ or written the ‘ Origin of Species.’ { A new classification of Rhopalocera, based on the structure of the egg, has just been proposed by Mr. Wm. Doherty (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. lv. p. 108 (1886). PRIEFACE. ix the ‘Rhopalocera Malayana’ cannot be thoroughly studied, and this publication is simply an introduction to the subject. There is little doubt that when the Malay butterflies are carefully and systematically bred by some careful and accurate observer, many of the so-called species described in this volume will be found to be but seasonal forms of some other species» whilst, on the other hand, forms which we have degraded from specific rank on account of smallness in divergence of character, may show in larval conditions true specifie differences. The standard of biological study, in a philosophical sense, has been wonderfully raised during the last few years, and entomological science has necessarily followed the same path. The literature of the Rhopalocera has now been sufficiently long in the iconographic condition. There was a time when the importance of this description of work could scarcely be over-estimated, and the publications of Cramer and Drury may be said to have culminated in the beautifal works of Hewitson. ‘The next epoch may be called the search for a classificatory or methodical arrangement. It began with the publication of the excellent and still valuable ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ to which the names of Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson are attached, and eventually produced Mr. Kirby's ‘ Synonymie Catalogue,’ a compilation which has been universally used, and which—in the opinion of the writer—has helped the study as much as any other single work yet published. We have now approached the critical and philosophical epoch in which curiosity as to the constituents of a fauna is submerged in the enquiry as to the derivation or evolution of that fauna. ‘The key-note was struck when Bates eloquently remarked, as to the wings of butterflies, “that on these expanded membranes Nature writes, as on a tablet, the story of the modifications of species, so truly do all changes of the organisation register themselves thereon.” * It now becomes my pleasant duty to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of those, who in one case was directly instrumental in this work being published, and im the other instances have helped to make it what it is, by reducing its errors and contributing information. ‘ Hamlet’ without the Prince of Denmark, would be ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana’ without the name of my friend D. Logan, of Penang. The inception of the publication is due to him; the clauses of our arrangement were very simple—I was to write as a labour of love, and he agreed to act as the financial Mecenas. He has thoroughly fulfilled his obligation—I hope he may think that I have tried to do the same. I also have to return thanks to the Army, the Navy, and the Church for much help on the spot. It was fortunate that the “ Inniskillings’” were quartered at Singapore, and I thus secured the assistance of Lieut. A. Mainwaring Goodrich and Paymaster Jno. Manners Kerr, whilst Capt. M. J. Godfery, of the Commissariat and Transport Staff placed me under no inconsiderable obligation, not only by the gift and loan of specimens, but also by the contribution of many original observations. A call made at Singapore by H. M.5. ‘ Penelope,’ with that enthusiastic entomologist Mr, Gervase F. Mathew on board, naturally added to our knowledge; and that the Rev. L. C. Biggs has been Chaplain both at Malacca and Penang ® ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 8rd edit., p. 348. One is almost reminded of the words of Sir Thomas Browne, though alluding to “bees, ants, and spiders":—“ Ruder heads stand amazed at these prodigious picces of nature, whales, elephants, dromedaries, and camels; these, I confess, are the colossuses and majestick pieces of her hand; but in these narrow engines there is more curious mathematicks; and the civility of these little citizens more neatly sets forth the wisdom of their Maker” (' Religio Medici"). ¢e x PREFACE, during this publication is a cireumstance that cannot be too warmly acknowledged. Not only have I received many specimens direct from Mr. Biggs, but that veteran naturalist, Mr. P. H. Gosse,—who I am happy to say is still living, and naturally still working, at Torquay,—also placed in my hands the specimens he had previously received from Malacca through the same instrumentality. Mr. Durnford proved a tower of strength at Sungei Ujong, whilst Messrs. J. K. Birch and W. Egerton sent me several species not hitherto known to form part of the fauna. Herr Kiinstler has made large collections at Perak for various ento- mologists, and I have had the fortune to examine a considerable portion of these through the kindness of Dr. John Anderson, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Herr Ribbe, of Dresden,* and Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, whilst Herr HE. Honrath, of Berlin, has afforded me much information as to similar consignments. To Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, I am indebted for the examination of a most valuable and interesting Malaccan collection, which contained many new species, whilst the collections and adyice of Mr. F. Moore and Messrs. Godman and Salvin have been freely at my service. Mr. L. de Nicéville, of Calcutta, has found time—with his many engagements—to give me much kindly help, which has been thoroughly appreciated; whilst both Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. A. G. Butler have given me any assistance I required at the British Museum, the first-named having also contributed the General Index to this volume. To my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, thanks are also due for the careful way—regardless of trouble—in which he has drawn the figures, and without which the results of chromo-lithography would have been much less satisfactory. The preparation of this publication has been the pleasure—in the scant leisure—of a busy man of other occupations during the last few years, commenced during ill health which threatened a speedy termination of all such undertakings, but which he is thankful to say has been removed. It has recalled again the scenes of other days, and reawakened that burning love of Nature which the tropics implant in the mind of any naturalist, and which tends to prove that he also belongeth to that order of things which is capable of endless modification, but which changeth not. ; * My attention has just been directed to a paper published in the ‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift’ for 1885 (p. 225), in which Herr C. Plotz has described several species of Heaperiide collected by Kiinstler “auf Malacca (Perak),” and which are contained in the collection of Herr Ribbe. I am, however, to my regret, quite unable to identify these by the short descriptions given, and incline to the opinion that in some cases synonymy has been created. FAMILIES, GENERA, AND es SYSTEMATIC LIST Sub-fam. DANAIN AL. Group DANAINA., Genus Hestta. Tab. & Fig, 1. Hestia lynceus Sie ek Igoe 2. » lintenta wid oe : Tee | B.. 4, leuconos ana xxxix., 8 Genus [pKopsts. 4, Ideopsisdaos ... aie — 1., 8, 4 Genus RapeENa. 5. Radena vulgaris ns ime i., § 6. ss juventa ona see xXxxix., 4 Genus Danats. 7. Danais aspasia, var. crocea ... Pe & 86, melaneus wae i, 6 f oo “tylie. «ss ane aes xli., 15 10. 4, agleoides ela oF L, 5 ll. ,, septentrionis ... aed LL, 9 1a; 5; utia vie «ee ., 2, 8 13. 4 melonippus ... rie i. 1 var. hegesippus s+. 14, , abigar ... aa one xli., 11 15. , ¢chrysippus... £2 L, 10 “8 var, aleippoides : xl., 18 Genus Eveima. 16. Euplea malayica ay ai lie, 7 17: » bremeri : a ii., 4 18. » Mmarsdeni cv fe xxxix., 1 19, » castelnaui Per = 6 20. » tmidamus eu nr 8, 0 91. a» muleiber re tan ia, 1,2 22. » ledereri x = il., 10 23. » vestigiata ... ace Adiey 6, 7 24. » diocletianus ... - iv., 4,6 25. ve Crash .. . en 5 26. «» dejeani E iv., 1 07. iy ble ws firs 2} 98. , margarita . © iv, 8 29, 4 distanti m so HO. podart. ‘ lii., 5 Bl. = 4g «2S MOnbtriési : ii., 4,5 a aie ws «= ds | 20 BS. = arrisi (mec. grotei) . li., B Page ew. 6; 405 we 13 406 Lee 406 eo 8; 407 ae 10 . 407 see la 14; 408 408 1h 16 18; 408 r 19 409 20 : 408 ee pe 23; 410 411 od 24; 410 een “5 fe et | 26; 410 ' 28 29; 410 ee ry! 2 40 << 1 ihe 32 ane 4 Tr? Bea ake ao 6; 411 OF SPECIES Sub-fam. SATYRINAS. Genus MELANITIS. Tab, & Fig, Page 84. Melanitis leda . ons FS iv., 10° 41; 411 B4 a. Pe ismene ash wan WS 9, 11,12 42; 411 aa. Pa zitenius x “yi Xxxviii., 2 412 36. “ suyndana ... = xxuix.,2 ... 412 a7. ist abdulle ee sa xix., 3 418 Genus LETHE. 38. Lethe europa ... PE aa V., 5,6 sas 43 Bo. ,, mekara ... aus ar xxxix., 9 418 40, ,, minerva ... = xxxvi., 8 ... 414 Genus Ceres. . Celites euptychioides ... ae woodcut, 15 45 ot var. humilis = 42, 4 epiminthia ... “ xixs,°8) ss 415 Genus NEORINA. 48. Neorina lowii, var. «+ ae Xxxvil., 8... 416 Genus ERrres. 44. Erites angularis ok Wag eee Genus saan 45. Mycalesis anaxins XXxvi., 7 416 46. 7 maianeas — .., — vil., 4 + 48 47. a orsels one v., 4 49; 416 48. ne medus == iv., 8 Gj 49 49. se mineus ate : iv., 18, 14... 60 os var. aan 1v., 7 ae 61 50. 7 nautilus = re xi, 4 « Alf 61. blasius ine “ar vil, 7 a 52 52. a mnnsicles ... aos XXXVI, 5... 417 5a. is fusca ons aes ¥., 1 = 58 54. = anapita os ans xxxix. 8 ... 418 55, - janardana ... ine V4 2 L 64 5G. = ustulata re os xli., 16 . 418 Genus Yrromia. 57. Ypthima pandocus ... ss Vin 8 55; 419 “! var, coricaria ae oa. _ meéethora = — vi, 9 56; 419 50. = newboldi sae iv., 6 ; 57 GU, ms hiibneri fe vii., 6 57 61. on fasciata as “hs woodeut, 122 420 #4 Uir. aaa ne Genus Ragaptia. 2. Ragadia crisia nan ane an xix. 7 41) rr Xi SYSTEMATIC LIST OF Tab. & Fig. Page Genus EyMstas. Elymnias diserepans ... «as Wily 3,8 60 : | ‘vi., 1 rr nigrescens ... sie ee tt a ol + Intescens ... — th, 4:0 i. 62 . lais - IX, 2 ats 62 ” penanga _ r. vie’ Ms ate G3 = abrisa ie “SS slii.,5 «.. 421 " ensiphone ios ana vi, 10 an Hee p saiieri fp oF ix., 8 ane 5 tl kiinstleri rae one xli., 9 =. 422 vs godferyi : xxxix., 5 ... 423 Subfam. NYMPHALIN AB. Group MORPHINA. Genus AMATHUSIA. Ps rien phidippns ... . 6,7 70; ro re lucida seri. Tae 4258 Genus ZEUXIDIA. Zeuxidia amethystus ... Vi 12} 72; 424 XxxVill., 5) A alti (xxxviil., 6,9 494 76. an donbledaii mee ioe | woodout, 124, ad Aah 77. a aurelins Gs eas XXXVil., 1... 425 Genns Discornora. 78. Diseophora tullia var, ... oka vil., 8,9 74; 426 79. ss sondaica ... AS xliii., 7 «. 426 80, “5 eelinde ... Hes ¥., 10, 11 ... 75 Genns THAUMANTIS. 81. Thaumantis Incipor ... —... IX, 8,9 .. TT 62. e noureddin of Na a 78; 496 83. 5 odana ... a xxxvi., 8... 427 84. a pseudaliris mae viii., 8 cae 79 Genus Tewxarrs, 85. Tenaris birchi . ri =xxix., 7 ... 428 Genus CLEROME. 86. Clerome gracilis 5 viii., 1 81; 428 87. nn arcesilans ,., a xl., 6 a. 428 88. ue fannula eas fen Vill., 2 oom §1 Genus XANTHOTAENIA. 89. Xanthotmnia busiris Ae mas vi, 7 he 82 aap NYMPHALINA. enus KALLIMa, 90. Kallima buxtoni var. ... a Xxxvil., 2... 499 Genus DoLescnannta. : xi., 8 sige 91. Doleschallia pratipa ova { tee 8} DS 88 Genus VANESSA. 92. Vanessa porakana ons xi, 1 «re 480 Genus Precrs. 95. Precisiphita ... Soe a xi., 9; ix., 6 90 Od, on ide ome eee XL, 10 oe 92 : Genus Junontra. 95. Junonia atlites ... : + 3h, 11,125. 03 96. Ae asteric ne wee om 9 *X,1,3 a a4 yf Ae wallacei tie oa xi, 3,4 4... 95 98, xt lemonins ir ane xi., 6 % 06 Genus RurNopaupa, 99. Rhinopalpa fulvea 3 aS Si. cs Re 8k 98 1 . 9 ? eudoxin .. eee xvii rT fi eae 99 Genus ART 101. Symbrenthia hyppoclus sia xlii., 4,5... 481 102. ms hypatia ... xi., G6 .. 482 Genus Eviacura, 108. Eulacura osteria bon we xii, 65,6 ... 100 | Tab. & Fig. Page Genus CHARAXES. 104. Charaxes echo ... eat a woodcut, 38 108 105, o schreiberi ... aa xiii., 3 . 104 106. fi delphis =e XV. 1 » 105 107. + athamas rer. samatha xii, 8 .. 106 108, ‘i hehe ... oer ome XV, as 107 109, se moori ope i xiii... 8 .. 108 110, - jalysus — xiii., 4 . 106 Lil, a durnfordi ... +1,, 8 . 493 113. = borneénsia var, KXXVii., 6... 488 118, ms harpax wie a xiii., 1 .. 109 114. - haya .. B 7 ZxxvL, 1... 488 115. - distanti ae aee KxXVI., B sis 434 Genus PRoTHOE. ia 116. Prothoe uniformis ... ... | XXxxvili., 4... 434 117. » angelica i ens not figured 435 118. ,, ealedonin ... «» xii, 9 «. 110 Genus SyYMPHEDRA. — 119. Symphedra dirten — ... wes x, 7,8 .. 112 120. i ardalis ... sab ww. «©: 443 121. fe omales ... ane not figured 114 Genus EUTHALIA. 122. Enthalia derma... «2 +» MIX 4 ws | 116 123. " dunya... se is esa » 486 ( XXxvii., 4 194. uP bellata 2 ee | xliii., 12 436 125. “ anosia eee AS. xiv., 6 «. 17 126, a garuda sae Prey XM. 1, 2 . 117 127. ve parta ... = aes EXXViL., 7... 437 Ce hoy Cae ek ae 129, 7. merta ... vas wid xliii, 1,2... 487 180, m laverna aaa a Fr 40 119 181. i zichri ... Sie 5 xlii., 6 ... 488 182. 3 adonia var, ... az xix., 10,11... 120 138. 4 lubentina ... a Xiv., 4 138; 435° 184, i bipunetata ... oe slit, 8 .. 496 185. 5 decorata—..., - xiv. @ 199; 459 136. e ramada wae =e xix., 6 122; 439 137. 5 macnairi a. =» Xiv., 6,10... 198 188. < stoliczkana ... a “iv., 11 ... 194 139. ” maclayi sie att xiv. 12 ... 194 140, es cocytina oat sav MV, T .. 195 “ViiL, 8 141. + puseda oA oie Bs 3 } we «=6.1 85 ee abe |, the fehl 3} we 197 145. ‘2 xiphiones... ons xxxvi., 9,10 489 144, “i ‘lepidea var. ... ace xxxvi., 4,5 439 Genus TaNaArctra, 145. Tanaéeia flora ... a vas xviili., 6 1... 199 146. ‘i supereilin aks xv., 5 180 147. * violaria “5: xv., 9 ws 80 if. pulasara =... fee ie .. 180 rm rT Var, de oon xvili., 9 «.. 181 149, + consanguinea = xli., 4 1. ©6440 150, ” arnnn... one see xv. 7 182 151. robertsi és + not figured ‘182; 440) 152. i nicévillei =... don xh, a. 440 : Genus Evarrvs, 158. Euripus enpleoides ... ace xili., 6,7 ... 184 154. halitherses ... xiii, 11... 44 155. » Ppfeiffere eet ii woodout, 42 195 Genus KuryTEta. : +3 xv., 10, ¢ ' 156. Eurytela castelnani | Sh, 10, a }136; 441 Genus Ereorts. 157. Ergolis ariadne ... =a cat xi., O o- 157 168. 4, merione... oo xv., 6 188 159. LB | 1 us na oe 7 xxxix., 6 189; 41 FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES. Tab. & Fig. Genus Crests, Page 160. Cyrestis nivea var. nivalis ... xii, 8 .. 140 161. rc cocles ... wae kes xli., 18 «... 442 162. “ formosa ice eo» woodent, 125 44 168. » earl ... ane ain xiii., 6 . <&IA41 164. ae periander eee eee xii, 1 oom 443 Genus CHERSONESIA. 165. Chersonesiarabria .. .. ii, 4 «.. 142 166, on peraka ese See xi., 6 oe 443 Genus ParRTHENos. 167. Parthenos cere per Dy <i. 7 _ 148 Genus LEBADEA. 168, Labadea martha Ae ie xvii, 10,11 145 169. " ismiene zee «» notfigured... dd Genus Panprra. ; 170. Pandita sinope ... —... ae xii, 18 .. 146 Genus Liowknitis. ; 171. Limenitis procris as sar Kvii., 1 148 Genus NEptis. ' 172. Neptis soyapnis is «» | x¥iL, 18 ... 160 17a. +t fsa 3m ant fie eae Xvii., 2 - 150 lj74. 5, ici on ai ise xvii, 6 151 175. os 7h - Vii, 4 ws 51 lT7ia, ws or dorelia tis xVvil., 8 . ge 176. 4 minh var. oo8 sae xh, 14 . 444 177.. « vikasi... oe ona xvi., 18 152 177a. , v¥ikasi var. harita i xliti., 8 Add 178. on janavar, ... ii xxxvL, ll, 445 170. » ophiana.., ; io xvii., 12 158 180. Tl nota oom we aan XVill., 1 * 1i4 181. , £Jeuconata oe ite xvil,, 14 .» IJ54 Lt. ae ononata ve xvii., 2 154 188. Srapidane var, one xvi. 15 ee = 156 184, , charon ... Sra #2 woodent, 40 156 185. ,, eurynome var. mamaja xvi., 14 156 a: Athiyenn Genus ATHYMA. A i 18 ® wok ius oof fon ee EVI, ini rT 187. ~ aAryOIna var... ws xvi, 1 .. 159 188, th idita ee ane oan xvi. ~} 9, 10.. 160 189. 5 pravara EViey li oa 100 190. ad abines var. clerica ... xvi., 8 « 161 191. “ kresna... ie or xvi., B 161; 445 192. 13 ambara TE. soe ane Xvi-y i] 162 103. » nefte var. nivifera ... xvi, 6,7 . 163 194. - subrata oe 4 xvi, 4... 104 195, * Urvasi ... we usa xyi., 12 .«. 164 Genns Hypo_mnas. =, : 10, 12) 196. Hypolimnas bolina ... ee 19 165 107. 7 incommods ra xvil., 8,9... 167 198. ® misippor. pra ort Ge? 199. ” anomala ... ae Xl, 1,2,3,4 169; 445 Genus Hestrxa. 200. Hestina nama ... — “2 Genus CerHosta. 201. Cethosia biblis _ oe ate 202. " : ded 203. i methypsen ... Sa 204. 45 Retain 7A xiii, 9 ..; XXXVILL, D.. viii., 6 a vil., 9 ane oe vill., 6, 7, 8 205. Atella phalanta... ., o- ix. 4 ave 206, eh alcippe ry ‘oh oae woodcut, di 207. fF sinha ene ma fee iy 8 ioe Genus Curna, 208. Cupha erymanthis ... «4. Genus CrenocHRoa. 209. Cirrochroa orissa Pe 210. -- Viil., id ioe x., 9 xix., 9 oe satellita ... sak 446 xii Tab. & Fig. Page S11, Cirrochroa clagia Cro aaa XVI, 7 ee 179 213. + bajadeta ... A 1,35 «3G 213. a malaya «+» wen x, 4,38 ... 180 214, v rotundata ... nye fa a 181; 447 Genus Papwuca, 215, Paduca fascinta... ee ane xl, 12 2... 447 } Genus TeRrnos, 216, Terinos robertain es bes 2 NY =. 188 217. » teuthras a iat x., 6 : 183 ; Genus CynTHta. 218. Cynthia deione ... Ay os x, 1,2 .. 184 219. - cantori... a3 ane x., 6 2. 165 Fam. ERYCINID AE. Subfam. LIBYTEAINA. Genus Linyrnea. 220. Libythea myrrha ss oe xlii,, 2 .«. 448 Subfam. NEMEOBIINE, Genus ZEMEROS. 221. Zemeros albipunctata ... o- xvili., 12... 187 223. “* emesoides ... Gs xvii, 8,4... 1868 Genus pee 223. Abisara savitri ... bes aay xvui., 6. ... 189 B24. if neopliron sae “he xxxvb, 6... 449 235. » Kausambi vas af xvii, 10,11 189 226. » haquinus re xvil., 18... 190 297. » thuisto... on ate woodcuts, 61,52 191 228, » tanita ... sue daa xviii, 14 ... 102 229. 1 telesin ... ae aes x, 2,3 .. 449 230. » Gamajanti... sit xl, 10, 11 192; 449 Genus SiMisKrna. 281. Simiskina fulgenus igs ay xlin, 8 .«. 450 Genus STMmOoGEs. 282. Stiboges nymphidia ..,. xxiy,, 11 ... 198 Fam. LYCASNIDA. Group CURETARIA, , Genus Porrria. 238. Poritia sumatre a xxii, 2,8 198 var.? oa xx., 12 ee xxL, 21 oped. ay phraatica ae eee pee sf es 199 285. aa pharyge... ote aoe xli., 8 fio 450 236. 4, plenrata ann Sis xxii, 5,6... 199 207. y jphalena... iv oe xxii, 8 ... 200 238... pheretia... = xxii, 9,10.. 200 209. » pediada... Pe xxii., 16 ... 200 240. , potina ... de ae Stitt) Pees: “Dl Genus Deramas, 241, Deramas livens... aa =" xlii., 16 .. 461 _ Genus Cunetts. 242, Curetis malayica oe 0 ase) XIE, 2B we «= 202 245. ,, mesopus... we we ie at 202; 451 * v Bt, Helder ie ees a FEET ee 208 245. ,, insularis ae xli., "6, T «. 451 246. ,, sperthis xxii, 27 «- 205 Genus Lipnyra. 247. Liphyra brassolis ooo eae XXil., 18 fae O04 Genus GERYDUS. 248. Gerydus symethus ... re {ei s a} we = -205 249. ,, biggsii., .. . ‘xxii, 22 2. 208 Genus PARAGERYDUs, 250. Paragerydus horsfieldi... xx., 7 -» 207 251, th nivalis aoe Xxii., ll oom 207 . Genus Loganta. 252. Logania malnyica eee » Ei, 2) ... 208 258. - Briwa ... a nie xliy., 16 .. 452 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF xiv Tab. & Fig. Page Genus ALLOTINUS. 254. Allotinus unicolor not figured. 209 255, jis alkamah xliv., 8 ... 452 Genus NEorITHECOPs. 256. Neopithecops horafieldi xxi, 15 ... 210 Genus CYANIEIS. 257. Cyaniris lambi ... te ee 3 ri zai) kk 258 a jynteana xliv., ~ 4652 25) in incida xliv. fh o- 453 200, s araldus xxi., 6. cat, © RLF 2H1. ~ ep. ? vee xliv., 10 ... 458 Genus AIZERA. 262, Aizera lysizone ... : ey XX, w. 212 203 “a WEINER ... woodeut, 126 454 2h. Cg, raand EXu., 22 .. BS 265. ,, ?usta xliv., 5 454 Group CASTALARIA. Genus CasTALIus. 206, Castalius rosimon ves xxii, 20 ... S15 267. = ethion xxii. ~» 26 .. 216 268. " FORTIS vse oo woe EX. “4 ee 216 269, i elna ... cx, 4 sou, ET Genus Nacapusa. ; . xX. alive Nacaduba macropthalma <liv. A 218; 454 271. a barot xx., 16,17 219 ‘4 : ‘xx., 24 272. a viola ... “= | woodout, 6s} 219 973. we aluta he an han RE. 13, 14 oo) 274. = kerriana “3 fare xlii., 13 455 275. = nimora? ,. die xs.,.23 .... 320 276. ” Bp. ase ExL, 7 221 ; Genus EvEenes, 277. Everes parrhasius sn woodcut, 66 221 278. ,, @xiguus.., ere ina xliv., 17 «ss 455 Genus JAMIDES. 279. Jamides bochus var. ... iss xxi., 16, 19 222 Genus CaTocHRrYysoPs. 280. Catochrysops strabo xxi., 8, 14.. 204 . a xxi, 2 rr" O81. tl Che} Us ome eae «liv. =i 15} 05. 456 282. rs pandava... ake xxi, 17 2. 295 Genus Lawprpes. 283. Lampides elpis .. is , 25, 26 226 var. pseudelpis sat XX., og 28 207 184 xxi., 18 ee 284. + cra fas Asian © 998+ 456 255. we optinius a woodcut, 127 04«=—- 456 256. + abdul xliv., 22 .. 456 257. i) kankena one . EXs, 1é, ll 299 288. “7 Ep. ... a ass XXL, 230 ‘ | Genus PoLyommatus, 289, Polyommuatus bwticus... xx. 8,1 ... 230 290, bagus xliv., 18 ... 457 ; _ Genus Mratspa. 291. Megisba thwaitesi Ve 4 sa «6457 Genus Lyc#Nestaens. 292, Lyemnesthes lyewnina... xxi, 3 « 282 29%. " bengalensis xliv., 9 .. 458 a4, xiii. 13 3 tessellata ge ait: 458 Group APHNARIA, Genus CATAP@ctLMa, 295. Catapwcilma elegans ... sf xxii,, 17 ... 285 206. te ? bubases as xliv., 26 ... 459 Genus Horaga, 297. Horaga halba ee xliv., 23 .. 460 Tab. & Fig, Page Genus DauPapiA. ~ 7 bo XXsy 20, 21 30 =i . Drupadia moorei —... ae ‘i } 236; 460 Genus Biovanpa. 299. Biduanda thesmia ts : woodcuta, 76,77 238 300. ,, lapithis ... 4. Xu BY ane «28 Genus Semanaca. 501. Semanga superba eer a xxi, 18 ... 289 Genus “Sopa 802, Dacalana vidura xx, 27 .. 241 finns Tacoox. 503. Jacoona anasuja mi, 15... 242 Tia Genus Sides S04. Spindasis syama oe 0 eee KHL BY D., «=A Genus TasvEL. $05. Tajuria longinus ish ah xxill., 20 ... 244 306. 4, mantra... . : xxi, I... 945 SOT. » Yrelata .. iS 2 xxi, 12 246; 460 S08, » travana i a xxii, 4 .«. 246 Genus BINDAMana 809. Bindsahara phocides oo = Ky BH ne BAT Genus aoeetaa: 310, Sinthusa amba ... = oes xliv., 12,19 461 B11. A almata... ae “a= xliv., 20... 461 Genus NEoMYEINA. $12, Neomyrina hiemalis _ rxil., 18 ... 249 Genus Purwisa. 313. Purlisa gigantea ses ee xxi., 28 250 Genus CHERITRA, $14. Cheritra freja ... a xx, 10 .«. ‘B81 Genus NEOCHERITRA. , : A (xx, 15 815. Neocheritra amrita ... ixaiii., 12 } 252 816. os gama sae woodeut, 125 462 Genus Paced 817. Sithon nedymond var... xxiii; 1. .. 258 815. ,, chitra ... ae 3 xxiii., 16 ... 254 Genus Hypo.yvoena. 819. Hypolyeana erylus : xx. 5,6 ,.. 255 320, as etolus ... xx,, 26 . 256 B21, in tharis .. i xx 19 ... 267 B22. a thecloides ~ . woodcut, 78 257; 462 Genus Iraora., 823. Iraota etc oH ane xxil., 28 ... 268 B24. yy es xhv,, 24 ... 462 Gans Nanarituma, 525. Narathura centaurus ... ye xxi, 4,5 .. 261 $26. i. agra rat ose xxi, 29 ... 262 827. © anthelus . XxliL, 4 200 B28. maxwelli . ma xxii, 10. 263 529, si farquhari ... 4 xxiii., 3 264; 463 330, A adatha : pak xxiii, 1,2... 265 S81, a atosin xxiii., é, i... 265 S32, + antimuta ss. aes xxiii, ll .. 266 BBB. 7 AO... - xxiii, 17 . 266 B84, ” metaminta ... + Xxii., 19,18 var. ? 287 B65. ‘3 mnphimuta ae Xxi., 9,10... 267 336, ap kurz 25h rx, 1 . 208 B87. pe ameria * xxi., 50 . 268 B88. z anniella ... xxi, 20 , 269 B39, 7 lycwnaria ... woodeut, 79 269 840. ff buxtoni ... 2 xliv., 18 .. 464 841. » vVihara .. «4. | woodeut, 80 270 B42. i. inornata ... AS woodcut, 81 271 B43. a achelous ... — woodcut, 82 271 B44. a ammon asa ore woodcut, 838 872 Genus Pancuana. 845. Panchala diardi 5 <a xxiii, 14 ... 272 46, ae Blinghapura ... aS woodeut, 84 278 FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES. xv Tab. & Fig. Page Tab. & Fig. Page 847. Panchala apidanus ... ... ###woodent, 85 273 B92. Appiaslagela ... See he) ae 348.. » morphing .. .«.. jj woodent, 86 274 B93. ,, leptis var. plana «. <2¥,08 «. B14 349. . trogon “is: +. woodeut, 87 275; 404 B94. ,, amalia ... abs KxxiL, 1... B14 Genus AmMBLYPoD~A. B95. ,, andersoni + ay XXxxiii., 2 ... 815 850. Amblypodin narada .. .. X%i, 23 ... 276 896. oy cardena... .. .» -Xxxii., 8... 816 G Rap Gans Bisacenls 851. Rapala amisena.. ts — Xxili., 18 ... 277 897. Saletara nathalia ae ~ xxvi., 1,2... 817 Genus Deuporrx. , 398. » panda .. rs ne ee) not figured. 817 eis xxiv., 15 onus Hanon 2 852. Deudorix jarbas hed “an ar be 278 809. Hebomoia glaucippe ... a beet gull. die 853. » Opijarbas ... «. xii, & .. 464 $54. - xenophon ... ie xliv., 1,3... 465 855. o sequeira ne "5 xxill., 2] ws. S78 556. vi ntimuhs ase a xxiii, 22... 279 B57. ms domitia av Aas Xxi., 7 «. 280 858, i barthema ... ou not figured. 280 Genus Loxura. ob Md ie hiraae mae ifs rxiv., 7 «. 881 Genus NEPHERONIA. . 400. Nepheronia lutescons ... «. xxvi., 14... 820 ; a hippia var. gea ... xxvi., 12,16 #820 Bubfam, PAPILIONINA, Genus Papwqo, Subgenus OrntrHopreka. 402, Ornithoptera rhadamanthus ... Vacod ty © | 826 » «= CBSSIOPeiA sae at woodcits: BS, 89 282 woodcut, 106 408. cs hephiestus a3 xxvil., 8,4... 328 361,—marciana ... .. xxiii, 16 292: 465 CS eee : ae. eae 404, ruficollis... ss } 328 Fam. PAPILIONIDA. ie \woodeut, re og Subfam. PIERIN 22. ieee Baye oat Genus one ge 405. " brookeana “ shay x 1) 830; 467 862. Leptosia xiphia... .. xxvi., 8 ... 288 eee ite Genin Ter: ware Ser PAaPmnio. st ox Group, eae Delins dione Per oa one xxiv. fT 5, 6. on 290 406, Papilio erebus a wa Be Ixxi., 1, a 84 » parthenope aki ne xxiv.,4 ... 291 407 varia, at hd 934 $05, Li PyTalMus... Cr oon xiii. ap 14 im 465 J is “a x + if , 7 866, ,, tins ... «. . woodeut, 98 291 Coon Group, B67.? , ithiela ... e. «» woodcut, 99 292; 466 368. =, hyparete var. metarete xxiy., 18, 14 202 BGO. 45 hapura a2 eka woodeut,100 293 oT, 3 oo OB sue dian = woodcut, 101 203 B71. 4, descombesi <n ‘ee xlii,, 16 ... 466 Genus PRIONERIS. S72. Prioneris clemanthe ... a xxiy., 16 ... 2065 408. Papilio neptunus ie ~-- “xxi. 6,6 985 409. i] doubledayi oon ] EEXIi., 4 soe 3356 Potyporus Group. 410, ,, aristolochierar.diphilus xxxi., 6,7... 837 Perantaus Group. | 411. tT brama ose ane om XXXL, er $38 ; Memunox Group. Genus CaTorsinia, | Ko att RIO. Chlkipeilia epee | aie ca ava 2108 O06! ]| Bee. SERMON ee ee ee | 4134, , phoenix... sas ae xxvii. b., 7... 840 874. F catilla oae ose art 15, 16 207 oa ‘ j ; : ; 4120. ,, cilix sa. =e ata xxiz., 4,5... 840 875. Tt scylla sae ase yy Diese 208 4126 eg : * xxviii.. 1, 6 S41 376, ehrysola 3s.) xxv, 1,2. 800 oy deers ee | St ees " > 30 800 412d. ,, mestor .., cea eed xxvii., 3, 7 #41 re se EXVL, aL 41230. ,, achates... .. w. <X&viii., 34,5 B49 Genus UpalAna. 413. , syeorax . =e es xlii., 10 ... 468 S77. Udaiana cynis ... a. «w. xxvii, 5,6... 801 elms! Group. Genus Tents. 414. ,, helennus.. ae + xxix, 8 ... 848 878. Terias tilaha ... Sct mee | OREN awe. OS 415. ,, iswara = — Exx, 1,2... B44 879. ,, heeabe ... ati == xxvi., 19 ... 804 416, 4 prexaspes xxix., 2 845 UAT. Be ses can xxvi., 11,15 804 417, ,, unephelus var. saturnus XXE., 3, 4, 5 B45; 4638 eee ae cy Got cies ae Pawatox Group. ss 6.10 m4 wer. b. rat Nas IXViL, 7 an BOS 418. af polytes . om rr) XXXL, ® 7 BSl. ,, vallivolans nt oe xxvi., 17 ... 806 $82. 4 pumilaris var. ... ata xxvi., 10 ... 806 rxvi., 18 B83. 4, ee ane aes see i sation 4 fo B07 Bed. i harina one oon Per ERVa4 TS ase BUT B85. ,, lacteola ... oa ae wooleut, 129 466 Genus Dexcas. Santas Group. 419. , demolion rs sus xxvil. &., 8... B49 ERiTHontus Group. 420, , erithoniusvar.malayanus xxvii.., 6... 360 Parapoxa Group. a re: a ni owe | 352 o86. Dercas gobrias oe fee om XXVi., 18 ae $08 . + soahdeses 6 = Tienie Yeeria. 422, ,, caunus var. egialus ... xxvii. b., 5 B58 B87. Ixias birdi aes a ee XXVi., 4 om B00 - Dissiaiis Group. ine ‘ Genus APFPias. 425. wn clytia oom =. he ZEVL. b., Dae 858 424. , onpape ... aap oo «6s XV GB «= BES Macareus Group. 425. ,, delessertii she ae xxvii. b., 4... 856 426. 4 Jenucothos che aa xxvii.a, 2,8 856 427. . megarus,.. ase nae xlii., @ ... 468 888, Appiasnero .., 4. a Xxxiv., 9,10 811; 467 589. 4, hippo . ‘ re xuxv., 4,65... 11 300. » ensrete var. 4 aus woodcut, 102 3812 O91. iB leis oe an ooo EXT... La 7 ane $18 vars. . ase xxv., 6,10... 818 xvi SYSTEMATIC LIST OF FAMILIES, Tab, & Fig. Antirmates Group. 425. ,, antiphates var, ponpet SSIS Dinas 420: (5. BBR cee Gee xlii, B vee 450. , anticrates var.. see xl, T see Rvasierte Group. 431. , sarpedon ee lave REEL O lies 432, 4 evemon... os a: sxx; I us 438. , $mecistens aa es woodent, 108 434. , teleplua... eee cv. woodent, 109 455. » bathyclea aes ie Xxxii., 2° ao 486. » arycles ... ar = Exxu, 5 00 437. » $agamemnon ... Skt, 7 Genus Se, 488. Leptocirous meges ss... cs xxi, 8 ... 439. ne curius =a a it) a Fam. HESPERIDA. Group ISMENARLA, Genus UnKana. ee Unkana batara ... ae aa Exxiv,, 11... 1, i mY elia oe -—m oon XXXIV., pt » &ttina ... a ree xxxiy., 80... Genus Loronervs. ve Lotongus calathus oe a“e xxxiv., 14... 444, ‘ maculatus... om xrxrry., l Genus signa 445. Chonaspes crawfurdi ... wa xxxiv., 26... 442. aoe ee i harisa -_ ft xxxiv., 22... ra chuza fas Ss EEXIV., B70. Pris Choaspes? malayana ... xxxv., 2 Sy gd Huson. 449, Hlagora badra ... zxxy., 8 «. 450. A. eee sn xxxv., 4... Genus Pavers 451. Paduka glandulosa ... xxxv., 5 Genus Preniae 452. Pirdana hyela ... eve . X&8xv., 6 Gennes Zua. 453. Zea mytheca .... a Xxxv., 7 Genus Marana, 454. Matapaaria ... - ie xxxv., 5 Genus Fe AE, ddd Cn 455. Pithanria murdava .... ae xxxv., 9 neon BAonrts, 456. Baoris moolata .. rae Sa xxxiv., 10.. 457. » Darooa ... = ae xxxiv., 12... 468. , ‘Chaya... «ss oo. EX¥iv. 9 a. 459. ,, mathias... a6 one xxxv., 10 ... 400. ,, wnicolor... ih xxry., 11. Genus TenscoTA 461. Telicota anginas .. eas os xxxiv., 23... 462. “s bambuse: a ae xxxv., 12 .. 463. » oloides oh pal xxxv., 18 ... 464, » muiesoides oe =o AeA, 24... 466. nigrolimbata... ... xxxv.. 16, Page 467, 470. GENERA, AND SPECIES. Tab. & Fig. Genus SATARUPA. Sutarupa affinis var. cognata ... xxxv., IT ... Genus Casyara, . Casyapa phanmus jon: | EEEV BB es Genus Isma. = Tama obscura. Pir Pret ose EXEV sy 19 om fi bonania fee ree rae SAN V ey 20 ane Genus TAGIApEs, 471. Tagiades attious var. aes xxxly., 6 ... 473. re gana ... i ZXXIV., 3 sus A473. . ravi ... wal 4, xxxiv., 1 ... 474, is dealbata a at ExV,; SL ..s 475. a lavata +2 ae xxxiv., 5 .. A476. 3 trichoneura var. ... xxxiv., 20... Genus ABARATHA, 477. Abaratha sura ... es oo xxxiv., 16... 478. * pygela a isa Xxxlv., 18... SPECIES INCERT.E SEDIS. 479. Baoris? insignis “8 aes xxxv., 22 ... 480. Isma? homolea... = oe xxxv., 2B ... Group ERIONOTARIA, Genus Errtonota. 481. Erionota thrax ... ase ose Exxiv., 17... Genus GanGana, 452. Gangara tliryrsis one nee xxxiv., 13... Genus Hrpart, 488. Hidariirava ... Sas oe xxxiv., 15... 484. ,, sybirita ... eae ie xxxv., 24 ... 485. , staudinugeri oa aie xxxv., 25 o. Genus PLASTINGIA. 486. Plastingia callineura ... os | MEE 2G cs 487. a hieroglyphica me xliy., "25 He Genus HYanoris. 488, Hyarotis adrastus 45 oma Xxxiv., 4 ... . Coladenia dan ... aca iar Xxxv., 27 . Udaspes folus ... ove oo exxiv, 8. Genus CoLADENTA. Gents Upasres, Genus PLESIONEURA. 491. Plesioneura alysos wr Exxiv., 7: ss 492, ve ASMATM 4... ne xxxv., 28 ... 498. 3 pinwilli ... a xxxv., 29 ... Genus ASTICTOPTERUS. 494. Astictopterus jama : exe not figured. 4965. ‘ae Bilsala ... aie xxxiv., 21... 406, = xanites ... wie xxxiv., 28... 407, i aindu =... = xxxv¥., BO ... Genus KEnANA, 498. Kerana armata .. =. os xxxv., 81 ... 490, gemmifer me Me rxxty., 29... 500. ,, surivittatavear.cameroni xxxiy., 19... 501. ,, dioecles . cen aie xxxiv., 8 ... Seaorne-x INCERTE SEDIS, 502. Plesioneura? anthea .,. eis xxxv., B2 505. Astictopterus? harmachis ... not figured. Page 885 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. PIAT Es. TAB. IL. Fri, l. Hestia linteata 2. , lynceus 3,4. Ideopsia daos 5. Danais agleoides 6. » Melaneus 7. a8pasin var, CTOoes 8. Radena vulgaris 1. Danais septentrionis 10. chrysippus TAB. II. 1. Danais melanippus rer. hegesippus 2,3. , genutia 4. Euplea bremeri | alee chloe 6. . castelnaui 7. malayica 8,9. ,, midamus 0. y ledereri TAB, III. 1,2. Euplea mulciber 3. ,, harrisi 4,5. Ss ménétriési 6,7. ,», Vextiginta a godarti 9, 10. oe pinwilli TAB. IV, . Euploea pea hloe 1 2 Bs af margarita 5. 45 diodletianus 6. Ypthima newboldi 7. Myculesis mineua, var. 8. medus 0, Melanitis i iamnene 10. “= leda 11, 12. a ismene 18, 14.. Myealesis mineus TAB. ¥. 1. Mycalesis fusca 2. “= janardana 3. Erites angularis 4. Mycalesis orseig 6. Lethe euro 7. Xanthotwenia busiris e Euploxa crassa “ distanti 10, i. Discophora celinde TAB. VI. 5, : Elymnias nigrescens 4, 5. mn lntescens DESCRIPTION OF PLATES, ls > ‘g Fin, 6,7. Amathusia phidippus 8. ¥pthima pandocus rer. corticarin, 9. " methora 10. Elymnias casiphone 11. + penanga TAB, VU. 1,2. Aeuxidia amethvatus 3. Thaumantis noureddin 4, Mycalesia mainnena Ypthima hiibneri Elymnias penanga Mycalesis blasina 8,9. Diseophora tullia, var. TAB. VIII. 1. Clerome gracilis 2. » fannuola 4. Thaumantis peeudaliris 4. Copha e this 5. Gethosia logani 6,7, 3. » hypsina i, a methypsea ‘ TAB, TX. 1. Elymnias nigrescens 2. ns lois a. aa satieri 4, Atella Sore 5. Precis iphita 6. Doleschallia pratipa 7. Thaumantis noureddin a, lucipor TAB. ole 1,2. Cynthia deione 3,4. Cirrochroa malaya 5. Oynthia cantori 6. Terinos teuthras 7. eh robertsia 8. Atella sinha _ 9. Cirrochrona orissa 10. = rotundata TAB. XL. 1,2. Junonia asteric 3, 4. » wallacei 5, » lemonias 6. Ergolis ariadne 7. Parthenos gambrisius rer. lilacinus 8. Doleschallia pratipa 9. Precis iphita 10. ide 11,12. Junonia atlites TAB. XII. ie 2, Rhinopalpa fulva 3. Cyrestis nivea rar. nivalis ’ 4. Chersonesia 5,6. Eulacura osteria 7.8. = ae ra dirtea | ypolimnas misippus 10. - bolina ll. ‘ misippus 13, = i 13, Pandita sinope TAB. XIII. 1. Charaxes harpax 2 Fie achreiberi a nf moori 4 » jolysus 5. Cyrestis earli 6,7. Euripos eupleoides 8. Charaxes athamas ver, samatha 9, Prothoe caledonia TAB, XIV. 1,2. Euthalia garoda a. “ asoka 4. 1 lubentina 5. * anosia fi, fF MACnAIri ae Ae laverna a. sa jama F ‘ decorata 10. ~ macnairi 11. c atolicxkana 12. maclayi 18. Tanabcla pulasara TAB. XY, 1, Charaxes delphia 2 ‘ hebe 43. Euthalia puseda 4 - jama 5 a9 nsoka 4. Ergolis merione ig Tanadécia arona supercilia 9, » Violaria 10. Eurytela castelnaui ll. Hypolimnas misippue bolina = ‘ih TAB. AVL 1. Athyma vi fa var. 2. * a. bl ok 4. » 8ubrata f. » &mbhara, rar, 6, 7. » nhefte rar, nivifern Fi, 8. Athyma abiasa rar, clerica 9, 10. H iditn Il. » pravara 12. » wrvasl 1%. Neptis vikasi ld. 3,, eurynome tar, MAMAja 15. ,, duryodana, ver, TAB. XVI. L. Limenitis procria 2. Neptis peraka Ba Rg rar. dorelia 4, liga dindin clagia 8,9. Hypolimnas incommoda 10, i. Lebadea martha 12. Neptia ophiana 15. » hordonia 14. ,, leneonata TAB. XVIII. lL. Neptis nata 2. ™ fononata 3,4. Zemeros emesoides &. Abisara savitri 6. Tanaéocia flora 7. Euthalia cocytina » puseds 9. Tanadcia pulasara, var. 10,11. Abisara kausambi 12. Zemeros alhipunctata 18. Abisara haquinua 14. » = tanita TAB. XIX. 1,2. Cirrochroa bajadeta 3%. Melanitis abdullm rs Euthalia derma +» Tramadn 6. Tanaécia pulasara 7. adin crisia §. Coplites epiminthia 9. Cirrochroa satellita 10,11. Euthalia adonia, rer. TAB. XX. 1. Polyommatus barticus 2. Gerydus symethus 8. Nacaduba TT cee eth aitia - 7 ct an elna : ' ‘aene erylus 7. Paragerrdie horsfieldi 8. Polyommatus bwticus 9. Zizera lysizone Fic. 10. Cheritra freja 11. Lampides kankena 12. Poritia sumatrm var. ! 18, 14. Nacaduba aluta 15, Neocheritra amrita 16,17. Nacaduba berod 18. Lampides kankena 19. Hypolyewna tharis 20, = Drupadia moorei . Nacadoba almora 28. Hypolyemna etalus 24. Nacaduba viola 25. Bindahara phocides 26, Deudorix jarbas 27,28. Lampides elpis ver, psendelpis 20. Biduanda lapithia 40. Drupadia moorei #TAB, XXII. 1. Narathora kurzi 2. Catochrysops cnejus 8. Lycmnesthes lycanina 4,5. Narathura centaurua 6. Cyaniris haraldus 7. Nacaduba sp.? 8. Catochrysops strabo 9,10, Narathura amphimuta 11, Tajuria mantra 12, , relata 13. Semanga superba 14. Catochrysopa strabo 14. Jncoona anasuja 16. Jamides bochus, var. 17. Catochrysops pandava 18. Lampides mlianus 19. Jamides bochus, rar. 20. Narathora anniella 21. Poritia phraatica 22. Cyaniris lambi 23. Amblypodi cares 24. Lampides a . 20, 26. ss 4 27. Dacalana vidura 28. Purlisa gigantea 2. Narathura agnis i). - ameria TAB. XXIL. lL. Sithon nedymond, rar. 2.5. Foritia earaatins i - io q. .» plalena 9,10. ,,. pheretia 11. Paragerydus nivalis 12. Gerydus biggsii 18. Neomyrina hiemalis 14. Gerydus symethus 15, Neopithecops horsfieldi 16. Poritin pediada 17. Catapmcilma elegans 18, Liphyra brassolis 1%. Lampides wlianus, rar. 90. Castalius:‘rosimon 21. Logania malayica - 20. Zizera karsandra 28. Tracin bosawelliana 94, Castalins roxus O5. a ethion Of. Curetis felderi 27. + Sperthi« ae, » mMalayica DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. TAB, MXIT. , Narathura adatha . . farquhari “ anthelus atosin 7. Dendorix domitia Spindasis syania . Narathura maxwelli ik antimuta 9, Neocheritra amrita . Rapala amisena . Panchala diardi . Sithon chitra . Gen. ? marcana . Narathura aron Fs metamata, var, ? | si metimote Tajuria longinue . Deudorix sequeira . utimiutis TAB. XXIV. . Catopsilia seylia Curetis felderi . Delias oe ATepeliy 7. Loxura atymnua- . Poritia phraatica . Appias nero Stiboges nymphidia. . Curetis meopna * . Delias hyparete rar, metarete . Dendorix jarbaa . Prioneris clemanthe TAB. XXV. . Catopsilia chryseis Terias sari . Appias hippo i » lem, ter. . Terias tilaha . Appias leptis, var, plana «= es, war. . Catopsilia crocale . Terias harina » #enne . Catopsilia catilla TAB. XXXVI. Saletara nathalia 3. Terias sari, rar. . Ixias birdi . Udaiana cynis 7. Terias sari, rer. Leptosia xiphin . Hebomoia glanecippe . Terias Saucon ruth. i - ecnbe, tar. Nepheronia hippia mir. 2a 4, Terias senna . Nepheronin lntescens . Terias hecabe, var. 1}, Nepheronia hippia, rar, Fea . Terias vallivolans . Dereas gobrias . Terias hecabe . Catopsilia chryseis, var. TAB. AXVIT. . Ornithoptera rnficollis . os hephwstua, ver, tt bh] Fra. ™ 5. Papilio onpape » butleri TAB. XXVIL."a 1. Ornithoptera ruficollia, 2,3. Papilio leucothod 4. Ornithoptera brookeana rhadamanthus a. 6. Papilio butleri TAB. XXVITI. n. 1. Ornithoptera brookeana 2. Papilio clytia a. » demolion 4. » delessertii 5. ~ ©ehunns 6 7 var, mginlus » @€rithonina var. malayanus » pheonix TAB. XXVIII. 1.. Papilio esperi 2. 3,4, 5. » sechates 5 » esperi 1. » Mestor TAB, XXTX. 1. Papilio agenor » prexaspes TAB. XXX, , 2. Papilio iswara ~o » Hephelus rar, saturnus TAB, XXXI 1,2. Papilio erebus 3,4. . Varuna é. » f&ntiphates var, pompilius 6,7 » &ristolochim var, diphilus 1. Papilio evemon 2. fe hathyclea 8, Leptovireus meges 4, Papilio brama & =©60CSsaycles 6. +» sarpedon 7. » agamemnon TAB. XXXII. 1, Appins amalia as ea andersoni 8. » cardena 4. Papilio doubledayi a, 6. » heptunus | 4 &,0,10. ,, polytea TAB, XXXIV. 1. Tagiades Ast 2. na 3. U daspes folus 4. Hyarotis adrastus 5. Tagiades lavata o. + attioug var. calligane 7. Plesioneura alysos 8. Kerana diocles 9. Baoris chaya 10. , moolata 11. Unkana batara 12. Baoris naroon 13. Gangara thyrsis 14. Tabougis calathus 15. Hidari irava 16. Abaratha surn 17. Erionota thrax 18, Abaratha pygela 19. Kerana anrivittata tor, cameroni 20. Tagiades trichoneura rar, 21. Astictopterus salsala 22. Choaspes hariaa 23. Telicota augias 24. a masoides 25. Unkana elin 26, Choaspes crawfurdi Zi. a chuza 28. Astictopterus xanites 99, Kernana gemmifer 30. Unkana attina TAB, AXXY. Lotongus maculatus Choaspes? malayanus Hasora Li wveig Paduka and ulosa . Pirdana hyela . Zea mythecn . Matapa aria . Pithanria murdava 10. Baoris mathins 1. =, unicolor 12. Telicota bambusre » foloides SOAR Sie 13. 14,15, ,, maro 16. nigrolimbata ig Satarupa affinis tur, cognata 18. Casyapa phanaus 10. Isma obseurn 20, ,, bononia 21. Tagiades dealbata 29, Baoria? insignis 25. Isma? homolon 24. Hidari sybirita 25, ,, staudingeri 26. Plastingia callineura 27. Coladenia dan 28, Plesioneura asmara 2. ‘s pinwilli 40. Astictopterus sindu 31, Kerana armata $2. Plesioneura? anthea TAB. XXXVI. 1. Charaxes baya 2. ve di istanti 3. Thaumantis odana 4, A. Euthalia lepidea, anys 6. Abisara neophron 7. Mycalesis anaxias 8. Lethe minerva 9,10, Euthalia xiphiones 11, Neptis anjana, var, TAB. XXXVI. 1. Kenxidia nurelius 9, Kallima baxtoni, rar. 3. Neorina lowii, rir. 4. Euthalio bellata 5. Mycalesis mnasicles Fria. 6. Charaxes borntensis, var. 7. Euthalia parta TAB. XXXVI. 1. Euthalia derma 2. Melanitis zitenius 8. Cethosia biblis 4. Prothoe uniformis 5. Zeuxides amethyatus i | | aa ] aa ‘ 7. Amathusia dilucida TAB. XXXIX. lL, Euplea maredeni 2. Melanitis euyudana 3. Hestia leuconoe 4. Radena juventa 5. Elymnias godferyi 6. Ergolis ismus 7. Tenaria birchi 8. Mycalesis anapita 9, Lethe mekarn TAB, XL. 1, Vanessa perakana 2,5. Abisara telesia DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Fra, 4. Mycalesis nautilus 5. Clerome arcesilans “3 Member peraka phedra pardalis a: Chatanee durnfordi . Tanaéecia nicévillai 10,11. Abisara damajanti 12. Paduca fasciata 13. Danais ain yeas var, aleippoides TAB. XLI. 1,2, 4 4. Hypolimnas anomala §. Deudorix epijarbas 6.7. Curetis insularis 8. Sater haryge 12. Cirrochroa rotundata 13, Cyrestis cocles 14. Neptis miah, var. 15. Danaia t 16, Mycalesis ustulata TAB. XLII. 1. Leptocireus curius 2. Libythea myrrha Filo, 3. Simiskina fulgens 4,5. Symbrenthia hyppoclus a. hypatia 7. Papilio anticrates, var. 8 a, i, Datei 1. Dannis abigar 12, Nacaduba kerriana a SE neapeci tessellatn L4. ias pyramus 15. Daraninn livens | 16. Delias descombesi TAB. XLII. 1,2. Euthalia merta ao bipunctata 4. inktcia consanguines 5. Elymnias abrisa 6. Euthalia zichri 7. Discophora sondaica 8. Neptis vikasi car. harita | 9, Hestina nama 10. Eurytela castelnaui 11. Euripus halitherses, rar, 12. Euthalia bellata = TAB, XLIV. - Deudorix xenophon . Allotinus alkamah Megiaba thwaitesii Zizera usta Cyaniris jynteana » _ placida Nacadaba macropthalma » Lycwnesthes bengalensis . Cyaniris sp.? rupadia moorei, rar. 12, Sinthusa amba 18. Polyommatus bagua 14. Curetis asopus * eae ei F oo ar _ Mb, Catochrysops enejus 16. Logania sriwa 17. Evores exiguus 18. Narathura buxtoni 19. Sinthusa amba 20. - amata 21. Lycmnesthes tesselluta 22. Lampides abdula 23. Horaga halba a Pinatt arehh lyph ls tingia hieroglyphica 26. Catapecilma bubnses RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Order LEPIDOPTERA. Suborder RHOPALOCERA. Rhopalocéres, Boisd, Spec. Gén, Lépid., i, p. 162 (1836). Tmts suborder includes the Butterflies as distinguished from the Moths, and is indicated by several characters which are common, but not invariable. The antenne are more or less clubbed or thickened at the apex, except in the family Hesperide, when they are generally hooked. ‘The wings in repose are folded vertically over the back, thus exposing the whole of their under surface; but exceptions to this rule also occur, as in the case of the well-known Ageronia feronia, Linn., a butterfly which is somewhat abundant in the orange groves of Brazil, and whose habits have been recorded by Mr. Darwin and other naturalists and travellers.* As a rule, also, these insects are diurnal in their flight, though a few are erepuscular in habit. However, the totality of these characters apply to the group, and the Fhopalocera may therefore, with such reservations, be described as possessing more or less ‘clubbed antenne, in flight diurnal, and in repose having the wings vertically folded above the back. The proper arrangement and classification of the Rhopalocera long absorbed the attention of Lepidopteral systematists, and as a resultant many rival and somewhat artificial systems were promulgated, all, however, more or less based on thorough and exhaustive examination. In this way facts slowly accumulated, and these, with a clear estimation of the important natural affinities afforded by the form of the anterior legs, together with the development theory in the hands of Mr. Bates, supplied the rest. We now possess a good natural classification which is almost universally followed, and which, with some slight modifications, will be used in this work. It represents the transition from a butterfly, whose aérial nature is shown by possessing only four ambulatory feet, with its pupa suspended by the tail to a branch or other substance, through gradual and approximating stages, towards the moths, which have always six perfect legs, and whose pup» are so frequently subterranean. Other systems of classification have been proposed, notably and almost concurrently with the above, by Herrich-Schiiffer,t and since by Guénée,} Seudder,§ Constant Bar,|| and * Tn the Pam. Heaperide the wings in repose are sometimes folded vertically; other species rest with the wings expanded horizontally; frequently the anterior wings are raised vertically, whilst the posterior ones remain in a horizontal position, See A. BR. Wallace, * Zoologist,’ vol. xi., p. 3884 (1853). } Corresp,-Blatt Zool.-mineral. Ver. Regensh. (1564), } Statistique Scientifique du Département d’Eure-et-Loire, Lépidoptores. Chartres, 1875, § ‘Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vi., p. 69 (1877). || Ann, Soc. Ent. France, Ser, V., t. viii., p. 6 (1878), March 81, 1882. Lh 2 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Rissler.* A careful examination of these systems may with advantage and instruction be made, but I have not found it necessary to depart from the classificatory views of Mr. Bates. Fam. NYMPHALIDA, Nymphalide, Bates, Trans. Linn, Soe, xxiii., p.515 (1861). Journ. Entomol., i. p. 220 (1861); ii. p. 176 (1864), Front legs imperfect in both sexes; in the female, at least, wanting the tarsal claws; in the male the fore tarsi quite rudimentary, consisting of one or two spineless joints. Pupa suspended freely by the tail. This family corresponds with ‘The brush-footed butterflies or Nymphales”’ of Scudder,}+ and is placed at Rate er pe the head of the Lhopalocera, a position so long held by e! Fy " ehrysippus. the Papilionide. In that family, however, both sexes ee denaricr tarsi of (From oem) 2 are in the possession of six perfect legs, and the pupa is secured not only by the tail, but by a girdle across the middle, characters which approximate towards those of the Hesperide and Moths. That the atrophy of the fore legs in the Nymphalide is a character that should elevate the family in rank, is well advocated by Scudder, who remarks:—‘‘ Now when we remember that this atrophy affects only the legs borne by the first segment of the thorax, and that this very segment, and this only, in passing from the low larval stage to the perfect form, has become greatly reduced in size, we must accept atrophy of these legs as a conclusive mark of high organization.” The same author has also remarked, in reference to the suspension of the chrysalis by the tail alone being considered a stage beyond that of hanging by tail and girth, ‘‘We have clear proof that all the ‘suspensi,’ as Boisduval happily calls them, have passed through the stage of the ‘succincti,’ since the straight ventral surface of the abdomen, assumed perforee by the succincti, when they left the cocoon stage, and became attached to hard surfaces, still remains in the chrysalis of the brush-footed butterjlies, where it no longer serves any purpose—as clear and striking an indication that the suspensi outrank the succincti, as that the pupa is higher than the larva.” On the contrary, however, it must be stated that so accomplished an entomologist and naturalist as Mr. A. R. Wallace has strongly argued for the retention of the Papilionidw at the head of the hopalocera, though he has since§ used the arrangement proposed by Mr. Bates; whilst our entomological Nestor, Prof. Westwood, still maintains that he sees ‘‘ no reason or even advantage in removing the six-legged J’apilionide from the head of the order, and substituting in their stead the Nymphalide, with their imperfect fore feet, advocated by the German writers, and servilely adopted by their English followers.’’ || * Jahrb. nass. Ver. fiir Naturk., xxxi. & xxxii., p. 220—231. Wiesbaden, 1880, ¢ Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vi., p. 60 (1877). + The male is represented by the sign ¢; the female by ¢. § Geogr. Distr. Anim. || Trans. Linn. Soc. Sec, ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 157 (1875). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 8 Subfam. DANAIN As. Danaine, Bates, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 176 (1864). Euplaine, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i., p, 1 (1881). Lower disco-cellular nervule of the hind wing perfect. Larv® smooth, with fleshy processes. Fore-wing submedian nervure of the imago double at its origin. 65 bd bo 2 b1 o bb ‘h im Fri. 3. Larva of Danais ehrysippus. (From Moore's * Lep. Ceylon.’) Fic. 4, Fic. 4. Anterior wing of Euplea phebus:—a, costal nervore; 6, subcostal nervure; 61, 62, 64, b4, 65, subcostal nervules; ¢1, ¢2, discoidal nervules; @, median nervure; dl, 22, d¢3, median wervules; ¢, submedian neryure; fl, f2, disco-cellular nervules; h, costa Or anterior margin; i, posterior or outer margin; j, inner margin; k, apex or anterior angle; |, posterior or unal angle; m, discoidal cell, . Fra. 5, Posterior wing (under side) of Danais septentrionia:—a, b, 61, 62, d, d1, d2, ds, e, ¢1, asin fig. 4; g, internal nervare; m, precostal nervure; #, abdominal or inner margin; o, discoidal cell. This subfamily is divided into two groups the first of which only is found in, but not restricted to, the Oriental region, the other being peculiar to Tropical America. This division of the Danaine into two groups, corresponds to the proposals originally made and admirably argued by Fritz Miiller,* to some of whose conclusions we shall subsequently refer. If we compare these two groups of Danae, or more roughly the Danaine of the Old and New Worlds, we are at once struck with the fact that im each case there is a transition between more or less diaphanous winged butterflies, such as Hestia and Ideopsis (Oriental) and Ithomia part (Tropical American), on the one hand, and opaque or closely-scaled winged butterflies, on the other. Miiller,} in discussing the progenitors of these groups, is inclined to the belief that the darker insects indicate the original marking and colouring; for he holds that if such progenitors had possessed wings with large transparent spaces, it is improbable that such a large number of the existing species should have reverted to a still earlier type of wing completely clothed with scales. This view is even more strongly evidenced in the Old World Danaine, Group DANAINA. Danaina, Godm, & Saly,, Biol. Centr. Am., Rhopal., p. 1 (1879). Male with a pair of anal pencils of hair; basal joints of palpi short; distal end of tarsus and tarsal joints of front leg of female fattened, so as to give a club-shaped termination to the leg; tibia of male as long as the femur; tarsus (in some form) always present. * «Kosmos, 1879, p. 100; and translation by Meldola, ‘ Proc, Ent. Soc.,’ 1879, p. xx. + Ibid. 4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This group, as here understood, contains, in addition to all the Old World Danaine, two Tropical American genera. Five genera are here included, which with Amauris, peculiar to the Ethiopian region, and Hamadryas, not found west of Wallace's line, constitute the Danaine of the extra-American regions as understood (with the exception of one additional genus, Radena) by all writers at the time of publication of Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue in 1871, and as used by Mr. Wallace in his work on the ‘Geographical Distribution of Animals.’ Since that time many other genera have been proposed, some founded on Hiibnerian names and others quite novel. These, although not all followed in this work, will be alluded to when placed under older generic names, and applying to Malayan butterflies. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. I. Antennm* slender, almost filiform, searcely thickened at the tip. A. Wings semidiaphanous. a. Tarsal elaws of middle and posterior legs, short and curved. b. Claws accompanied with pulvilli. ¢. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing with costal nervure. d. Costal margin of hind wings strongly curved, subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Hestta. IT. Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. aa. Tareal claws of middle and posterior legs long and eurved, bb. Claws with pulvilli obsolete or absent. oe Pesca ot Hie tye dd. Costul margin of hind wings very slightly eurved, sub- ceux, b. Antenna of Ideopsie costal nervules not widely separated and subequal ssa in length. e. Hind wings more or less obovate. . : . Lpeopsts. J. Male with no specialised scent-gland. B. Wings more or less opaque. ddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight. ee. Hind wings broad, subtriangular. . : . TtapENa. ec. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anasto- mosing with costal nervure. dddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight or slightly eurved. Jf. Males with one or more distinctly specialised scent- glands situated on posterior wings. ; - Danars. bbb, Claws accompanied with pulvilli. Jif. Males with no seent-glands to posterior wings, but Fic. 7.— a. Intermedinte tarsus of ; sometimes with one or more pseudo-scent glands Hestia lynceus. 6. Posterior . : tarsus of Ideopsis dacs. or brands on anterior wings. . : . HKurpea. * Dr. Murray's contributors have carried back ‘‘antennw" to 1698, whien it is used apparently as a well-known term, in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ p. 877. Yet it is not given by Bailey in his vol. ii, (technical), 1731. It is a striking instance of how little is known of the history of words that no clue has yet been discovered to the author, date, or explanation of this curious application of a word meaning the “ top-sail yard” of a vessel to the horn of an insect or lobster. It is not even known in what language the entomological use first appeared, and whether it was a popular figure or a scientific fancy. M. Littré did not raise the question which the editor of the Philological Society's Dictionary wants to solve.—' ATHENzuM,’ No. 2830, p. 95 (1882). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 5 Genus HESTIA. Hestia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15 (1816); Doubl. Gen, Diurn, Lep., p. 94 (1847); Seudder, Proc. Am, Acad. Arts & Be., x., p. 189 (1874). Idea, Fabr. Tl. Mag., vi., p. 288 (1808); Latr. Ene. Meth., ix., p. 10 (1819). Nectaria, Dalm., in Billb, Enum. Ins., p. 76 (1820); Seudder, Proc. Am. Acad, Arts & B8e., x., p. 224 (1875); Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2 (1881). Antenne long, slender, almost filiform, scarcely thickened at apex. Wings large and semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded ; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less concave. Costal nervure extending to more than half the length of costal margin; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure. Cell long; upper discocellular nervule inwardly oblique and slightly angled near subcostal nervure, lower outwardly convex. Submedian nervure much recurved. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin strongly curved; apex and anal angle rounded ; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Tarsi of the intermediate and posterior legs long, with the claws curved rather short, and provided with pulvilli. Sendder has proposed the division of Hestia, as hitherto understood, into two genera,— Hestia, type lynceus, and Nectaria, type idea,—and Moore has adopted this view. But despite the assertion of Mr. Scudder that those two species are generically distinct, I cannot consider them so from my point of view, and therefore only follow all previous writers in recognising but one genus for these peculiar and beautiful butterflies. According to Dr. Thwaites,* the Ceylon species of the genus is known by the name of the ‘* Sylph,”’ and frequents the glades of woods.+ The Rey. L. C. Biggs, in a popular article on ‘* Butterflies in Malaya,’’{ states that species of the genus are found in old jungle throughout the Straits, and are known by the name of the ‘‘ Ghost.” The same author writes, ‘‘ They are not usually very common, but may be seen in great numbers where their favourite honey can be gathered. This is usually at the top of a tree some thirty to fifty feet high.” When collecting in Province Wellesley myself, the colloquial term used was the ‘* Widow,” and I saw the genus in greatest abundance on Penang Hill. Mr. Moore records that his H. malabarica is ‘found in woody places on the western coast, Sea S on the thick-wooded mountain-passes up the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.” Larnva.—The only published figure of a larva of this genus is in Horf. and Moore's Lep. Ins. Mus. E.LC.,i., pl. iv., fig. 11, where it is described, on the authority of Prof. Westwood, § as being that of Ideopsis daos, Boisd. This is an error. The drawings were made by Capt. Hamilton, and Mrs. Hamilton, in a letter to my friend Mr. F¥ Moore (the contents of which that gentleman, with his usual kindness, has communicated to me) has inforfued him that they really represent the larva and pupa of the Malabar species of Hestia, H. malabarica, from specimens taken on the Western Ghats of Southern India. Mr. Moore has also since received verification of the same from other observers. As, however, that species is not found in our fauna, and its larva is the only one of which we have a published description, it would be hazardous to describe the same as of typically generic character. * Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2. + Tennent (Nat. Hist. Ceyl., p. 426) states that in Ceylon it is also known by the names of “ Floater,” “Spectre,” and *“ Silver-paper-fly.”" | ‘Month. Packet,’ 1881. § Proc. Ent, Soc., n.5., 1, pp. 85, 36. Marcu 31, 1882. c 6 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Pur.—The pupa of the above, and also of H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, is figured by Horsf. and Moore, ibid., pl. iv., figs. 1la@ and 12. The genus Hestia in the east, like the genus Morpho of the western tropics, may be taken as exhibiting what has been described as ‘excess of wing area,” which, with the comparatively small and light body, is more productive of lofty rather than of swift flight. Pettigrew, i i has exhaustively treated on the mechanical properties of animal locomotion, has laid do the postulate that ‘The wing area decreases as the size and weight of the volant animal increases”;* and the same author has not only shown a law of “ weight necessary to flight,” but also that when the body is light and the wings very ample when they are driven at a comparatively low speed (both in insects and birds), ‘‘the reaction elicited by the ascent and descent of the wing displaces the body to a marked extent,”’+ or, in other words, an enormous expanse of wings or pinions readily explains an irregular flight on the “ principle of recoil.” This principle applies to large-winged and light-bodied species of Hestia, who though of lofty, are not of swift flight. Bigg describes a Penang species as ‘‘a slowly sailing object,’’ which I can corroborate from my own experience; and Tennent,{ writing of the Ceylon species, speaks of its wings ‘that bend and undulate in the act of flight,” by this sentence probably referring to the course of the whole insect.§ On the other hand, confining ourselves to the Kast, the more robust-bodied Papilionide have, as Collingwood has truly remarked, “ strength of wing and straight headlong course.’’|} This is particularly the case with the large and heavy-bodied Ornithopterw, of which O. brookeana may be taken as an example; Wallace, its discoverer, not only speaking of its swift flight, but Burbidge] stating that im that respect its flight resembles that of a bird. Probably about sixteen species exist, although some of the deseribed forms may prove to be but varieties of other species. The area over which this genus is distributed includes Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and extending also throughout the Archipelago, including Papua. Only two species appear to be found in this fauna. Mr. Bigg remarks that ‘‘ There are at least three distinct sizes of ‘Ghosts’ in the Straits.” In this enumeration he evidently includes the species of the following genus Ideopsis. The food-plants being unrecorded, no knowledge of the geographical distribution of the same can be obtained. 1. Hestialynceus. (Tab. L., fig. 2.) Pap. lynceus, Drury, Ill. Ex, Ent., ii., t. 7, fig. 1 (1773), Idea tyncea, Godt. Enc. Méth., ix., p. 195, n. 2 (1819), Male and female. Wings semihyaline and more or less fuliginous; neuration fuseous. Anterior wings above with the following black macular markings :—two contiguous spots above and a little before centre of cell, and a subquadrate costal spot at apex of first subcostal nervule; a large irregular spot about * * Animal Locomotion,’ p. 132. + Ibid., p. 119. | Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 426. § Wallace speaks admiringly of a species of Hestia at Singapore, “ sailing or rather floating along, and having, to my eye, a far more striking and majestic appearance than even the Morphoa of Brazil.”—* Zoologist,’ 1864, p. 4390. || ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 182. { ‘Gardens of the Sun,’ p. 260. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 7 centre of cell, and a much angulated spot enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a discal oblique series of irregular spots, the upper two near costa fused and subquadrate, the remaining six more or less oblong or rounded, in straight oblique series between the nervules; a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each: nervule, and a marginal series of pyriform spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it,a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and subcostal nervures, a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each nervule, but becoming irregular, much broken and partially effaced towards anterior angle, and a marginal row of pyriform spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black above, with the sides and under surface white; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white ; sternum black, broadly streaked with white. Underside of wings marked as above. Exp. wings, 147 to 180 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca.—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).—Java (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore).—Borneo (colls. Brit. Mus. and Godm. & Salv.). This species appears to be peculiar to, and dominant in, the trne Malayan region. It is extremely variable in size and also in hue, the amount of fuliginous shading being inconstant, and some specimens are very much paler than the melanic form here figured. It also varies in the size of the black macular markings. Two varieties have been elsewhere figured :— Var. a. Pap. idea, Stoll (nec. Linn.), Suppl. Cram., t. 42, fig. 1 (1787—1791). Var. b. Hestia idea, Doub. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep., t. 18, fig. 1 (1847). 2. Hestia linteata. (Tab.4., fig. 1). Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, i., p. 586, pl. Ixix., fig, 6 (1879). Male and female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, neuration black. Anterior wing above with a pitchy basal costal streak, and the following black macular markings :—a much waved and angulated spot about centre of cell which reaches the subcostal nervure, and is contiguous to a smaller spot situated above that nervure ; a large angulated spot, enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a diseal oblique series of irregular spots, consisting of four suboval spots in a waved line situated between the nervules near apex, and a straighter more oblique and broken series on and between the median nervules; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, and a marginal series of obovate spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it; a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and subcostal nervures; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, which become exceedingly irregular, broken, and partially eradicated near anterior angle, and a marginal row of large obovate spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black above, with the sides and under surface white; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum white, streaked with black. Under- side of wings marked as above. Exp. wings 145 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Malacea (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore). Hi. linteata 1s allied to H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, to which Mr. Moore also compares his H. malabarica from 8. India. It appears to be constant in form, and I have seen no dark specimens. It is probably quite confined to the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula. 8 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus IDEOPSIS. Ideopsis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.LC., i., p. 183 (1857). Danats, Sect. 4, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 90 (1847). Antennw gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less coneave; costal nervure extending to more than half its length; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin oblique and moderately straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules not widely separated and subequal in length. Claws of middle and posterior legs long and slightly curved ; pulvilli absent or obsolete. Male without sexual mark or scent-gland to posterior wings. Larve and pupe apparently undescribed. About seven species of this genus are now known to exist, and its recorded area includes the Malay Peninsula, extending throughout the Archipelago to Waigiou and Mysore Islands. It has also been received from China. It is not found in Ceylon, and appears to be also absent from the lepidopteral fauna of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. One species only is found in the Malay Peninsula. Snellen, in writing on Celebesian butterflies," places one of the above seven species in the genus Hestia; the differential generic characters, however, here given, prevent my following that author in so doing. 1. Ideopsis daos. (Tab. L, figs. 37 & 4¢.) Idea Daos, Boisd., Spéc. Gén. Lép., i., t. 24, fig. 8 (1836), Hestia Eudora, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep., p. 10, t. 9, £. 8 (1846). Ideopsis Daos, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., i., p. 184 (1857). lilea Thardi, Voll., Tijd. Ent., iil, p- 44, t. 2, f. 4 (1860). Male. Wings semihyaline and more or less pale fuliginons; neuration dark fuscous. Anterior wings above with the costal area black, and with the following black macular markings:—a broad irregular patch at each subcostal nervule; a large spot at end of cell; a narrow streak at each diseoidal nervure (sometimes coalescing); an oblique submarginal series of irregular spots, situated between the nervules, the lower three largest, and a marginal series of large spots, placed on the nervules, those at apex smallest; between the marginal spots are faint longitudinal streaks, and a thickened streak on apex of submedian neryure. Posterior wing with a large spot at apex of cell; a discal series of six irregular spots between the nervules (that near submedian nervure somewhat indistinct), and a marginal row of spots (at end of nervules these are somewhat obovate, and between which they are pyriform). Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen pale fuscous, white beneath; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum black, spotted with white. Underside of wings marked as above. Female. Differs from the male in having the anterior wings broader, and less deeply sinuate externally. Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 104 millim.; 9? 92 to 112 millim. * Tijdschr. Ent., xxi., p. 5 (1878). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 9 Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).— Malacca (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Singapore (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Gray).—Borneo (coll. Brit. Mus.).—China; Hong Kong (coll. Brit. Mus.). This species, even in the male sex, varies much in the shape of the anterior wings, and affords thereby an illustration of the caution necessary before such a character can be used as of differential value in separating species. The nearest allied species is /. gawra, Horsf., which inhabits Java, and which, with J. daos, I take as typical of the genus. These two species in colour and markings approximate closely to species of Hestia; the remaining species belonging to /deopsis are more or less tinged with yellow, have the fuscous shadings broader, and approach the true Danaids. Notr.—Although Gray described this insect in his ‘ Lepid. Ins. Nepaul,’ he gives the habitat Sumatra, which also applies to other insects in the same work. Genus RADENA., Radena, Moore, Lep. Ceylon. p. 8 (1881). Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque, thickly covered with scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave. First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before end of cell, and anastomosed with costal nervure ; second subcostal nervule emitted slightly before end of cell. Posterior wings broad, subtriangular; costal margin nearly straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure convex at base, and extending paralle! to margin; subcostal nervules not widely separated, first arched and longest. Male with no specialised seent-gland. This genus is intermediate between Danais and IJdeopsis. Agreeing thoroughly with the first in general appearance and coloration, it yet possesses no specialised scent-gland ; while with Jdeopsis it agrees in the position of the first subcostal nervule of anterior wing, but differs strongly from that genus by the shape of the posterior wings. About ten described species or varieties are known, of unequal value, some showing strong specific differentiation, whilst others appear to be simply constant geographical races of one species; such as ff. vulgaris, Butl., the only species received from the Malay Peninsula, which probably, as Mr. Wood-Mason®* considers, is but a constant local race or form of R. similis, Linn., a Chinese species, of which other constant and allied forms are found in Borneo, Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. The last author, however, describes the male of his var. nicobarica as ‘provided with a distinct, though little specialised, sexual mark or scent-gland.”’ I have not seen that form, but from an examination of other species of the genus, have been unable to discover anything similar. The area of this genus is of wide extent. Specimens of #. vulgaris labelled ‘‘ Bengal” and ‘‘Nepaul”’ are contained in the British Museum; but Mr. Wood-Mason, writing from the Calcutta Museum,+ considers this a mistake, and states that he has seen no specimen of it from any region farther to the west than Upper Tenasserim. We ought therefore to accept * Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl., vol. L., p. 226 (1881). { Thbid. Marcu 31, 1882. D 10 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Continental India as a questionable habitat at least; but Radena is represented in, and has been recorded from, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Batchian, Gilolo, Bouru, and Ceram in the east, and northward from Siam, Formosa and China. The larva and pupa of A. juventa, Cram., from Java, are figured in Horsf. and Moore’s ‘Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C.,' i., pl. v., figs. 4nd 4a, and Dr. Horsfield (p. 123) states that the larva there feeds on a plant bearing the native name of ‘‘ Simbukan-rambat.” 1. Radena vulgaris. (Tab. L., fig. 8.) Danais vulgaris, Butl., Ent. Month. Mag., xi., p. 164 (1874). Danais melissa, Doubleday (nee Cramer), List Lep. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 49 (1844); Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 92, n. 28 (1847. Danais similis (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.LC., i., p, 122, n, 287 (1857). Danais similis, Linn., race vrwygaris, Butl. Query. Male and female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish markings. Anterior wings above with a long narrow basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures followed by three elongate spots; a large gradually widening streak in cell, deeply notched externally and transversely broken before apex, followed by two elongate spots; two long and linear fasci# beneath cell, united at base, one running subparallel to submedian nervure, the other directed parallel to median nervure and deflexed before third median nervule; a diseal oblique series of five spots, the first and upper one elongate, third smallest, and fourth and fifth largest; a submarginal row of seven spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which tend to become obsolete at apex. Posterior wings with two elongate fasciw in cell joined together at base, but widely divergent at apex, where there is a linear slightly curved intermediate spot; a long curved linear fascia commencing from beneath base of cell and deflected before third median nervule, followed by a discal series of five limear spots; a submarginal series of about eleven small spots and a marginal series of smaller ones—all these spots and fasciw pale bluish; two long greyish streaks on each side of internal nervure along abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler; anterior wing with an additional eighth spot to submarginal series, and the cellular streak quite divided before apex; other markings of both wings generally as above. Head and thorax above black, with a linear marginal series of white spots, and a central discal thoracic white streak. Abdomen fuscous above, much paler beneath ; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; fore tibim and intermediate and posterior femora streaked with white. Exp. wings 78 to 85 millim. Hazs.—Continental India; Nepaul and Bengal ?? (Brit. Mus.).—Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Penang, Malacca, Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Java.—Borneo (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). Mr. H. G. Smith" gives this species as an inhabitant of Sumatra, which is doubtless correct; he, however, also adds its pseudo-parent form D. similis, from the same locality, which has hitherto only been recorded from China and Formosa. Although, as previously stated, this is probably but a constant geographical race of R. similis, I have treated it here, with this reservation, as a distinct species, and shall follow this qualified course where necessary throughout. The question of species and varieties can only be properly estimated by breeding, and it is hoped that some Malay entomologist in whose way this work may fall will add to our knowledge by so doing. At present we can only * In Bock. ‘ Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 11 fall back upon the dictum of Mr. C. Darwin, that ‘in determining whether a form should be ranked as a species or variety, the opinion of naturalists having sound judgment and wide experience seems the only guide to follow. We must, however, in many cases, decide by a ’ majority of naturalists, for few well-marked and well-known varieties can be named which have not been ranked as species by at least some competent judges.” * Genus DANAIS. Danais, Latreille, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 10 (1819); Boisd., Lec. Lep. Am. Sept., p. 183 (1883); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 89 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 84 (1862); Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr. Am., Rhop., p. 1 (1879). Danaida, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust, Ins., xiv., p. 108 (1805). Panaus, Latr., Gen. Crust. Ins., iv., p. 201 (1809). As some modern writers do not use this old and well-known name for the genus, it is perhaps necessary, before giving a diagnosis of the same, to state the reasons why they have discarded it, and why it is still used here. Latreille, finding his earlier name Danaida preoccupied in Botany, supplanted it (1809) by the title Danaus. Mr. Scudder} argues that as the first name is only used in Botany it ought to be restored. But Mr. Butler? has remarked that ‘‘ Danaida”’ is but the ‘‘plural form’’ of Danais, a term first used by Godart § and systematically more euphonious than Danaus, which last is, however, adopted in preference by Mr. Kirby in his supplementary Catalogue (1877). Mr. Crotch || traces the name to Linnzus, { who used it, however, only as a division of his genus /’apilio; and therefore Mr. Moore’s objection** that Danaus was adopted in a generic sense by Esper in 1777 and Panzer in 1801 for species of Picrine, and therefore cannot be retained in this group of butterflies, is an argument that has not, at least hitherto, secured universal acceptance. Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque and thickly covered with scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave. First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of cell; second emitted sometimes immediately before the end of cell, but generally not before termination of the same. Posterior wings broad, subtriangular; costal margin nearly straight or slightly curved; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure and nervules variable. Male with one or more specialised scent-glands. It is difficult to definitely assess the exact number of known species and varieties of this widely represented genus, but probably there are now about eighty distinct forms described. Its distribution is almost universal, and if is found in both the warm-temperate and tropical zones. One, an almost cosmopolitan species, is found in South-Eastern Europe, and others are particularly abundant throughout the Malayan Archipelago, Papua, and the Pacific Region. * ‘Origin of Species,’ 6th ed., p. 37. + Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Scienc., p. 153 (1875). | Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 291. § Enc. Meth., ix., p. 172 (1819). || Cist. Ent., i., p. 60 (1872). "| Syst. Nat., ed. x. (1758). ** Lep. CeyL, p. 1, uote (1861). 12 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Besides this species, which is found in Europe, and which does not oceur much above 41°N., there is also an American species, which extends throughout the length of its tropical regions, and is found as far north as Canada. Mr. Bates* acutely observes that it is interesting to find that this, the only genus of the Danaine which is common to the three tropical regions, is the sole one of the subfamily that occurs in high latitudes. And further that ‘the only means of communication between the intertropical lands.of America and Asia seems to have been a circuitous route by the north (or south); and the essentially tropical forms do not appear to have passed along it.” This American species, however, has in quite recent times, become (and the process seems still going on) distributed through many of the Pacific Islands, to New Guinea and Australia, and has even been found in Europe, which its previous appearance at the Azores had somewhat rendered probable. A few years ago + I endeavoured to trace the course and cause of this migration, and had reason to come to the conclusion that its distribution was apparently governed by the range of its food-plants, which are species of Asclepias, and that the directing causes were probably due to the accidental agency of man in the first place, and possibly also to prevalent winds and currents. It has been well pointed out by Mr. Wallace that the most widely distributed species are probably the most ancient, and it will particularly apply here, if we qualify that statement by the proposition made by Dr. Buchanan White,{ that unless circumstances (not necessarily or always some form of human agency, as Dr. White apparently relies upon) have been exceptionally favourable, species which have the widest distribution are probably of greater antiquity than those whose distribution is less extensive. The most widely distributed species of Danais is D, chrysippus, the species to which we have alluded as even occurring in §.E, Kurope, and which is of a similar tawny hue to the American D, plexippus, which has also an exceedingly wide habitat (though probably recent in extent of distribution), and likewise occurs in high latitudes. All the tawny species of the genus with which I am acquainted have, also, but one subcostal nervule emitted distinctly before the end of the discoidal cell; and therefore, if we accept these tawny species as representing the original colour of the genus, we may also accept this as the primitive neuration. This view receives apparent confirmation from observing that it is amongst the green-spotted species that we find the second subcostal nervule emitted before the end of the cell, thus leading on to Radena, Ideopsis, and Hestia in that respect; but which last-named genera take a fresh departure in having the first subcostal nervule anastomosed with the costal nervure. This also appears concurrent testimony to the views of Miiller to the same effect, and which we have previously endeavoured to convey (ante, p. 3). Ina curiously marked East African species in which the tawny and green-spotted facies are combined, and which was lately described by Mr. Godman,§ a fresh departure is taken from the ordinary type by the first and second subcostal nervules being anastomosed. The males possess on the posterior wings one or more dull-coloured patches, situated on or in the neighbourhood of the third median nervule and submedian neryure. These were long known only as ‘sexual spots,” but Miiller|| has ably and strongly shown that they are really scent-producing organs. ‘They are, indeed, glands or pouches, but as they open only by * Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii., p. 495 et seg. (1862). + Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 98. | ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xiv., p. 270 (1881). $ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 183. || Trans. Ent. Soe., 1878, p. 213. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 15 a narrow slit, Miller remarks that odours could hardly be freely emitted. He therefore hazards the speculation that the anal tufts of hair might be introduced into the pouches, to be impregnated there with odoriferous matter. A proposition like this, though probable, necessarily requires verification, which an observer of such exactitude and patience as Miiller will doubtless endeavour to supply. It is possibly towards such at present unproyed postulates that Karl Semper, quoting Jaeger," remarks that enough has been done in the way of philosophising by Darwinists, and that the task that now hes before us is to apply the test of exact investigation to the hypotheses we have laid down. This genus represents, with the other members of the Danaine, a ‘* protected” group of insects, which, from distastefulness or other causes, enjoys an immunity from the attacks of birds and other enemies. ‘The testimony to this fact 1s undoubted and too voluminous to insert here; but even in tenacity of life Danais is remarkable, and Mr. Trimen} records how South African specimens, caught, pinched and pinned by his native collectors, would nearly all, on the withdrawal of the pins, ‘fly off in a ‘nonchalant’ manner, as if nothing had befallen them.’’ Mr. Meldola} was disposed to consider (and with good reason) that these insects possess an immunity after death from the attacks of mites and other museum pests. He had in his possession a box of old Indian insects, the greater part of which had been demolished by mites; the only surviving specimens, in addition to a Papilio, beng Danaids. This view, however, will require further confirmation, as in some Hast African insects which have lately passed through my hands, specimens of D. dorippus have the bodies nearly destroyed by these attacks. Seven species alone are at present known from the Malayan Peninsula. Criiger,§ in a short notice of Malaccan Lepidoptera, refers to another species, D. aylea, but this may prove to rest on a mistaken determination. A. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of discoidal cell, a. Male possessing two distinct scent-glands on posterior wings. b. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule curved and longer than the second, 1. Danais aspasia, var. crocea. (Tab. I., fig. 7.) Papilio aspasia, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., u., p. 15, n. 145 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 170, n. 626 (1793). Danais cracea, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 57, n. 58, pl. 4, fig. 5; Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool. vol. i., p. 536, 7 (1877). Danais uspasia, Gutl., Cat. Fabr, Lep., p. 7 (1860). Bahora aspasia, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings above black or fuscous, with the following pale hyaline markings :—three subcostal spots, the inner one situated between first and second subcostal nervules; beneath these are two elongated streaks, followed by four small subapical spots placed in slightly curved oblique series, the upper one very indistinct; two irregularly shaped spots above first median nervule, three between first and second median nervyules, three between second and third median nervules, the inner one large and subquadrate; a very large spot (tinged with yellow) occupying basal two-thirds of area between third median nervule and submedian nervure, followed by a small irregular spot; and a marginal series of small * ‘Animal Life,’ (Preface, 1881). + Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. iv., p. 217. { Proc. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. xii. § Verhandl, d. Ver. f. naturwissensch. Unterh. z. Hamb., iii., p. 29 (1878), Mancu 31, 1882. E 14 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. spots placed in pairs between the nervules, which become obsolete towards apex. Cell with either the apex only or whole discal centre more or less pale subhyaline. Posterior wings above black or fuscous, with the space between costal nervure and first subcostal nervule; the whole of cell, followed by two elongated spots, situated beneath bases of first and second subcostal nervules, and two near bases of median nervules; basal two-thirds of submedian interspace acutely dentate at apex, and basal two-thirds of internal area pale yellow; a diseal row of small pale spots divided by the nervules, and a submarginal series of much smaller, irregularly shaped and arranged spots, both series becoming obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath generally as above, but with the spots much more distinct, and with a marginal series to hind wings. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen fuscous above, white beneath. Sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; femora streaked with white. Posterior wings with two distinct spatular scent-glands, largest on third median nervule and smallest on submedian nervyure. Female. Larger than the male, with the apex of the anterior wings much broader, and the cell clearer and paler; marginal spots to hind wings clearly visible above. Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 78 millim.; 9? 86 millim. Han.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore.—Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). The form designated by Butler as D). crocea, which he originally described as distinet, but which he afterwards * submitted as a var. of D. aspasia, seems to be a dominant, larger, brighter and somewhat more melanie race of the Fabrician species. A very closely allied species or race, D. philomela, Zink., is found in Java. I have been unable to examine and measure more than one female, a specimen which I captured myself in Province Wellesley. bb. Posterior wings with costal margin nearly straight, and with the first subcostal nervule curved and longer than the second. 2. Danais melaneus. (Tab. I., fig. 6.) Papilio melaneus, Cramer, Pap, Exot., i., t. 80, fig. p (1775). Danais melaneus, Godart, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 192, 58 (1819 ); Doubleday, List Lep. Brit, Mus., pl. 1, p. 50 (1844); Doubl. & Hewits., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 93, n. 36 (1847); Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 128, n. 242 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1866, p. 65, n. 47; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 536, 6 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 822. Caduga melaneus, Moore, M8. Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior wing dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings:—three small elongate subcostal spots, the first commencing just beyond first subcostal nervule; beneath these spots are two elongated streaks, followed by a subapical oblique series of three small and rounded spots; nine irregularly sized and shaped spots on disk, situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three between second and third median nervules, and one near posterior angle a little beyond a large streak (generally but not always longitudinally divided) which occupies about basal two-thirds of interspace between third median nervule und submedian nervure, and a submarginal series of small spots which become obsolete and obliterated towards apex; discoidal cell with a large discal streak (this is very irregular in size in different specimens). * Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 7 (1869). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 15 Posterior wings dark fusecous, with the following pale bluish markings:—a large basal subcostal streak, followed by a small elongate spot; the interior of discoidal cell followed and apically surrounded by five elongate spots situated between the nervules, of which the two interior are each followed by a smaller and rounded spot; four long, basal, longitudinal streaks, two situated before median nervure and connected at base, and two on abdominal margin; two or three subdiscal spots, situated between the nervures near apex, and a submarginal series of small spots, which are obsolete and obliterated near apex and anal angle. Wings beneath generally as above, but with the submarginal spots continuous and -distinct, and the subdiscal series of three spots, as seen above, continued in regular but smaller series to near anal angle. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with bluish white; abdomen fusecous above, testaceous beneath; sternum black, spotted with white ; undersides of palpi, femora, and trochanters white. Male with two linear scent-glands on posterior wings, the longest situated on submedian nervure near apex, the smaller one near apex of internal nervure. Exp. wings 79 to 92 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Wood-Mason).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Java (coll. Dist.).—Sumatra.*—Formosa (Brit. Mus.). This species varies much in amount of melanism, and also in the size of the pale markings ; some males have also the apex of the anterior wings more produced than in other specimeus of the same sex, thus further illustrating the little specific value of such characters. About six species with similar structural characters and common facies are allied to this species, as pointed out to me by my friend Mr. Moore, who has specially studied the Danainw. These form a group which are represented in Continental India, Java, Phillipine Islands, and Japan. 8. Danais agleoides. (Tab. I., fig. 5.) Danais aglevides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0. 17 (1860); Moore, Proc. “Zool. Soc., 1877, ]). 581; Wood-Mason & Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 1., p. 224 (1881). Danais qrammica, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 55, n. 44; Trans, Linn, Soce., ser. 2, Zool, vol, i., p. 536, u. (1877), nec. Boisd. Parantica ayleoides, Moore, MS. Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a basal longitudinal streak, situated between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by three subcostal spots, the first situated immediately after first subcostal nervule, beneath which are two short linear streaks, divided by upper discoidal nervule; nine irregularly shaped discal spots situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three beneath second median nervule, and one near posterior angle a little beyond two narrow fascie, joined at base, the first running parallel to median nervure, and then deflexed subparallel to third median nervule, the other running subparallel to submedian nervure; a narrow fascia commencing at base and extending along about half the length of submedian nervure; two long discal streaks in discoidal cell, the upper one straight and divided, the lower more or less recurved; a submarginal row of seven irregular spots, and a marginal row of very small spots placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming obsolete and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a long basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by a small elongate spot; two fasciz in cell, united at base, and from thence running subparallel to subcostal and median nervures, between apex of each is a short intermediate streak ; following and surrounding apex of cell are five irregular * Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters Borneo,’ Append. V. 16 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. aud elongate spots, the first situated above second subcostal nervule, the others between the nervules, the last two of which are followed by two irregularly shaped spots; two long narrow fasciw, united at base, the upper of which runs parallel to median nervure, and is then deflexed along inner side of third median nervule, the lower parallel to submedian nervure; two long fasci# on abdominal margin, divided by internal nervure; a waved submarginal row of small spots (obsolete near base in male and continuous in female), and a marginal row of small spots, inconstant in size and distinctness. Underside of wings somewhat paler; marginal rows of spots to both wings, and submarginal row to posterior wings, continuous and distinct. Posterior wings with two basal spots before precostal nervure, and a curved basal fascia above costal nervure, which is hidden above by the inner margin of anterior wing. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fuscous above, white beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; undersides of palpi, trochanters and femora white. The posterior wing of the male is provided with two spatular scent-glands, the largest situated on third median nervule, and the smallest on submedian nervure. Exp. wings, 69 to 76 millim. Har.— Nicobar Islands (Caleutta Mus.).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra. (Smith.) A female form is here figured. By a curious accident the specimens of this species in the Collection of the British Museum have hitherto stood in the name of D. yrammica, and probably this error may have had somewhat wide circulation, by collectors having accepted the Museum name without the necessary certification by reference to Boisduval’s figure. B. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule not emitted distinctly before the end of diseoidal cell. e. Male provided with one scent-gland on poatertor wings. d. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule not longer than the second. 4. Danais septentrionis. (Tab. L., fig. 9.) Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xi., p. 168 (1874; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, 4 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zoal, Soc., 1878, p. 822; Semper, Journ. Mus. Godefir,, vol. xiy., p. 140, tab. 8, fig. 7 (1879). Tirumala septentrionis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, vol. i., p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2 (1881). Male and female. Wings above dark glossy fuscous, with pale bluish spots and markings. Anterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a longitudinal basal streak in cell, followed near its apex by a transverse irregular and much sinuated fascia; beyond cell are three elongate and linear subcostal spots, the inner two placed close together near end of cell; beneath these are three linear streaks, the first and smallest situated above and the second and largest beneath the first discoidal nervule; thirteen irregular spots on diseal surface, upper three divided between discoidal nervules, and the remainder thus situated—four between first and second median nervules, three between second and third median nervules, and three between third median nervule and submedian nervure, which nervure is also preceded by a subparallel linear basal streak; and a marginal series of small spots irregularly sized and placed. Posterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—two long fasci@ in cell, broadly united at base, and widely divergent at apex; the cell is followed and surrounded by the following streaks or fascis :—a narrow linear and outwardly thickened one above subcostal nervure, three which are much broader divided by lower subcostal and diseoidal nervules, two which are very narrow, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 17 linear, and dentate separated by second median nervule, and two united at base between median and submedian neryures ; two long linear streaks on abdominal margin divided by internal nervure, and a narrow linear streak on inner side and about centre of submedian nervure; a discal and much waved series of fourteen irregularly sized spots (in some specimens the inner two are united to the two abdominal-marginal streaks), and a much waved marginal series of smaller spots. Underside of wings much paler, markings as above, and two spots at base of posterior wings divided by precostal nervure. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above brown, ochraceous beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters and femora white. Male with a large and distinct scent-gland situated between third median nervule and median nervure. Exp. wings 82 to 108 millim. Has.—Continental India ; Cachar ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.).— Ceylon (colls. Moore and Dist.) —Tenasserim (Limborg.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Moore). Males from the Malay Peninsula exhibit probably the maximum of size, and are in strong contrast, in that respect, to some Ceylon specimens. Mr. Butler appends to his description the very applicable remark that “ there can be no doubt that this is the Indian representative of the Australian species D. hamata, M‘Leay.” All the differential characters relied upon by Butler are found in Malayan specimens, but certainly do not apply so strongly to all the Ceylon forms, some of which in size and markings approximate much more closely to the Australian species. G, Semper, in a valuable paper, ‘“ Beitrag zur Rhopaloceren-Fauna von Australien,’ * has urged that D. septentrionis and some other described forms are probably “local forms” of D. hamata, which really agrees with Butler’s views, already quoted, that the first-named may be considered the ‘Indian representative” of the Australian species. It is necessary that these qualitative views and potentialities should be clearly understood, as they afford pregnant illustration to the conclusions of Gabriel Koch.+ This author, from an examination of the species found in the South Asiatic and Australian Regions, concludes that in many cases the differences between what are generally considered as distinct species are merely variations consequent upon a change of habitat. (It is doubtless implied that the surrounding conditions are also different.) This, however, with the manifold readings of the much-vexed term “species,” is unimportant. He, however, considered that these facts warranted a belief in an Indian or South Asiatic fauna, which included the warmer parts of Asia, Malasia, Polynesia, and Australia, and Prittwitz,{ in a notice of Koch’s results, supplemented by his own examination of Vollenhoven’s Pieride derived from the Dutch East Indian Possessions, agrees with Koch in formulating the existence of an Indo-Australian Region. Koch, however, in 1870,§ modified his views, dividing this proposed fauna into two parts,—a South Asiatic or Indian and an Australian and Polynesian fauna, which last he considers, without doubt, has been derived from the Indian by migration, the principal agents of which are the prevalent monsoons. He then, however, seems to infer that the greatest modifying agent in the formation of new species is the influence of climate. Oscar Schmidt, || after a study of Koch’s labours, * Journ. Mus. Godefir., vol. xiv., p. 198. + ‘Die Indo-Anstralische Lepidopteren-Fauna’ (1866). } Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1866, p. 259. § ‘Die geographische Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge iiber die Erde,’ Geogr. Mitth, (1870). || ‘The Doctrine of Descent,’ p. 227. Marca 51, 1882. FP 18 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. summarises his agreement in the statement that butterflies “‘which are an easy prey to currents of air, defy geological barriers, and, above all, that important partition which from the tertiary era has been erected, or rather excavated, in the bottom of the sea, between Australia and India.” 5. Danais genutia. (Tab. 2, figs. 2, 3.) Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., iii., t. 206, 0, D (1782). Papilio plexippus, Fabr., Byst. Ent., p. 481, n. 170 (1775); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 281 (1787), nec. Linn, Danais plexippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 186, n. 35 (1819); Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lepid., p. 6, mn. 10 (1869) ; Trans, Linn. Soc., 2 ser., Zool,, vol. i,, p. 686, 0.1 (1877); Wood-Mason & Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Bengl., vol. L., p. 226 (1881). Salatura genutia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i., p. 6, pl. iv., figs. 2, 2@ (1881). Male and female. Wings above fulvous-red; neuration, apex of anterior and margins of both wings dark fuscous, spotted and marked with white. Anterior wings fulvous-red; costal margin, apical third, outer and inner margin, nervures and nervules dark fuscous; the fuscous portion contains the following white markings :—a small subcostal spot before end of cell, three somewhat larger spots just beyond end of cell, and a transverse subapical series of six large spots, the upper two smallest and divided by second sub- costal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by second discoidal nervule, sixth much smaller and rounded, on the outer side of which is a smaller spot followed below by two still smaller ones; and a marginal series of small spots, becoming indistinct and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red ; nervures, nervules, and outer margin dark fuscous, the median nervules very broadly so; a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, and abdominal margin much paler. Anterior wings beneath generally as above, but with a distinct white spot on inner side of fuscous margin between second and third median neryules; a distinct and continuous marginal and snbmarginal series of spots, and with the dark shading paler and brownish, beyond the large transverse subapical spots. Posterior wings very much paler than above; the nervures and neryules margined with very pale greenish, and with a distinct costal spot near apices of costal nervure and first subcostal nervule. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fulyous-red above, a little paler beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black ; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white. (A variety in which the posterior wings haye the fulvous-red much suffused with white is not infrequent, and is represented by fig. 3). Male with a broad suboyate scent-gland situated on posterior wing adjoining third median nervule. Exp. wings 73 to 90 millim, Has.—Continental India; Bengal; Cachar (Brit. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands.—Ceylon (coll. Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Moore).—Java.—Siam,—N. China; Hong Kong; Hainan.—Formosa (eolls. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.). This species has until quite recently been recognised by the name of D. plexippus, Linn. It has, however, been shown by Hermann Strecker,* and also by Godman and Salvin, + that the name and description given by Linneus really applied to a well-known and widely distributed species, which for a long time had passed under the designation of D. archippus. As if is impossible for two species in one genus to be known under the same name, that of Cramer must henceforth be applied to this insect. The only Javan specimen in my collection * Butt. N. America, p. 105. + Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop., p. 2. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 19 is the smallest of the series, and the darkest in coloration. Capt. de la Chaumette* states that in India the insect is common throughout the year, frequenting fields, gardens, and woods alike. Mr. Biggs + speaks of it as circling in the sunshine “round a lantana bush” or resting in damp shady spots on the pale blue flowers of a small plant which the Malays call “ bulalei gajah” (Elephant’s trunk). 6. Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus. (Tab. IL., fig. 1.) Papilio melanippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, A, B (1779). Danais melanippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 48 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 125, n. 247 (1857); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, n. 2 (1877). Var. Papilio hegesippus, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii., t. 180, A (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins., p. 56, mn. 248 (1781); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 287 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 52, n. 160 (1798); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C., p. 125 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 49. Danais hegesippus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 42 (1819); Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 10, t. 9, f. 1 (1846); Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xx., p. 66 (1877). Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus, Suellen, Tijd. Bnt., xix., p. 144 (1876). Salatura hegesippus, Moore, MS. Male and female. Anterior wing fulvous-red, nearly apical half, the costal margin, inner margin, nervures and nervules dark fuscous. J'uscous portion with the following white spots :—two small subcostal spots divided by first subcostal nervule, almost beneath which are two others, more rounded and placed just beyond cell; a transverse subapical row of five larger spots, upper two smallest and divided by second subcostal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by lower diseoidal nervure ; a discal row of two small spots divided by second median nervule; a submarginal series of three or four spots about centre, and a marginal series which become almost effaced between third median nervule and submedian nervure, and also towards apex, where, however, they are denoted by a much larger spot preceded by one or two smaller ones. Posterior wing white; nervures and nervules broadly infuseated and with fuscous marginal border, in which are placed a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Underside of wings as above, but anterior wings possessing a distinct marginal and submarginal series of small spots at apex; posterior wing with the nervures and nervules much less strongly infuscated, but margined with very pale greenish. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen above dull ochraceous, with the base black; underside pale ochraceous. Sternum black, spotted with white ; legs black. Under surfaces of palpi, femora, and trochanters white. Male with a distinct subovate scent-gland on posterior wings, placed on inner side and adjoining third median nervule. Exp. wings 70 to 85 millim. Has.—Andaman Islands (coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Snellen, coll. Moore).—Java (Snellen and Brit. Mus.). In considering this form as only a variety of D. melanippus, Iam in agreement with Messrs. Moore, Butler, and Snellen, who have at least at one time published that view (see supra). The chief difference between the two forms is that the ground colour of the posterior wings in D, melanippus is fulvous-red, whilst in D. hegesippus it is white, and the four small spots near the end of cell of anterior wing of the last named are considerably effaced in D. melanippus. * Ent. Mo, Mag., vol. ii., p. 37. + Month. Pack., vol. ii., p. 188 (1881). 20 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. However, we have already seen in the closely allied D. genutia that such variation does take place, and the only peculiarity in this case seems to be that the white variety has become the dominant race in the Malay Peninsula, whilst the form D. melanippus is, as far as I am aware, absent. Such being the case, it is necessary to notice that Mr. Butler, in his paper on the “ Butterflies of Malacca,” * in enumerating D. melanippus, Cram., as belonging to that district, has by an oversight referred also to the illustration of Cramer, which depicts the typical coloration, not found in Malacca, as the specimens in the British Museum testify. 7. Danais chrysippus. (Tab. I., fig. 10.) Papilio chrysippus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 268 (1764); Syst. Nat., i., 2, p. 767, n. 119 (1767); Fabr. Syst. Ent., i, p, 482, n. 172 (1775); Sp. Ins., p. 56, m, 245 (1781); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 284 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 50, n. 154 (1793); Cramer, Pap. Ex., ii., t. 118, B, 0 (1779); Herbst, Naturs,. bek. Ins. Schmett., vil., pl. 155, figs. 1 & 2. Fuplea chrysippus, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett,, p. 15, t, 138, figs. 678 & 679 (1916), Danais chrysippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 187, n. 88 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus, E. I. C., i, p. 126, n. 249 (1857); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 88, n. 56 (1862); Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 46, n. 14. Salatura chrysippus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7 (1881). Male and female, Anterior wing above fulvyous-red, with the costal margin, apical third, and outer margin dark fuscous. On the fuscous portion are the following white markings:—a small subquadrate spot beneath costa before end of cell; an elongate subcostal spot near end of cell, beyond which is a much angulated and oblique fascia, composed of transverse spots, commencing beneath first subcostal nervule and terminating at first median nervule; at end of cell are two (sometimes but one) small spots, and a larger one on disk between first and second median nervules; a submarginal series of spots consisting of two between first and second median nervules, and one near apex (in some specimens these are connected by a series of very small spots); and a marginal series of spots, generally absent, but sometimes obsoletely present near apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red, with a fuscous marginal border, containing a marginal series of white spots; a fuscous spot margined with white on costal margin, above first subcostal nervule, and a small spot above costal nervure; three irregular fuscous spots (the middle one smallest) at end of cell, situated at bases of second subcostal, discoidal, and first median nervules. Underside of anterior wings as above, but beyond the subapical fascia to near margin the fuscous is replaced with ochraceous, and between second and third median nervules a small white spot is visible; underside of posterior wings much paler than above; marginal white spots larger, and two fuscous costal spots visible above first subcostal neryule. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above fulvous-red, beneath much paler; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white. Male with a large fuscous-coloured scent-gland on posterior wing, on inner side of third median nervitle. Exp. wings 58 to 86 millim. Has.—8.E. Europe.—Western and Southern Africa.—Madagascar.—Rodriquez.—-Island Johanna.— Mauritius.—Socotra.—Turkey in Asia.—Afghanistan ; Candahar.—Continental India.—Ceylon.—Burma. Upper Tenasserim (colls. God. & Salv., Moore, and Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley; Singapore (coll. Dist.)—Java.—Malay Archipelago; Lombock; Kaiéa Islands (coll. Dist.).— Siam (coll. Godm. & Saly.).—China; Hong Kong; Hainan-(colls, Moore and Brit. Mus.). * Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 2 ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 536 (1877). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 21 A female specimen from Province Wellesley is here figured. The smallest specimen which I possess (58 millim.) is from West Africa, although ordinarily sized specimens are venerally received from that district; the largest specimens in my collection are from Northern India and Southern Africa, though no rule can be postulated in this respect. Figures of both the larva and pupa of this insect have been given (ante pp. 2 & 3). The larva in Ceylon feeds on Culotropis gigantea and Aselepias curasavica;* in Java, according to Dr. Horsfield, on the first named, called by the natives ‘‘ Widuri"’; in Continental India on Calotropis sp.;} and in §. Africa on Gomphocarpus fruticosus and Asclepias sp. | This species is not only remarkable for its wide distribution, but also for the extraordinary phenomenon of its being mimicked by six or eight other butterflies and moths, a fact which will be treated more fully subsequently when describing some of the mimicking species. Genus KEUPLOSA. Euplea, Fabricius, Nliger’s Mag., vi., p. 280 (1808); Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 86 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr., p. 88 (1862). Antenne gradually clavate. Wings opaque and dark coloured. Anterior wings more or less triangular and varying much in shape, but in the male sex generally having the inner margin more or less produced and convex, and covering some basal portion of the posterior wings; in the female sex the inner margin is non-produced and sometimes slightly emarginate.$ First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of the cell, second emitted at end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule shortest. Posterior wings broad and subtriangular; costal nervure somewhat short, and curved near base. Males usually provided with one or more psendo-scent glands or brands on anterior wings, and very frequently with a pale diseoidal patch to posterior wings. Awaiting Mr. Moore’s intended enumeration and revision of the genus Euplwa (as formerly and in this work understood), wherein many new species are to be described, it would prove misleading to give any approximate estimate as to the number of species comprised in this very extensive genus. | Euplwa is widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago and Polynesia; in fact, we may accept these regions as tlie head-quarters of the genus. It is likewise found throughout the warmer parts of Asia (including its neighbouring islands) and Australia; it also inhabits the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar. Trimen|| gives South Africa as the habitat of a species (£. youdotii, Boisd.), from specimens contained in the British Museum. As, however, Butler, in his two subsequent papers on the genus,’ does not give that habitat for the Museum specimens, South Africa may be considered for the present as a doubtful locality. The short vittw so frequently found on the anterior wings of the males, have been, * Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7. | Lang., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., p. 1815 and De la Chaumette, ibid., ii., p. 37. | Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 00. § This sexual difference in the shape of the anterior wings is found in all the species here described. | Ithop. Afr. Austr, p. 84 (1862), “ Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 301, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298. Manca $1, 1882. 22 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. judging from analogy, considered as scent-producing organs, and I have alluded to them here as pseudo scent-glands or brands. On the other hand, they may serve for purposes of ‘strigillation,” as proposed by Butler,* being impressed upon that portion of the anterior wings which comes in contact with the anterior margin and prominent costal nervure of the posterior wings. Like other genera of the Danaine, and especially Danais, this genus enjoys an immunity from the ordinary enemies of butterflies, and hence may be deseribed as possessing a strongly “protective” character. In tropical America, the widely distributed and extensive genus Heliconius was first shown to enjoy this protection or immunity by Bates,+ a fact subsequently and amply confirmed by Belt. Wallace, who enjoyed the unusual opportunity of observing both these genera in a state of nature and in their widely separated habitats, writing from Singapore, states, ‘* The Huplwas here quite take the place of the Heliconide of the Amazons, and exactly resemble them in their habits.” § I at present only include seventeen species of Euplaa as found in the Malay Peninsula, though it is probable that more remain to be discovered, particularly in the Northern and Kastern districts.|| These species (in whatever way we may define that term) are also of very unequal value. What appears to be three distinct and constant local forms of one species frequently occur, of which we have three instances in this fauna. Thus /. malayica and H. midamus have distinct and constant representatives both in Java and Borneo (of the last named, the Bornean representative is reported as having been received from Malacca), and F. diocletianus possesses distinct and representative forms both in North India and Borneo. A. Males neither provided with a pseudo scent-gland or brand té anterior wings, nor with pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. a. Males with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex. 1. Euploca malayica. (Tab. IL., fig. 7.) Crastia malayica, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878). Puplad ochsenheimert, var. (b), Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 271. Kuplea ochsenheimeri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 585, mn. 2 (1877). Adiqama malayica, Moore, MS. - Male. Wings above dark shining brown, spotted with white. Anterior wings with the following white spots :—one before and one after second subcostal nervule; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; a waved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, the upper three of which are largest, and the upper one placed above first disco-cellular nervule, the last and most linear one being below third median nervule ; a submarginal series of eight spots, the upper and innermost one of the series being situate between third and fourth subcostal nervules, the lower one placed between third median nervule; and & marginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Wings beneath marked as above, but posterior wings possessing in addition seven small white discal * Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 292. + Trans, Linn, Soe., vol. xxiii., 1862, p. 495 ef seq. } Proc. Ent. Soe., 1866, p. xly., and ‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 316. § ‘ Zoologist,” p. 4996 (1854), || Butler (Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 41) gives another species, E. egyptus, as having been received from Singapore. That Singapore specimen, however, no longer remains in the National Collection under that name, and was probably so recorded in error. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 23 spots, one in and near end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen above dark fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Female. I have not seen this sex, but Butler describes it as having on the posterior wings “a spot in the cell, followed by three complete series.’ This probably could be somewhat expressed by saying, posterior wing of the female above marked as underside of the same wing in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 110 to 115 millim. Har.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This is but a constant local race of EH. ochsenheimeri, Moore, a species which Butler considers is probably the FE. gyllenhalii, Lucas,* and is apparently confined to Java. The Bornean form has also been separated, under the name of F. scudderi. i. malayica is in itself variable, as in a second male specimen which I possess the spots on the upper surface are much smaller, and the submarginal spots to the posterior wings are very faint and obscure towards the anal angle. 2. Euploea bremeri. (Tab. II., fig. 4.) Euplea Bremeri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0, 16 (1860); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 277, 28 ; Trans. Lin. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, n. 6 (1877). Crastia Lremeri, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. xiv., Zool., p. 298, n. 9 (1878). Tronga Bremeri, Moore, MS. Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, becoming somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings with the following white spots:—one near costa between first and second subcostal nervules, one beneath end of cell, between first and second median nervules (in some specimens there is an additional spot in and before end of cell and another between second and third median nervules); a submarginal series of eight spots, the upper three divided by third and fourth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth much the largest, eighth placed between second and third median nervules; and a marginal row of small spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal row of small white spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings spotted as above, but with four additional discal spots, one in and near end of cell, one beyond end of cell, and one on each side of third median nervule ; posterior wings spotted as above, but also with six or seven discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and six (in some specimens five) surrounding apical portion of cell, placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Exp. wings 90 millim. Has,—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.); Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.). I have not as yet received the female of this species, nor did I capture one myself in Province Wellesley. As will be seen by the above description, which agrees with Felder’s original diagnosis, the discal spots on the anterior wings are variable in number. * Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 207 (1878). 24 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. B. Males not provided with a pseudo seent-gland or brand to anterior wings, but possessing a pale discoidal patch on posterior winga. b. Mates with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex. 3. Eupleea castelnaui. (Tab. IL, fig. 6.) Fuplea castelnani, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., ii., p. 815, n. 427 (1665). Euplea phelus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 270, n. 3; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 108, 1; Butl., Trans, Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool,, vol. 1,, p. 585, 1 (1877). Selping (Macroplea) pheius, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 202, 3 (1878). Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming gradually paler towards apex, and with the following pale spots:—one in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, two near costa, divided by second subcostal nervule, followed by a curved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, a submarginal series of eight spots, of which the upper and innermost one is placed between the third and fourth subcostal nervules, and a marginal series of smaller and more linear spots. Posterior wings dark olivaccous-brown, with a large pale diseoidal patch situated near costal margin, and indications of two submarginal and a marginal series of pale spots, which are somewhat distinct near apex, but become obsolete towards anal angle. Underside of wings generally as above, but anterior wings with the discal series of spots larger posteriorly, the marginal series to posterior wings more continuous and distinct towards anal angle, and the posterior margins of anterior wings mucli paler, especially towards anal angle. Head, thorax and abdomen blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside of head, sternum and legs black; palpi and sternum spotted with white. Female. Somewhat larger and paler, with the discal series of spots to the anterior wings more obscure, and of the submarginal series those near apex have large pale inner reflections. Posterior wings with a distinct marginal and submarginal series of spots, the last preceded by an inner and more obseure series. Exp. wings, ¢ 120 millim.; ? 125 millim. Hav.—Burma; Moulmein,—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.). A female specimen is here figured. As Mr. Butler has himself admitted the identity of his 2. phebus and EF. castelnaui, Feld.,* of which there can be no doubt, it becomes necessary to use the earlier and Felderian name to this insect, though Butler still retains his own designation.| Some uncertainty appears to have arisen as to the exact date of Felder’s descriptions of species of Huplwa, Kirby giving 1867! as the year of publication. Felder’s plates bear date 1865, though the text is stated to have been published from 1864 to 1867, and as Butler himself§ gives 1865 as the date of a subsequent description by Felder, it is difficult to see why the apparent law of priority cannot in this case be followed. bb. Males with the inner margins of anterior wings slightly produced and convex. 4. Euplea midamus. (Tab. IL, figs.8 ¢ & 9 2.) Papilio midamus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 261 (1764); Syst. Nat., ii, p. 765, n. 108 (1767). Danais midamus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 179, n. 12 (1819). ‘uplea midamus (part), Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204, n. 76. * ‘Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i, p. 585, 1 (1877). { This author has (Trans. Ent. Soc., ser. 3, vol. v., p. 471) argued that Felder's work was antedated. | Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. § Trans. Linn, 5oc., ser, 2, Zool., p. 535, 3 (1877). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 25 Finplea midamus, Butl., Trans, Linn, Soe., ser, 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 685, n. 9 (1877). Trepsichrois midamus, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 828. Male. Anterior wings above dark violet-blue, with bright blue reflections towards apex, and with the following pale spots :—a small one between first and second subcostal nervules (this is sometimes absent) ; one in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule, two beneath cell situate on each side of second median nervule, three beyond cell divided by discoidal nervules, a submarginal series of about seven irregularly shaped spots, and a marginal series of very small spots which become obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings dark brown, with the costal and apical third pale brown and subgranulose, and with a small pale patch in cell. Underside of wings pale brown; anterior wings spotted generally as above, but with the apical marginal spots more distinct and continuous; posterior wings with five small white discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and four surrounding apical portion of cell, situated between the nervules; a marginal series of small spots of the same colour, and a submarginal series which only extends about half-way from apex (in one specimen from Province Wellesley this series is continuous) to anal angle. Head and upper part of thorax black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted and marked with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white, Female. Anterior wings pale brown, with a paler longitudinal streak in cell, a similar one between third median nervule and submedian nervure, a large ill-defined but bright blue patch on apical third of wing, and spotted with white as in male. Posterior wings pale brown, with a long white streak on each side of cell, and an intervening and shorter one of the same colour at its apex; three narrow white streaks following cell, divided by the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules; a submarginal series of narrow elongate spots, which at basal half of wing are continued upwards and united in pairs near median nervure ; two narrow longitudinal streaks on abdominal margin, the outer one of which is broadly bifurcate posteriorly, and a marginal series of smaller white spots. Underside of wings pale brown, marked and spotted with white as above; on the anterior wings, however, the two pale longitudinal streaks above are distinet and wlute beneath. Exp. wings, @ 90 to 96 millim.; 9? 96 millim. Has.—Continental India; Khasia Hills; Nepaul; Silhet.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.). This widely-spread, abundant, and protected species is mimicked by several other butterflies belonging to different and non-protected families. In particular it is mimicked by Papilio paradoxza and P. wniqgma, and Mr. Wallace* states that he often captured those species under the impression that they were simply the more common F. midamus. 5. Euploea mulciber. (Tab. ITL., figi1 ¢, 2 ¢.) Papilio wutciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, C, D (1799). Fuplea midanus (part), Butl., Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204,°76; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Dus. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 188, n. 265 (1857). Trepsichyots muleiber, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 296, 2 (1878). Male. Closely allied to the male of FE. midamus, but smaller, with the apical portion of the anterior wings less prominent, the submarginal spots above smaller, and the marginal spots absent; the reflections towards apex of the same wing are more violet than bright blue as in the other species. Beneath * Contribut. to Nat, Seleet., p. 87. Maren 31, 1882. H 26 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. the anterior wings have the marginal spots faintly indicated; the posterior wings have the discal spots as in E. midamus, but the marginal and submarginal spots are obsolete or absent. Female. Smaller than corresponding sex of E. midamus; the blue reflections to anterior wings much less prominent and more violaceous, and the white markings on both wings smaller and less prominent. Exp. wings, ¢ 87 millim.; 9? 87 to 94 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.; colls. Moore and Dist.). E. muleiber is only here included on the strength of a female specimen, described as from Malacca, and contained in the British Museum. Ihave seen no other specimen from the Malay Peninsula, and it has hitherto been considered as the constant Bornean race or form of E.. midamus, and peculiar to that island. 6. Euplcea ledereri. (Tab. II., fig. 10.) Fuplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 397, n. 14 (1860); Reise, Nov. Lep., i1., p. 917, n. 481, t. 40, f. 6, 6 (1865); Butl., Proe. Zool. Soe., 1666, p. 291, 66. Euplea inguinata, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 291, n. 65; p. 268, fig. 2. Calliplea ledereri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, 3 (1877); Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 295, 1 (1878). Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming darker with dark blue reflections towards apex, and marked with the following bluish spots :—one between first and second subcostal neryules; one beyond cell above upper discoidal nervule; one above first median nervule; another in cell a little before lower diseo-cellular nervule; and a submarginal row of five spots, of which the upper and subapical one is very large and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings with the base olivaceous-brown; remainder much paler, and with a pale discoidal patch. Underside of wings pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings marked generally as above, but the spots white and smaller, the submarginal series having the large subapical spot above only indicated by a small spot beneath, and a more or less distinet (varying in different specimens) marginal series of very small spots. Posterior wings with the following white spots :—a submarginal series, of which the upper three are the largest, and which with the fourth are placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series which does not extend to apex. Head and thorax above blackish ; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath; underside of head sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white. Exp. wings, ¢ 72 millim. Has.—Continental India ; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). I have not yet received a female specimen of this species, and both Felder and Butler described male specimens. It appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula, especially if there should be any error in the locality of Assam as given by Mr. Warwick to the British Museum. According to Smith, it is also found in Sumatra.* ec. Males provided with a pseudo acent-gland or brand to anterior wings, and with a pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. 7. Eupleea vestigiata. (Tab. II1., fig 64,7 2.) Fuplea restiytata, Butler, Proe. Aool. Boc., 1866, I'- YsR, Tl. 58, iE: Calliplea vestigiata, Butl,, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 6385, 2 (1877). * Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appendix V., p. 836. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 27 Salpine vestigiata, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298, 12 (1878). Var. Salpinn leueogonis, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 586, 1, t. 68, £. 6* (1877). Male. Anterior wings above very dark velvety blue, with the following pale bluish spots:—one between first und second subcostal nervules, one beyond cell between second discoidal and first median nervules; a submarginal series of five spots placed one above and one below fourth subcostal nervule, one above and one below upper discoidal nervule, and the other beneath lower discoidal nervule; a small and indistinct spot between second and third median nervules, a still smaller and more indistinct one beneath third median nervule, and an oblong streak of the same colour (which denotes the pseudo scent-gland or brand) placed beneath third median nervule. Posterior wing pale olivaceous-brown, much darker towards base, with a pale discoidal patch and three faintly indicated submarginal spots near apex, placed between the nervules. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the following pale bluish white spots :— one between first and second subcostal nervules; two beyond cell, divided by lower discoidal neryule; one large and subovate between second and third median nervules; three small and subapical, placed obliquely, which are apparently the commencement of a submarginal series, faintly indicated near median nervules; and a very faint, indistinct, and broken marginal series of small spots. Wing below third median nervule much paler. Posterior, wings with a submarginal series of bluish white spots, the upper four of which are placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series commencing near anal angle and not continued beyond first median nervule. Female. Anterior wing above spotted as in male, but wanting the diseal spot beyond cell, and with the costal base and inner margin slightly suffused with rufous. Posterior wings as in male, but wanting the pale discoidal patch, and possessing a marginal series of small spots near anal angle. Wings beneath generally as in male, but possessing only one spot beyond cell, and with the marginal and submarginal series of spots to anterior wing somewhat more distinct. Male and female. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white ; head beneath, sternum, and legs black: palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish. Exp. wings, ¢ and 9 98 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Sumatra (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Java (coll. Dist.). This appears.to be a variable species, and is probably a race of the E. novarw, Feld. Felder clearly defines this variability in his deseription ; in fact, with the qualifications he there admits in the markings of several varieties, these Province Wellesley specimens (here described and figured) might almost be considered as agreeing with some of his Nicobarian types. This Malay form somewhat differs from Javan specimens of FE. vestigiata, and appears to be inter- mediate between some varietal forms of /. novare and typical specimens of EF. vestigiata, which Mr. Kirby + was probably correct in considering a variety of Felder’s species. The Salpinx leucogows, Butl., im my opinion, is a small female variety, but in Mr. Moore’s collection, and tlso im the British Museum, I have seen males of H. vestiyiata at least agreeing in the matter of size.; When one is able to examine a long series of specimens, which is but seldom possible, modifications in specific conclusions generally ensue, which would otherwise have not been considered probable. * Butler's figure is somewhat misleading, the marginal spots to posterior wings having been enlarged and exaggerated by the artist, compared with those on the type specimen in the collection of the British Museum, which I have examined, t Syn. Cnt. Diurn, Lepid., p. 18 (1871). | Sinee writing the above the small male of #. vestigiata eoutained in the British Museum, and placed by Butler as belonging to that species, has been, in agreement with the advice ef Moore, replaced as the male of HL. leweogonis. ‘This affords further illustration of the close community of these forms. 28 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 8. Euploea diocletianus. (Tab. IV., fig. 4 ¢ and 5 2.) Papilio diocletianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ili., 1, p. 40, n. 118 (1793). Danais diocletianus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 181, n. 16 (1819). Kuplea rhadamanthus (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C., i., p. 126, n. 250 (1857); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 296, n. 81. Euplica diocletianus (part), Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 2, n. 5 (1869). Calliplea diveletianus, Butl,, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p, 535, mn. 1 (1577). Salpina dioeletianus, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 204, n. 27 (1878). Danisepa diocletianus, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings dark indigo-blue, with pale reflections towards outer margins, and with the following white spots :—two subcostal and linear, divided by first subcostal nervule, the immer one much the longest (in some specimens the last is preceded above by a narrow linear spot, situated above costal nervure, which is absent in the form figured); a very large and irregularly-shaped spot occupying apical portion of cell, followed by a small one placed between first and second median nervules (in some specimens, as in the one figured, this is preceded inwardly by a small pale bluish spot); a submarginal series of seven pale bluish spots, four subapical placed between the nervules, and three, which are very small, near anal angle; these are preceded by a large subquadrate spot between second and third median nervules, with a small one beneath it, both of which are also pale bluish, which is also the colour of the pseudo scent-gland or brand, situated beneath and parallel to third median nervule. Posterior wings dark indigo-blue, with the discoidal and costal area olivaceous-brown, and with the following pale bluish spots:—three submarginal near apex, the upper one small and somewhat indistinct (sometimes absent), a small spot at end of cell (in some specimens there are three), a marginal series of small spots near anal angle, preceded by two . (and sometimes four) slightly larger spots; four elongate white fascie commencing near base, and situated two between third median neryule and submedian nervure, and two on abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler and more olivaceous, the bluish spots much paler, a large additional white spot between second and third median nervules, and with the pseudo scent-gland concolorous. Posterior wings marked as above, but with the submarginal spots more numerous and continuous ; a long white streak and two linear spots in cell, and four linear white spots surrounding apical portion of cell. Head and thorax above black ; liead and anterior portion of thorax spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen dark bluish or fuscous above, the sides paler and spotted with pale bluish beneath. Underside of head, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white. Female. Paler and more olivaceous above. Anterior wings with the submarginal spots much paler, the spot beneath apex of cell very large, and followed beneath second median nervule by a larger and more irregular spot, which is connected with the one near margin. Posterior wings with a marginal aud submarginal series of very pale bluish spots; three large white streaks in cell, the apex of which is surrounded by five white spots, the two lower ones being longest, and with the four basal and adbominal fasciw as in male. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown, marked and spotted generally as above, but with the two spots between second and third median nervules of anterior wing not united. Exp. wings, ¢ 78 to 80 millim.; ? 75 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacea; Singapore (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This is evidently a Malay race of FB. rhadamanthus, Fabr., a species which I follow Moore and Butler in considering as typically represented in Northern India. It possesses also another and very distinct Bornean race, described as FE. Lowii. The principal difference between these three species or races is that of a gradually increasing melanism, which is least in the North Indian HE. rhadamanthus and greatest in the Bornean form FE. Lowi. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 29 9. Euploea crassa. (Tab. V., fig. 8.) Euplea erassa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 278, n. 31, Salpine crassa, Butler, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 0. 88 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. $22. Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, darker and with somewhat bright reflections at base. Anterior wings with a small white spot between first and second subeostal nervules; a submarginal series of five white and somewhat quadrate spots, with narrow, obscure, paler evanescent surroundings, placed between the nervules, the first and uppermost one of which is situated between the third and fourth subcostal nervules, and the lower one between the second discoidal and first median nervules: of these the third is the largest, and with the fourth and fifth more or less coalesce with a marginal series of smaller white spots, which are placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming smaller towards posterior angle, and (in the specimen described and figured) represented only by a single spot between first and second median nervules. Posterior wings with a pale ochraceous discoidal patch, extending through upper portion of cell, and «with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Wings beneath slightly paler than above; anterior wings, in addition to the white spots between first and second subeostal nervules as seen above, with two small white spots beyond end of cell on each side of lower discoidal nervule, and with a larger spot of the same colour between second and third median nervules; the submarginal series are much smaller, but with the pale evanescent surroundings appearing larger; posterior wings marked as above. Head and thorax above very dark fuscous; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen fuscous above, with the sides and under surface slightly paler; head beneath, sternum, and legs dark fuscous; palpi, sternum, and immediate bases of wings spotted with white. Male with a short and somewhat obscure pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule andisubmedian nervure. Exp. wings 93 millim. Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore)—Burma; Pegu; Moulmein (coll. Moore). Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Quedal (coll. Dist.).—Siam (Brit. Mus.). Upper It seems at least uncertain whether this species is not identical, and if so synonymic, with FE. erichsonii, Felder,* as so considered by Mr. Kirby.+ Felder’s habitats ‘‘ India Septentrionalis, Cochin,” would also favour this view. Mr. Butler, however, has identified a closely-allied form as EH. erichsonii, and as Felder has not figured his species, and his types are not easily accessible for comparison, I have provisionally followed this view here and adopted Butler’s name. It is probable that this species does not extend farther south than Quedah, from which our collectors obtained a single specimen. I did not meet with it myself when collecting in Province Wellesley, nor have I seen it in any collections from that district or Malacca. 10. Eupleea dejeani. (Tab. IV., fig. 1.) Tscmica Dejeanii, Moore, MS. Maple chive, var. 2? Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, durker towards base. Anterior wings with a small whitish marginal spot, situate beneath third median nervule. Posterior wings with a pale coloured patch near basal costal margin, which is almost entirely hidden by inner margin of anterior wings, and with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Underside of wings a little paler than above; anterior * Reise Nov. Lep. ti. p. du4, n. 444. { Seu. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 11, n. 88 (1871), JuNE 30, 1882. i 30 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. wings with the following pale bluish spots:—a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules ; a somewhat larger spot in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and an irregular subovate patch between second and third median nervules; faint indications of a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, distinct and prominent at anal angle, again visible above first median neryule, and totally wanting at apex. Posterior wings beneath with the marginal and submarginal spots as above, and with five small and indistinct spots surrounding apical portion of cell, and situate between the nervules. Head and thorax above black. Head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Exp. wings 86 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (coll. Oberthur). It is quite possible that this form may be but an extreme variety of /. chloe. I have seen but two examples—one from Malacea, in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, which is here described and figured; the other from Sumatra, in the collection of Mon. Oberthiir, which had been forwarded to Mr. Moore for identification, and for which that entomologist had proposed the name which I have used here. Note.—In the figure here given (Tab. IV., fig. 1) the pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wing has failed to appear in the last chromatic impression. 11. Eupleea chloe. (Tab. IV., fig. 23. Tab. IL, fig. 59.) Fuplea Chloe, Guerm, Deless. Souy. Inde, ii. p. 71 (1843); Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 271, n.7; Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 585, n. 5 (1877). Salpina chloé, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 295, n. 37 (1878). Isamia chloe, Moore, MS, Male. Anterior wings above dark olivaceous-brown, basal half much darker, with obscure violaceous reflections; a subapical, arcuated series of five white spots, the upper two divided by the fourth subcostal nervule; third and largest situated beneath fifth subcostal nervule; fourth and fifth smallest, with the upper discoidal nervule intervening (beneath these are faint indications of a submarginal series of small spots), and a marginal series of small white spots, becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings above olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the submarginal series much obliterated, but in some specimens distinct and continuous. Underside of wings pale olivaceous- brown; anterior wings with the following bluish white markings on disk :—a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules (sometimes this is accompanied by one or two others, as in the female); a similar spot in cell, before lower disco-cellular nervule; a spot between first and second median nervules, and a large irregularly shaped streak between second and third median nervules; marginal and submarginal spots as above, but larger, more distinct, and continuous. Posterior wings with a pale discoidal patch near basal costal margin, which is for the most part hidden by inner margin of anterior wings; spotted as above, but with the submarginal spots distinct and continuous, and haying five additional and distinct discal spots, which surround the apical portion of cell. (In some specimens there is a very small but distinet spot in and before end of cell, and sometimes a sixth surrounding spot situated above first subcostal nervule.) Head and thorax above black; the head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51 Anterior wings above provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Generally larger in size, with the marginal and submarginal spots more distinct above. Wines beneath marked generally as in male, but with three central spots on anterior wing near costal margin. Posterior wings having the spot in cell distinct, and also the sixth surrounding spot to apieal portion of cell. Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 96 millim.; ? 103 to 110 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.).—Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra.—Java (coll. Moore). From an examination of a series of specimens, collected in the Malay Peninsula, much macular variation is apparent, and it is probable that the constancy of these characters have been much over-estimated in discriminating species of Euplea. In the male specimen here figured from Malacca (Tab. IV., fig. 2) the marginal and snbmarginal spots are much obliterated on the upper surface of the wings. In some male specimens, however, from Province Wellesley these spots are as prominent and distinct above as in the female figured (Tab. I1., fig. 5). 12. Eupleea margarita. (Tab. IV., fig. 3.) Huplaa margarita, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 279, n. 34; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p- 105, n. 6; Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p, 585, n. 4 (1877). | Salpine maryarita, Butl., Journ, Linn. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 294, 1. 84 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 823. Isamia margarita, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings with about basal four-fifths of area deep violaceous, from thence to outer margin ferruginous; a small bluish spot near costa, between first and second subcostal nervules, and one in and near end of cell; indications of a marginal but obsolete series of small spots, denoted by one or two near anal angle and sometimes two pale submarginal obscure spots, situate on each side of second discoidal nervule. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots, and a pale discoidal patch near costal base, which is almost hidden by the inner margin of the anterior wings. Wings beneath pale ferruginous. Anterior wings with the following pale bluish spots and markings :— a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a larger one before end of cell (as above) ; beneath the last is a similar spot between the first and second median nervules, and a long subovate streak between second and third median nervules; a much obliterated marginal and submarginal series of very small spots. Posterior wings marked as above, with the addition of a diseal series of six small spots, one in and near end of cell, and five surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and thorax above black; anterior portion of thorax and head spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish white; head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with bluish white. Anterior wings above provided with an clongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Completely resembling other sex, but in my specimen possessing on upper surface of anterior wings two additional small bluish spots beneath apex of cell, and divided by second median nervules,* Exp. wings 86 to 102 millim, Han.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm, & Saly.). * It is very probable that these discoidal spots on upper surface of anterior wings are variable in number in both sexes. 32 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Mr. Butler, in his original description of this species, gave its habitat as ‘‘ Kast Indies.” It has probably, however, but a limited area of distribution, possibly not extending above Burma in the north, nor beyond the confines of the Malay Peninsula in the south. Messrs. Godman and Salvin possess a curious male variety of this species from Malacca, which has on the upper and under sides of the anterior wings a submarginal series of seven white spots placed between the nervules, and has the marginal series of spots continuous and moderately distinct; the spot in the cell beneath is also visible above. I possess a female form in my own collection (unfortunately without a locality) which agrees with the same. D. Males provided with a pseudo scent-qland or brand to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale discoidal patch ta posterior wings. 13. Euploea distanti. (Tab. V,. fig. 9 #.) Crastia Distantit, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. V. June, 1882, p. 458. Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the basal area darker and with the following white spots :—a submarginal series of eight spots, of which three are small, subcostal, and placed between the second, third, fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth largest and situate on each side of upper diseoidal nervule, the following three smaller, rounded, and placed one above and one below first median nervule, and one below second median nervule, and a marginal series of smaller spots placed in pairs between the nervules. Posterior wings more uniformly and palely olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the first becoming indistinct and obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath olivaceous-brown, Anterior wings marked as above, with the addition of four discal and very pale violaceous spots, one between first and second subeostal nervules, one in and before lower end of cell, one beneath end of cell between first and second median nervules, and the fourth largest and elongate between second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal series of spots continuous and distinct, and with the following small and very pale violaceous spots :-—one in and before end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous above, somewhat paler beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Male with a dark elongate pseudo secent-gland or brand on upper surface of anterior wings, between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Wings above paler and more unicolorous olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the marginal and submarginal spots as in male, but larger and with a ninth submarginal spot beneath third median nervule; there are also three very small discal spots, one between first and second subcostal nervules, one between first and second median nervules, and one in and a little before lower end of cell (there is also a faint indication of a fourth between second and third median nervules); posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal spots much larger than in male. Wings beneath spotted as in male, but the marginal and submarginal spots much larger, and with an additional narrow streak or spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a similar one beyond end of cell, between lower discoidal and first median nervules of anterior wings. Exp. wings, #84 millim.; ¢ 85 millim. _ Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Java (coll. Dist.). I have only procured one male specimen from Province Wellesley, and my solitary female example is from Java. The male has a very considerable superficial resemblance to F. bremeri, RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oo but the presence of the pseudo scent-gland or brand to anterior wings will at once separate it from that species. It is at least a question whether the term ‘“‘ mimiery’’ should be used here, both species belonging (as I consider, and most entomologists till recently considered) to the same genus. All the species of Euplwa with which we are acquainted, and as Mr. Wallace has informed us, have, with the remaining Danaine of the Old World tropics, the ‘* same protective odour.’’"* In this ease, if we adopt the explanation of mimicry for the resemblance of these tivo species, we must presumably consider E. distanti as the mimicked species, as it possesses a pseudo scent-gland, which may reasonably be considered as adding to its protective or uneatable character, and which is absent in L. bremert. We thus have the ‘‘ mimicking” very much more abundant than the ‘‘mimicked”’ species, which is contrary to the usually observed phenomena, though Fritz Miller has recorded some similar exceptions as occurring in Brazil,| and the same observer has also endeavoured to show that there is an advantage in two nauseous species resembling each other, as occurs between two American species, both of which belong to genera which are protected from birds and other enemies by distasteful qualities. { Such propositions are of course at present hypothetical, and are at least supplementary to the carefully observed facts on which Mr. Bates originally disclosed and argued the admirable doctrine of ‘ mimicry,’”’§ which accounted for the strange external resemblances, long known to entomologists, which existed between insects belonging to distinct genera, families, and even orders, between which there was no real affinity. In the great genus Papilio we certainly have species mimicking each other, but these belong to different sections of the genus, many instances of which have been pointed out by Mr. Wallace, || and other examples have been recently given by Mr. Wood-Mason of species belonging to scentless groups mimicking those which are strong-scented and inedible. But in the genus Euplea we have at present no knowledge of non-nauseous or non-protected species, and therefore the probability of the species ‘‘ mimicked”’ being FE. distanti, because of its possession of a pseudo scent-gland, and hence presumably protective advantage, is somewhat negatived by the fact that some HMupleas without these glands are mimicked by other and very divergent species, as notably EL. midamus by Papilio paradoza and P. enigma. The possession of these glands does not therefore appear necessary for distastefulness and protection; and hence, until further observations are made by careful observers, it seems at least rash to predicate ‘‘mimiery,’”’ in the sense used by its discoverer, as the explanatory cause of these resemblances amongst the species of Huplea. The original argument that butterflies which were known by observation to be uneatable or protected were mimicked in appearance by different butterflies which did not possess distasteful qualities for the sake of a similar protection, does not warrant the conclusion that because two or more butterflies or other insects (of not or the * Contrib. to Nat. Select. p. 85 (1870), + Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 157 (1878); ‘Kosmos,’ 1879, p. 100; and Proe. Ent. Soo, 1879, p. xxiv. { Miiller’s views have since been amplified aud approved by Mr. Wallace, which gives them no inconsiderable strength (‘ Nature,’ vel. xxvi. p. 86). § This word seems to have been first used in a biological sense by Prof. Henfrey, in his translation of Schouw's ‘ Earth, Plants, ond Man’ (1852), and in reference to Botany. In diseussing “ repetitions in the vegetable kingdom" he remarks (p. 61), “There is still another kind of repetition which I might call ‘habitual repetition,’ or denominate ‘mimicry,’" Both author and translator, however, missed its philosophical application. || Contrib. to Nat. Select. pp. 87, 83. Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser, 5, February, 1882, pp. 104, 105, Jung 30, 1882. K 34 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. sume genus) resemble each other, therefore, without observation of the fact, it is proved that one must be protected or uneatable and the other or others are mimickers. 14. Eupleea godarti. (Tab. III., fig. 8.) Kuplea Godartii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1858, p. 319; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p, 275, n. 22; Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool, vol, xiv. p. 801, n. 37 (1878); Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824.. Kuplea stamensis, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. il. p. 341, n. 473, t. 41, f. 6 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 108, 5. Urastia godartii, Moore, Mh. Male. Anterior wing olivaceous-brown, darkest towards base, and with the apex broadly lilaceous. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal row of pale spots. Wings beneath wlivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with four pale whitish diseal spots, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, third between first and second median nervules, and fourth and largest between third median nervule and submedian nervure ; a few marginal white spots near anal angle (in a second unlocalised male specimen in my collection there — are traces of a submarginal row of spots, distinct near apex and anal angle). Posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal spots as above, but much paler; a small bluish white spot in and near end of cell, and a series of four spots of the same colour beyond cell and placed between the nervules (in some specimens there are six of these spots). Head blackish; thorax above and abdomen fuscous. Head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside of abdomen spotted with bluish white. Head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. I have as yet been unable to examine a female specimen from the Peninsula, and as the male here described is of a somewhat varietal character I hesitate to give the diagnosis of the other sex from a different habitat. Exp. wings, ¢ 86 millim.; ? 94 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Siam (Brit. Mus.); Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Cochin (coll. Feld.)}—Philippines (Brit. Mus.) The specimen here figured and described is contained in the Godman and Salvin collection, is labelled “Singapore,” and was received from Mr. Druce. It is the only example of the species I have yet seen from the Malay Peninsula. As will be seen from the description, it is a somewhat varietal form, but until we have seen more specimens from the locality, it would be extremely hazardous to consider it constant in that respect, especially as we have already seen that these macular characters are generally of an inconstant and variable nature in other species. 15. Euploeea ménetriesi. (Tab. IIL, figs. 47 &5 ¢.) Euplea Ménétriésii, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 898, n. 15 (1860); Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 275, n. 18; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 103, n. 4; Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. 1, p, 535, n.7 (1877); Journ, Linn. boc., Zool., xiv. p. B01, n. 44 (1878). Penoa ménétriési, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings dark pitchy brown, with velvety reflections, and becoming very slightly paler at outer margins. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, much darker near base, and with a very faint and RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 36 obscure series of narrow, elongate submarginal spots, followed by a marginal series of smaller, somewhat rounded, and equally obscure spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown, somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings with the following bluish white spots :—one above and one beneath second subcostal nervule, and another beneath the origin of third subcostal nervule (these last two spots are present in the specimen fieured, but, judging from my other examples, are more frequently absent); a spot in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and a larger and more elongate spot between second and third median nervules; near posterior angle are sometimes a few very small and indistinct white marginal spots. Posterior wings with the obscure marginal and submarginal spots distinct and white beneath, and with the following pale bluish discal spots :—one in and near end of cell, and five (in some specimens six) surrounding apical portion of cell and situated between the nervules. Head, thorax, and abdomen above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; body beneath and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with white; abdomen beneath spotted and subannulated with bluish white. Male with an elongated pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Female. Wings above paler than in male, olivaceous-brown, and unicolorous; posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal series of spots distinct and white above. Wings beneath pale olivaceous- brown; anterior wings spotted as in male, but with an additional submarginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings spotted and marked as in male sex, but with the marginal and submarginal series of spots somewhat larger and extending to apex. Exp. wings, ¢ 80 to 85 millim.; ¢ 90 millim. Has.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.)}—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Sumatra (Hewits.; Smith).— Borneo (coll. Dist.) The males are somewhat inconstant in size, and have frequently the marginal and submarginal spots on the upper surface of the lower wings almost obsolete, and sometimes nearly as distinct as in the female. 16. Eupleea pinwilli. (Tab. U1., fig. 9 g, & var. fig. 10 ¢.) Fuplee Piuwilli, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p, 685, n.8, pl. Ixix. fig, 9 (1877); Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 301, n. 48 (1878), Penoa Pinwilli, Moore, MS. Male. Anterior wings aboye dark pitehy brown, with very slight and obscure purplish reflections. The pseudo scent-gland, situated between third median nervule and submedian nervure, large, silky, and paler in hue. Posterior wings much paler and olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, the marginal ones small and rounded, the submarginal series becoming much larger and elongate from first median nervule to anal angle, where they are also paler in hue. Underside of anterior wings much paler than above, with the following violaceous spots :—one between first and second subcostal nervules ; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; two beyond end of cell, one on each side of first median nervule, and a larger, more elongate, and whitish spot between second and third median nervules. There are also a few white dots near posterior angle, and in some specimens, as the one here figured, one near apex. Underside of posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal series of spots much more distinct, paler, and slightly larger than above, and with the following small pale violaceous spots on disk, one in and a little before end of cell, and six (in some specimens seven) surrounding apical portion of cell, and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; abdomen fuscous, 56 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. spotted with white beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; head above, anterior portion of thorax, palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white. Exp. wings, 3 92 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) This species varies much in the colour of the marginal and submarginal series of spots to the upper surface of the posterior wings, as occurs in the preceding species. In some specimens these are white, as in the variety figured. It is closely allied to . ménétriési, from which its constantly larger size appears to be the strongest differential character. Butler describes it as being darker than E. ménétriési, but this does not apparently obtain when series of both species from the Malay Peninsula are compared. E. Males provided with two pseudo scent-qglands or brands to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. * 17. Eupleea grotei. (Tab. LI., fig. 3.) Kuplea grotei, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 889, n. 470, t. 41, fig. 7 (1865); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 635, 8 (1877). Stictoplea grote’, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 802, 4 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824. Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with a submarginal row of eight small pale violaceous spots situated between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which are almost white near posterior angle, and do not extend more than half way between that angle and apex. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a submarginal and marginal row of white spots, of which the first are the largest and become fused with the marginal series near anal angle. Wings beneath pale ferruginous; anterior wing with two small bluish spots near end of cell, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second above first discoidal nervule; three larger spots of the same colour on disk, the first inside and a little before end of cell, remaining two beneath cell and on each side of second median nervule; marginal and submarginal spots as above, but smaller, paler and becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with a discal series of eight small pale bluish spots, situate two beneath costal nervure, followed by five surrounding apex of cell, and divided by the nervules, and one in and near apex of cell; marginal and submarginal spots as above. Head and thorax blackish; anterior portion of upper surface of thorax and head spotted with white; abdomen blackish, spotted with bluish beneath; sternum and legs black ; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with bluish white. Anterior wings above, with two long and subparallel pseudo scent-glands or brands situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure. Exp. wings 80 to 95 millim. Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll, Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)}—Cochin (coll. Felder). This species appears to be somewhat scarce in the Malay Peninsula, The British Museum possesses Malaccan specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill; but I neither captured it myself in Penang or Province Wellesley, nor have I yet received examples from those localities. Its area appears to be comprised between Cochin and Burma in the north, and extending probably almost throughout the Malay Peninsula in the south. . * Lam much indebted to my friend Mr. Moore for having drawn my attention to the value of these characters; which I have here used for the purposes of sectional division. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oT Subfam. SATYRIN AG. Satyrine, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii. p.176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 18 (1881). + esl Satyride, Swains., ab. Oyel. pp. 86, 98 (1840); Westw., Gen. Dinvn. Lap. 0. Tarot aoe, (eo p. 852 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr. p. 164 (1862). Furytelida (part), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405 (1851). Klywniine, Herr.-Sehitf., Prodr, Syst. Lep, i. p. 15 (1864). Elymniing, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112 (1871). I “4 a Diseoidal cell of the hind wing closed. Palpi of the imago generally compressed and fringed with long hair-scales. Larve smooth and spineless, with the tails bifid. ( This widely dispersed and cosmopolitan subfamily possesses several characters of both interest and importance, as demonstrative ,. 4 naa sbuwiite aaty at of its distinctive position. magnified) of Melanitis iemenc, The smooth spineless larve, with bifid tails, are also found in the allied subfam. Brassolinw,* and likewise oceur in the subfam. Nymphaline, of which the genera Apatura and Charaxes may serve as examples. ‘These larval coincidences in the different subfamilies may be well observed by a study of Dr. Horsfield’s classification, that author having, on similar but less rigid larval characters, founded his ‘I'hysanuriform group.+ Mr. Newman, dealing with the same affinities, t described these larve as “‘slug-shaped caterpillars"’ (Limaciformes ), and as examples figured those of Apatura iris and two species of Satyrine. Dr. Weisman has also noticed this incongruence. § This form of larva, however, is constant throughout the Satyrine, thus exhibiting—to use the good English equivalent given for a German term of Dr. Weisman—a ‘ congruence” of larval characters. ‘They are almost all feeders on various grasses, to which their green,coloration and markings assimilate them, thus affording a good example of ‘protective coloration.” In an evolutionary sense there are also ample grounds for considering them as exhibiting a very primitive form. Dr. Weisman has made the most profound and philosophical study of larval characters, principally as found in the Sphingide, a family which strongly exhibits more or less specialised larval markings. He considers the oldest Sphinx larve as being without markings and probably protected only by adaptive coloration and a large caudal horn, &c. It is at least probable that the bifid tails of the Satyrine fulfil an analogous protective function with this caudal horn in the Sphingide, or with the forked horn at the tails of the larve of some genera of moths. With the next stage of Sphingid evolution, where the larve have become longi- tudinally striped, we may almost apply Dr. Weisman’s very words to the Satyrinw :—‘ The caterpillars thus marked must have been best hidden on those plants in which an arrangement of parallel linear parts predominated; and we may venture to suppose that at this period most of the larve of the Sphingide lived on or among such plants (grasses).”’ || * This subfamily is confined to Tropical America, + Deserip. Cat. Lep. Ins. pp. 21-2. | ‘ British Butterflies,’ pp. 19 & 20). § ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 458 (Eng. ed.). Dr. Weisman, however, errs in stating that the imagines of the genera Apatura and Nymphalis differ from those of the Satyring chiefly “in the absence of an enlargement of certain veins of the fore wings, an essential character of the Satyrine,” as the enlargement of these vems is not p constant charneter, whilst the more or less atrophied disco-cellular nervules of the posterior wings in all the genera of the Nymphalin is a constant and easily observed character to separate that subfamily from the Satyrine, || ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 381. JuNE 3O, 1882. L 38 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, As regards the distribution of the Satyrine, Prof. Westwood has calculated that the number of the European species is considerably greater than one-third of the whole number of European Rhopalocera,* whilst Mr. Kirby estimates them as nearly a third.+ It is in this region that the lower forms of grasses are very abundant, for, as Meyen has pointed out, these (the grasses which form meadows and pastures) are peculiar to the colder regions and to the colder half of the tem- perate regions; they are replaced by larger arborescent forms in the subtropical zone and within the tropics. This large percentage of Satyrine to the whole Rhopalocerous fauna probably extends throughout the Palearctic region, § but of the butterflies of Northern and Central Asia we still know very little. Even in China, Mr. Pryer, giving the results of a short entomological excursion, says, “‘ The commonest butterfly was one of the Satyridw, which subsequently turned out to be not only a new species, but a new genus.’’|| It cannot, however, be postulated that the average numerical distribution of the grasses is in proportion to the average numerical distribution of the Satyrine, for whereas, according to De Candolle’s statistical review, the Old World and Asia especially is richer in grasses than the New, for though in the latter the grasses rarely amount to as much as ten per cent. of all the flowering plants in the various districts, usually only nine, occasionally only seven per cent., they generally amount to ten and often to twelve per cent. in the Eastern Continents.{{ I found from an estimate made from Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue (1871) that the approximate equivalence in the number of genera and species as found in the Old and New Worlds ** was exceedingly close and quite surprising in that respect. However, the number of genera peculiar to Tropical America are greater than those which are peculiar to any other region, the Oriental Region being next in that respect, but only to less than half the extent. ++ According to Dr. Thwaites,{{ the Ceylonese specimens of Satyrine are inactive and fly near the ground, amongst grass and close to the margins of woods. ‘heir movements, however, are more lively in the early morning and evening during their amatory gambols. §§ They have also been observed on the Amazons by Mr. Wallace, |||; and in South Africa by Mr. Trimen,/{] whose record of their flight is similar to that of Dr. Thwaites, and agrees with my own observations in Province Wellesley. Mr. Wallace adds to his Amazonian account that he did not remember to have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, whilst the greater number of them did not exceed as many inches; and Mr. Trimen noticed that those species which did not possess the basal inflation of the nervures of the anterior wings possessed greater powers of flight and a more robust structure generally. The colour of these butterflies is generally of a sombre hue, dull brown being the usual tint of the upper surface, though exceptions to this rule, as might be expected, are not infrequent. There often appears to be some correlation between obscure colours above and ocellated spots beneath. * Doubl. & Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep, vol. ii. p. 352. + ‘European Butterflies,’ p. 45. | ‘ Botanical Geography’ (Ray Soc.), p. 107. § These statistics do not apply to the Nearctic Region, for Mr. Scudder, in discussing the disparity in numbers of the Nymphalide of Europe and N. America, remarks that such ‘is almost wholly due to the vast number of Satyrs, or Meadow Growns in Europe—it has seventy-seven species—while we have but nineteen.”—* Butterflies,’ p. 264. || Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 54. ‘| Quoted by Peschel, ‘The Races of Man,’ p. 412. ** The Satyrid faunas of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions were compared with those of the Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions. ++ Wallace, Geogr. Distrib, An. vol. u. p. 471. {} Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 18. §§ Mr. Swinton, who has paid much attention to this branch of Entomology, states that many butterflies pair at noontide when the sky is overcast (‘Insect Variety,’ p. 92). \\|| Trans. Ent. Soc. 1857, p. 261. “4 Rhop. Afr. Austr, p. 185. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 39 Mr. Grant Allen has advocated the view of a correlation between the colours of animals and the food on which they feed. ‘* Where bright blossoms are common insects are brilliant, while where most blossoms are inconspicuous most insects are dingy.’’* ‘In short, the immense majority of animals which do not feed on bright-coloured food are of plain hues, é&e.’’ Mr. Allen has greatly relied on the brilliancy of flower-frequenting butterflies in support of his theory, which might also have been assisted by a reference to the generally sombre-hued Satyrine, whose home and sustenance are the wind-fertilised grasses, with their obscure and degenerate flowers. { Seven genera only can at present be included in this fauna, which is doubtless an insuflicient enumeration. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings emitted before end of cell. A. Posterior wings with their outer margins more or less waved and obtusely angulated. a, Median nervules of anterior wings with their bases widely separated. Wig dbs’ estar ina Aeelenthe b. Costal nervures of anterior wings not dilated, ismene, Showing median nervules, ec. Nervules of posterior wings all well separated at their bases. d. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly longer than the upper ome. - - -~— - - Menanrris. bb. Costal nervures of anterior wings dilated towards base. é. Wings beneath provided with perfect ocelli.§ ce. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with a common origin at apex of cell. Fic. 11. Post. wing, Lethe europa, showing median nervules, dd. Disco-cellular nervules of posterior wings about or almost subequal in length. | : J. Antenne distinetly clavate. - : - - Lerue. SS Jf. Antennw slender, the apical portion gradually but slightly thickened. Fro. 12. Post. wings, Erites angu- ddd. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly laris, showing median nervules. longer than the upper one. - - - - - CaeLrres. ecc. First and second median nervules of posterior wings approximating, but considerably separated at their origi; the first only at apex of cell. - - - Erires. ac. First and second median nervules of anterior wings with a coInmon origin at apex of cell. ee. Posterior wings without (or sometimes provided with imperfect) ocelli. Fro. 13. Anterior wing, Melanitis cece. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with innuene, showing median nervules. a common origin at apex of cell. =, = - f: E.LYMNIAS. ee B. Posterior wings with their outer margins sometimes more or less waved, but not angulated or tailed. bbb. Costal and sometimes also median and submedian nervures dilated at base. g. Males provided with long hair-covered pseudo Fro. 14. Ant, wing, Elymnias casi- scent-glands. - - - - - - Mycauzsrs. phone, showing median nervules. 9, Wirgt subcostal nervule only of anterior wing before end of cell. - Yprrura. * “The Colour Sense," p. 160. + Ibid. p. 181. | The story of degeneracy of these flowers has been recently well told in the ‘St. James's Gazette’ (May 8, 1882), under the title of “The Flowering of the Grasses,” by a skilful biologist, using the nom de plume of ‘ Colin Clout.’ § I here use the term “ocelli” for brevity, preferring that of “ocellated spots,” as elsewhere applied in the text, Although the first term is used by many excellent lepidopterists, still it has an earlier and distinct entomological definition, especially in Rhynchota, 40 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Genus MELANITIS. Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 14 (1881). Hipieo, Hitbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 66 (1816). Cyllo, Boisd., Voy. Astrol. Lep, p. 140 (1832); Faune Mad. p. 57 (1833); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 360 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186 (1866). Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex, and with the apex produced and usually angulated about lower diseoidal nervule, beneath which the outer margin is distinctly excavate; inner margin nearly straight; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule strongly produced and directed outwardly, abruptly deflexed and convexly bent at apex; lower disco-cellular abruptly curved inwards near commencement, and then, and for its greatest length, slightly directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; nervules all well separated at their origins; lower diseo-cellular nervule distinctly longer than the upper. Eyes naked. Palpi clothed beneath with short scaly hairs placed close together—squamose. Antenne more or less incrassated at apex. This genus is widely distributed, being found in Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa, throughout Continental India, and extending eastward through the whole of the Southern Oriental Region, including the Malay Archipelago; it is also extensively spread amongst the Pacitie Islands, and as far south as Australia. It is, however, difficult to assess the number of known “species” of Melanitis, owing to the very conflicting views of different authorities, and the empirical condition of our knowledge on that point. Forms which a few years ago were estimated as varieties only, have since, on further consideration by the same authors, been promoted to specific rank. Thus, in 1867, Mr. Butler published* short diagnoses and references to forty-one different forms of M. leda contained in the British Museum, of which he summarised the habitats as “Java; Oceania; Australia; Africa,”” and stated that the variation was so gradual that it was impossible to determine the exact limits of the two extreme forms. In 1868} he formulated these into nine distinct varietal forms, but since that time has had reason to treat most, if not all, of these once-considered varieties as distinct species, in which he is in agreement with several modern authors. The question, however, is far from solved, and the two species here included as such, in accordance with good authorities, have more often been considered as varietal forms, and should still be so if the following is accepted as conclusive. Mr. Darwin, in diseussing the variability and formation of the ocelli or egg-like spots on the plumage of birds, has made great use of these ‘‘ varieties’’ of MW. leda, from drawings made by Mr. Trimen and reproduced by him.{ From an examination of the figures and a consideration of Mr. Trimen’s remarks on the subject,§ Mr. Darwin states that “in some specimens large spaces on the upper surface of the wings are coloured black, and include irregular white marks; and from this state a complete gradation can be traced into a tolerably perfect ocellus, and this results from the contraction of the irregular blotches of colour. In * Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 51 (1867). + Cat. Satyride, pp. 1—3. | ‘The Descent of Man,’ ed. 2, pp. 428-9, § Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 41 another series of specimens a gradation can be followed from excessively minute dots, surrounded by a scarcely visible black line, into perfectly symmetrical and large ocelli.” 1. Melanitis leda. (Tab. IV., fig. 10.) Papilio Leda, Linmeus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 778, n. 151 (1767); Drury, Ex. Ins. i. t. 15, f. 5, 6 (1778); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 196, C, D. (1780). Oreas (marnwrata) Leda, Hibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1806-1816), Melanitis Leda, Fabr., Uliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore (part), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 222, n. 461 (1857); Butl, Cat. Satyr, p. 1, n. 1 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 9, n. 1 (part), (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15, pl. 10, f. 1 a, 6 (1881). Hipio Leda, Hibn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, n. 538 (1816). Satyrus Leda, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 4 (18238). Cylla leda, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 361, n. 1 (1861); Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 52 vars. 1, 2, 8, 36,4, 5 (1867); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n, 9 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p, 6, n. 17 (1878). Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a subapical blackish spot situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered inwardly more or less distinetly with fulvous. Posterior wings with one, two, three, or even four submarginal black spots, with white centres and narrow pale margins, the largest of which is situated between second and third median nervules. Underside of wings varying from pale variegated lilaceous (as in specimen figured) to pale variegated ochraceous, covered with numerous darker strige. Anterior wings with three transverse dark fascim, the first and most indistinct crossing cell about one-third from base, the other passing through about centre of cell and the third a little beyond cell, and not quite reaching inner margin (these fascie are very inconstant, two being seen distinctly on specimen figured, but on some others they are barely distinguishable), and three, four, or five subapical black ocellated spots, with white centres and yellowish margins, situated between the nervules, of which the largest is placed between the first and second median nervules; in dark lilaceous specimens the space between the third median nervile and submedian nervure is more or less ochraceous. Posterior wings with a more or less distinct dark fascia, continuous with the centre one of anterior wings and not reaching abdominal margin, and with six submarginal ocellated spots, varying in size in different specimens, but the largest of which are the first and upper one, situated between, and sometimes extending beyond, the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, which is placed between the second and third median nervules; the last one is also sometimes duplex, as in the specimen figured. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. In female specimens the spots on the upper surface of the wings are usually larger and brighter. Exp. wings, ¢ 66 to 72 millim.; 2 77 to 84 millim. Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.); Central Provinces; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore).— Ceylon (coll. Moore, & Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands (Caleutta Mus.* and coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Bali (coll. Moore).—Celebes (Snellen and Brit. Mus.)\—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Formosa.—North China (coll. Moore). This species varies in the shape of the anterior wings, sometimes having the apex distinetly faleate, as in the specimen figured, or indistinctly and scarcely recognisably so, as in a Bombay specimen in my own collection. As observed in Celebes it is crepuscular in habit, flying in the * Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. L. p. 244 (1881). JUNE 30, 188%, # 49 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. evening at twilight, and also at early dawn.* Mr. Trimen also records the crepuscular habits of this species (or a local form of it) at Mauritius, and states that there it could always be found ‘in the dark alleys between the rows of sugar-canes.’”’+ In Continental India, at Saugor, Capt. de la Chanmette describes this and an allied species as flying ‘‘at sunset under the Neem trees, resting for a long time motionless on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon them, when they will fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite stone.” } In North-Western India, according to Capt. Lang, these same species were found “always flitting about under the shade of trees or lurking in long grass.’’$ In Ceylon Mr. Hutchison also describes its flight as taking place at dusk of evening and at dawn. || The larva (which I have figured at p. 37), was reared by Capt. Lang on ‘* Saccharum ravenne.” 2. Melanitis ismene. (Tab. 1V., figs. 9, 11 & 12.) Papilio Ismene, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 26, A, B (1774). Melanitis Hanksia, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EK. 1. C. i. p. 222, n. 462 (1857). Cylla Leda, Butl, (part), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 562 (1867). Melanitis Leda, var. Jsmene, Butl,, Cat. Satyr. p. 2 (1868). Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 14, pl. 10, f. 2,4, b (1881); Wood- Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. i. p. 244, n. 8 (1881). Male and female. Wings above either pale or dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the apical area darker, and possessing a subapical blackish spot, situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered more or less distinctly above and inwardly with fulvous-red. Posterior wings with one, two, and sometimes three or four, very small submarginal white spots, with black margins; the most distinct of these spots is situated between the second and third median nervules, and the whole are sometimes practically obsolete as in the var. figured (fig. 11). Wings beneath variable in hue and markings, as follows :— Var. a, fig. 9 ¢. Dull greyish, with a lilaceous tinge, more or less irregularly spotted with fuscous, exhibiting on disk the broken remains of three dark fascim; anterior wings with a distinct white-centred spot between first and second median nervules, above which and first median nervule is a much more obsolete and indistinct spot; there are also indications of two apical spots situated on each side of upper diseo-cellular nervule. Posterior wings with a more or less obsolete series of six submarginal ocellated spots, of which the first and upper, situate between the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, placed between second and third median nervules, are the largest and most distinct, being black with white centres and yellowish margins. This is the typical form of Ismene as figured by Cramer. Var. b, fig. 12¢. Wings much darker and more lilaceous, the fuscous markings absent; anterior wings with four distinet brownish fascim, three in and one just beyond end of cell, the first and second of which are continued on posterior wings, where they are curved, but do not reach abdominal margin. Both wings spotted as in var. a. Var. c, fig. 1192. Wings pale ochraceous, the fascia, as seen in var. b, much fainter; anterior wings with the apical area paler and spots absent; posterior wings with the spots very faint or obsolete. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger, with the general colour both above and beneath brighter, and the subapical markings to the anterior wings above much more distinct and vivid. Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 72 millim.; ¢? 78 to 82 millim. * M. C. Piepers, Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to sxiv., and English translation by Kirby, ‘Entomologist,’ x. p. 267; Snellen, Tyd. Ent. xix. p. 145. + Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. v. p,. 386. } Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ii. p. 87. § Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 182. || Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 43 Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.), Neilgherries; Calcutta; Nepaul; Cashmere (coll. Moore).—Ceylon (coll. Moore)—Andaman Islands (Calentta Mus.)\— Burma; Moulmein.— Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) —Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (eoll. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.). This is a very variable form beneath, but the three varieties described appear to represent the species in the Malay Peninsula. In other habitats different varieties are found. The larva and pupa as found in Ceylon are described and figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis. The shape is that of the larva of M. leda, the “head large, surmounted by two short pubescent red processes, last segment also with two processes; pale green with longitudinal rows of whitish dots; dorsal and lateral line darker green; head bluish, face striped with white and black. Pupa green, cylindrical; head and thorax obliquely flattened.” * Its habits in Continental India were described with those of J/. leda by Capt. Lang and Capt. de la Chaumette (ante p. 42); and, in the neighbourhood of Monghyr, Mr. Lockwood tells us that when ‘the toddymen cut the date trees,” hundreds of this species ‘collect to feed upon the sweet sap, in company with many yellow-banded wasps and ants.”’ + Genus LETHE. Lethe, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p. 16 (1881). Delis, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 858 (1851). Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and apically convex, and the apex rounded; outer margin slightly waved and concave; inner margin straight; costal nervure dilated at base: first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper diseo-cellular nervule short, directed outwardly at base and then somewhat coneavely bent and directed outwardly along its greatest length ; lower disco-cellular nervule nearly straight and directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; first and second median nervules with a common origin about apex of cell; disco-cellular nervules about or almost subequal im length. Eyes prominent and hairy. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-ereet hairs, (istinetly separated—setose. Antenn@ more or less incrassated at apex. Above forty species of this genus have been described. It is strongly represented in Continental India, is not uncommon in the true Malayan Region, and is found as far north as China and Japan. Only one species has at present been received from the Malay Peninsula, and is here alone included. 1. Lethe europa. (Tab. V., fig.5 3,69.) Papilio Furopa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500, 1. 247 (1775). Oreas marmorea Europa, Hiibn., Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1606—1816), Lethe Europa, Hithn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, u. 634 (1816); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 114, n. 2 (1868); Cat. Fabr, Lepid. p. 29, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1877, p. 582; Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. xlix. p. 226, n. 5 (1880), * Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 14. + Nat. Hist. Sport and Travel,’ p. 226. 44 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Satyrus Europa, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 6 (1828), Delis Europa, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 859, n.1 (1851); Hewits., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. vill. p. 148 (1865); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877). Papilio Beroé, Cram., Pap. Ex. i. t. 79, C, D (1779). Papitio Arete, Cram., Pap. Ex. iv. t. 813, B, F (1782), Lethe Arcuata, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 114, n. 4, t. 2, f. 8 (1868), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a very indistinct transverse pale fascia across centre of cell (this is frequently quite obsolete), and with an oblique, broader, more distinct, and paler fascia just beyond end of cell, commencing on costa, where it is broadest, and terminating about third median nervule, where it is narrowest; two obscure whitish spots near apex, the upper one more or less duplex and situated at about base of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules; and with a submarginal pale waved line at outer margin, the fringe of which is also greyish. Posterior wings with a few submarginal and irregular darker spots, which are most distinct near apex, and with a pale submarginal waved line, which is inwardly and irregularly bordered with very dark brown. Wings beneath dark shining brown. Anterior wings with a narrow white fascia crossing the cell about centre and extending to about inner margin; an oblique, wider and more ochraceous fascia beyond end of cell, commencing at costa and terminating at about third median nervule, where it becomes fused in a waved series of six continuous, amalgamated spots, which extend from near costa to inner margin, and are lilaceous, with their centres fuscous and their immer and outer margins pale ochraceous; between these spots and the outer margin, which has a paler narrow submarginal band outwardly bordered with black, the ground colour becomes more ochraceous. Posterior wings with a narrow white fascia commencing at costa, a little distance from base, and terminating a little before centre of abdominal margin; a submarginal series of six large, subovate, continuous, amalgamated spots, which are pale brownish, and have the outer and inner margins lilaceous; the first and largest is situate on the two subcostal nervules, and has a large and rounded black centre, dusted with a few white spots; the remaining five are more elongated and compressed, fused together at the nervules, and have the centres more or less irregularly black, dusted with white, the sixth terminating at submedian nervure; posterior margin ochraceous, with a pale narrow submarginal band, bordered outwardly with black. Body, antenne, and legs fuliginous-brown. Female. Larger than the male. Anterior wings above with the oblique fascia at end of cell white, very broad, and terminating a little below third median nervule, followed by a white spot at posterior angle, the apical spots white and three in number, the upper two close together on each side of fifth subcostal neryule, the lower one distinctly preceded by the upper of two fuscous spots, situate one on each side of lower disco-cellular nervule, both being margined with paler brown. Posterior wings above as in male. Anterior wings beneath with the broad white fascia as above, which obliterates the fifth and part of the sixth submarginal spots, which are all paler and brighter than in the other sex. Posterior wings beneath asin male, but with all the markings larger and brighter. Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 70 millim.; ¢ 75 millim, Han.—Continental India; Neilgherries; Malabar; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore); Bombay (coll. Dist.) ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.)}—Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Brit. Mus.)\—Sumatra (Snellen).— Java (Brit. Mus.)—Celebes (Snellen).—Siam (Mouhot)—China; Hong Kong (Brit. Mus.); Formosa; Hainan (coll. Moore). The habits of this species appear to be much the same as those of Mel. leda. Mr. Bigg, at Penang, deseribes the * Lethes’’ (he refers to L. beroé and L. arcuata as two species) as ** appearing in the padi-fields and ditches, especially at dusk"’;* and in Celebes, Piepers saw it + Month. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881), RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 45 flying in the morning twilight.* As observed in North-Western India by Capt. Lang, it was found on grassy slopes in the shade or near hedges, ‘* constantly pitching under bushes or at roots of trees, and lying perdue.”’ + Genus COZLITES. Cwlites, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 367 (1851), Anterior wings long and subtriangular, with the costa more or less notched at base and slightly arched, the apex depressed and rounded; outer margin slightly emarginate and scalloped, sometimes somewhat concave about centre; inner margin but very slightly dilated and nearly straight; costal nervure strongly diktted at base; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco- cellular nervule very much shorter than the lower one, which is more or less concave. Posterior wings more or less ovate, with the outer margin very slightly waved (as in (. nothis) or distinctly waved and obtusely angulated or tailed near first median nervule (as in C’. enptychioides); first and second median nervules emitted close together about apex of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule short and curved; lower one longest and more or less oblique. Kyes naked. Antenne very slender, the apical portion gradually and slightly thickened. This is a genus of small extent, and apparently confined to Continental India and the true Malayan Region. Five species have been described, but it is possible, when due allowance has been made for local variation, that not more than three are really known to Science at the present time. I have neither seen nor received any species of Culites myself from the Malay Peninsula, but in 1867 Mr. Butler described and figured a specimen, which was collected in Malacca by Lieut. Roberts. As the type is in the collection of that gentleman, who, I am informed, is now absent from England, I have simply reproduced Butler's figures and description here. ' 1. Coelites euptychioides, var. humilis. (Fig. 15.) Catites euptychivides, Felder, Reise Noy, Lep. iii. p. 499, n. 865 (1866). Calites Humilis, Butler, Aun. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 408, t..8, f. 8; t. 9, £. 2 (1867), Colites enptychioites, var, /aonilis, Bath, Cat. Satyr. p. 112, 1. 4 (1868), Female. Wings above fuscous; external area of the anterior wings somewhat more obscure, of the posterior wings paler; both wings with an obscure marginal line. Posterior wings with a subanal and very indistinct blind “ ocellus,”” margined with pale ochraceous; mternal margin paler; body above fus- cous; anenne ferrugmous. Wings beneath paler and ochraceous; a medial fascia and another submarginal one on which the “‘ocelli’ are generally distributed, violaceous: a discal clouded fascia, fuscous; two irregular marginal lines Fig, 15, 0 4 = * Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to xxiv., and Eng. Trans, by Kirby, * Entomologist,’ x. p. 271. + Ent, Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 181, : The original diagnosis is in Latin, but for the auke of uniformity I have given a more or less literal translation of the same. Juxe 80, 1882. ‘ 46 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. distinctly fuscous; anterior wings with a small subapical ocellus; posterior wings with five “ ocelli,” the third and fourth smallest and the fifth largest; all of these are black, surrounded with fulvous, the outer margin of which is fuscous, and with very small white pupils. Body beneath ochraceous, Exp. wings, 31 in. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca.—Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts). I have followed Mr. Butler in considering his C. humilis as but a local form or var. of ('. euptychioides, Peld., and Mr. Kirby* considers it but a synonym of that species. Felder’s typical C. Muptychioides was from Borneo, and Bornean specimens are contained in the British Museum. It has also been recently recorded from Sumatra. + Genus ERITES. Satyrus, subg. rites, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 892 (1851). Anterior wings somewhat elongate and narrow, with the costa arched and slightly convex at its apex, the apex rounded; outer margin nearly straight, or very slightly waved inwardly about middle; inner margin nearly straight; costal neryvure very strongly dilated at base: first and second subeostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule very short, directed a little outwardly at base, and then somewhat concavely in its greater length to apex; lower disco-cellular nearly straight, and very slightly directed either outwardly or inwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; nervules well separated at their origin; diseo-cellular nervules about or almost subequal in length, the upper one coneaye, the lower one almost straight. Eyes prominent and naked. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-erect hairs, somewhat separated and placed in tufts. Antenne slender, the apical portion slightly and gradually thickened, Four species represent our present knowledge of this genus, and its distribution is limited. We have no record of its having been discovered in Continental India; one species is apparently confined to the Malay Peninsula, extending, however, as far north as Upper Tenasserim; two have been received from Borneo, and another is found in Java. 1. Erites angularis. (‘T'ab. V,. fig. 3.) rites angularis, Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825. Male. Wings above semiliyaline, pale smoky ochraceous, the basal halves mottled with narrow, darker strigw. Anterior wings crossed by two dark oblique fascia, the first of which is nearly straight and passes from costal nervure through apical angle of cell to about middle of submedian nervure; the seeond commences about the bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, touches cell at its lower apex, and is then distinetly bent inwardly and terminates on submedian nervure; three very obscure subapical ocellated spots, divided by the discoidal neryules, with extremely faint and minute white centres, margined outwardly with ochraceous, and with the extreme margin pale fuscous; a very large ocellated spot situated on second and third median nervules, with a whitish centre and ochraceous margin, which is widest outwardly, and there and above also margined with fuscous; and with two waved fuscous marginal lines, the inner one becoming somewhat obsolete towards posterior angle; the marginal fringe also fuscous. Posterior wings crossed by two very angulated dull ochraceous fascie, of which the margins are somewhat fuscous; the inner commencing at costa in a line with the corresponding one of anterior wing, curved and * Cat. Dinrn, Lep, p. 45, 3 (1871). + Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appeni. V. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 47 angularly dentated in cell, and from thence transversely directed to about middle of abdominal margin ; outer fascia much waved, dentated inwardly near base of disco-cellular nervule, and more strongly and less regularly outwardly on first median nervule, from thence transversely concave to abdominal margin; a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, of which the fourth and fifth are largest and brightest, and situate between the median neryules; the upper three smaller, much more indistinct and situate between the neryules; these spots are fuscous, with a yellowish rim and fuscous margin; and two waved yellowish marginal lines, bordered outwardly and inwardly with fuscous. Underside of wings somewhat paler and more violaceous, but with the markings brighter and more distinct; the large ocellated spot to anterior wing with a large silvery centre and its margin pale yellowish. Posterior wings with the two discal fascim much more brightly ochraceous, the outer one becoming somewhat fused with the central spots, and its outer margin only bordered distinctly with fuscous at abdominal margin; spots with distinct pale centres; the third and fourth smallest and very widely margined with ochraceous. Body above pale fuscous; abdomen ochraceous beneath; legs pale ochraceous. Exp. wings 55 millim. Has.—Tenasserim (colls. Moore, Wood-Mason, and Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godm. & Salv.) The specimen figured was collected by Dr. Townsend in Perak, and is to the present time the only one I have seen from this district. This species is very distinct, differing from the other three with which we are at present alone acquainted by the more apically produced anterior wings, and by the inner fascia of the posterior wings being acutely dentate at its centre; if also structurally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wing slightly directed inwardly. Genus MYCALESIS. Mycalesis, Hithner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 54 (1816); Westw., Gen. Dinrn. Lep. p. 392 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 206 (1866), Wings short and broad. Anterior wings with the costa strongly arched and with the apex rounded ; the outer margin generally slightly convex ; inner margin slightly dilated, especially in the males. Costal nervure and sometimes also median and submedian nervures swollen at base; first and second subcostal nervyules emitted before end of cell; lower diseo-cellular nervule much longer than the upper. Posterior wings ovate, with the outer margin sometimes more or less waved; first and second median nervules either emitted close together at end of cell, or with their bases approximating, but distinctly separated ; diseo-cellular nervules more or less transversely closing cell. Males provided with one or sometimes two pseudo scent-glands covered by tufts of hair to posterior wings, and sometimes with one of the same to anterior wings. The distribution of this very extensive genus extends over a wide area. It is not found in either America or Europe, but is abundant in Africa, is found in Madagascar and the neigh- . bouring islands, and is very extensively represented in Tropical Asia, and on that continent is found as far north as China. It also occurs throughout the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago, including Papua, and from thence south to Australia. Of these Eastern species (excluding Africa), “hitherto described under the genus Mycalesis,” Mr. Moore, in a recent revision,” has enumerated eighty-six species, which he has arranged in twenty-three genera, * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 155, 48 RHOPALOCEHA MALAYANA. twenty-one of which are there described for the first time. I am considerably indebted to these for the characters which I have here used as sectionally dividing the species of Mycalesis found in the Malay Peninsula. As in the genera Danais and Huplewa, the males (as Mr. Moore has pointed out) are provided with a glandular pouch (probably a scent-secreting organ"), covered by a tuft (or tufts) of hair, which is either in some species found on both wings, or in others on the posterior wings only. In Java a species possesses two of these appendages to the posterior wings, but according to our present knowledge no species in this fauna possesses more than one. I have here included seven species, which account for all that have been referred to from this region by other writers, though in some eases I have formed .conclusions as to specific value which are not in unison with those of some authorities. In all cases, however, I have endeavoured to show where and why this divergence of opinion takes place. A. Males possessing a pseudo scent-gland on both anterior and posterior wings. 1. Mycalesis maianeas, (Tab. VIL., fig. 4 9.) Miycalesis Maioneas, Hewitson, Exot, Butt. iii, p. 87; Mye. t. 6, £. 27, 28 (1864); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 131, n. 18 (1868). Satoa Mataneas, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 157. As I have not received this undoubted Malaccan species, I have here reproduced Hewitson's figure, and add the description of that author :-— “Upper side. Male dark brown; the outer half nearly of the anterior wing, and the outer margin of the posterior wing, rufous-brown. Anterior wing with a tuft of hair near the inner margin; the margins of both wings where they meet silvery white. “Under side dark brown to the middle, rufous-brown beyond; the outer margin and two submarginal lines dark brown. Anterior wing with three ocelli, two near the apex minute and touching, the third below the middle, large; posterior wing with seven, the first (touching the costal margin), the fourth and fifth large, the rest smaller, all black, with pupil white, and iris rufous-orange.” ‘Female like the male, except that it has an orange band on botli sides of the anterior wing, and has but one ocellus, near the apex, on the underside of the anterior wing.” Exp. wings, ¢ lf in.;+ 2 2i in.{ Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Hewits.)—Sumatra.§—Borneo; Sarawak (coll. Hewits.). This species is peculiar in having, by its superficial characters, at least, a strong aftinity with the species of an African group of the genus. Mr. Moore has proposed a new genus (‘Sutoa) for its reception. Nore.—In faithfully reproducing Hewitson’s figure, our artist, Mr. H. Knight, must not be held responsible for the imperfect neuration of the same. * As with the genus Muploa, | have used the term “pseudo scent-gland,” because, though the probability of these being scent-producing or scent-secreting organs, as in the genus Danais, is eminently and distinctly probable, still the evidence in its favour, unlike that of Danais, requires locn! verification. + 48 ynillim. | 55 millim. £ Smith, in Bock, ‘ Head Hunters of Borneo,” Append. V, RHOPALOCHETRA MALAYANA., 49 a. Costal, median, and sulbmedian nervures dilated at base, 2. Mycalesis orseis. (Tab. V., fig. 4.) Mycalesixy Orseis, Hewitson, Exot. Butt, ii, p. 89; Myc. t. 6, £ 86,37 (1864); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 186, n. 85 (1868); Drnce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18738, p. 339, n. 1. Suralaya Orseis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1860, p. 159. Male. Wings above brown, strongly suffused with bright violaceous. Anterior wings with about apical third paler, on which are three obscure ocellated spots, the upper two smallest and situate on each side of upper discoidal nervules, the third and largest between second and third median nervules, and with two obscure dark marginal lines. Posterior wings much paler towards apical margin, with two dark marginal lines, and with a submarginal waved, narrow, dark fascia. Wings beneath pale ochraceous, both wings crossed by a very broad, slightly darker fascia, the margins of which are pale fuscous; on anterior wings its outer margin is at some little distance beyond end of cell, and on posterior wings it passes about apex of cell; beyond this fascia the colour is paler and tinged with violaceous. Anterior wings with a submarginal series of five ocellated spots, black with white centres and yellowish margins, surrounded with pale fuscous, of which the third and fourth are smallest and the fifth largest (sometimes the upper four are of equal size); these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above upper discoidal nervule, and the fifth between second and third median nervules; a sixth very small and obscure spot is sometimes found beneath the third median nervyule; a strongly waved, narrow, pale fuscous submarginal fascia, and two fuscous marginal lines. Posterior wings with seven ocellated spots similar to those of anterior wings, of which the second, third and fourth are smallest, and the fifth largest, as in the specimen figured, but the upper four are variable in size; these, with the exception of the last, are all placed between the nervules, the first between the subcostal nervules, and the seventh on submedian nervure; a narrow submarginal fascia and two marginal lines as on anterior wing. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Male possessing a long tuft of dark hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings, and with an indistinet glandular patch covered with short hairs about centre of submedian nervure of anterior wings, obscure above but distinct beneath. Exp. wings, 50 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (Kirby*).—Sumatra (coll. Hewits.)—Borneo (colls. Moore and Godm. & Saly.) This species appears to possess the usual variation m macular markings, and is included among the butterflies of this fauna, on the authority of the Singapore specimen in the Hewitsonian collection. I have not seen it myself in any other collection from the Malay Peninsula, nor have I been able to examine a female specimen. aa. Costal nercure only dilated at base. 3. Mycalesis medus. (Tab. IV., fig. 8.) Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488, n. 198 (1775). Papilio Hesione, Cram. Pap, Exot. i, t. 11, 0, D (1775). Myealesis hesione, Hitbn., Verz. bek. Sclimett. p. 65 (1816); Hewits., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. viii. p. 146 (1865); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 138 n. 50 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 34, n. 11 (1869); Trans. Linn. doc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 4 (1877); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p. 66 (1877). Orsotriane Hesione, Wallengr., Kongl. Vet. Akad. Foérh. xv. p. 80 (1858); Moore, Trans. Ent, Soe, 1880, p. 160+ * ‘Cat. Diurn. Lep. formed by W. C. Hewitson,’ p. 128 (1879). JuNE 30, 1882. o 50 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Papilio Doris, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t, 862, 0 (1782). Papilio Hamilcar, Herbst, Naturs. Sechmett. vii. p. 73, t. 193, f. 3 (1796), Mycalesis cinerea, Butl., Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. p. 401, t..8, f.9 (1867); Cat. Satyr. p. 188, n. 49 (1868). Muycalesis (Orsotriana) medus, Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Beng. vol. v. p. 280, n. 11 (1881), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, with a narrow, obscure, paler fascia crossing both wings beyond cells, but nearer the apex of cell of posterior than that of anterior wings. Wings beneath fuliginous- brown, crossed by a narrow pale white fascia, commencing near costa between upper apical angle of cell and apex of anterior wings where it is narrowest, and terminating a little before anal angle of posterior wings. Anterior wings with two large submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres, margined respectively with ochraceous and fuscous, with an extreme outer border of pearly grey, the first and smallest of which is situate on the discoidal nervules, and the lower and largest on the second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with three submarginal ocellated spots of the form and colour of those of anterior wings, the first and smallest of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, contiguous to the second and much larger spot, and both enclosed by one outer pearly grey margin (in some specimens each has a separate pearly outer margin); third and largest spot on second and third median nervules; both wings possessing two narrow pale waved marginal lines, those of the posterior wings much more distinct. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Male with a tuft of long hairs, covering the base of a glandular pouch, situate between and near the bases of third median nervyule and submedian nervure, and with a tuft of long hairs near base of median nervure of posterior wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 42 to 49 millim.; ¢ (one spec.) 57 millim. Has.—Continental India; Gangetic Plains (coll. Moore); Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon ?* (coll. Dist.)— Nicobar Islands.—Brit. Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (coll. Moore).—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Celebes (Snellen); Macassar; Flores; Timor (coll. Moore).—Gilolo (coll. Dist.). A male specimen is here figured. As with other species of the genus, considerable variation ensues in the size of the ocellated spots on the under surface of the wings. B. Males possessing a pseudo scent-gland on posterior wings only. b. Costal, median, and submedian nervures dilated at base. ¢. Males with a single tuft of hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings. 4. Mycalesis mineus. (Tab. IV., fig. 133, 14 ¢.) Papilio Mineus, Linnwus, Syst. Nat. i. 11, p. 768, n. 126 (1767); Fabr., Syst, Ent. p. 488, n. 197 (1775). Papilio Justina, Cram., Pap. Exot. iv. t. 826, C (1782). Mycalesis Justina, Hitbn,., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 55, n. 524 (1816); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix. p. 145, n, 9 (1876); tb. vol. xx. p. 66 (1877). Satyrus Mineus, Godt.. Ene. Méth. ix. p. 510, n. 97 (1828). AMycelesis Mineus, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 195, n. 31 (1868); Cat, Fabr. Lep. p. 834, n. 8 (1869); Trans, Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825; Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 226, n. T (1880). Calysisme Justina, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 161. Calysisme mineus, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 162; Lep. Ceyl., p, 22, t. 11, £. 4, a, b (1881). * IT have an undoubted specimen of this species labelled “Ceylon,” which is my reason for giving that habitat. Mr. Moore, however, has not included it in his ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ but only an allied species. I have therefore felt a little doubt as to whether I really possess a Ceylon specimen. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51 Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a faint, pale, straight fascia, which passes u little beyond end of cell, and from which to outer margin the colour is slightly paler; a black spot with “a white centre and a faint ochraceous margin between first and second median nervules, and two inarginal fuscous lines, the innermost of which becomes faint and obsolete towards apex; fringe smoky ochraceous. Posterior wings with two distinct marginal lines, on each side of which the colour is dull ochraceous (in some specimens a minute white-centred fuscous spot between second and third median nervules). Wings beneath with the colour brighter and paler; both wings crossed by a narrow fascia, on anterior wings passing somewhat beyond, and on posterior wings about end of cell; anterior wings with two submarginal ocellated spots, which are black, with white centres and yellow margins, the first and smallest situate on the discoidal nervules, and perfectly surrounded by a pale greyish line, the second and largest placed on the second and third median nervules, with a pale surrounding greyish line, which terminates inwardly on the transverse white fascia (both these spots sometimes throw off a smaller one, the upper one generally posteriorly and the lower one usually anteriorly, as shown in the female figure here given); two pale greyish marginal lines, the inner one waved, and the fringe also pale greyish. Posterior wings with seven submarginal ocellated spots of a similar pattern and colour to those on anterior wings, of which the second and third are minute, the whole series being surrounded by a much waved pale ereyish fascia, which in some specimens tends to coalesce and perfectly surround the sixth and seventh spots; two pale greyish marginal fasci#, the inner one most strongly waved, and the marginal fringe also pale greyish. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings. Female. Larger than male; anterior wings above with the ocellated spot larger and brighter; posterior wings above with two more obscure ocellated spots situate on the second and third median nervules (there are sometimes indications of the commencement of a third spot between the third median nervule and submedian nervure). Wings beneath as in male, but with all the spots and markings larger and brighter. Exp. wings, ¢ 42 to 45 millim.; ? 60 millim. Var. a. Miycalesis cepheus, Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 402, pl. 9, f. 3, 4 (1867); Cat. Satyr. p. 134, n. 50 (1868). Mycalesis blasius, var. Cepheus, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. pp. 89, 90, n. 29 (1871). Calysisme Cephens, Moore, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 168. Male. This variety differs on the underside of the anterior wing in having an additional spot in front of lower ocellated spot, and enclosed by the same pale greyish line; and on the underside of the posterior wings in having the second and third submarginal spots a little longer, which render the series apparently a little more arched, as Butler describes.* This specimen was collected in Penang by Lieut. Roberts. Var. b. (Tab. IV., fig. 7.) Male. Differs from typical specimens on the underside of the wings by the lower ocellated spot of the anterior wing haying a smaller one attached or non-attached to it beneath, but which is also enclosed by * T am possibly in agreement with Mr. Butler in estimating his M. cepheus as but a varietal form of M. mineus, as in his “Tabular View of the Butterflies of Malacen” (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 564, 1877) he does not enumerate it, though he ineludes others which were not collected by Capt. Pinwill. That writer correctly remarked in his description that it was allied to M. mineus, and I cannot agree with Mr. Kirby in considering it as a variety of M. blasius. Mr. Butler has also included M. polydecta in his Malaccan species. The form he has figured (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. pl. ix. f. 6 & 6), however, does not agree with Cramer's figure of that species, and from an examination of the Malaccan specimens thus identified in the British Museum I certainly incline to the opinion that such are but varieties of M. mineus, and that the true M. polydecta, Cram., cannot as such be at present included in this fauna. 52 tHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. the same surrounding pale greyish line;* posterior wings with the second and third small ocellated spots of typical specimens totally absent. (In the figure here given the seventh and smallest spot has been omitted.) This variety | have received from Province Wellesley. Has.—Continental India; Bombay (colls. Moore & Dist.) ; Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore),— Andaman Islands (Calcutta Mus.)—Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus. and coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore).—China ; Hong Kong (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.). I have compared the two specimens figured (Tab. IV., figs. 13, 14) with the Linnean typical specimens in the possession of the Linnean Society of London, and have satisfied myself as to their identity. This is a very variable species, but not more so than we might expect, when we remember analogous cases of Satyrid variation in Europe. Fiven in England Hipparchia hyperanthus affords a good example, and an inspection of the figures of the six varieties of that species, as given by Mr. Newman, } will convince any one of the little specitic value afforded by either the size or number of these ocellated spots in that species. Had a Malayan descriptive entomologist been dealing with these British varieties, as occasionally received by him, there is little doubt that some at least of them would have been deseribed as distinct species. In my opinion the operation has only been reversed with respect to J/. mineus, and this must frequently occur with us all when describing unique specimens from abroad. It is only when many specimens are accumulated that the strength of this varietal view of the value of ocellated spots can be fully apprehended, as has been abundantly shown in the American genus Euptychia by Messrs. Godman and Salvin, { and as Mr. Darwin had taught us to expect.§ Linneus himself can also be adduced as a witness to the varietal character of his species. Dr. Aurivillius, of Stockholm, has very kindly forwarded me a coloured copy of a figure in the unpublished ‘Teones’ of Clerck, below which, as Dr. Aurivillius informs me, ‘‘ Linné himself has written ‘84 Mineus,’ and which therefore may be relied on as typical.’’ This figure apparently represents an extreme variety (female), in which the ocellated spots of the underside of the wings are very small, and the area in which they are placed very pale. 5. Mycalesis blasius. (Tab. VIL., fig. 7.) Papilio Blasius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., Suppl. p. 426, n. 468-489 (1798). Mycalesis Blasius, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 720, fig. 4; Cat. Satyr. p. 137, n. 40 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 84, n. 10 (1869); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 825. Mycalesis lurida, Butl., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. 3. Calysisme Blasius, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc, 1880, p. 162; Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 21, t. xi. f. 2, 2a (1581), Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; in some specimens the anterior wings have a small obscure white-centred spot near bases of fourth and fifth subcostal nervules. Wings beneath fuliginous-brown ; both wings crossed by a narrow, pale, whitish fascia, which passes a little beyond the apices of the discoidal cells. Anterior wings with four submarginal ocellated spots, black with white centres and ochraceous * Mr, Moore (Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 22) describes a like varietal form ag not uncommon in Ceylon, and which is indicated in his figure, Plate XIL., f. 4b. + ' British Butterflies,’ p. 05. | Biol. Centr, Am. Rhop. p. 87. § ‘Descent of Man,’ ed. 2, p, 427 et seq. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 53 margins placed between the nervules; of these the second and third are smallest and obscure, and the fourth, situate between the second and third median nervules, largest; the first or upper one is place: between the discoidal nervules; two marginal waved pale lines. Posterior wings with seven submarginal ocellated spots similar to those of anterior wings, and which, with the exception of the sixth and seventh, are placed between the nervules, and are all encircled by a narrow pale greyish fascia; of these the second and third are smallest, the first is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the sixth and seventh are placed between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; two marginal, waved, pale greyish lines. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Male with a tuft of long pale hairs situate near costal base of posterior wings. Exp. wings, 42 muillim. Var. «a. Muycalesis samba, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 233, n. 498 (1857). Myeatesis biasius, var, samba, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 137, n. 40 (1868), Calysisme samba, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 1638. This variety appears to differ chiefly in having but two ocellated spots on the under surface of anterior wings, and was deseribed as from “‘ N. India.” Var, b. Myecalesis lalassis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. p. 89; Myc. t. 6, f. 35 (1864). Mycalesis esis, var, lalassis, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 187, n. 40 (1868), Calysisme lalassis, Moore, Trans. Ent, Soc, 1880, p. 168. This form differs, as Butler states, in having the “ distinct subanal spot of the front wings above.” Mr. Hewitson himself" subsequently considered it as the equivalent of the MW. samba, Moore, and in this view Lagree. Hewitson’s specimen was received from Gilolo. Harn.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (coll. Moore).—Burma; Pegu (coll. Moore).— Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Perak (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Singapore (coll. Moore).— Java.—Philippines.—Formosa (coll. Moore). This, like M. mineus, appears to be a protean species, though the differences are only what may be expected by those who take an evolutionary view of the origin of the ocellated spots, and consequent variability of the same. Mr. Butler+ has inadvertently shown this variability, as in comparing the form samba with typical blasius he states that the Fabrician species has ‘three ocelli on the underside of the front wings,’’ whilst, comparing it with the form lulassis, he states that blasius has but two. I have not been able to examine a female specimen, which, however, Mr. Moore‘ describes as being similar to the male. The specimen figured was collected in Perak by Dr. Townsend. 6. Mycalesis fusca. (Tab. V., fig. 1 ?.) Dasyommea fuseum, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 401, n. 27 (1860), Mycalesix fuscum, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 144, n. 79 (1868); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 339, n, 7. Muyealesis fusca, Butl, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol, i, p. 537, n. 5 (1877), Myealesis Diniche, Hewits., Ex. Butt. ii, p. 85, Myc. t. 4, £. 28 (1862); Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. yol. viii. p- 146 (1865). Mycalesis maryites, Hewits., Ex. Butt. v. Myce. t. 9, f. 69 (1874). Muydosama fuseum, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 170. Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with an indistinct dark fascia, crossing them at end of cell, but not extending much beyond third median neryule; an ocellated spot, which is fuscous * Ex, Butt, vol. iii. p. iv. + Cat. Satyr. p. 137. | Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 21. Jung 30, 1882. 54 RHOPALOCENA MALAYANA. with an indistinct white centre and yellowish and fuscous margins, situate between second and third median nervules; a submarginal, narrow, waved, obscure fascia; and with two fuscous marginal lines, the inner one bordered on each side with ochraceous. Posterior wings with two submarginal ocellated spots, the first smallest, imperfect and obscure, between first and second median nervules; the second and largest between second and third median nervules; marginal markings as on anterior wings. Wings beneath ochraceous, both crossed by two pale reddish fascim, the first passing through the centres of both cells, the second a little beyond their apices. Anterior wings with four submarginal ocellated spots, brighter than those on upper surfaces, but marked and coloured in the same manner, the upper three smallest and placed close together, divided by the discoidal nervules; the fourth and largest situate on the second and third median neryules; a distinct, waved, narrow, fuscous submarginal fascia and two fuscous marginal lines. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of seven ocellated spots, margined inwardly with pale reddish, the first five placed singly between the nervules, the sixth and seventh close together between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure, and of which the fourth, fifth and sixth are largest; two fuseous marginal lines and a submarginal fuscous line, strongly waved near apex. Body and legs concolorous with wings. Antenne ochraceous, the club dark fuscous near apex. Male with a tuft of long pale hairs, covering a glandular pouch, near base of first subcostal nervule of posterior wings. Female. Larger and brighter than male; posterior wings above with the outer margin broadly ochraceous, and with the seven ocellated spots of the under surface visible above, the first two very faintly, but the remaining five bright and distinct; on the anterior wings the three upper ocellated spots of the under surface are denoted by small, obscure, fuscous spots. Wings beneath generally as in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 47 millim.; ¢ 53 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Borneo (colls. Dist.; Godm. & Salv.). This species is the type of the genus MWydosama, Moore, which that author has founded for a group of twenty species which are distributed over an area commencing in the Malay Peninsula, and extending throughout the Malayan Archipelago to Australia. ec. Males with a double tuft of hairs at subcostal base of posterior wings. 7. Mycalesis janardana. (Tab. V., fig. 2.) Mycalesis Janardana, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. i. p. 284 (1857); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 186, n. 87 (1868); Snellen, Tijd. Ent, xix. p, 146, n. 14 (1876); Butl., Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 537, n. 8 (1877). Mertanda Janardana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 169. Wings above fuliginous-brown; apex and outer margin of anterior wings somewhat paler. Posterior wings with the apical half somewhat paler, and with two submarginal, small, obseure and impressed fuscous spots, placed one on each side of second median neryule. Both wings with two narrow fuscous marginal lines, the marginal fringe greyish. Underside of wings somewhat paler, but mottled with darker brown; both wings crossed by a narrow grey fascia, passing beyond end of cells, but not reaching costa of anterior wings nor anal angle of posterior wings. Anterior wings with a submarginal row of six ocellated spots, fuscous with faint whitish centres, and with ochraceous and fuscous margins, the extreme outer margin being obscure greyish; these are situate between the nervules, the first above the upper discoidal nervule, and the sixth beneath the third median nervule, the first being smallest and the fifth largest; the basal portion beneath cell is also pearly grey, and there are two fuscous marginal lines, the inner one being bounded on each side with dull ochraceous; marginal fringe pale greyish. Posterior wings with a submarginal row of seven spots of like pattern to those of anterior wing, the first five of which are RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 55 placed singly between the nervules, and the sixth and seventh together are situate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure, and are surrounded by one outer greyish margin; marginal lines and fringe as in anterior wings. Body and legs concolorous with wings; antenn dull ochraceous, narrowly fuscous beneath; elub brighter and paler, broadly black beneath near apex. Male with two long tufts of pale hairs situate at subcostal base of posterior wings. Exp. wings 44 millim. Har.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.}—Java (colls. Moore and Snellen).—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This species appears to have a somewhat restricted area of distribution. Mr. Butler has described and figured,* under the name of Mycalests nautilus, a form which he justly states is ‘closely allied to M. janardanu.” This insect was taken in Malacca (where M. janardanu is found) by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection the type remains. Genus YPTHIMA. Ypthima, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p, 68 (1816); Westw., Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 894 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 205 (1866); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 24 (1881). Wings short and broad. Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costa arched and the apex rounded ; the outer margin entire and slightly convex ; inner margin nearly straight; costal nervure strongly swollen at base; first subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule angled inwardly near base, from thence concave, lower one also concave; median nervure slightly swollen at base. Posterior wings ovate, the costa strongly rounded and deflexed to apex, the outer margin entire; median nervules well separated at their bases, the first emitted from about end of cell; disco-cellular nervules oblique, slightly concave, the lower one longest. This genus has a wide area of dispersal; it is found in Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa (as far north as Abyssinia), is represented in Madagascar, is not uncommon in Tropical Asia, and found on that continent as far north as Japan, distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and extending to Australia. Our knowledge of the genus is slowly increasing. Prof. Westwood, in 1851,+ could enumerate only ten species; in 1865 Mr. Hewitson | mono- graphed the genus, and included twenty-four species therein; since that time many more have been described, and the present number of reputed species is little short of forty. We know little of their habits. According to Capt. Lang, § the Himalayan species are “of very feeble flight, frequenting banks, hedges, and grassy land.”” In Ceylon Mr. Hutchison || describes one species as taken only in long grass on borders of coffee-plantations at an elevation of 3000 feet, and another as being very common among the roadside grasses and weeds, its flight short, ‘‘constantly settling down on leaves, or in grass.” 1. Ypthima corticaria. (Tab. VI., fig. 8.) Yptlima corticaria, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 637, n. 8 (1877). Mule and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate paler fascia, placed transversely on apical half, and on which is a large ocellated spot, which is black, with two inner * Ann, & Mag. Nat, Hist. xx. p. 402, pl. ix. f, 7 (i867). + Gen. Diorn. Lep. pp. 395, 596, | ‘Trans. Ent. Soe. ser. 3. vol. ii. p. 288. § Proce. Zool, Soc. 1865, p. 502. | Moore’s Lep. Ceyl. i. pp. 24, 25. 56 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. bluish white spots, and the outer margin ochraceous; this is also somewhat narrowly and obseurely outwardly fuscous; the spot is situate a little beyond end of cell, and rests on the two discoidal and the first median nervules; a submarginal waved fuscous fascia, and two marginal fuscous lines. Posterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots with yellow margins and bluish white centres, the largest of which is situate between the second and third median nervules, and the second and third are smallest, fused, and surrounded by the same yellow margin and situate near anal angle and outer margin between the third median nervule and submedian nervure ; a submarginal fascia and marginal lines as on anterior wing. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled with brown, and crossed by two ill-defined central subparallel brownish fasciw; ocellated spots as above, but more distinct and brighter, and posterior wings having an additional and similar ocellated spot, situate on the subcostal neryules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings 43 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore). This species also exhibits the inconstancy of ocellated macular markings. In the type species described by Butler there was only one spot on upper surface of posterior wings, near anal angle, whilst beneath the duplex one of the specimen here described was single. In another Malaccan specimen in the British Museum there is a fourth very small ocellated spot below the one at apex. | Tis nearest allied species is Y. nareda, Koll., generally received from North-Eastern India, but probably with a much wider distribution. 2. Ypthima methora. (Tab. VI., fig. 9.) Yphthima methora, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc, ser. 3, vol. ii. p, 291; t. 18, f. 20, 21 (1865), Ypthime methora, Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 149, n.8 (1868); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, 1, 2 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 825. Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown, somewhat mottled with greyish towards outer margins, and with a distinct fuscous submarginal line. Anterior wings with a large and somewhat oblong ocellated spot, situate a little beyond end of cell and placed on the lower discoidal and first median nervules; this spot is black, with an ochraceous margin, and with two inner silvery spots. Posterior wings with a broad paler submarginal fascia, on which are two large submarginal ocellated spots placed between the median nervules, and with faint indications of a third situate above discoidal nervule; these spots are black, with ochraceous margins, and with an inner central silvery spot. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled with brown, both wings crossed by two waved, irregular, narrow brown fasciw, the inner one obseure and passing through discoidal cells, the outer one distinct and erossing at cellular apices (there are sometimes faint indications of a third inner basal fascia). Anterior wings with the ocellated spot as above and with a fuscous submarginal line. Posterior wings with six submarginal ocellated spots, of which the two central ones are largest and the lower ones smallest; the upper two are placed on each side of second subcostal nervule, the third and fourth between median nervules, and the fifth and sixth near anal angle between third median nervule and submedian nervure; the upper two are also farthest removed from outer margin, and the sixth and seventh are nearest to the same. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female, Hewitson described and figured a female specimen (from ‘ North India") in which the posterior wings exhibit on the upper surface five distinct ocellated spots. It would also appear to be much larger than the male. Exp. wings, ¢ 36 millim.; ? (Hewitson’s type) 2 in.* Haz.—Continental India; “ North India” (coll. Hewit. and Brit. Mus.) —Tenasserim ; Naththoung to Paboga (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Brit. Mus.). * $0 millim. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 57 The specimens taken by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, and which were presented by him to the British Museum, are the only examples I have seen from this region. 38. Ypthima newboldi. (Tab. IV., fig. 6 2.) Yphthima Newboldi, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 896 (1882). Wings above pale brown. Anterior wings with a large subovate pale fascia, placed transversely on apical half, and on which is a large black ocellated spot, with a yellow margin and with two small bluish tale-like centres; this spot is placed a little beyond end of cell, its upper margin extending a little above first disecoidal nervule, and its lower margin reaching the second median nervule. Posterior wings with a broad pale submarginal fascia, on which are three ocellated black spots, with yellow margins and bluish tale- like centres, the first and smallest of which is placed between the second subcostal and discoidal nervules, and the other two, which are largest and placed close together, are situate nearer to the outer margin and between the median nervules. Underside of wings pale greyish, mottled with brown; ocellated spots as above, but posterior wings having two additional smaller spots placed close together near anal angle, and between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure ; the small spot, as seen above, is much larger beneath. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 40 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). This species not only differs from Y. methora in having five, and not six, ocellated spots on the under surface of the posterior wings (a possible varietal difference only), and also a paler and more unicolorous hue beneath, but also by the shape of the ocellated spot on anterior wings, which is not only larger, but rounder and less oblong; the wings are also longer, the costal margin of the posterior wings being distinctly longer than the outer margin. I have as yet seen but one specimen, which I captured myself in Province Wellesley.* 4. Ypthima hubneri. (Tab. VIL., fig. 5 2.) Ypthima Huimeri, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 95, n. 18 (1871); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n. 11 (1876); ibid., xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid., xxi. p. 7, n. 19 (1878). Ypthima philomela, Hiibn. (nec, Linn.), Autr. Ex. Schmett. f. 88, 84 (1818); Hewits., Trans. Hint. Soc. ser. 8, vol. . p. 284, n.4 (1865); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 152, n. 18 (1868); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p- 687, u. 1 (1877). Male and female. Wings above bright, glossy, smoky ochraceous. Anterior wings with a large, ovate ocellated spot placed a little beyond cell, and situate on the two discoidal and first median nervules; this spot is dark fuscous, with two central pale bluish white spots, and outwardly margined with pale ochraceous ; outer dark submarginal and marginal lines. Posterior wings with two or three prominent submarginal ocellated spots, of which two are always present and placed between the median nervules, the inner one being largest, and the third and smallest (sometimes absent) is situate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; these spots are similar in colour to that of the anterior wing, but more rounded, with single pale bluish white central spots, and the area on which they are situate is paler and more or less greyish (the third when present is always more or less imperfect); between the subeostal nervules a spot on the under surface is faintly and obscurely visible above. Wings beneath pale greyish, mottled with slender pale fuscous strige; anterior wings with the large spot are above, but brighter, and its outer * T have named this species after Capt. Newbold, author of the useful and well-known ‘ Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca.’ SEPTEMBER 30, 1882, Q 58 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. margin wider and paler; marginal and submarginal lines as on upper surface; posterior wings with four ocellated spots, the upper of which is placed between the subcostal nervules, the second and third as above, the fourth broad (apparently duplex), with two pale centres and bright outer margin between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure (the artist has slightly misplaced this last spot on the figure). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 27 to 88 millim. Has.—Continental India; Cachar (Brit. Mus,)—Malay Peninsula; Malaeca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen) —Java; Batavia (Snellen)—Celebes (Snellen). A female Malaccan specimen in the British Museum, which was collected by Oapt. Pinwill, is here figured. The species appears principally to vary in the size and prominence of the ocellated spots on the upper surface. I follow Mr. Kirby, and adopt his name for the form figured by Hiibner as Y. philomela, but which is not the species deseribed under that specific name by Linneus, and which evidently belongs to this genus. . Genus ELYMNIAS. Elymnias, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmoett. p. 837 (1816); Butl. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1871, p.619; Moore, Lep. Cey). i. p. 25 (1881). Melanitis, part, Fabr., Tiger's Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep, p. 408 (1851). Biblis, part, Latr., Ene. Méth, ix. p. 10 (1819). Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex from base, the apex more or less acutely angular; outer margin somewhat oblique and emarginate, sometimes waved and dentated ; inner margin slightly dilated or convex; costal nervure strongly dilated at base; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular neryule shortest, strongly angulated at base of first discoidal nervule and very slightly concave along its greatest length; lower disco-cellular strongly concave; first and second median nervules with a common origin, and emitted at lower end of cell Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin more or less waved and generally produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; first and second median nervules with a common origin about apex of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule suberect and much shorter than the lower one, which is concave. Hyes naked. Palpi very long and slender, clothed beneath with short compressed hairs, and above with longer, slender, and distinctly separated hairs. Antennm slender, slightly and gradually thickened towards apex. I have included this genus in the Satyrine, in which subfamily it possesses a somewhat unique position, not only in general coloration and markings, but also by its neuration, the first and second median nervules of the anterior wings having a common origin. ‘The term at one time used by Mr. Butler, “ Aberrant Satyrine”’ * seems therefore very appropriate. Mr. Kirby + followed Herrich-Schiiffer in the opinion that these differences were sufficient to establish a distinct subfamily of the Nymphalidw, but he also has recently included Elymnias in the Satyrina.} In this genus the species possess an almost universal mimicry in colour and markings to protected or inedible species mostly belonging to the Danainw, but they may, however, be readily * Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 38. + Syn. Cat. Diurn, Lep. p. 112 (1871). | Zool. Record, 1881; Ins. p. 138. RHOPALOCENA MALAYANA. 59 distinguished from the imitated genera, as Mr. Kirby has remarked,* by their dentated and often angulated wings. In Hlymnias also we find a departure from the typical Satyrine in the partial or complete elimination of the ocellated spots usually found on the wings beneath, to which there is a generally corresponding increased brilliancy of coloration above. The sexual coloration and markings of the few species which occur in this fauna afford several perplexing features to a philosophical explanation. In E. discrepans we have the male resembling the corresponding sex of FE. undularis, and its female having a partial resemblance to the same sex of that species, thus appearing as an Imperfect mimic of a tawny Danaid. In Ff. nigrescens both sexes considerably resemble each other, and afford no clue to a mimicked species. In EF. penanga, however, it is the male which is a strong mimic of a species of Euplea, whilst the female closely resembles nothing but its near ally EH. sumatrana, both being almost unique in pattern and hue. But in kj. casiphone, and probably &. saueri (of which only the male is at present described), both sexes mimic the corresponding sexes of species belonging to the Midamus group of Euplea. Consequently no theoretical conclusions seem at present possible, based on examination of cabinet specimens alone, but the facts should prove suggestive to an enquiring and observing naturalist who could study the habits of the living species in connection with their natural environment. With the exception of two African species, the members of this genus are found in the Indo- and Austro-Malayan Regions, and, as Mr. Wallace has observed,} these last form two somewhat distinct groups; those from the Austro-Malayan Islands, beimg ‘ distinguished by a regular and somewhat rounded outline of wings, and resembling in coloration some of the broad-winged Huplew, or the genus Drusilla; while the species of India and the Indo-Malayan Islands are almost always characterised by a more irregular outline, waved, toothed, or even caudate, and generally coloured like species of Danais, or the more elongate forms of Huplwa.” Mr. Butler} subsequently divided the species of Elymnias, as hitherto understood, into two genera, Which, with a few exceptions, agree in the main with Mr. Wallace’s groups. The genus is of considerable extent, above forty species having been described, but about half of these are now usually placed in the genus Dyctis. Of their life-history we know little. ‘The larva and pupa of the Javan race of 1. undularis are figured by Horsfield,§ who states|| that the larva “feeds on the Gobbang (Corypha umbra- culifera), May.’"] In Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ the larva and pupa of E. fraterna are figured, from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and the larva is there described as feeding on “ Palmacew.”’ Mr. Wallace deseribes these butterflies as “ forest-haunting insects, frequenting chiefly damp places, where there is a dense herbaceous vegetation. Their flight is slow, resembling that of the Satyride and Morphidw.” ** I am at present able to enumerate seven species as belonging to this fauna. * ‘Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 200. {+ Trans, Ent. Soe. 1869, p. 321. | Proc. Zool, Soc, 1871, p. 418, § Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.1.C. i. pl. vi. f. 7, Ta. | Ibid. p. 287. 1 Capt, de la Chaumette (Ent. Mo, Mag. ii. p. 38) describes the perfect insect of this species at Calcutta, os “ setiling on the tounicn of the Corypha.” ** Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 321. 60 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, A. Upper diseo-cellular nervule of posterior wings suberect, and usually slightly aud obliquely directed iuvcardly. a. Outer margins of wings dentate and sinuate, posterior wings produced into a more or less well-developed caudate prolongation at apex of jirst median nervule. 1. Elymnias discrepans. (Tab. VI., fig. 24,3 2.) Elipmnias diserepans, Distant, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol, ix. p. 397 (1882). Male. Anterior wings above blackish, with the following bright bluish markings :—a short portion of costal area about apex of cell continued in a subapical oblique fascia to lower discoidal nervule, and followed by four submarginal spots, placed between the nervules; outer margin shaded with castaneous-brown. Posterior wings blackish, but somewhat paler than the anterior wings, and with a broad castaneous-brown marginal band. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, thickly mottled with pale strigw; anterior wings with a more or less distinct pale apical area, which is continued along outer margin; posterior wings with a more or less distinct pale, broad, and irregular submarginal fascia, and with a very pale bright bluish spot near costa, situate between the subcostal nervules* (this spot is sometimes absent). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antenne variable in hue, sometimes stramineous, mottled with brown above and pale stramineous beneath; or fuscous above and stramineous mottled with brown beneath, with the apex pale stramineous, Female. Anterior wings above as in male, but with a large ochraceous, basal area, which occupies lower portion of cell, the greater part of the space between second median nervule and submedian nervure, and terminates near end of cell and the bases of the first and second median nervules; the subapical fascia and submarginal spots larger and paler blue in colour. Posterior wings pale fuscous, becoming paler and shaded with dull ochraceous towards outer margin, and with a more or less distinct pale submarginal spot, situate between the discoidal and first median nervules. Wings beneath much paler than in male; the anterior wings ochraceous near inner margin; posterior wings with a very broad and well-defined pale marginal fascia, and with a very pale bluish spot, situate as in male. Body and legs more or less eoncolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ 53 to 68 millim.; ¢? (one specimen) 60 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (coll. Dist.) ; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sauer). This form has frequently been referred to by some writers as /. undularis. Mr. Wallace pursued this course In 1869,+ remarking, however, ‘this very variable species cannot be separated into its local forms, or races, without much more complete materials than at present exist.”’ Since that time such material has been procured, and as other races of this species have received distinctive names it became necessary for me to treat this local form in the same manner. The true /. uwndularis appears to be confined to Continental India, of which another local race in Upper Tenasserim has been described by Mr. Moore.| In E. discrepans the greatest amount of colour differentiation is found in the female, which also, in comparison with the other sex, appears to be very scarce and rare. More than a hundred male specimens of this species have passed through my hands, but the only female specimen I have received is the one which is here described and figured. As I collected in Province Wellesley myself, where the male is a rather common insect, and have examined several collections since my return, this sexual disparity is very perceptible. It may, however, be more apparent than real, owing to the * In the figure here given the artist has accidentally and erroneously placed this spot above the subcostal nervules. | Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 822. { Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 826. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 61 possibility of the females having different habits to those of the other sex, and therefore being less easily captured. * 2. Elymnias nigrescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 1°, and Tab. IX., fig. 1 2.) Elymnias nigrescens, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 520, n. 2, pl. xlii. f. 1; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 340, n. 2; Butl., Trans, Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv., Proc. Aool. Soc. 1878, p, 638, n. 11. Male. Wings both above and beneath resembling those of the male of HW. diserepans, but with the bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots considerably larger. (In some specimens, and notably a Bornean one in the collection of the British Museum, the posterior wings have the pale submarginal spots, as found in most females; these are very faintly visible in Malaccan male specimens in the same collection.) Female. Anterior wings above dark, glossy fuscous, with the basal area more or less suffused with castaneous-red, with the bluish subapical fascia and submarginal spots as in male, but which are much lurger and paler in colour. Posterior wings fuscous, becoming paler towards outer margin (the outer murgin is sometimes dull ochraceous as in the specimen figured Tab. IX., f. 1), and with a submarginal row of four white spots placed between the nervules, of which the first and smallest is placed above the discoidal nervule, and the fourth is situate between the second and third median nervules (a fifth small and faintly marked spot is found in some specimens between the third median nervule and submedian nervure). These spots are very inconstant, being practically obsolete in the specimen figured (Tab. VI., f. 1). Wings beneath similar in pattern and coloration to those of the same sex of LZ, diserepans. Exp. wings, ¢ 68 millim.;+ 9 72 to 77 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (colls, Dist. & Sauer); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)\—Borneo (Brit. Mus.) This species or race is one which affords much difficulty and doubt as to its distinctive position. I have neither seen nor received any male specimens from Province Wellesley, though females are not uncommon from that district. The British Musenm, however, possesses several male specimens which were collected by Capt. Pinwill in Malacca, but these do not altogether agree with the Bornean typical specimen described by Butler. The difference is principally that of faintness or partial obliteration of the submarginal white spots to the posterior wings, but as this is a variable character in female specimens, collected in such a limited area as Province Wellesley, evidence of which is afforded by the two figures here given, I naturally predicate the same amount of variability in the other sex. Another peculiarity of E. nigrescens is the considerable similarity of the sexes. Are E. discrepans and E. nigrescens but seasonal varieties of one species? This is neither impossible nor improbable, but can only be denied or affirmed by some local student who will carefully breed both forms. It is the want of this information that makes the present study and classification of exotic Lepidoptera of so empirical a character. * Mr. Bates has also stated that in a number of species of butterflies which he observed on the Upper Amazons the males were more numerous than the females, in the proportion of a hundred to one. However, no universal rule in this respect obtains in the Rhepalocera, and the whole subject has been exhaustively discussed by Mr. Darwin, in his * Descent of Man’ (2nd edit. p. 250), + Butler's type expanded “ une. 2, lin. 10." SEpTeMBeR 30, 1882. BR 63 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 3. Elymnias lutescens. (Tab. VI., fig. 4%, 52%.) Elymnias lutescens, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 404, t. 9, f. 10 (1867); Wall, Trans, Ent. Soc. 1969, p. 828, n. 4; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 621, n. 6; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p-. 840, n. 4. Elymnias. Panthera, var. Lutescens, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112, n. 4 (1871), Male. Wings above dark glossy fuseous; anterior wings with the outer margin somewhat broadly and slightly paler; posterior wings with a broad, pale greyish submarginal fascia, the inner margin of which is somewhat scalloped between the nervules; this is broadest near anal angle and narrowest at apex, and contains a series of prominent fuscous spots placed between the nervules, two between third median nervule and submedian nervure, the others placed singly (these spots are variable in number, not being found above first median nervule in the specimen figured, but in other specimens continued towards apex). Wings beneath pale ‘castaneous, mottled with numerous greyish strigm, and with a more or less well-defined broad submarginal fascia, which is broadest and most clearly defined on posterior wings, and there possesses six dark blue rounded spots, with pale blue centres, which are continued in streaks beyond their inner margins; these spots are placed between the nervules, the first above discoidal nervule and the fifth and sixth together between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; a pale and bright bluish spot between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Larger than male; the wings above paler and more ferruginous ; anterior wings with a broad and well-defined outer ferruginous fascia; posterior wings with the pale submarginal fascia broader and less scalloped inwardly than in male, and with five or six fuscous spots with paler centres placed between the nervules. Wings beneath paler than in male, but with the posterior wings spotted as in that sex. Norr.—The tail-like prolongation of the posterior wings at the apex of the first median nervule is longest in the female. In the male specimen, however, here figured, the prolongation of the left posterior wing has its apex mutilated. Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 73 millim; 2? (one specimen) 78 millim. Harn.—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sater); Malacea (coll. Moore) : Ayerpanas (coll. Roberts); Singapore (coll. Roberts)—Sumatra (Wallace)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.; Brit. Mus.). : As regards the variation of this species, especially of the females, Mr. Wallace writes,* “The female from Sumatra has less red on the upper wings, one from Borneo has the pale bands almost obsolete, while another has them more distinet, especially across the apex of the anterior wings.” 4. Elymnias lais. (Tab. IX., fig. 2¢.) Papilio Lais, Cramer, Pap, Ex. ii. t, 114, A, Gb (1779); Fabr., Sp, Ins. p, 102, n. 448 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 65, n. 543 (1787); Ent. Syst. ii. p. 55, n. 182 (17938), Biblis Lais, Godt., Ene, Méth. ix. p. 826, n. 4 (1819). Melanttis Lais, Doub. & Westw., Gen. Diurn, Ley. p. 404, n. 1 (1651). Elymnias Lais, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. Bi. 1. 0. i. p. 287, n. 610 (1857); Wall., Trans, Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, n.11; Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lepid. p. 38, n. 4 (1869); Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 622, n. 10; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. $40; ibid., 1874, p. 104, un. 2; Godm, & Salv., Proc. Zool, Soc, 1878, p. 638, n. 12. Male. Wings above dark chocolate-brown, variegated with greenish markings. Anterior wings with the costal area (particularly the basal portion) irrorated with numerous greyish spots and strige; a large * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 328. As Mr. Wallace examined other collections with his own very extensive one of Elymniads, and combined in himself a knowledge of their habits in nature with cabinet discrimination, I feel always satisfied to quote his remarks. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 63 greenish fascia in cell, narrowest at base, and widened and somewhat truncate near apex, and with the following longitudinal fasciw of the same colour placed between the nervules :—the upper two are placed above and below the first discoidal nervule, and are very faint and slender, with their apices broad and macular; the third above first median nervule is slender, but macular at both ends, and inwardly approaches the disco-cellular fascia; the following three separated by the median nervules are broadest at base, narrowing at apical portion, but macular at apex, and the last runs along the inner margin. Posterior wings with similar longitudinal fascim as on upper wings, and which are also placed between the nervules, but are broken near their apices, which thus appear as a submarginal series of spots; of these fasci« the inner two (placed on each side of the submedian nervure) are longest, and the upper two (placed on each side of the discoidal nervule) are the faintest; there is also a very faimt disco-cellular streak. Wings beneath dull greyish, suffused with fuscous, and mottled with dark strige; on anterior wings these become more or less confluent and dark chocolate in colour, forming an irregular spot in cell, a larger irregular spot or fascia at end of cell, and appearing very prominent towards outer margin; on posterior wings these darker shadings do not extend beyond basal half of wing, but again appear as a more or less well-defined outer submarginal fascia. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Somewhat larger than the male, the fascie and spots of the upper surface being creamy in hue, and with the outer margins of both wings distinctly and somewhat brightly castaneous. Beneath the wings are much paler, and the numerous shadings are of like pattern but fainter impression. Exp. wings, ¢ 63 to 72 millim.; 9? 82 millim. ‘Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Sauer)— Sumatra (Wallace) — Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Java (colls. Horsf. & Dist.)\—Borneo (Druce)—Siam; Nahconhaisee (coll. Godm. & Salv.). The only specimen of this species which I have seen from the Malay Peninsula, and which is here figured, is contained in the collection made in Province Wellesley by Mr. Saiier. A Javan male specimen in my own collection is smaller, and with the markings above more decidedly green; this character, however, is not constant, as Mr. Wallace writes,* “the Java specimens (Cramer’s types) agree very closely with those of Sumatra and Borneo in the males.” an. Outer margins of wings slightly sinuate; posterior wings without a well-deceloped caudate prolongation at apex af Jirst median nercule. 5. Elymnias penanga. (Tab. VIL., tig. 6¢; Tab. VI., fig. 11 2.) Melanitis Penanya, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405, n. 1, note (1851), FElynmias Penanga, Wall., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 825, n. 9; Butl., Proe. Zool. Soe. 1871, p. 621, n. 8. Melanitis Mehida, Hewits., Ex. Butt. tii. Melunitis, t. 1, f. 2, 8 (1863). Klymnias Mehida, Wall, Trans. Ent. Soe. 1869, p, 828, u. 5; Butl, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 623, n. 16; Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i, p. 588, n. 2 (1877). Male. Anterior wings above purplish brown, with very strong bright blue reflections, which become more fixed and distinct on apical half, and with five pale blue elongate spots, of which the upper two are longest, and are situate on each side of lower discoidal nervule; the remaining three being much smaller, and divided by the median nervules. The bluish reflection does not extend to the outer margin, which is distinctly purplish brown. Posterior wings purplish brown, with bright bluish reflections, but less intense than on anterior wings. Wings beneath castaneous-brown, much mottled with paler strige, which on anterior wings form a more or less distinct subapical space, widest at costa and narrowing downwards beneath cell; space beneath third median nervule much paler; posterior wings with the basal portion to a * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, bt RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. little beyond apex of cell dark castaneous, remainder much paler and thickly irrorated with the pale strigm, and with two or three small but distinet dark submarginal spots situate between the median nervules; somewhat large pale stramineous spot, near costa, placed between the subcostal nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. | Female. Wings above obscure bluish brown, as in the specimen figured, or with brighter indigo shadings, as in other specimens. Anterior wings crossed by a broad subapical white fascia, commencing at costa and terminating about second median nervule. Posterior wings slightly paler on disk. Wings beneath generally marked as in male, but with the ground colour much darker (this is somewhat variable, being little paler than above, as in the specimen figured, or more shaded with castaneous, as in other specimens), and with the subapical whitish fascia of anterior wings above, more diffused towards apex beneath. The pale subcostal spot on the under surface of posterior wings of the male is generally absent in the female, though present in the typical female form of the species contained in the British Museum. Exp, wings, ¢ 65 to 68 millim.; ? 70 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Singapore (coll. Hewits.). The male form here described and figured (Tab. VII., fig. 6) was deseribed by Mr. Hewitson under the name of J/. mehida, whilst the female form (Tab. VI., fig. 11) is the typical M/. penanga of Prof. Westwood. Mr. Hewitson appended to his description of M. mehida the remark, ‘‘ This and MM, penanga are very probably the sexes of one species.” The form, however, which he figured as M. penanga* was a closely allied but distinct Sumatran race, which Mr. Wallace has very properly separated under a distinctive name. + The two forms, however, are sufficiently similar to show that Hewitson exhibited acumen in making that remark. Having found all the specimens I have examined to exhibit sexual constancy with the different coloration, and as the underside of the two forms are so very similar, | I have felt constrained to consider the descriptions of both Westwood and Hewitson as referring to the sexes of one species, and Westwood’s name has therefore priority. This race or species appears to be quite confined to the Malay Peninsula. A recent writer § has included it in a list of Sumatran butterflies, but all the Sumatran specimens which I have seen in collections represent the HE. sumatrana, Wall. | B. Upper disco-cellular nercule of posterior wings obliquely directed outwardly. 6. Elymnias casiphone. (Tab. VI., fig. 102.) Klynnias casiphone, Hihner, Sammi. ex. Sclimett. ii. (1816-1824); Wall., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 825, n. 12 Butl., Trans. Ent. Soe. 1870, p. 488; Proce. Zool, Soe, 1871, p. 522, n. 14, Melanitis casiphone, Doubl. & Westw., Gen, Diurn, Lep, p, 404, n, 3 (1851). Male. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with the apical area much suffused with violaceous and with the following pale greyish macular markings; a number of irregularly-sized and shaped spots on costal area, gradually increasing in size from base; a rounded spot just beyond end of cell; two diseal spots divided by the second median nervule, and a submarginal series of six spots, divided * Exot. Butt. iii. Melanitis, t. 1, £ 1, 4 (1863). + Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 325, n. 10. ; The female example of EF. penanga, here figured, is probably that of a somewhat faded specimen, as the under surface of the wings is generally of a warmer tint, and more concolorous in hue, and similar in markings with the corresponding surface of the wings in male specimens. § Smith in Boek., ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V, RHOPALOCENKA MALAYANA. 65 by the nervules, the first and innermost of which is placed above the upper discoidal nervule, and the sixth between the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a submarginal series of obscure greyish spots, preceded by a few discal spots of the same colour. Wings beneath pale ferruginous, mottled with numerous and irregularly-sized chocolate strigw. Anterior wings with a costal series of pale greyish spots ; four larger pale discal spots situate one beyond end of cell, two divided by the second median nervule, and the fourth placed between the diseoidal nervules; there are also faint indications of a submarginal series of spots placed between the nervules, of which the two most prominent are placed above and beneath the third median nervule. Posterior wings with some dark and confluent strige principally distributed on basal half, and with a promiment dark submarginal fascia, which is preceeded by pale greyish, and followed by several narrower, waved, and somewhat fused dark marginal fascie®. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. , Exp. wings, ¢ 65 millim. Female. I have not been able to examine this sex, but Mr. Butler* has described a female specimen as of this species, which was collected in Singapore by Lieut. Roberts, as follows:—‘*?. Above, same pattern as FE. timandra, 2, Wallace,+ but the whole apical area pale violet, and the rest of the ground- colour of a browner tint than in that species. Below, markings the same as in the male, but ill-defined, the hind wings whitish.”’ Exp. wings, 8} inches.” Has.—Malay Peninsula.—Singapore (Butler).—Java (Wallace, and coll. Godm. & Saly.). I have enumerated this species entirely on the anthority of Mr. Butler's determination of the specimen collected at Singapore by Lieut. Roberts, in whose collection it remains, and which I have not seen. 7. Elymnias saueri. (Tab. IX., fig. 3 7.) /lynias setieri, 1. 8p. Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with paler suffusions on apical area, and with the following very pale violaceous spots :—three discal; one large, placed between first and second median nervules, the others exceedingly small and indistinct, and situate between the discoidal nervules and between the second and third median nervules; five large submarginal spots, divided by the nervules, of which the two upper, inner, and largest are contiguous and separated by the lower diseoidal nervule, the fifth being situate between the third median neryule and the submedian nervure; there is also a very faint indication of a spot at end of cell. Costal area with basal third minutely spotted with greyish, remaining portion with three or four pale bluish spots. Posterior wings castaneous, with the basal area fuscous. The extreme margins of both wings are alternately fuscous and white, Wings beneath pale ferruginous, thickly mottled with dark chocolate-brown strigw, irregular in shape and size. Anterior wings with a number of pale greyish spots on costal area; the upper portion of cell and apical area somewhat paler in hue, and with indications of a dark waved fascia near end of cell. Posterior wings somewhat darker, the strige being more numerous and contiguous, with indications of a much-waved and irregular dark fascia crossing wings about end of cell, and a more or less distinet, broad, submarginal fascia, followed by several waved, broken, and indistinct lines. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 85 millim. Haz.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier).} * Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 488. + This is a closely allied or local form of /. lais, and is found in Burma anid Silhet. | Since this description was written a specimen collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim, has been presented to the British Museum. SEPTEMBER 30, 1882. s 66 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This fine species is somewhat intermediate between EH. casiphone and E. leucocyma,* agreeing best with the last above, and with the first beneath. It appears to be a mimic of a species of Euplea belonging to the midamus group, though the female still remains to be discovered. It was captured in Province Wellesley by Mr. Saiier, an enthusiastic collector of the Lepidoptera of the beautiful region in which he at present resides, and after whom I have named the species. Subfam. NYMPHALIN A. Nymphaline, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii, p, 176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p, 26 (1881), “S| Nymphalidae and Furytelida, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 148, 408 (1851-2). | Morphide, p., Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332 (1861). Morphing, Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr, Am. Rhop, p, 118 (1881), Discoidal eell of the posterior wing open, the lower disco-cellular nervule being Fre. 16,—Post, wing of more or less atrophied. Larve variable in form. Discophora tullia, J. Most authors treat the Nymphaline and Morphine as separate subfamilies, but though I have endeavoured, by studying the views of my contemporaries, to find characters that would enable me to follow that course, I can only subscribe to the dictum of the founder of the Nymphaline, that the genera grouped under the Morphing as a subfamily “ exhibit no good character whereby they may be distinguished from the Nymphaline.” | Most authors who have followed the opposite course have also doubted the classificatory value of the Morphine. Prof. Westwood, when he diagnosed the fam. Morphide,! clearly stated that he followed the views of Mr. E.. Doubleday, a course the more necessary owing to the plates illustrating the work having been already inscribed with the “distinct family headings.’” In his very exhaustive paper, “On the Oriental Species of Butterflies related to the Genus Morpho,” a memoir which particularly applies to this fauna, Prof. Westwood has also expressed the view § that he found it ‘next to impossible to draw any (even an artificial) line of separation” between some of the genera, which are thus divided in subfamiliar estrangement, an opinion further strengthened by earlier argument.|| Mr. Kirby, who enumerates and uses the subfamily Morphine, in his ‘Synonymic Catalogue,’ subsequently qualifies that course by stating, ‘The Morphine are a group of butterflies perhaps only artificially separated from the Nymphaline ;" and to add to the perplexity he has referred the foundation of the Worphine (under that name) to Mr. Butler,** who has (at least where quoted) given neither diagnosis nor reason for such division. On the other hand, however, Messrs. Godman and Salvin, without entering into the argument of classification, ‘‘ think that these butterflies have associated characters of sufficient number and value to allow them to stand as a separate subfamily Morphinw.” +4 It is here proposed to separate the Nymphaline into two groups, principally based on the characters of the palpi. * A species received from Silhet. + Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 177. | Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 332, § Trans. Ent, Soc. vol. iv. N.5. p. 169. || Introd. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 353. {| * Entomologist,’ vol. x. p. 200. *t Cist. Ent. i. p. 8. +4 Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop. p. 118. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 67 Group MORPHINA. Palpi slender, the anterior margins not dilated. Larvee (as at present described) with a more or less developed bifid tail. Corey it: ilk i AN ( Mi i A UAY TG, Hes SY Sh i ise AW | i acon i FS eg eee) eee oe a agit = * i a — ae —" —eee od Ce ae es oe ee i, = 1th — 2 =- * a ae Poy ae Sore age ae Po ES, iy ri Cnty jay “4 : a = ! * i i | 4 aa NV i NTS i = me pee =| NA Nh | reney ii ay A NaN Fre. 17.—Head, showing palpi of Fic. 18 cataita of Amathusia phidippus (from Horsf. Cat. Lep, Mus, E.1,C.) Amathusia phidippua. Fie. 1.— ,, Discophora celinde : . This division corresponds with the subfamily Morphine of many authorities (ante p. 66), and includes not only some of the largest Nymphalinous butterflies, but also (especially in the American genus Morpho) examples of the most beautiful species to be found in the whole Rhopalocera. The genus Morphe is, in fact, the type of this division, and also its sole repre- sentative in the American tropics, whilst nine other genera are distributed throughout the tropical regions of the Kast. The genus Morpho is remarkable for the resplendent blue coloration or tints of the wings of its species, and possesses as its nearest ally in the East the beautiful genus Thawnantis. It was an eloquent remark of Humboldt, when comparing the plants of Equinoctial America with those of Europe, that ‘‘ when Nature does not present the same species, she loves to repeat the same genera ;’’* and some of the older entomologists + described Oriental species as belonging to the genus Morpho which have subsequently, and more correctly, been placed in that of Thaumantis. The presence of these two closely allied genera Morpho and Thaumantis in such widely separated areas as the Neotropical | and Indo-Malayan regions is possible of explanation by a slight reference to other corresponding biological faets. Thus, in Mammalia, the genus T'apirus has a somewhat similar distribution, and, although restricted in the number of species, is also only found in these regions. But it is known that in Tertiary times, both Miocene and Pliocene, the Tapir inhabited Europe, and its fossil teeth are, even in this country, found in the Norfolk and Suffolk crag deposits, whilst in the Pleistocene period in North America it extended as far north as the Valley of the Mississippi. The geological argument is, however, too extensive for discussion here, but Mr. Wallace has attentively studied it, and can be quoted :—* North America was evidently in very early times so far connected with Europe and Asia as to interchange with those continents the higher types of animal life as they were successively * ‘Person. Narrative,’ Bolin’s edit., vol. i. p. 424. + Godart and Zinken-Sommer. | The Neotropical region of Dr. Sclater inclndes all South America, the Antilles, and tropical portion of North America. The tropical portions of this region are here alone referred to. 68 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. developed in either hemisphere.”* And the same author, in a popular manner, has drawn attention to the migration of characteristic South American mammals to North Ameriea in the Post-Pliocene epoch. + Now facts point to a similar conclusion respecting this distribution of the butterflies. In the European Eocene formations at Aix, in Provence, five fossil butterflies have been discovered and deseribed. Of these two belong to the Satyride (to which the Morphine are allied), and Mr. Seudder, who has written an excellent monograph on Fossil Butterflies and particularly studied these fossils, thus concludes:—‘‘ Three out of the five Aix butterflies therefore find their nearest living allies in the Indo-Malayan region, one is most closely related to forms now . found in Tropical America, and one is at home in its own resting place."’t Mr. Thiselton-Dyer has pointed out similar coincidences with plants, especially in the tropical order Ternstramiacea,, *Out of thirty-two genera as many as five are represented in the Indo-Malayan and South American floras,”’ § and he inclines to the view of a transverse connection between the different branches of the tropical flora in the northern hemisphere during the early part of the Tertiary period. || This group possesses considerable affinity with the Satyrinw, not only by the ocellated spots on the under-surfaces of the posterior wings, but also in the larval form, as shown by the two figures (figs.18 & 19). Both of these possess bifid tails, {J as in that subfamily, though one only has the head bicornuted.** The details of the larval forms of the different species in this group are much desiderated. Six genera are found in the Malay Peninsula. * ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 539. + Ibid. The whole discussion is carried out more fully in the same author's ‘Geogr. Distr. Anim.” ' “Fossil Butterflies,” Mem. Am. Ass. Adv. Scien. 1875, p. 77. An excellent reswmé and description of the fossil entomology of Aix has been given by Mr. Herbert Goss, in ** The Insect Fauna of the Recent and Tertiary Periods,” Proc. Geol. Assoc. v, n. 6, p. 20 (1877). & “On Plant-Distrib. as a Field for Geogr. Research.” From Proce. Geogr. Soc. vol. xxii. n. 6, p. 80 (1878). || Ibid. p. 24. Nore.—It has been generally assumed that a land-connection existed in Tertiary times between Europe and America, Thos Prof. Boyd Dawkins, one of the latest exponents, declares (‘Early Man in Britain,’ p. 20), “* The chief botanists of the present time—Hooker, Dyer, Saporta, Dawson, and Asa Gray—are agreed that the north polar region was the centre from which the Tertiary floras have been dispersed over the New and Old Worlds;" and the same author (ibid. p. 23) considers that there is evidence to prove the existence of a great Eocene continent, which including Britain (then connected with Western France) extended to America by way of Iceland and Greenland, and was continuous with Norway and Spitzbergen. “ This great north-western continent, or northern Atlantis,” existed through the Eocene and Miocene ages, * offering a meana of free migration for plants and animals, and it was not finally broken up by submergence” till the beginning of the Pliocene age. Mr, A. Tylor (Geol. Mag. vol. ix. p. 458), arguing that “the elevation of the Alps in the Miocene period must have been accompanied by a much larger movement of depression,” thinks that probably “at the time a Miocene island or continent (near Plato's Atlantis) in the Atlantic was suddenly depressed." An alternative hypothesis to that of now submerged land-connection has been formulated by Mr, A. Tylor (Geol, Mag. vol. ix. 892), that in the Glacial period the ice-cap at the Poles was sufficient to reduce the leyel of the sea by at least 600 feet; and Mr. Belt (' Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 266) was willing to propose a lowering of the level of the sea to 1000 feet. | The larve of Morpho laertes and M. epistrophis, as figured by Dr. Burmeister (Deserip. Physiq. de la Republ. Argent. —Buenos Ayres—vol, v. Atlas, pl. vii. f. 1, 2, 8, 4), have the candate anal appendages rudimentary, but still distinct. In the representation of the larva of Morpho achilles by Mme. Merian (Metamorph. Insect..Surinamens. pl. vii.), the structural details of which have not been criticised by Dr. Burmeister in his reference to the same, these “ bifid tails” are prominently developed. ** Dr. Burmeister in the text of the above quoted work (p. 189), in the diagnosis of his section Morphide of his subfamily Morphoides, writes ““Chenilles sans cornes sur la tete,” which, though true of the genus Morpho, is certainly contrary to the structure of the larva of Amathusia phidippus as here figured. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. Discoidal cell to posterior wings partly closed by an atrophied lower disco-cellular nervule = aks A. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free. a a. Diseoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at their origin. Fic. 20.— Post. wing, Amathusia Lariat closed. by atrophied ner- lated near base. Wile. c. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and apical angle not acute. d. Anal angle of posterior ss produced in caudate prolongation. - : = - E AA. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing with costal nervure. bb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly angu- lated near base, emitting a short oblique nervule, which connected with a fold of the wing gives the appearance of an additional median nervule. Fie, 21.—Ant. wing, Amathusia phidippus, showing subcostal cc. Anterior wings with inner margin dilated and convex nervules, bases of diseoidal ner- in ¢, and apical angle acute. - - - - vulea and base of first median . « . a . : nervule, 2. Discoidal cell to posterior wings open, lower disco-cellular nervule entirely absent. aa. Diseoidal nervules of anterior wings with their bases contiguous. bbb. First median nervule of anterior wings slightly arched, aan but not angulated near base. Sites ea ecc, Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and —<_ Wits apieal angle acute. mens = dd. Outer margin of posterior wings obtusely Bueeeest Fre. $9.—Ant wing. Zeunidia ame. at apex of first median nervule. - thystus, showing base of first @aa. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings well separated at median nervule, with oblique their origin supplementary nervule attached : Or Z . to fold in wing (dotted line). bbbb. First median nervule of anterior wings strongly arched, but not angulated near base. ecee. Anterior wings with inner margin nearly straight, and apical angle not acute. ddd. Anal angle of posterior wings rounded, or some- times produced in caudate prolongation. - - B. Subcostal nervules of anterior wings free, the second, third and fourth emitted moderately close together and equi- distant. ine ie Ant wing, Discophora bbbbb, First median nervule of anterior wings neither pro- aubscitak wiaeaiias oat Gaeee ot minently arched nor angulated near base. discvidal nervules. ececc. Anterior wings with inner margin slightly dilated at base in ¢, the apical angle rounded. dddd. Posterior wings ovate, the anal angle rounded. é. Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and apparent NS base of upper disco-cellular nervule to pos- terior wings contiguous. - - - - BB. Second and third median nervules of anterior wings emitted some distance apart. Fic. 24.—Post. wing, Clerome gra- cilia. sbuwlan Weieaiin ak eots dddidd. Posterior wings subovate and subelongate. costal nervules and apparent base ee, Bifurcation of subcostal nervules and apparent of upper disco-eellular nervule, base of upper disco-cellular neryule to pos- terior wings remote. - - - Surremser 30, 1882. AMATHTSIA. AEUZIDIA, DiscopHora. THAUMANTIS. CLEROME. A 69 - XANTHOTENTA, 70 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, Genus AMATHUSITA. Amathusia, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi, p, 270 (1807); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 826 (1860). Mitocerus, Billb., Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820); Scudd. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Se. x. p. 220 (1875). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin strongly arched, the apex not acute and very slightly rounded. First subcostal nervule emitted before end of cell at three-fourths of its length, remaining subcostal nervules emitted close together on apical fourth of wing. Upper disco-cellular nervule shortly, obliquely, and outwardly directed at base, and suberect along its greater length; lower disco-cellular suberect and slightly concave at base and then directed obliquely outwards for its greatest length. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule with its base directed obliquely upwards in a line with the median nervure, and then abruptly deflexed to outer margin. Posterior wings subtriangular ; costal margin arched; outer margin rounded and scalloped; anal angle produced into a broad, spatulate, tail-like prolongation between the apices of the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Discoidal cell partly closed by an atrophied and curved disco-cellular neryule, In male specimens these wings possess two tufts of hair, probably concealing scent-secretory glands or pouches, the first in the neighbourhood of the submedian nervure, and the second and smaller tuft between that nervure and the third median nervule. The terminal joints of the abdomen are also furnished with tufts of hair. This genus is of moderate extent, including some eight or nine species. It has a somewhat restricted area, which extends from Continental India to a little beyond the Indo-Malayan region. At present but one species is known as inhabiting the Malay Peninsula. 1. Amathusia phidippus. (Tab. VI., fig. 63,7 2.) Papilio Phidippus, Linneus, Syst. Nat, 1, 2, p. 762, n. 87 (1767); Joh. Ameen. Acad. vi. p, 402, n. 52 (1764); Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 455, n. 62 (1775); Sp. Ins. p. 21, n. 85 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 11, n. 97 (1787); Ent. Syst. ili, p. 71, n. 220 (1793); Cram. Pap. Ex. 1, t. 69, A, B (1779). Morpho Phidippus, Godt, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 489, n. 2 (1823), Amathusia Phidigyus, Doubl, Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep, t. 54, f. 2 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat, Lep, Mus, E. L C, p. 209, n, 428 (1857); Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 638, nm. 1 (1877); Druce, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 840, n. 1; ibid. 1874, p. 104, n. 1; Moore, Proce, Zool. Soc, 1877, p. 588; ibid. 1878, p. 826; Godm. & Salv. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 688, n. 18; Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 147, n. 21 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); thid. xxi. p. 11, n. 42 (1878). Male. Wings above dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the costal and outer margins somewhat paler, and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia. Posterior wings with the outer margin paler and with a distinctly paler submarginal fascia, the marginal fringe ochraceous and the anal-angular caudate prolongation somewhat paler, with two sublunate black spots, outwardly margined with white ; these spots are placed near the apices of the third median nervule and submedian nervure. Wings beneath greyish, crossed by numerous fuscous fascim of varying width and hue; the first commences near costal base of anterior wings, and is continued on posterior wings, narrowing and becoming somewhat evanescent a little beyond the middle of submedian nervure; the second crosses the cells of both wings about their centres, and terminates on inner side of third median nervule at about half its length; the third is short, crossing cell, but not passing median nervule of anterior wings; the fourth is pale, with its margins darker, waved, and deflexed beneath the third fascia on anterior wing, passing a little beyond the second on posterior wing, and becoming confluent and terminating with that fascia beneath the median nervure ; the fifth is wide and darkest, crossing both wings at cellular apices, and terminating a little beneath second median nervule; the sixth is widest, somewhat paler, with darker margins, outwardly sinuate and placed a little beyond the fifth ; this sixth fascia is followed by three narrow fasciw, which terminate on the abdominal RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 71 margin of the posterior wings, one being marginal and two submarginal, the middle one darkest and the inner one palest. The posterior wings possess two large submarginal ocellated spots, which are ochraceous, speckled with fuscous, possessing white centres and black outer margins, the inner borders of which are narrowly ochraceous; the lower and larger spot has the white centre somewhat Iunate, and is followed posteriorly by a broad blackish suffusion; the upper of these spots is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the lower one between the second and third median nervules. The anal-angular prolongation of the posterior wings is spotted as’ above and has a large central castancous suffusion. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. The male possesses four long, curved tufts of hair on each side of the terminal segments of the abdomen. A somewhat similar tuft is situate about the centre of the abdominal margin to the posterior wings, on the inner side of the submedian nervure; and between the submedian nervure and third median nervule within a fold of the wing are also a few long hairs. Both of these, judging by analogous reasoning, are probably the coverings of scent-glands or pouches. Female. Larger than the male; wings above paler, with an ochraceous diseal fascia crossing both wings, widest near costa of anterior wings, and very narrow on posterior wings; the sulmarginal fascim as in male, but concolorous with the ochraceous margins. Wings beneath as in male, but much paler. Exp. wings, ¢ 96 to 101 millim.; ¢ 108 to 112 millim. Has.—Andaman Islands (colls. Moore and Cale. Mus.) — Tenasserim; Meetan (Limborg).— Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Billiton (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Java (Horsf. Coll. Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.); Banjermasin (coll. Dist.)—Celebes (Snellin).—Siam ; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.) This species varies in the depth and intensity of hue possessed by the fuscous fascim@ on the under surfaces of the wings, as exhibited in the male and female forms here figured, and which may be taken as typical of the varietal extremes. It is also of crepuscular flight. In Java and Celebes, according to Piepers, ‘‘ the sun has scarcely set before we see everywhere”’ this and a few other species of like habits; but the same author remarks, ‘‘I never saw these species wandering about at night in the moonlight, or entering lighted rooms, like the true night-moths, which are very numerous, although, like the latter, they sit still and repose all day, and if disturbed only fly a little way and settle again directly.”" Mr. Collingwood speaks of these butterflies in the Bornean island, Labuan, as making “their appearance near sunset, when, from their large size, they might be almost mistaken for small bats.” + In the Malay Peninsula A. phidippus possesses the local name of * cocoa-nut moth,” and, as Mr. Bigg writes, “it delights in shady places, and is especially found about attap-sheds and on dead cocoa-nut leaves.” } ‘The dull coloration of this species especially assimilates it to such an environment, and affords a very fair example of what is understood by “protective resemblance,” or, as if might also be expressed, assimilative coloration, § * Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to xxiv., and English transition by Kirby, ‘ Entomologist,’ x. p. 271. t ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 188. } Mouth. Packet, vol. ii. p. 191 (1881). 3 Although the theory of “protective resemblance”, in animal life owes its elucidation to the labours and insight of Wallace and Darwin, it, like other similar fnets, had not escaped the attention of the older naturalists of teleological tendencies. Thus St. Pierre (* Studies of Nature,’ Hunter's transl. vol. ii. p. 175, 1809) relates:—*“ In the month of March lust I observed, by the brink of the rivulet which washes the Gobelins, « butterfly (moth?) of the colour of brick, reposing with expanded wings on a tuft of grass. On my approaching him he flew off. He alighted at some pnees distance on the ground, which at that place was of the same colour with himself. I approached hima second time; he took n second flight, and perched again on a similar stripe of earth, In a word, I found it was not in my power to oblige him to alight on the grass, theugh | made frequent attempts to that effect, and though the spaces of earth which separated the turfy soil were narrow and few in number.” Ay late friend D.G. Rutherford recorded somewhat similar habits in an African butterfly, Aterica meleagris, the colour of whose wings beneath, when at rest, #0 assimilated with the colour of the soil on which it settled as to mike its detection a matter of the greatest difficulty (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. xlii); and Mr. Jenner Weir has exhibited 1 saree of Hipparchia semele which also showed a tendency to vary beneath in accordance with the nature of the soil in e different districts in which they had been found (ibid. p. xlix). 72 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. The larva (fig. 18) is from a drawing made in Java by Dr. Horsfield, who states that it there ‘‘ feeds on the young leaves of Coccos nucifera, from December to April.” * Genus ZBUXIDIA. Aenvidia, Hibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1824); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 327 (1851), Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin strongly arched, and the apex acute, the inner margin in the male dilated and convex. First subcostal nervule emitted before the end of cell at about three-fourths its distance from base, anastomosing with costal nervure for some little distance and then reflexed to costa;+ the second emitted near end of costal neryure; remaining subcostal nervules emitted near apex. Disco-cellular nervules generally as in Amathusia, and discoidal nervules well separated at their bases, as in that genus. First median nervule strongly angulated at base, as in Amathusia, but throwing off a short, oblique and disconnected nervule directed upwards, but not reaching the lower discoidal nervule, and connected with a fold in the wing, which gives the appearance of a fourth median nervule. Posterior wings subtriangular; costal margin strongly curved and convex; cell partly closed, as in Amathusia; anal angle attenuated and produced into a caudate prolongation between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. In male specimens this wing possesses two large and prominent glands or pouches (probably scent-secreting), both of which possess a central tuft of hairs, one situate between the costal nervure and first subcostal nervule, { the second in discoidal cell. There is also a smaller tuft covering an apparently small glandular pouch in the neighbourhood and near base of the submedian nervure, The area of this genus is limited, and corresponds generally with that of Amathusia. It comprises eight or nine species, one of which is at present alone known in this fauna. 1. Zeuxidia amethystus. (Tab. VIL. fig. 13,29.) Acuxidia amethystus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 485, n. 6; Trans. Linn, Soc., Zool, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 588, n, 1 (1877). Aeuzidia Wallacei, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 461, n. 777, t. 62, f. 8 (1866); Druce, Proc. Zool. Boc. 1873, p. 841, n. 2. Male. Anterior wings rich chocolate-brown, crossed by a large bluish subapical fascia, with purplish reflections ; this fascia commences at costal margin, where it is broadest, and terminates near apex of third median neryule, where it is narrowest; it is outwardly convex and inwardly (where it crosses about the end of cell) irregularly concave. Marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white. Posterior wings rich chocolate- brown, with a large bluish anal-angular pateh with purplish reflections; this patch extends upwards, and somewhat convexly, from anal angle, and terminates near first median nervule; anal-angular caudate prolongation distinctly marked with white on each side, and marginal fringe narrowly pale bluish white. Wings beneath pale brownish. Anterior wings with four irregular brown fasciw crossing cell, which are continued on posterior wing and terminate at the median nervule; both are also crossed by a slightly waved fascia, the outer margin of which is distinctly darkest, commencing at costa of anterior wings, crossing cellular apices of both wings, and terminating very obscurely near the submedian neryure; both wings have a very much waved and sinuated narrow brown fascia between apex of cell and margin, * Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep., Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 210. + I am somewhat at variance with Prof. Westwood in the diagnosis of this nervule. That excellent authority (Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. $28) has described “ two slender oblique veinlets” connecting the costal nervure with the costa. The second of these is present, exactly as described by Westwood in one male specimen of Z. amethystus in my own collection, but as it is absent in other specimens of the same species, and also generally throughout the genus, I look upon it as an aberration only. The first veinlet I also consider as but the termination of the first subcostal nervule, after some lateral anastomosis with the costal nervure. | Fritz Miiller considers the dilatation and prolongation of the inner in of the anterior wing over the costal area of the posterior wing “‘a never-failing indication of the presence of a scent-secreting organ” at that spot (*‘ Kosmos,’ Jan. 1897, p. 285 ef seg., and Abstr. by Meldola, * Nature,’ vol. xix. p. 587). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 73 followed by two more obscure and much straighter fasciw, one submarginal and the other marginal. Posterior wings with three ocellated spots with white centres and whitish and black margins, the upper and largest of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, the second and smallest is placed between the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules, and the third between the second and third median nervules. Both wings have also a few whitish suffusions, and the anterior wings are shaded with dark brown beyond the apex of the cell, and beeome more or less fuscous beneath the second median nervule; caudate prolongations marked with white on each side as above. The sexual tufts and margins of glands paler than wing. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above pale brownish, Anterior wings becoming chocolate-brown beyond apex of cell, and there possessing the following pale stramineous markings :—a waved fascia commencing on costal margin a little beyond cell and terminating above first median nervule, where it is outwardly followed by a small spot; beneath are six spots placed three above and three beneath the second median nervule; and near apex there is also an indication of a pale spot. Posterior wings with the outer marginal area more or less ochraceous, on which is a submarginal waved and broken dark chocolate fascia, becoming in some specimens (as the one figured) obsolete towards anal angle; on inner side of this ochraceous area is an ill-defined darker apical patch or suffusion, on which are three pale ochraceous spots, two above and one beneath the diseoidal nervule; there is also a similar but much fainter spot beneath the first median nervule (in one Malaccan specimen now before me these spots are nearly obsolete) ; anal caudate prolongation marked with white on each side. Wings beneath generally as in male, but the smaller ocellated spot on posterior wings in male absent, and the whitish suffusion more distinct. Exp. wings, ¢ 90 to 96 millim.; ? 110 to 120 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.). Z. amethystus does not probably extend north of the Malay Peninsula, as here faunistically treated, as from Tenasserim a closely allied species has been described.* Considerable variation in depth of coloration is observable both above and beneath amongst male specimens. This species affords a striking example of sexual dissimilarity in coloration and markings, in explanation of which several theories have been advanced, which are at least suggestive, if not conclusive. As in this case, where dissimilarity exists, it 1s usually, though not invariably, the male which is the most showy and brightly coloured, and Mr. Darwin considers that this is due to “sexual selection,” or, in other words, “the females for many generations having chosen and paired with the more attractive males,’ + and certainly much of the argument which he applies to the sexes of the American genus picalia will apply to Zeuzidia. It is probable, at least on this view, that the female form represents more or less the ancestral type of the genus, for not only are all the female forms of Zeuzidia with which I am acquainted coloured in this manner, but similar sexual forms occur in the American genus Morpho, of which a striking example is the Papilio mareus of Schaller, which, judging from the somewhat indifferent figure, Mr. Kirby quite reasonably placed in the genus Zeuzidia, but which, by the acquisition of a Guianan specimen, I was subsequently enabled to show was the female sex of Morpho adonis,{ and almost simultaneously Mon. C. Oberthiir figured the closely allied female sex of Morpho eugenia.§ We have already alluded to the natural affinities of these genera, and the geological evidences which minimise their present geographical estrangement, and when we observe that in each * 4. masont, Moore. + ‘Descent of Man," 2nd edit. p. 318. { Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. $97. § ‘Etudes d'entomologie,’ liv. 6me, t. vi. f. 1. SEPTEMBER 30, 1682. U 74 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. case the male character depends upon the colour blue for its brillianey, the remarkable affinity of these female forms of Morpho and Zeuzidia are most suggestive. If we allowed ourselves to generalise, it would seem that in Morpho and Tropical America the brilliant blue character of the male has reached its maximum, and has there descended in the majority of instances to the female as a secondary sexual character, whilst in Zeuzidia the females still retain their primitive coloration. Mr. Wallace, however, rejects the theory of sexual selection, and substitutes several propositions to account for varying sexual phenomena. One of the principal of these is the ‘*need of protection, repressing in the female those bright colours which are normally produced in both sexes by general laws." 'The observation of the habits of both sexes of Zeuzidia would greatly assist this theory. Mr. Wallace has also proposed ‘‘ Colour as a means of Recognition” for butterflies, ‘‘in which the females of closely-allied species in the same locality sometimes differ considerably, while the males are much alike.” | This, however, would not apply to 4. amethystus, as it possesses a close ally in the female of Z. doubledayi. { Genus. DISCOPHORA., Discophora, Boisduyal, Sp. Gén. i, t. 12, f. 8 (1836); Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 329 (1851); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 85 (1881). Anterior wings subtriangular, with the costal margin very much arched and the apex acute; the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell, anastomosing with costal nervure for some little distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa; the second pursuing a like course a little before apex of costal nervure; remaining nervules emitted beyond costal nervure and near apex. Discoidal nervules with their bases contiguous. First median nervule slightly arched, but not angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings subtriangular; disk of costal margin nearly straight; outer margin of wings, especially in the female, more or less prominently and obtusely angulated at apex of first median nervule. Discoidal cell quite unclosed at apex. The males possess a silky oval patch of raised scales on the upper surface of the posterior wings at the bases of the median nervules. This genus comprises some eight or nine species, spread over an area which in the main corresponds with that of the two preceding genera, Discophora is found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, and onwards throughout a large portion of the Malayan Archipelago. ‘Two species are at present included in this fauna, 1. Discophora tullia. (Tab. VIL, fig. 83,92.) Papilio Tullia, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 81, A, B (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 76, n. 887 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 88, n. 394 (1787); Ent. Syst. i. p. 98, n. 805 (1793). Morpho Tullia, Godt, Ene. Meth, ix. p. 446, n. 19 (1828), Discophora tullia, Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 381, n. 1 (1851); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus, E. I. C. i. p. 211, n. 431 (1857); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 767; ibid. 1878, p. 826; Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 1 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 5388, n. 2 (1877); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 841, n, 1. * Tropical Nature,’ p. 193. t Ibid. p. 196. | The subject has also been treated by Fritz Miiller (‘ Kosmos,’ 1879, p. 285 et seq.), with reference to an Ameri butterily, but his views do not apply to our present discussion. £ a aa ae RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 75 Male. Wings above fuliginous-brown; posterior wings with a silky patch of raised seales at bases of meédian nervules. Notre.—In all male specimens as yet examined from the Malay Peninsula the anterior wings are unspotted, but in specimens from Continental India there are usually three discal rows of pale spots between the end of cell and outer margin. The ground colour also varies in intensity of hue. Wings beneath dull ochraceous; basal half of both wings dark ochraceous, remaining outer portions pale ochraceous, with three more or less waved darker fascie, one marginal and two submarginal; posterior wings with two ocellated spots with white centres and white and black margins, the first situate between the subcostal nervules, the second between the second and third median nervules (this lower second spot is absent in the specimen figured). Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings with the outer diseal portion dark chocolate-lrown; an obscure ochraceous spot in and before end of cell, and a smaller but more distinet spot of the same colour beyond end of cell; a like spot beneath cell and between second and third median nervules (absent in specimen figured); an inner discal series of six white spots placed between the nervules, the largest, upper, and innermost two contiguous, and separated by the upper discoidal nervule; the sixth, with its posterior margin tinged with ochraceous, is situate between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; this is outwardly followed by a series of five spots, the upper one bluish and amalgamating with the second inner spot, second and third bluish, and fourth and fifth ochraceous; and a submarginal row of five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules in a line with the other two series; costal and outer margins very pale brownish. Posterior wings with the outer discal portion dark chocolate-brown, and with three discal series of ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, the two inner series not passing the third median nervule, the outer series having an indistinct spot beyond that nervule; the intermediate series are more or less distinctly sublunate, and the outer series are inwardly margined with very dark chocolate-brown ; outer margin very pale brownish. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, the basal portion with a few seattered dark rounded spots near base; a waved, continuous, narrow dark fascia crossing the centres of both cells, and a dark spot at the upper disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings; ocellated spots to posterior wings smaller than in male, but varying in size. Long. ¢ 70 to 75 millim.; ? 90 to 98 millim. Han.—Continental India; Darjeeling (Horsf. & Moore); Silhet (Brit. Mus.)—Tenasserim; near Ahsown (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Saiier); Malacea (Brit. Mus.)— Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.). The females of this species vary in the prominence of the apical angles of the anterior wings, thus approximating towards the specimens described by Prof. Westwood as a distinet species, under the name of Discophora Zal, but which may probably prove to be merely a variety of this species.* The larva is figured in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. (pl. xii. fig. 15), from the original drawing made by Mr. A. Grote, then of Calcutta, and is stated to feed on ‘* Bambusa.”’ It apparently agrees in structure with the larva of D. celinde, which is here figured. 2. Discophora celinde. (Tab. V., fig. 10 7,11 2.) Papilio Celinde, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Ex. t. 87, f. 1, 1 A (1790). Papilio Menetho, Pabr. Ent, Syst. iii. 1, p. 83, n. 260 (1793); Donov. Ins. Ind. t. 30, f. 1 (1800), Papilio aristides, Pabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 86, n. 268 (1793). * Mr. Moore has enumerated Discophora Za! among the Tenasserim butterflies (Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 826); and Mr. Kirby, in that lepidopterists’ vade mecum, his ‘Cat. Diurn. Lep.’ p. 646, also considers it distinct. 76 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. Morpho Celinde, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 446, n. 16 (1828); Horsf. Cat. Lep. E.1.C, t. 6, £. 6 (1829), Morpho Menetho, Godt. Ene. Meth. ix. p. 446, n. 20 (1823), Discophora celinde, Herr.-Schiff. Ex. Schmett. f. 5, 6 (1850); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus, E. 1... i, p. 211, n. 492 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 148, n. 22 (1876); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 588; Wood-Mas. & de Nicéy. Journ. As. Soc. Bengl. xlix. p. 226, n. 10 (1880). Diseophora menetho, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 45, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 588, n. 1 (1877). Male. Wings above olivaceous, with obseure bluish reflections. Anterior wings with the following ochraceous spots:—one linear beyond end of cell and between the discoidal nervules, followed by three which are divided by the diseoidal nervules (the upper of which is more frequently absent), and a submarginal. series of which the uppermost is situate between the discoidal nervules, and the lower one between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Posterior wings with a piceous, subovate, silky patch of raised seales at basal area of median nervules, the outer margin of which is pale brownish. Wings beneath reddish ochraceous, mottled with numerous dark strigw, and crossed by a distinct broad darker oblique fascia, passing at about cellular apices of both wings, which have also two narrow submarginal waved fasciw, at the area of which (especially on anterior wings) the colour is paler, and between which and the oblique fascia the colour is darkest. Anterior wings with three waved and sinuated fascis crossing cell. Posterior wings with two discal ocellated spots, with white centres and yellow and black margins, the first of which is situate between the subcostal nervules, and the second and smallest between the second and third median neryules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Antenn# brownish above and pale ochraceous beneath. Female. Wings above pale chocolate-brown. Anterior wings becoming darker towards apical area, where they are crossed by a very broad ochraceous subapical fascia, which commencing at costa passes a little beyond end of cell, is outwardly widened beneath the lower discoidal nervule, to near margin, and is inwardly narrowed between the first and second median nervules till it terminates between the third median nervule and submedian nervure; this fascia is preceded by a small ochraceous spot between the second and third median nervules, and is followed by a narrow outer marginal ochraceous fascia. Posterior wings with an outer marginal ochraceous fascia, which beyond the discoidal nervule towards anal angle is only represented by a few spots between the nervules; a submarginal series of four ochraceous spots placed between nervules, and two diseal spots divided by the lower subcostal nervule. Wings beneath as in male, but munch paler, and with the fascis much less distinctly defined. Exp. wings, # 85 to 93 millim.; ¢ 100 millim. Hazn.—Continental India ; Darjeeling* (Horsf. & Moore, and coll. Dist.) ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands (colls. Moore and Cale. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Pyrovinee Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)}—Java (coll. Horsf.) —Borneo (coll. Dist.) The above descriptions apply to the form of the species as found in the Malay Peninsula. That of the male agrees with the figures of Stoll and Herrich-Schiiffer, and is widely distributed, a Darjeeling specimen in my own collection being in no way different. But in some Malayan specimens the spots on the anterior wings are almost white, and the upper two of the three discal spots are obliterated. As the males agree with the typical form as figured by Stoll, and also with the male specimens arranged as D. celinde in the British Museum, I cannot agree with Mr. Butler, who has placed a Malaccan female specimen, generally agreeing with the one * This is an unsatisfactory habitat. Mr. H. J. Elwes (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. vii. p. 468) has pointed out that it is the central station and only town in Brit. Sikkim, and being the centre to which all native collectors bring their cpecaens for disposal, species found in Brit. and Native Sikkim, and the adjoining parts of Bhotan, Tibet, and Nepaul, from level of the plains up to 18,000 or 19,000 feet, are thus labelled “ Darjeeling." The Neotropical habitat “ Bogota" has been shown to be equally unsatisfactory, if not often fallacious (see Birchall, ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 9512), RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. ye here figured, with a Nepaulese male* to represent the D. menetho, Fabr., as a distinct species, especially as the Fabrician type is not contained in the British Museum. Moreover, the same author + has given Donovan’s figure as agreeing with the D. menetho, Fabr., but this is unlike the female Malaccan form, and if such wide variation is allowed (as appears only reasonable and just) it is difficult to understand how the distinction of the two proposed species can be maintained, The larva is figured by Horsfield (ante, p. 67, fig. 19), and is described as feeding, nm Java, on the young leaves of Coccos nucifera from December to January.! This is the larval food-plant, according to the same authority, of Amathusia phidippus. Genus THAUMANTIS. Thawnentis, Hiibner, Sammi. Ex. Schmett, (1816—1824); Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. ii. p. 455 (1840); Westw. Gen. Diurn, Lep. p. 385 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 170 (1858). Anterior wings subtriangular; costal margin very much arched, the apex more or less rounded, the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of the cell, anastomosing with the costal nervure for some distance, and then apparently reflexed to costa; the second pursuing a like course a little before apex of costal nervure; remaining nervules emitted before or near apex of costal nervure. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule strongly arched, but not angulated beyond apex of cell. Posterior wings more or less ovate, the anal angle sometimes moderately produced; disk of costal margin nearly straight. First median nervule strongly arched and angulated towards discoidal nervule. Disecoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed. . Thaumantis is a genus which is found in Continental India, Tenasserim, the Indo-Malayan Region, Siam, and as far north as Shanghai, and comprises at the present time about a dozen described species. Allusion has already been made to its striking genetic affinity with the American genus Morpho, and, as in that genus, T'hawmantis also possesses two typical forms of coloration, which may roughly be described as the blue and the tawny types. A good example of the blue species of Thawmantis is afforded by T’. lucipor (Tab. IX. f. 8 & 9), which approximates towards the predominating facies of Morpho, while T. pseudaliris (Tab. VIL. f. 3) and 7’. louisa (a Tenasserim species) reflect more or less faithfully the features of that portion of the genus Morpho which is represented by M. metellus and allies. Three species only have, as yet, been received from the Malay Peninsula. § 1. Thaumantis lucipor. (Tab. IX., fig. 8 7,9 ¢.) Thaumantis Luctpor, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 337, n. 5, note (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser, 2, vol. iv. p. 173, n. 5, t. 19 (1858); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Mus. B. 1.0. i. p. 216, n. 448 (1857); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 841, n. 2. Male. Wings above pale chocolate-brown, the disks of both wings darker, and with dark and resplendent bluizh reflections, which do not extend to the costal area and wide outer margin (diminishing from apex) of * T possess a male from Borneo which greatly resembles this specimen. + Cat. Fabr. Lep. p, 45, n. 2, | Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C. i. p. 212. § In the ‘Cat. of Dinrn. Lepid. formed by W. C. Hewitson,' p. 108 (1879), T. aliris, Westw., is stated to have been received from Malacea. This, however, from examination, proves to be an erroneous habitat, as the Malaccan specimens represent the T. pseudaliris, Butl., which is here described. Although Mr. Kirby compiled the catalogue he is in no way answerable for the identifications, having followed those of Hewitson throughout. SEPTEMBER 30, 1882, x 78 RHOPALOCERKA MALAYANA, the anterior wings, nor to the abdominal or outer margin of the posterior wings. Wings beneath chocolate- brown, with the outer margins of both wings broadly and distinctly paler. Anterior wings with three very indistinct and irregular pale fasciw crossing cell; an oblique distinct pale fascia commencing about costal nervule a little beyond apex of cell, and terminating about third median neryule near the pale outer margin, which possesses a submedial and much waved darker line, on inner side of which the colour is much suffused with greyish; beneath the third median nervule the colour is pale brownish. Posterior wings with the basal area much suffused with greyish, on which is a large, irregular and curved fascia, which is broadest on costal margin and narrowest at its termination near the submedian nervure. At the boundary of the pale outer margin the colour is much darker, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure appears as a suddenly bent and reflexed fascia; this area contains two ocellated spots, the first and uppermost of which, situate between the subcostal nervules, is dark with slightly paler margin, and its inner third white; the lower is situate between the second and third median nervules, and has its inner margin white. The outer pale margin possesses a submedial and much-waved darker line, on inner side of which the colour is much suffused with greyish, and between the third median nervule and submedian nervure is an oblong black spot with an outer white continuation. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. The male possesses two basal patches of pale hairs* near costal base of upper surface of posterior wings, which probably denote seent-secretory organs. Female. Larger and with the wings above slightly paler than in male, with similar blue sanadtinne as in that sex, but which do not extend beyond the basal halves of both wings. Anterior wings with the blue reflection outwardly bounded by a more or less distinct pale oblique but broken fascia, commencing above the first discoidal nervule and terminating near the third median nervule; two small subapical ochraceous spots on each side of fifth subcostal nervule, followed by a much-waved and sinuated submarginal ochraceous fascia, commencing near first discoidal nervule and terminating near outer angle. Posterior wings with a much-waved and sinuated fuscous submarginal fascia, commencing near apex of first subcostal nervule and terminating near anal angle; between the subcostal nervules this fascia is outwardly bordered by a pale ochraceous marginal spot. Wings beneath somewhat paler and brighter than in male, excepting the dark shadings, which are as intense as in that sex; the posterior wings are crossed by a narrow undulating dark fascia, commencing near costa, crossing near apex of cell, and terminating at third median nervule (this is faintly discernible in male); the submedial waved fascie to pale outer margins of wings are also very distinct. Exp. wings, ¢ 87 to 94 millim.; ? 98 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Satier)—Borneo (colls. Dist. and Godm. & Salv.); Sarawak (Brit. Mus.) This beautiful species has been hitherto only known in collections as from Borneo; it is, however, contained in Mr. Saiier’s collection, which was formed in Province Wellesley. 3. Thaumantis noureddin. (Tab. VII., fig. 3 ¢; and Tab. IX., fig. 7 2.) Thaumantis Noureddin, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 887, n. 6, note (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 175, n. 6, t. 20 (1858); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. 1. C. p. 215, n. 444 (1857); Druee, Proe. Zool. Soc. (1873), p. $41, n. 8; Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p, 588, n. 1 (1877). Male. Wings above dark fuscous-brown; the outer margins of both wings broadly paler. Anterior wings with the pale outer margin much waved inwardly, and there denoted by a row of more or less distinet whitish spots placed upon the nervules; the costal area and basal portion of cell also somewhat paler. The posterior wings have the paler outer portion much less well defined, broadest at anal angle, * These in the typical specimen were deseribed as black by Prof. Westwood, and therefore probably vary in hue. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., (i) and terminating on abdominal margin. Wings beneath pale castaneous; both wings crossed by an almost straight submarginal dark castaneous fascia, bordered outwardly with greyish. Anterior wings with a pale waved fascia crossing cell near its centre; a narrow oblique greyish fascia beyond cell, commencing near costal nervure, and terminating at first median nervule, beyond which it is continued and indicated by a narrow dark line only; between these pale fasciw the colour is somewhat darker, and is thus continued in a waved and narrower form on posterior wings, where it terminates in a faint and indistinct manner about centre of abdominal margin. Posterior wings with two ocellated spots on inner side of submarginal fascia ; these spots are inwardly margined with white, and are situate one between the subcostal nervules, and one between the second and third median neryules; apical angle with a fuscous spot, bordered on each side with greyish.* The male is provided with two tufts of long dark hairs near base of upper surface of posterior wings, covering the disks of two distinct pseudo scent-glands or pouches. Female. Larger than male; wings above with distinct basal resplendent bluish reflections. Anterior wings with a diseal, curved, and outwardly convex series of five ochraceous spots placed between the nervules, commencing between the discoidal nervules, and terminating near the third median nervule, and a straight submarginal series of five ochraceous spots also placed between the nervules. Posterior wings with a waved fuscous marginal fascia. Wings beneath slightly paler than in male, the oblique greyish fascia beyond cell of anterior wings much more distinct, broader, and continuous, the straight submarginal fascia to both wings outwardly much more widely bordered with greyish; ocellated spots larger and anal angle less produced than in male. Exp. wings, ¢ 93 millim.; ? 94 to 98 millim, Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Sater); Malacca (Grit. Mus.)—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salv.) The males of this species vary in the amount of melanism. In some specimens, as the one figured, the submarginal series of pale spots above are scarcely visible. 3. Thaumantis pseudaliris. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 8 ¢.) Thaumantis pseudaliris, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiii, p. 115 (1877); Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol, i. p. 688, n. 2, t. Lewili. fig. 1 (1877). Thaumantis aliris, @, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p, 176 (1858).+ Male. Anterior wings above fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous, crossed by a pale lemon- coloured transverse undulating fascia, which, commencing at costa above apex of cell, is then slightly curved outwardly, passing a little beyond cell, is gradually narrowed between second and third median nervules, and terminates in a small spot beneath the last-named nervule; two large subapical white spots, separated by the upper discoidal nervule. Posterior wings fuscous-brown, with the base ferruginous; the apical half from a little beyond the median nervule, and a large subquadrate apical-angular spot ochraceous, more or less tinged with orange-red. Wings beneath crossed by a broad, irregular, and deeply sinuated chocolate fascia; on anterior wings this fascia is abbreviated about median nervule, and is very narrow at costal margin, where it is supplanted by the commencement of a transverse waved white fascia crossing wing at end of cell and terminating on outer margin at apex of third median nervule; on the inner side of the chocolate fascia the colour is obscure ochraceous, with two irregular reddish spots in cell and a smaller one above it; beyond the white fascia the colour is reddish ochraceous, with a large diseal obscure violaceous patch, bordered outwards with fuscous, and containing an outer white spot above upper discoidal * These anal-angular markings have been unfortunately omitted from the figure. + Mr. Butler in renaming the male of Westwood's species has accidentally given a wrong reference to that author's description. 80 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. nervule; beneath the median nervule the white fascia is inwardly and irregularly bordered with fuscous. On posterior wings the chocolate fascia is broadest on costal margin, strongly angulated and narrowed about discoidal nervule, outwardly angulated and rounded at base of first median nervule, and terminating at anal angle between the third median nervule and submedian nervure where it is narrowest; it is outwardly margined with white for its upper half; the inner area is pale obscure ochraceous, with three reddish spots, two irregular and linear situated above and beneath cell, and one small and rounded in and near base of cell; outer area reddish ochraceous, with two ocellated spots, the upper one mottled with reddish und with a white centre and black margin situate between the subcostal nervules, the lower and larger one with a large black spot inwardly bordered with white near its inner margin; outer margin black inwardly preceded with pale ochraceous; this spot is situated between the second and third median nervules; anda small linear marginal black spot between the third median nervule and the submedian nervure. Male with two large basal tufts of hair on upper surface of lower wings, the smaller near costa, the larger at base of cell. Female. Somewhat larger than the male; apical angle of anterior wings tinged with dark bluish, beneath paler, brighter and more violaceous. Exp. wings, ¢ 111 millim.; ¢ 114 millim. Han.—Tenasserim; Thoungyeen Valley, foot of Donat Range (Bingham, Brit. Mus.) — Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Pinwill, Brit. Mus., and coll. Hewits.). The male specimen in the British Museum is here figured, and was captured in Malacca ; the female to which reference is made was collected by Capt. Bingham in Tenasserim. The first is somewhat worn, and it is possible that in fresh specimens the apical area of the upper surface of the anterior wing is bluish, as described in the female specimen. Prof. Westwood, when he described his 17’. aliris, apparently possessed the sexes of two species, and as he figured the female of the Bornean species, which is GRY, it Was necessary to rename the Malaccan male. Genus CLEROME. Clerame, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 838 (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 182 (1858), Anterior wings subtriangular or subovate; costal margin very much arched, the apex rounded; outer margin more or less convex; in the male the inner margin slightly dilated at base. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before end of cell, and terminating beyond apex of costal nervule; second, third, and fourth subcostal nervyules emitted somewhat close together, the second before the apex of the first ; fourth and fifth with a common origin. Lower diseo-cellular nervule very long and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules distinctly separated at their origin. First median nervule not prominently arched or angulated at base. Posterior wings ovate; disk of costal margin nearly straight; outer margin and anal angle rounded. Discoidal nervule (the base of which is homologous to an upper disco-cellular nervule) emitted close to the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Diseoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed. The geographical area of Clerome pertains to that of the previously enumerated Malayan genera of Morphina. From Continental India in the west it extends eastwards through Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, a little beyond the confines of the Indo-Malayan portion of the Archipelago, and as far north as China. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51 About fourteen species are described, two alone of which have at present been received from this region; these, however, represent respectively the smallest and most beautiful species of the genus. 1, Clerome gracilis. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 12.) Clerome yracilis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xx. p. 401, t. 8, f. 7 (1867). Male. Wings above brownish ochraceous; posterior wings with a somewhat faint discal ocellated spot, situate between the second and third median nervules. Wings beneath somewhat paler, and crossed by two waved narrow fuscous fascie; the first passing through the centres of both cells, and the second commencing about costal margin of anterior wings, passing beyond the cellular apices and terminating near the middle of abdominal margin to posterior wings; a submarginal and strongly sinuated narrow fuscous fascia to both wings. Between the central and submarginal fasci# are placed the following spots :—on anterior wings a series of four small whitish spots placed between the nervules, the first above upper diseoidal nervule, and the fourth beneath first median nervule, followed between the second and. third median nervules by an ocellated spot, black, with a pale centre and ochraceous and black margins. Posterior wings with an ocellated spot between the subcostal nervules, followed by three whitish spots between the nervules, and an ocellated spot between the second and third median nervules. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, d 53 millim. Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.) ; Singapore (coll. Hewits.)—Borneo.* I have not seen the female of this species. The typical male specimen was collected in Malacea by Lieut. Roberts, and a specimen in the British Museum is here figured. It is one of the smallest species of the genus, and appears to be seldom found by collectors. 9. Clerome faunula. (Tab. VIIL., fig. 2.) Clerome faunula, Westwood, Gen, Dinrn. Lep. p. 334, n. 8, note, t. 54, f. 1 (1851). Clerome (Melanocyma) faunula, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc, ser, 2, vol. iv. p, 186, t, 21, f, 2 (1858), Female. Wings above pale fuscous; posterior wings with the abdominal half beneath cell.and to about second median nervule bright shining yellow. Anterior wings with the upper diseco-cellular nervule very darkly infuscated and with the following dark markings :—a transverse streak across cell near apex, preceded by a rounded spot, beneath which are two other spots situate between the base of the third median nervule and the submedian nervure; two discal, transverse, strongly waved, and sinuated fascim, the first crossing wing a little beyond apex of cell, and the second being somewhat submarginal, and ‘a very faint, waved, narrow, marginal fascia, which is obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with the following dark markings :—an oblique fascia near base terminating about internal nervure; two very strongly waved and sinuated discal fascis, which become united at lower subcostal neryule, the inner one then crossing wing at apex of cell and terminating near centre of submedian nervure, the outer one somewhat submarginal and much less strongly waved and sinuated after passing first median nervule, till it terminates at submedian nervure ; and a waved marginal fascia becoming obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath pale greyish, marked as above, but with the yellow coloration of the posterior wings richer and darker, and with all the fascia and spots very dark fuscous; costal area of the anterior wings pale fuscous. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, 98 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacca, Mount Ophir (D. Wallace); Singapore (Brit. Mus.)—Cambodia (coll, Hewits.) * *Cat. Diurn. Lep. formed by W. C. Hewitson,’ p. 108. DEPTEMBER 30, 1882. ¥ 82 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. This species appears to be somewhat rare in collections. The British Museum possesses one female specimen, which was captured at Singapore, and which is not only here figured, but is also the only one I have examined. Prof. Westwood* records a second specimen as collected at Mount Ophir by Mr. D. Wallace; and a third, from Cambodia, is contained in the Hewitsonian collection. This is not only a beautiful but also an aberrant species, it being quite destitute of ocellated spots, a character which Prof. Westwood was reasonably of opinion should warrant its subgeneric separation. The wings are also semidiaphanons, thus allowing the fascia beneath to be visible above. Genus XANTHOTAENTA. Nanthotania, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187 (1858), Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin moderately arched, the apex rounded, the outer margin moderately convex, the inner margin nearly straight. First subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of cell, and terminating a little beyond costal nervure; second and third subcostal nervules emitted some little distance apart,+ the second a little before the apex of the first, fourth emitted a short distance from the third, fourth and fifth with a common origin. Lower disco-cellular nervule very long and obliquely sinuate. Discoidal nervules well separated at their origin. First median nervule not prominently arched nor angulated at base. Posterior wings subovate and elongate, somewhat attenuated towards anal angle, Discoidal nervule (the base of which is homologous to an upper disco-cellular nervule) emitted some distance from the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules. Discoidal cell with the apex entirely open. Only one species of this interesting genus is at present known, and which is here enumerated. The habitats of this species must therefore be taken as representing the geographical area of the genus. 1. Xanthotzenia busiris. (Tab. V., fig. 7.) Clerome (Xanthotenia) Busiris, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 187, n. 6 (1858), Clerome busiris, Druce, Proce, Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 341, n. 4. Xanthotania busiris, Butl. Trans, Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 538, n, 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1878, p. 827. Male. Wings above reddish ochraceous; anterior wings with an oblique, pale ochraceous fascia crossing wings at end of cell, and terminating between second and third median nervules a little before outer margin; beyond and beneath the apex of this fascia the colour is dark chocolate-brown, of which the outer margin is paler; and with a pale whitish subapical spot situate above the upper discoidal nervule. Wings beneath much paler, but variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings marked as above, but the sub- apical whitish spot having above a very small one of the same colour, and beneath an ocellated spot with a white centre and yellowish margin, situate between the discoidal nervules, and two small and obscure whitish spots, situate one on each side of the first median nervule. Discoidal cell crossed by a much-waved and angulated dark line. Posterior wings with two strongly waved and sinuated dark lines, enclosing a pale irregular fascia, commencing at costa a short distance from base, where it is narrowest, crossing * ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 186. + Prof. Westwood states, ‘‘the third and fourth branches of the post-costal vein of the fore wings rise a moderate distance apart.” ‘This, however, appears to. me to be the second and third. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, 83 apex of cell and terminating a little beyond submedian nervure; the outer marginal line is preceeded at apex of cell with an inner marginal line, giving the appearance of a lower disco-cellular nervule ; two submarginal waved dark lines and a narrow marginal one of the same colour; eight pale, rounded, and more or less ocellated discal spots, the first and second largest, contiguous, and subdivided by the first subcostal nervule, fourth and fifth divided by the first median nervule, smaller than third, which is situate above discoidal nervule, sixth large and placed between second and third median nervules, seventh and eighth small and together situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure; an obscure, narrow, dark fascia extends from the inner side of the two upper spots to near the fifth or sixth spots. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. The male possesses a long tuft of fine hairs on the abdominal margin of the posterior wings, a little before the apex of abdomen. Exp. wings, ¢ 65 to 72 millim. Han.—Tenasserim; Moolai, 3000—6000 ft. (Limborg, coll. Moore). — Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.) —Sumatra (Forbes, coll. Dist.) —Java (coll. Dist.)—Borneo (coll. Hewits.). The female of this species is contained in the British Museum, and resembles the male sex. Group NY WPHALINA. Palpi broad, the anterior margin more or less dilated. Larve variable in form. This group represents the subfam. Nymphaline of many authors, and S.. the reasons for this proposed arrangement have already been submitted \))))\ when discussing the group Morphina, though it may be added that some Fic. 25.—Head, showing Tecent authors, as Moore* and Snellen, incorporate the two groups palpy of Cyutiva deine. sovether. With some authorities, also, the subfam. Acreine is systematically arranged between the two groups. Of the Acreine no example has at the present time been either received from the Malay Peninsula, or recorded from that region; but as a species is found in Ceylon, and more particularly as another has been lately sent home by Mr. Forbes from Sumatra, it is quite possible that the Acreine will still prove to be represented in this fauna. Amongst the Nymphalina there are probably several genera which remain to be discovered in the Malay Peninsula, but which are still absent from our lists and collections. Thus at the present time we have received no so-called “ leaf-butterfly” belonging to the genus Kallima. As this well-known genus is found in Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Tenasserim, Sumatra, and Java, it seems hardly reasonable to conclude that it is absent in what may be considered as the intervening district of the Malay Peninsula, as here faunistically understood. It seems difficult also to believe that no species of Herona inhabits the Peninsula, + as that genus is represented in Continental India, Andaman Islands, Tenasserim, and Sumatra, Of other Oriental genera not at present included in this fauna may be mentioned * Lep. Ceylon. + There can be little doubt that when collections are made in the highlands of the interior and in the Native States many species will be added to this already rich Khopalocerous fauna. $4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. the following :—Argynnis, though a widely spread genus, of which a species (4. niphe) is recorded both from Ceylon and Sumatra; Symbrenthia, well represented in Continental India, and also received from Sumatra and Java; Pyrameis, of which the ubiquitous P. cardui may remain to be discovered; and Apatura, a very widely distributed genus, which, though absent from the Peninsula, is still somewhat represented by the closely allied genus Eulacura. The genus Vanessa, in the form of its species V’. C-auwreum, has been recorded from Penang by Mr. Kirby,* probably on the strength of a specimen with that habitat attached, in the Dublin Museum, but having seen no other specimen of that species in any of the collections I have examined, and not having met with it myself when collecting on the spot, I have, pending corroborative testimony, not enumerated the genus here. With these exceptions the Oriental genera of the Nymphalina are well represented in the Malay Peninsula. The characters on which I have relied for the separation of the Nymphalina from the Morphina, viz., the structure of the palpi, will I think be found generally to obtain, and to be of an easily recognisable nature. Much of the apparent dilatation of the anterior margin of the palpi is due to the presence of a thick clothing of long hairs, irregular in arrangement and structure, but still of sufficient constancy to render the dilated appearance of the palprat the anterior margins uniformly and easily discernible. Division would of course materially assist the study of this large group, especially if the whole, and not a small faunistic portion only, were being examined; but, beyond some general resemblances of form and colour, I have found little on which reliance could be placed for divisional separation, and have therefore endeavoured to supply a synopsis of the genera en bloc.+ When the developmental characters of the Nymphalina are more fully worked out, natural divisions will probably be manifest; at present, though larval coincidences do exist in small divisions of genera, the structural characters of the perfect insects do not always agree in a like ratio. } : : * Cat. Dinrn. Lep. p. 181, 1 (1871). + Amongst others who have divided the subfam. Nymphaling, and whose views will well repay study, may be mentioned Herrich-Schiiffer (Corresp.-Blatt. Zool.-mineral. ver. Regenab. 1864—“ Separat.” pp. 16—40, where the whole of the then recorded genera are analyzed and grouped) and Burmeister (Deserip. Physiq. de la Republ. Argent., vol. v., pp- 150 ef seg., where a portion of the Neotropical fauna is alone treated). | The uncertainty of the larval characters in this group, when taken as muterial for formulating sectional divisions, is well shown by a reference to the views of Horsfield, who made a diligent and thorough examination of these characters for systematic purposes. In his Thysanwriform group, as already pointed out (ante, p. 87), genera are there associated by larval characters, which appertain not only to the Nymphaling (both Morphina and Nymphaline) but also to the Satyring, It is, however, scarcely a satiafnctory feature in the study of Kastern ea ar that since the time of Horatfield’s epoch-making publication, seareely anything has been published illustrative of the larvw of Oriental species, till—after an expiration of fifty years—the drawings of the Bros, de Alwia have recently appeared in Moore's ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon.’ This ia the more regretable when we remember the number of enthusiastic collectors of butterilies, specially in the Kast, whose captures, though of high scientific value,—as increasing our knowledge of genera and species, and therefore necessarily of the geographical distribution of the same,—could still add so much to our knowledge by careful breeding, and even more careful deseription of the results of the same. Conchologists are now agreeing that the deseription of the outer covering of the animal alone does not necessarily meet the requirements of biology, and the time is probably not far distant when the true deseriber of an insect will be expected to give its life-history. In Japan Mr. H. Pryer is adding greatly to our knowledge in this respect (see Trans. Ent. Soc, 1882, p. 485), and Mr. Hocking has lately contributed to our information of the earlier stage of Himalayan Rhopalocera (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1882, p. 284), RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.,. SYNOPSIS OF GENERA, 1. Costal nervure of anterior wings strongly swollen at base. a. Middle diseo-cellular neryule of anterior wings but little longer than the upper disco-cellular. b. Wings somewhat slender, the outer margin of the anterior wings more or less oblique. - - - EvurRyrena. aa. Middle disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings much longer than the upper diseo-eellular. bb. Wings broad, the outer margins of the anterior wings more or less convex. . . - : - - ERGonis. 2. Costal nervure of anterior wings often robust, but not swollen. A. Anterior wings with the apical angles more or less faleate and truncate. e. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and overlapping near base, and then strongly divergent and concave to anal angle. d. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted ZZ-— some distance before the apex of second sub- costal nervule. Fre, 26.—Arrangement of subcostal ¢. Outer margins of wings entire. nerviles in ant, wings of Dolea- halite seation: J; Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular. - DoLescHanuia. ec. Outer margins of wings distinctly waved. jf. Posterior wings subovate. g. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings slender, indistinet, or subobsolete. hk. Antenne with the apex Greely and moderately thickened. — - - Precis. qg. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings almost completely obsolete. hi. Antenne with the apex BDEEDEAY — pro- minently thickened. - JUNONIA. cc. Abdominal margins of posterior wings convex and overlapping near base, and then distinctly concave and moderately divergent to anal angle. dd. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted almost beneath the apex of second subcostal a nervule. ce. Outer margins of posterior wings prominently Fro. 27.—Arrangement of subcostal produced in caudate elongation at apex of dis- nervnles in ant, wings of Rhine- coidal nervule. - = = = . - RaerINopa.pa. sla itn B. Anterior wings with apical angles elongate, rounded, or subacute. i. Body stout, the thorax robust. j. Third subeostal nervule of anterior wings more or less convexly rounded towards apex. k. Outer margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate. Ll. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings nearly straight. m. Lower disco-cellular neryule of anterior wing obsolete, leaving cell entirely open. — - - Evnacura. kk, Outer margins of posterior wings caudately and nar- rowly produced at first, and_also generally at Fra. 28.,— Arrangement of subcostal third rasdian nervute. ; nervules in ant. winga of Cha- U. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings con- raxes schreiberi. cavely emarginate owards apex. Frprvuary 28, 1888, ui 85 86 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. mm. Lower disco-cellular nervule of anterior wings present, closing apex of cell. . “ . kkk. Outer margins of posterior wings produced in broad and spatulate prolongation between first and second median nervules. - - - - - - ti. Body generally and moderately stout, the thorax not pro- minently robust. jj. Third subcostal nervule of anterior wings not suddenly and convexly rounded towards apex. n. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings ( tc emitted before end of cell. “Ses o. Margins of posterior wings entire, not caudate. p. Palpi obtusely pointed. q. Posterior wings almost as broad as long. - - vin: G0 Ateehetaensorecboue) qq. Posterior wings distinctly longer than broad. nervules in post. wings of Ku. r. First subcostal nervule of posterior wings thalia anosia, emitted close to base of subcostal nervure. - pp. Palpi with a slender bristle-like terminal joint. ( be rr. First subcostal nervule of posterior wings ie emitted at some distance from base of sub- costal nervure. - - : : - | nn. First subcostal nervule only of anterior wings emitted Fro. 30.—Arrangement of subcostal before end of cell. sieve pitmore. a ie 00. Margins of ae wings distinctly caudate in the male - - - - - - : itt. Body slender; wings delicate, generally pale and often subhyaline. nnn. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings emitted before end of cell. = - - - - - nnnn. First subcostal nervule only emitted before end of cell. jj. Second and third subcostal nervules of the anterior wings more or less suddenly ampliated and rounded shortly after their emergence. s. Outer margin of anterior wings distinctly longer than interior margin, t. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wing bent and angulated near middle. w. First and second median nervules of anterior wings with their bases widely separated, the Frac 8h first not rounded and slightly eurved inwardly. —Arrangement, of median ; ‘ . nervules in ant. wings of Par. uu. First and second median nervules of anterior thenos gambrisive, var. wings with an apparently common origin, the first rounded outwardly at base. - - - ss. Outer and inner margins of anterior wings subequal in length. tt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings bent Paes angulated near base. - Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted at about one-third from base of wing. - - —————— vv. Discoidal nervules of anterior wings emitted considerably beyond basal third of wing. er ee a w. Third median nervule and first subcostal ARE Ls eg Oe OWI Tot , = i ‘ dtiboostal eeeuts nea lnali hant nervule of posterior wings about subequal near hase, in length. - - - - - - * Gen, nov. type Cyrestie rahria, Moore. ProrHor. SYMPHEDRA. EUritanta. TANAECIA. Evrirvs. CYRESTIS. CHERSONESIA. * PARTHENOS. LEDBADEA. PANDITA. LIweENITIS. —S>)) Fig. 3:.—Costal area of post. wing to apical angle. - - - - - ATHYMA. cota pe aia xx. Costal nervure of posterior wings not ex- apical angle, tending to apical angle. - - - Neptts. ttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not angularly bent. www. Third median nervule and first subcostal nervule of posterior wings almost subequal in length. - . - - + + Hyponmeas. n. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted just before or at end of cell, the second some distance beyond, ttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings not prominently bent or angulated. vet. Discoidal nervyules of anterior wings emitted beyond basal third of wing. G2 > y. Wings with the outer margins sinuate and dentate. - - - - - - - Crrnosta. “ural in eet ince soupy yy. Wings with the outer margins slightly waved, phalanta, that of posterior wings sometimes caudate. ATRL. vevv. Discoidal neryules of anterior wings emitted at about one-third from base of wings. = - - Cupwa.t nn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a Ls little before and the second at about end of cell. =a eke oe wateeseaa ttttt. Fourth subcostal nervule of anterior wings pro- spacey Ne winiga’or Clerc: minently bent and angulated. | chrow orissa, z. Middle diseo-cellular nervule of anterior wings about half the length of lower disco-cellular. *. Posterior wings ovate and elongate. = - - Crrrocuroa. zz. Middle disco-cellular nervyule of anterior wings less than half the length of lower disco-cellular. : | **, Posterior wings more or less subquadrate and : caudate. - : - - - - ‘TeRrnos. | nnn. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings emitted a We asa vines oh eee slg pace and the second immediately beyond a end of cell. - - - - - : - CyYNTHta. deione. RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. ww. Third median nervule of posterior wings dis- tinetly shorter than first subcostal nervule. «x, Costal nervure of posterior wings extending Genus DOLESCHALLIA.! Doleschattia, Felder, Neues Lep. p. 14 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p, 38 (1881), 87 Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin arched from base and convex, the apical angle more or less truncated; the outer margin sinuated, concave beneath apex, and convex towards posterior angle ; the inner margin more or less concave. First and second subcostal nervules emitted somewhat close together near end of cell; third emitted beyond cell, and extending to apex; fourth and fifth bifureating at about one-third from apex. Upper diseo-cellular neryule short and outwardly angled; lower disco-cellular + This genus has been hitherto mostly known under the name of Messaras, Doubl., but has been recently shown by Mr. Seudder to be a synonym of Cupha, Billb. (Proc. Am. Acad. Arte & Sei. vol. x. p. 149, 1875). | The name of this genus exists in commemoration of that of Carl Ludwig Doleschall, a Hungarian entomologist, who for a short time was numbered amongst the few workers in the Malayan Archipelago. Best known as a Dipterist, he died of consumption at Amboina at the age of thirty-two. His former friend and pupil, Rudolf Felder, whose name is attached to many of the Rhopalocera described in this work, and who founded the genus Doleschallia, also died at the carly age of twenty-nine. 88 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA, nervule aborted, leaving the cell widely open. Median nervules widely separated, the first prominently rounded at base; submedian nervure’ nearly straight. Posterior wings elongate and subtriangular, the costal and outer margins convex; anal angle produced in narrow caudate elongation, which is traversed by the submedian nervure; abdominal margins convex and contiguous near base, and from thence becoming concavely divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; precostal nervure obliquely rounded and curved outwardly towards apex; discoidal nervules well separated at their origin ; discoidal cell with the apex quite unclosed, first median nervule arched and rounded at a short distance from base. Body short, robust; palpi large and porrect, raised above the upper margin of the head, gradually narrowed to an obtuse point at apices, flattened beneath and covered with adpressed hairs, and clothed above (exeluding apices) with long semi-erect and well-separated hairs. About twelve or thirteen species are sometimes included in this genus; but of these, two are probably not strictly congeneric, as the apical angles of the anterior wings are acute. These two species also belong to the Ethiopian region, one being found in West Afriea, and the other in Madagascar. ‘The remaining and more typical species inhabit an area extending from India to Australia, and it is in the Papuan and Pacific regions that they mostly abound, where, according to present knowledge, the number of species is rather more than double what is found in the Indo-Malayan region. ‘he genus is closely allied to Kallima, the species of which are commonly known as “ leaf-butterflies,"’ from the strikingly foliaceous appearance of the under side of the wings, and whose habitat is almost exclusively the Indo-Malayan region. Doleschallia thus appears as the extreme eastern representative of Kallima, a genus which most probably inhabits the Peninsula, it being already recorded from Tenasserim. The larva and pupa of the Ceylon species is figured in Moore’s ‘ Lep. Ceylon,’ from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and as described is “long, somewhat slender, purple- black, with a dorsal and lateral series of short delicate branched blue spines” and ‘a central row of white spots.” It is stated in Ceylon to feed on ‘“‘ Acanthads.”* The transformations of D. bisaltide in Java have also been described by Piepers. + One species only is at present known in the Malay Peninsula. 1. Doleschallia pratipa. (Tab. X1., fig. 8¢; Tab. [X., fig. 6 2.) Doleschallia Pratipa, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iy. p, 309, n, 20 (1860); Reise Nov. Lep. i. p.406, n.610 (1866); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p, 584; ibid. 1878, p. 828; Butl. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p- 589, n. 1 (1877). Male. Apical angle of the anterior wings prominently faleate. Anterior wings reddish ochraceous ; apical angle, outer margin (narrowing to posterior angle), and an irregularly shaped and sized oblique fascia commencing near costal nervure, crossing end of cell and amalgamating with outer margin between the lower subcostal and first median nervules, very dark fuseous, Posterior wings reddish ochraceous, with two distinct submarginal fuscous rounded spots, situate one above the discoidal nervule and one between the second and third median nervules, and a very pale fuseous and moderately broad marginal fascia, with the inner border strongly waved and the outer border ochraceous, preceded by a black line. Wings beneath dull ochraceous, strongly suffused with olivaceous; anterior wings with two waved and sinuated transverse bright white fasci# crossing cell, and a smaller and more obseure irregular spot beneath cell at base of third median nervule; posterior wings with three bright * Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 39. + Tijdschr. Ent. xix. p., 161-2 (1576). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 89 white spots near base, one near base of costal nervure, one near base of third median nervule, and the third very obscure, in and near base of cell. Anterior wings with the costal base, cellular area preceding the outer white fascia, an irregular fascia near end of cell, and a small costal subapical patch, dark olivaceous, the last preceded and followed by dull whitish; both wings crossed by a discal oblique dark olivaceous line, commencing on costa of anterior wings between end of cell and apex, where it is waved and directed outwardly and then reflexed and oblique, terminating near anal angle of posterior wings; between this line and outer margin there are on anterior wings five or six obscure white-centred spots divided by the nervules, and two distinct ocellated spots with white centres between the median nervules and on posterior wings three distinct ocellated spots situate one on each side of the lower subcostal nervule, and the third between the second and third median nervules (a fourth and obscure spot is sometimes visible between the third median nervule and submedian nervure); outer margin of posterior wings distinctly paler from about the lower subcostal nervule. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Female. Apical angle of the anterior wings not prominently faleate. Resembling male, but differing on anterior wings by having a large subapical yellowish patch, and by the fuscous oblique fascia being only denoted by an irregular spot at end of cell. Posterior wings with the marginal fascia only denoted by the marginal borders as in male. Wings beneath as in male, but paler, and with the white spots much more obscure. Exp. wings, 3 60 to 80 millim.; ¢ (two examples), 68 to 70 millim. Has.*—'Tenasserim (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. and Saiier) ; Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.)—Java (coll. Dist.) This species varies much in the colour of the wings beneath, and is a very close ally of the Javan species, 1). bisaltide, Cram. From this it differs principally in the female sex, which in D, bisaltide has the pale subapical patch and also the complete oblique subapical fuscous fascia. LD), pratipa is clearly a local race of Cramer's species, and is treated here as a distinct species, in consonance with the previous method, and on the lines already laid down in this work.{ Genus PRECIS. Precis, Hithner, Verz. bek, Schmett, p. 88 (1816); Feld. Neues Lep. p. 18 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p.89 (1881). Junonia, sect. 2, Doubl, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 209 (1649). Anterior wings subtriangular, the costal margin yery strongly arched and convex; apical angle obliquely truncate and prominent, and together with remainder of outer margin distinctly waved ; beneath the apical angle the outer margin is strongly sinuated and concave, after which it is convex to posterior angle; inner margin more or less concave. Costal nervure short; first and second subcostal nervules emitted close together near end of cell; third emitted about half-way between end of cell and apex of wing; fourth and fifth bifurcating at about one-fourth from apex. Upper disco-cellular nervules angled at apex of cell and concave to lower discoidal nervule; lower disco-cellular nervule slender and indistinet, or somewhat obsolete. Discoidal nervules well separated at their base; first median nervule rounded at base, where it * Mr. Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 584) has recorded this spécies as from the Andaman Islands, but this habitat has not been corroborated by Messrs. Wood-Mason and De Niceville, in their Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of those islands. Mr. Kirby, in his Catalogue (p. 193), has also given “ Molucew" as a habitat, which is clearly a misprint. + D. bisaltide is a somewhat rare insect; male and female specimens are contained in the Horsfield Collection which agree with Cramer's figure. Several other specimens were confused, however, under the same name, which on examination with Mr. Butler, proved to be both male and temale D. polibete, Cram., a species which is quite distinct and not synonymous with D. bisaltide, as stated in Mr, Kirby's Catalogue (p. 198), D. polibete has both sexes very similar, and not distinct as in D. bisaltide and D. pratipa; it is alxo a wide-ranging species, as | possess specimens both from Java and the Andaman aimee In oll these species it appears that the brightest white spots on the under surfaces of the wings are developed in the male only. Frsrvary 28, 1883, 2A 90 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. has an apparently common origin with the second; second and third nervules widely separated. Posterior wings subovate, the costal margin obliquely convex; outer margin very convex, waved, and produced into a short caudate appendage at anal angle. Abdominal margins convex and overlapping at base, and then distinctly coneave and slightly divergent to anal angles. Costal nervure arched and extending to apex; discoidal nervule emitted a little beyond the bifurcation of the subcostal nervules; discoidal cell with the apex entirely open; median nervules arranged much as in anterior wings. Body short; palpi long, porrect, and pointed ; antennw# slender, gradually thickened towards apex. This genus is of very considerable extent, and it is in Africa—tropical and subtropical— that its greatest number of species are found; in fact, if we include Madagascar, at least three- fourths of the present known species inhabit the Ethiopian region." Precis is also found in Continental India, Ceylon, and onwards, and sparingly—as regards its number of species— through the Malay Peninsula and Malayan Archipelago, and is represented in Australia. At this time about forty species have been deseribed. 1. Precis iphita. (Tab. XI., fig. 9¢; & var. Tab. IX., fig. 5 2.) Papilio Iphita, Cramer, Pap. Ex. iii. t. 209, 0, D (1782); Fabr. Sp. Ins. p. 86, n. 379 (1781); Mant. Ins. p. 46, n. 457 (1787); Ent. Syst. ii. p. 109, n. 837 (1793). Vanessa Iphita, Godt. Ene. Méth. tx. p. 314, n. 40 (1819). Precis Iphita, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. I. 0. i. p. 143, n. 290 (1857); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. vol. xix. p. 150, n. 81 (1876); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 828; ibid. 1882, p. 289; Lep, Ceyl. i. p. 89, pl. 21, f. 1, @, & (1881). Junonia Iphita, Butl. Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 76, n. 17 (1869); Trans. Linn, Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 545, n. 1 (1877); Godm. & Salv. Proe. Zool. Soe. 1879, p. 157, n. 17; ibid. 1878, p. 646, Precis Intermedia, Feld. Reise Noy. Lep. iu. p. 402, n. GOO (1866). Precis Ida, yar. intermedia, Snell. Tijdsehr. Mint. vol. xxi. p. 14, n. 62 (1878). Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown, variable in intensity of hue. Anterior wings with two transverse fascim crossing cell, the margins of which are very irregular and dark fuscous, the first situate about centre and the second near apex; the apical half of wing is somewhat paler, and inwardly bounded by a dark fascia commencing near costa and outwardly and obliquely directed to first median nervule, from thence reflexed inwardly and terminating near centre of inner margin; between this and outer margin is a somewhat similar fascia, followed by two very dark submarginal lines, the outer one more prominently waved; marginal fringe and a small subapical spot whitish. Posterior wings with the apical half paler and with the fasci# on the anterior wings continued, the first terminating near abdominal margin about one-third from anal angle, the second broader and more outwardly curved than on anterior wings, and possessing on its outer edge four or five obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules; submarginal lines as on anterior wings, but the inner one more waved. Wings beneath paler; both wings crossed by two somewhat broad, dark, basal fascim, the first crossing centre of cell of anterior wings, curved inwardly on cell of posterior wings and indistinctly terminating near base of abdominal margin; the second crossing anterior wings at apex of cell, and terminating on posterior wings a little beyond end of cell; a similar fascia commencing near costa of anterior wings, and more or less amalgamating at median nervules, with an oblique fascia crossing both wings, inwardly margined with a dark line commencing near apical angle of anterior wings where it is broadest, and terminating near anal angle of posterior © The Oriental affinities in the African fauna, or the zoological relationship between the Oriental and Ethiopian regions, have received notice by many naturalists. Thus Dr. Stoliczka has pointed this ont in the Malayan Ornithology, and Mr. Wallace has described the same thing in the Mammalia and birds of W. Africa,—these possessing “a special Oriental or even Malayan element,"—and has also drawn attention to the Oriental element in the Ethiopian reptiles and amphibia, Mr, Blanford has treated of the “ African element in the fauna of India,” particularly as regards the Mammalia, and the late Mr. Blyth has shown the ancient date of the relationship from the evidence afforded by the Siwalik deposits. Mr. Murray inclined to the cone that the Indo-Malayan region should be included with that of Africa, south of the Sahara. The writer has also shown the “ Oriental affinities in the Ethiopian Insect-Fauna” (' Nature,’ vol. xvii. p. 282). RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 91 wings where it is narrowest; on the outer margin of this fascia in both wings are a series of more or less obscure ocellated spots placed between the nervules; two submarginal lines as on upper surface, but inner one much waved and sinuated. On some specimens there are two distinct whitish spots on the underside of posterior wings, separated by the first subcostal nervule, the upper of which is largest. (These are absent in the specimens here figured, though found in some Malay varieties.) Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings. Exp. wings, ¢ & 2, 60 to 70 millim. Han.—Continental India; Nepaul; Khasia Hills; Silhet; Cashmere; Neilgherries; Bombay (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Ceylon (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.)—Upper Tenasserim ; Moolai (Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (colls. Dist. & Sauer); Malacca (Pinwill, Brit. Mus.}—Java (coll. Moore); Batavia (Snellen); Bantam (coll. Dist.;}—Borneo.*—Celebes (Snellen).—New Guinea (Godm. and Saly.)—New Britain (Godm. & Salv.) This is a variable species, both in size and hue, the specimen (Tab. XI., f. 9) being a melanie form, whilst that represented by fig. 5 on Tab. IX. is the pale variety described by Felder as a distinct species under the name of [. intermedia. The larva and pupa are figured in Moore’s Lep. Ceyl.} from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis, and they are thus described in that work ;: }—‘*‘ Larva cylindrical, dark brown, with dorsal and lateral rows of short delicate branched spines. Pupa short, with tubercular points on dorsal segments ; thorax broad.” Some observations on the habits of this insect have been recorded. In the N.W. Himalaya Mr. Hocking states that it ‘‘always pitches on the ground.”§ As witnessed in Celebes, that inimitable lepidopteral observer Piepers has given some interesting facts. It appears to be pugnacious. Piepers thus describes his observation :—‘‘ Around and over the blossoms of a flowering shrub flew several butterflies (Precis iphita and some Pieride), when a butterfly of gigantic size, in comparison with them (J/’apilio Remus, Cram.), came flying, apparently with the object of sharing their repast. Whether the others were desirous of the company of a guest among them whose appetite would be enormous, or not, it is certain that I saw them attack the J’. Iiemus, drive it away, and pursue it for a short distance, till it was evident that it had really taken to flight, when they returned to their flowers.”’ || The same author adds an observation bearing on the constancy of habits or memory in this species.4/ He one evening observed a specimen of this butterfly sitting quietly on the ceiling of the open verandah of the Harmonie Society, at Manghasar, which remained the whole evening, despite the strong illumination of the place. For six consecutive evenings he found this insect return faithfully to the same sleeping-place, though absent during the day.** * Cat. Diurn. Lep,, formed by Hewitson, p. 72. + PL 21. f. 18. | Vol, 1. p. 40. 3 Proc. Zool, Soe., 1882, p. 250. || Tijd. Ent. xix., pp. xviii to xxiv, and Eng. transl. by Kirby, *utomologist,’ x. p. 200.—-In N. America Mr. W. H. Hidwards relates seeing an introduced Papilio machaon pursued by P. ajax, ‘us if it was regarded as an intruder” (Canad. Entomol. vol. xiv. p. 22 (1882). © Ibid. p. 270. ** Tt is probable that many butterflies are constant and regular te fixed spots for the night's repose. Long since Mr. P. H. Gosse (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. ii., pp.176—78 (1848) ) gave an exceedingly graphic account of the habits of Heliconius charithonia as observed in Jamaica. Butterflies of this species assembled in a little swarm just before sunset, and settled closely packed together on some leafless stems of a creeping plant, and Mr. Gosse was assured by an “ observant young friend" that they assembled in this manner every evening, Mr. A. W, Bennett (Proc. Brit, Ass,, York, 1881), in a paper “On the Constancy of Insects in visiting Flowers," stated that he lad observed three flights of the “ painted lady” butterfly (Pyrameia cardui), and that it settled six, three, and ten times respectively, always confining itself to the same species of flower. The result of his observations on the common English butterflies was that P. cardui and the “ small tortoise-shell" (Vanessa urtica) were very consistent in their floral tustes. Mr. Powell, however (‘Nature,’ vol. xxiv., p. 509), observed a specimen of the last-named butterfly which exhibited no constancy in this respect. 92 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 2. Precis ida. (Tab. XI., fig. 10 ¢.) Papilio Ida, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 42, C, D (1776); ib. iv. t. 874, C, D (1782). Apatura Tragia, Hibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 35, n. 295 (1816). Vanessa Jdamene, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix, p. 315, n. 41 (1819), Preeis ida, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EB. 1. C. i. p. 142, n. 289 (1857). Junoma ida, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soe, 1878, p. 842, n. 8; Godm. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 639, n.17 (1878). Male and female. Closely allied to the preceding species, but paler and more rufous both above and beneath; wings above marked as in P. iphita, but anterior wings having a more or less well developed and distinct series of ocellated spots, placed between the nervules and occupying the centre of the pale apical portion. Posterior wings with a very distinct and well developed series of ocellated spots placed between the nervules, and continuous with those of anterior wings. Wings beneath as in P. iphita, but paler and more rufous. Iixp. wings, ¢ and 2, 60 to 70 millim. Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (Brit. Mus.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)}—Billiton (Godm. and Salv.)—Java (coll. Moore).—Borneo (colls. Moore, Godm. & Salv., and Dist.)—Celebes (coll. Dist.) Herr Snellen * is of opinion that this insect and P. iphita may be but seasonal forms of the same species. As, however, P. ida does not appear to be recorded from Continental India, where P. iphita is a not uncommon species, there seems reason to doubt what would otherwise seem to be a probable supposition. Although paler in ecloration than P. iphita, a Celebesian specimen In my own collection is melanic and approaches somewhat to that species in hue; the series of ocellated spots on the upper surface of the anterior wings, however, prevents confusion. Genus JUNONTA. Junonia, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 84, 85 (1816); Feld. Neues. Lep. p. 18 (1861); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 40 (1881); Godm. & Saly. Biol, Centr. Am. Rhop. p. 219 (1882). Junonia, sect. 1, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pp. 206, 208 (1849), Alcyoneis, Hiibn, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 85 (1816). This genus is very closely allied to the preceding, the general shape and venation of the wings being similar and almost identical. It principally differs in having the lower disco-cellular nervule of the anterior wings completely obsolete, thus leaving the apex of the cell entirely open. The club of the antenna is also more abruptly and prominently incrassated. :. This genus is of considerable extent and of wide distribution. It is found in the warmer parts of America, the tropical and subtropical portions of Africa (including Madagascar), Asia, eastwards from Continental India, throughout the Malayan Archipelago, and onwards amongst the islands of the Pacific; it is also represented in Australia. Probably a little over twenty species are known, and though more have been described they are now generally considered as of a varletal character only. Junonia, unlike [phita, is most strongly represented in the Oriental region, only about a third of its species being Ethiopian, whilst its representatives in America are reduced to three by Mr. Kirby, + and again considered as but two by Messrs. Godwin and Salvin. { * Tijd. Ent. xix. p, 150 (1876). + Cat. Diurn, Lep. pp. 187-8 (1871). { Biol.