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RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
LOX DON * WENT, NEWMAN AND CO., PRINTERS, HATTON GARDEN, &.C,
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=e ek S95. 78095}
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA;
A DESCRIPTION OF
THE BUTTERFLIES
THE MALAY PENINSULA.
BY
W. L. DISTANT, M.A.I.
FELIOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; MEMBERED OF THE EXTOMOLOGICAL BOCIETY OF FRANCE, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ENXTOMOMMICAL AOCIETY OF STOCKHOLM, AXD OF THE BUFFALO SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
With 46 Coloured Plates and 129 Woodrnts.
LONDON: W. L. DISTANT, care or WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN, E.C. PENANG: D. LOGAN, Ese.
1652—1886.
75.18
PREFACE.
A prescription of Malay Butterflies needs neither apology nor defence. All such publications appeal to two universal sentiments, the love of Nature—the keystone of the sense of beauty—and the love of Science*—which is equivalent to man’s innate craving after knowledge; and the first has frequently prompted the second, so that a mere collector of butterflies often develops into an excellent entomologist. There are three methods under which a faunistic study may be pursued, and these seldom appeal in an equal degree to the same worker. They may be described. as the classificatory, in which the species and genera are analytically described and enumerated in their proper families or groups; the comparative, by which an analysis of different faunas affords the materials which support the generalisations us to geographical distribution; and the evolutionary or really biological method—often the first only—which seeks in embryonic development, and the peculiarities of surface colouring und markings to form some conception of how living animals came to have the forms and appearance which they possess. These methods are dependent on each other, and the most profound generalisations have been made by those who have done much of that pure and simple anatomical and classificatory work, + which by’ some theorists of the day, who would explain the problems of Nature from the revelations of their own inner consciousness, is looked upon as the amusement of a few unphilosophiecal pedants.
To understand these Malay butterflies, of which 503 species, arranged in 143 genera, are here described, and, with very few exceptions, figured, several preliminary positions require to be mastered, such as the physical dimensions and position of the area on which our fauna is found, the extent to which at present that fauna has been investigated, and what relationship it bears to the various insular and continental faunas which surround it.
To define our area is to commence our difficulties, for most faunistic works bear the name of a region which has not been thoroughly—often very imperfectly—explored by the collecting naturalist, and consequently we are sometimes only describing a part under the designation of the whole. ‘This element of partial knowledge is very pronounced in ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana,’ for though the Malay Peninsula may be described roughly as extending from the Isthmus of
* The butterfly has frequently fulfilled an unscientific réle, as in the notion of the “leyp-bya," or butterfly spirit of the Burman, & corrupt exerescence of Buddhism (ef. ‘The Burman, his Life, and Notions,’ by Shway Yoe, vol. ii. chap. xi),
According to Friederich (‘Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur’) the butterfly was a symbol of death, as signifying the soul
separated from the body; for which reason it was represented as sitting on an empty skull. One species was specially thought to announce disaster and a dry summer.
+ As Darwin, who produced the *‘Monvograph of the Cirripedia," and Huxley, Haeckel, Wallace, Bates, and others, who have all contributed much to the same class of Biological literature.
b
vi PREFACE,
Krah or the southern extremity of Tenasserim on the north, to Cape Romania, the Tanjung- bulus, or “naked headland” of the Malays, in the south, including the many islands on the western and the less numerous islands on the eastern coasts;* unfortunately the Zoology of the whole of this areat 1s unknown, and our information is almost entirely derived from the collections made at the different settlements along the western coast. It must therefore be remembered that our knowledge of the butterflies and other living animals of the Malay Peninsula is principally based on collections made at Kedah, Penang, Province Wellesley, Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong, Malacca, Johore, and Singapore; and although there is no reason to suppose that the fauna of the eastern portion of this narrow peninsula is much different from that of the western, there are probably still many local species to be found there, which will add considerably to our faunistic catalogues. }
In comparing an insect fauna with those of surrounding areas, the physical geography, geology, and botany of the different areas become factors of first importance in showing us not only the road by which much specific migration may have taken place, but also whether the surrounding conditions are capable of maintaining the emigrant species, and in an unmodified form. Now a study of the Rhopalocera of the Malay Peninsula gives unmistakable proof of the relationship both in genera and species to those of Burma and North-Eastern India on one side and to the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and—in a less degree—to Java at its southern extremity. This is exactly what the physical geography and geology of the Peninsula would lead us to expect. As Logan has remarked, ‘it is directly united not only geographically but geologically with the continental mass, and, through the islands to the south and Sumatra on the west, a connection with the rest of the Malayan Archipelago can be established.”’§ Of the classificatory details of the vegetation I do not possess sufficient knowledge to warrant an assertion, but we must remember—as Spruce truly remarks when speaking of the distribution of the Lepidoptera of the Amazon Valley—that it ‘‘can rarely correspond to the grander features of the vegetation, for the simple reason that the food of caterpillars is scarcely ever the foliage, &ec., of the loftier forest trees, but chiefly of soft-leaved undershrubs and low trees, (1) which grow under the shade of the forest, and have, many of them, a restricted range, or (2) which spring up where the primeval woods have been destroyed, and in waste places
* The reader who may wish to consult some of the best and original descriptions of the Peninsula may be safely referred to the ‘Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Malay Peninsula,’ by J. R. Logan (Journ, Ind. Archip, vol. ii. p. 88 (1848), the previously published chap. vii. of the first vol. of Newbold's ‘ British Settlementa in the Straits of Malacca’ (1899), and also the excellent compilation of Crawfurd in his ‘Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries,’ p. 255 (1856), More modern accounts are often largely indebted to the above.
+ Much ingenuity has been displayed in identifying the Malay Peninsula with the Awrea Chersonesus of the ancients, and many modern writers have adopted the view. Prof. Haeckel, however, states his conviction that “The Tarshish of the ancient Phoenicians and Hebrews can only have been Galle; the apes and peacocks, ivory and gold, which these navigators brought from the legendary Tarshish, were actually known to the old Hebrew writers by the same names as they now bear among the Tamils of Ceylon, and all the descriptions we derive from them of the much-frequented port of Tarshish apply to none of the seaports of the island, but the Rockpoint—Punto Galla” (‘A Visit to Ceylon,’ p. 178). On this subject one must cite the nameless commentator alluded to by Jortin, “ who, explaining 1 Kings x. 22, Once in three years came the navy of Tarshish, bringing gold and silver, apes, and peacocks, says that by the apes wo are to understand heretics" (‘ Remarks on Eccles. Hist.’ vol. i. p. 148).
{ As these pages are passing through the press, Mr. J. K. Birch has forwarded to me a specimen of the ubiquitous
* Painted Lady," Pyramets cardut, Linn., which he captured on Penang Hill. § Journ. Ind. Archipel. vol. ii. p. 90 (1848),
PREFACE. vii
near the habitations of men, &e.”* It appears, however, that the flora follows more or less the main features of the Rhopalocerous fauna, for Prof. Thiselton Dyer, with the knowledge acquired from the vast Indian Collection contained in the Kew Herbarium, has found that ‘there is a marked difference between the vegetation of the greater part of the Peninsula of Hindostan and that of the areas to the north and north-east of it. The latter belongs to the type characteristic of the Malayan region, which is also represented on the Malabar coast and in Ceylon.” +
Too little attention is often paid to the physical characteristics of a region which, qualifying the flora, greatly influences the nature of the insect fauna, and this doubtless will be clearly shown in the Malay Peninsula, when the central highlands have been more fully worked, and collections made there compared with those acquired on the alluvial coasts.} Even introduced plants will often add a corresponding diversity in insect life. Mr. Uhler found from an examination of the country in and around Denver in North Ameriea, particularly on the west side, that the common weeds of the eastern division of the continent had already established themselves there, and that, as was to be expected, many of the common insects dependent upon them were present in abundance. §
The material is not yet collected and tabulated by which the Rhopalocera of the Malay Peninsula can be thoroughly and analytically compared with that of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; but our facts are sufficient to show that the Malay butterflies have their nearest relationship with those of Borneo—especially North Borneo; || im a lesser degree with those
* Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. ix. p. 852. +: Proc. Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. xxii. no. vi. p. 25 (1878).
} This particularly struck the late Dr. Stoliczka when at the Nicobars, and he gave the following table, based on the information of Hochsetter, to illustrate the fact :—
GEOLOGICAL CHANACTER OF THE UNDERLYING Ke
alluvium.
2. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, dry marine alluvium.
8. Coral conglomerate and coral sand, beside dry fresh-water allnovium.
4, Fresh-water swamp and damp fresh-water
alluvium.
5. Plastic clay, magnesian clay, marls and partially serpentine.
6. Sandstone, slate gabbro, dry river alluvium.
Coanacten or Sor.
Swampy ground, not capable of cultivation.
Fertile calcareous soil, principal constituents carbonate and phosphate of lime.
Fertile caleareous sandy soil. Swampy ground, capable of being cultivated, Not fertile, clayey soil, de constituents
silicate of alumina an Loose clayey sandy soil, rich in alkalies and
silicate of magnesia.
Mangrove forest.
HespectTive CHARACTER oF VroErraTron.
Cocoa-palm forest. Large forest trees. Pandanua forest. Grassy plains.
Jungle (the true pri-
lime, very fertile. | meval forest).
—(‘Stray Feathers,’ vol. ii. p. 44.).
§ Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. vol. iii. p. 856.
Mr. E. L. Layard has given a most interesting account of a similar oceurrenee:—'' Many years ago, on my old magistracy at Point Pedro, in Ceylon, we had a very rainy season. Up sprang a flower I had not previously noticed in the north, the Aristolochia indica. Two beautiful insects, one a moth, the other a large Papilio, frequented it in the south of the island, both unknown in the north. I said to my wife, ‘Remember the marbled white; let us watch.’ True enough in due time I captured the Papilios hovering over it, and found the glorious caterpillar of the moth feeding on it. Whence had they come? Thoy were unknown in the north! I believe from what I have experienced, that with insects a species may remain dormant in the egg, and even at the pupa state, for years, until some peculiar state of the atmosphere or other occult causes bring them out” (‘ Field,’ June 9, 1877, p. 674).
|| I am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer for the opportunity—by the aid of his large collection—of forming a somewhat thorough acquaintance with the Rhopalocera of Northern Borneo.
witt PREFACE.
respectively of Sumatra, Burma and the North-Hastern Indian districts,* and in a still much less degree to those of Java and Ceylon. In fact, without some reference to the butterflies of Borneo, Sumatra, and North-Eastern India, a knowledge of those of the Malay Peninsula is as superficial as would be that of those of England when restricted and uncompared with the Rhopalocera of the other portions of the Palearctic region. So closely are many of these Malay species allied to other surrounding local forms or species, that far more accuracy could have been attained had a larger and wider fauna been described. Thus, owing to the exigency of the case, I have treated Fuplea diocletianus as a distinct species from the Continental Indian E. rhadamanthus and the Bornean FE. lowei. Now had the Rhopalocera of the whole Indo-Malayan region been enumerated the identification would have been more philosophically as follows :—
Euplea diocletianus. Var. a. rhadamanthus. Continental India. Var. b. diocletianus. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Cochin China, Sumatra. Var. c. alcidice. Java. Var. d. loweix. Borneo.
This would point out to the student that he is dealing with a number of distinct local races, or, as might be better expressed, local phases of one dominant form or species. Through this cause the enumeration of a local fauna, such as of the Malay Peninsula, is necessarily narrow in principle, and lacks the philosophical breadth which raises descriptive Entomology to a true biological standard.
It is very satisfactory to find how many good observations are made by collectors abroad, and how much our knowledge is increased by not only their facts, but frequently also by their suggestions. It is not to be accepted as canonical, though frequently tacitly advanced, that all good work in entomological literature can only be done at home. The observer abroad is untrammelled by much of the obscurations of the Scribes and Pharisees found in our learned societies, and many a good naturalist has been spoilt by the jealousies and opposition of many who profess the same study as himself.t When one recalls the names of such observers as Humboldt, Darwin, Wallace, Bates, Belt, and Fritz Miller, Emerson’s opinion of Thoureau is recalled: “he saw as with a microscope, heard as with ear-trumpet, and his memory was a photographic register of all he saw and heard.” The study of butterflies does not consist only in a recognisable knowledge of their imago condition, but the egg} is a structure of wonderful diversity, and the larval or caterpillar condition affords a field of research of which the ground may be said to be only just broken. It would be in breeding that the writer—were he permitted to sojourn in the Peninsula again—would find his employment, and till the life-histories are worked out, and the egg and larval stages properly described and figured,
* As found in the valleys and plains, and not above an height of 8500 or 4000 feet.
} It is not uncommon to find that the elnim to have originally described a species, or to be acknowledged aa the
authority on some genus which no one else has studied, affords as much satisfaction as though the writer had created ‘Hamlet’ or written the ‘ Origin of Species.’
{ A new classification of Rhopalocera, based on the structure of the egg, has just been proposed by Mr. Wm. Doherty (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. lv. p. 108 (1886).
PRIEFACE. ix
the ‘Rhopalocera Malayana’ cannot be thoroughly studied, and this publication is simply an introduction to the subject. There is little doubt that when the Malay butterflies are carefully and systematically bred by some careful and accurate observer, many of the so-called species described in this volume will be found to be but seasonal forms of some other species» whilst, on the other hand, forms which we have degraded from specific rank on account of smallness in divergence of character, may show in larval conditions true specifie differences. The standard of biological study, in a philosophical sense, has been wonderfully raised during the last few years, and entomological science has necessarily followed the same path.
The literature of the Rhopalocera has now been sufficiently long in the iconographic condition. There was a time when the importance of this description of work could scarcely be over-estimated, and the publications of Cramer and Drury may be said to have culminated in the beautifal works of Hewitson. ‘The next epoch may be called the search for a classificatory or methodical arrangement. It began with the publication of the excellent and still valuable ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ to which the names of Westwood, Doubleday, and Hewitson are attached, and eventually produced Mr. Kirby's ‘ Synonymie Catalogue,’ a compilation which has been universally used, and which—in the opinion of the writer—has helped the study as much as any other single work yet published. We have now approached the critical and philosophical epoch in which curiosity as to the constituents of a fauna is submerged in the enquiry as to the derivation or evolution of that fauna. ‘The key-note was struck when Bates eloquently remarked, as to the wings of butterflies, “that on these expanded membranes Nature writes, as on a tablet, the story of the modifications of species, so truly do all changes of the organisation register themselves thereon.” *
It now becomes my pleasant duty to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of those, who in one case was directly instrumental in this work being published, and im the other instances have helped to make it what it is, by reducing its errors and contributing information. ‘ Hamlet’ without the Prince of Denmark, would be ‘ Rhopalocera Malayana’ without the name of my friend D. Logan, of Penang. The inception of the publication is due to him; the clauses of our arrangement were very simple—I was to write as a labour of love, and he agreed to act as the financial Mecenas. He has thoroughly fulfilled his obligation—I hope he may think that I have tried to do the same.
I also have to return thanks to the Army, the Navy, and the Church for much help on the spot. It was fortunate that the “ Inniskillings’” were quartered at Singapore, and I thus secured the assistance of Lieut. A. Mainwaring Goodrich and Paymaster Jno. Manners Kerr, whilst Capt. M. J. Godfery, of the Commissariat and Transport Staff placed me under no inconsiderable obligation, not only by the gift and loan of specimens, but also by the contribution of many original observations. A call made at Singapore by H. M.5. ‘ Penelope,’ with that enthusiastic entomologist Mr, Gervase F. Mathew on board, naturally added to our knowledge; and that the Rev. L. C. Biggs has been Chaplain both at Malacca and Penang
® ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 8rd edit., p. 348. One is almost reminded of the words of Sir Thomas Browne, though alluding to “bees, ants, and spiders":—“ Ruder heads stand amazed at these prodigious picces of nature, whales, elephants, dromedaries, and camels; these, I confess, are the colossuses and majestick pieces of her hand; but in these narrow engines there is more curious mathematicks; and the civility of these little citizens more neatly sets forth the wisdom of their Maker” (' Religio Medici").
¢e
x PREFACE,
during this publication is a cireumstance that cannot be too warmly acknowledged. Not only have I received many specimens direct from Mr. Biggs, but that veteran naturalist, Mr. P. H. Gosse,—who I am happy to say is still living, and naturally still working, at Torquay,—also placed in my hands the specimens he had previously received from Malacca through the same instrumentality. Mr. Durnford proved a tower of strength at Sungei Ujong, whilst Messrs. J. K. Birch and W. Egerton sent me several species not hitherto known to form part of the fauna. Herr Kiinstler has made large collections at Perak for various ento- mologists, and I have had the fortune to examine a considerable portion of these through the kindness of Dr. John Anderson, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, Herr Ribbe, of Dresden,* and Herr Georg Semper, of Altona, whilst Herr HE. Honrath, of Berlin, has afforded me much information as to similar consignments. To Dr. Staudinger, of Dresden, I am indebted for the examination of a most valuable and interesting Malaccan collection, which contained many new species, whilst the collections and adyice of Mr. F. Moore and Messrs. Godman and Salvin have been freely at my service. Mr. L. de Nicéville, of Calcutta, has found time—with his many engagements—to give me much kindly help, which has been thoroughly appreciated; whilst both Mr. W. F. Kirby and Mr. A. G. Butler have given me any assistance I required at the British Museum, the first-named having also contributed the General Index to this volume. To my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, thanks are also due for the careful way—regardless of trouble—in which he has drawn the figures, and without which the results of chromo-lithography would have been much less satisfactory.
The preparation of this publication has been the pleasure—in the scant leisure—of a busy man of other occupations during the last few years, commenced during ill health which threatened a speedy termination of all such undertakings, but which he is thankful to say has been removed. It has recalled again the scenes of other days, and reawakened that burning love of Nature which the tropics implant in the mind of any naturalist, and which tends to prove that he also belongeth to that order of things which is capable of endless modification, but which changeth not. ;
* My attention has just been directed to a paper published in the ‘ Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift’ for 1885 (p. 225), in which Herr C. Plotz has described several species of Heaperiide collected by Kiinstler “auf Malacca (Perak),” and which are contained in the collection of Herr Ribbe. I am, however, to my regret, quite unable to identify these by the short descriptions given, and incline to the opinion that in some cases synonymy has been created.
FAMILIES, GENERA, AND
es
SYSTEMATIC LIST
Sub-fam. DANAIN AL. Group DANAINA., Genus Hestta. Tab. & Fig, 1. Hestia lynceus Sie ek Igoe 2. » lintenta wid oe : Tee | B.. 4, leuconos ana xxxix., 8 Genus [pKopsts. 4, Ideopsisdaos ... aie — 1., 8, 4 Genus RapeENa. 5. Radena vulgaris ns ime i., § 6. ss juventa ona see xXxxix., 4 Genus Danats. 7. Danais aspasia, var. crocea ... Pe & 86, melaneus wae i, 6 f oo “tylie. «ss ane aes xli., 15 10. 4, agleoides ela oF L, 5 ll. ,, septentrionis ... aed LL, 9 1a; 5; utia vie «ee ., 2, 8 13. 4 melonippus ... rie i. 1 var. hegesippus s+. 14, , abigar ... aa one xli., 11 15. , ¢chrysippus... £2 L, 10 “8 var, aleippoides : xl., 18 Genus Eveima. 16. Euplea malayica ay ai lie, 7 17: » bremeri : a ii., 4 18. » Mmarsdeni cv fe xxxix., 1 19, » castelnaui Per = 6 20. » tmidamus eu nr 8, 0 91. a» muleiber re tan ia, 1,2 22. » ledereri x = il., 10 23. » vestigiata ... ace Adiey 6, 7 24. » diocletianus ... - iv., 4,6 25. ve Crash .. . en 5 26. «» dejeani E iv., 1 07. iy ble ws firs 2} 98. , margarita . © iv, 8 29, 4 distanti m so HO. podart. ‘ lii., 5 Bl. = 4g «2S MOnbtriési : ii., 4,5 a aie ws «= ds | 20 BS. = arrisi (mec. grotei) . li., B
Page
ew. 6; 405 we 13 406 Lee 406 eo 8; 407 ae 10 . 407 see la 14; 408 408
1h
16
18; 408
r 19 409
20
: 408 ee pe 23; 410 411
od 24; 410 een “5 fe et | 26; 410
' 28 29; 410 ee ry! 2 40 << 1 ihe 32 ane 4 Tr? Bea ake ao 6; 411
OF
SPECIES
Sub-fam. SATYRINAS. Genus MELANITIS. Tab, & Fig, Page 84. Melanitis leda . ons FS iv., 10° 41; 411 B4 a. Pe ismene ash wan WS 9, 11,12 42; 411 aa. Pa zitenius x “yi Xxxviii., 2 412 36. “ suyndana ... = xxuix.,2 ... 412 a7. ist abdulle ee sa xix., 3 418 Genus LETHE. 38. Lethe europa ... PE aa V., 5,6 sas 43 Bo. ,, mekara ... aus ar xxxix., 9 418 40, ,, minerva ... = xxxvi., 8 ... 414 Genus Ceres. . Celites euptychioides ... ae woodcut, 15 45 ot var. humilis = 42, 4 epiminthia ... “ xixs,°8) ss 415 Genus NEORINA. 48. Neorina lowii, var. «+ ae Xxxvil., 8... 416 Genus ERrres. 44. Erites angularis ok Wag eee Genus saan 45. Mycalesis anaxins XXxvi., 7 416 46. 7 maianeas — .., — vil., 4 + 48 47. a orsels one v., 4 49; 416 48. ne medus == iv., 8 Gj 49 49. se mineus ate : iv., 18, 14... 60 os var. aan 1v., 7 ae 61 50. 7 nautilus = re xi, 4 « Alf 61. blasius ine “ar vil, 7 a 52 52. a mnnsicles ... aos XXXVI, 5... 417 5a. is fusca ons aes ¥., 1 = 58 54. = anapita os ans xxxix. 8 ... 418 55, - janardana ... ine V4 2 L 64 5G. = ustulata re os xli., 16 . 418 Genus Yrromia. 57. Ypthima pandocus ... ss Vin 8 55; 419 “! var, coricaria ae oa. _ meéethora = — vi, 9 56; 419 50. = newboldi sae iv., 6 ; 57 GU, ms hiibneri fe vii., 6 57 61. on fasciata as “hs woodeut, 122 420 #4 Uir. aaa ne
Genus Ragaptia.
2. Ragadia crisia nan ane an xix. 7 41)
rr
Xi
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF
Tab. & Fig. Page Genus EyMstas. Elymnias diserepans ... «as Wily 3,8 60 : | ‘vi., 1 rr nigrescens ... sie ee tt a ol + Intescens ... — th, 4:0 i. 62 . lais - IX, 2 ats 62 ” penanga _ r. vie’ Ms ate G3 = abrisa ie “SS slii.,5 «.. 421 " ensiphone ios ana vi, 10 an Hee p saiieri fp oF ix., 8 ane 5 tl kiinstleri rae one xli., 9 =. 422 vs godferyi : xxxix., 5 ... 423 Subfam. NYMPHALIN AB. Group MORPHINA. Genus AMATHUSIA. Ps rien phidippns ... . 6,7 70; ro re lucida seri. Tae 4258 Genus ZEUXIDIA. Zeuxidia amethystus ... Vi 12} 72; 424
XxxVill., 5)
A alti (xxxviil., 6,9 494 76. an donbledaii mee ioe | woodout, 124, ad Aah 77. a aurelins Gs eas XXXVil., 1... 425 Genns Discornora. 78. Diseophora tullia var, ... oka vil., 8,9 74; 426 79. ss sondaica ... AS xliii., 7 «. 426 80, “5 eelinde ... Hes ¥., 10, 11 ... 75 Genns THAUMANTIS. 81. Thaumantis Incipor ... —... IX, 8,9 .. TT 62. e noureddin of Na a 78; 496 83. 5 odana ... a xxxvi., 8... 427 84. a pseudaliris mae viii., 8 cae 79 Genus Tewxarrs, 85. Tenaris birchi . ri =xxix., 7 ... 428 Genus CLEROME. 86. Clerome gracilis 5 viii., 1 81; 428 87. nn arcesilans ,., a xl., 6 a. 428 88. ue fannula eas fen Vill., 2 oom §1 Genus XANTHOTAENIA. 89. Xanthotmnia busiris Ae mas vi, 7 he 82 aap NYMPHALINA. enus KALLIMa, 90. Kallima buxtoni var. ... a Xxxvil., 2... 499 Genus DoLescnannta. : xi., 8 sige 91. Doleschallia pratipa ova { tee 8} DS 88 Genus VANESSA. 92. Vanessa porakana ons xi, 1 «re 480 Genus Precrs. 95. Precisiphita ... Soe a xi., 9; ix., 6 90 Od, on ide ome eee XL, 10 oe 92 : Genus Junontra. 95. Junonia atlites ... : + 3h, 11,125. 03 96. Ae asteric ne wee om 9 *X,1,3 a a4 yf Ae wallacei tie oa xi, 3,4 4... 95 98, xt lemonins ir ane xi., 6 % 06 Genus RurNopaupa,
99. Rhinopalpa fulvea 3 aS Si. cs Re 8k 98 1 . 9 ? eudoxin .. eee xvii rT fi eae 99 Genus ART 101. Symbrenthia hyppoclus sia xlii., 4,5... 481 102. ms hypatia ... xi., G6 .. 482 Genus Eviacura,
108. Eulacura osteria bon we xii, 65,6 ... 100
| Tab. & Fig. Page Genus CHARAXES. 104. Charaxes echo ... eat a woodcut, 38 108 105, o schreiberi ... aa xiii., 3 . 104 106. fi delphis =e XV. 1 » 105 107. + athamas rer. samatha xii, 8 .. 106 108, ‘i hehe ... oer ome XV, as 107 109, se moori ope i xiii... 8 .. 108 110, - jalysus — xiii., 4 . 106 Lil, a durnfordi ... +1,, 8 . 493 113. = borneénsia var, KXXVii., 6... 488 118, ms harpax wie a xiii., 1 .. 109 114. - haya .. B 7 ZxxvL, 1... 488 115. - distanti ae aee KxXVI., B sis 434 Genus PRoTHOE. ia 116. Prothoe uniformis ... ... | XXxxvili., 4... 434 117. » angelica i ens not figured 435 118. ,, ealedonin ... «» xii, 9 «. 110 Genus SyYMPHEDRA. — 119. Symphedra dirten — ... wes x, 7,8 .. 112 120. i ardalis ... sab ww. «©: 443 121. fe omales ... ane not figured 114 Genus EUTHALIA.
122. Enthalia derma... «2 +» MIX 4 ws | 116 123. " dunya... se is esa » 486 ( XXxvii., 4 194. uP bellata 2 ee | xliii., 12 436 125. “ anosia eee AS. xiv., 6 «. 17 126, a garuda sae Prey XM. 1, 2 . 117 127. ve parta ... = aes EXXViL., 7... 437 Ce hoy Cae ek ae 129, 7. merta ... vas wid xliii, 1,2... 487 180, m laverna aaa a Fr 40 119 181. i zichri ... Sie 5 xlii., 6 ... 488 182. 3 adonia var, ... az xix., 10,11... 120 138. 4 lubentina ... a Xiv., 4 138; 435° 184, i bipunetata ... oe slit, 8 .. 496 185. 5 decorata—..., - xiv. @ 199; 459 136. e ramada wae =e xix., 6 122; 439 137. 5 macnairi a. =» Xiv., 6,10... 198 188. < stoliczkana ... a “iv., 11 ... 194 139. ” maclayi sie att xiv. 12 ... 194 140, es cocytina oat sav MV, T .. 195
“ViiL, 8 141. + puseda oA oie Bs 3 } we «=6.1 85 ee abe |, the fehl 3} we 197 145. ‘2 xiphiones... ons xxxvi., 9,10 489 144, “i ‘lepidea var. ... ace xxxvi., 4,5 439 Genus TaNaArctra, 145. Tanaéeia flora ... a vas xviili., 6 1... 199 146. ‘i supereilin aks xv., 5 180 147. * violaria “5: xv., 9 ws 80 if. pulasara =... fee ie .. 180 rm rT Var, de oon xvili., 9 «.. 181 149, + consanguinea = xli., 4 1. ©6440 150, ” arnnn... one see xv. 7 182 151. robertsi és + not figured ‘182; 440) 152. i nicévillei =... don xh, a. 440 : Genus Evarrvs, 158. Euripus enpleoides ... ace xili., 6,7 ... 184 154. halitherses ... xiii, 11... 44 155. » Ppfeiffere eet ii woodout, 42 195 Genus KuryTEta. : +3 xv., 10, ¢ ' 156. Eurytela castelnani | Sh, 10, a }136; 441 Genus Ereorts. 157. Ergolis ariadne ... =a cat xi., O o- 157 168. 4, merione... oo xv., 6 188 159. LB | 1 us na oe 7 xxxix., 6 189; 41
FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES.
Tab. & Fig. Genus Crests,
Page
160. Cyrestis nivea var. nivalis ... xii, 8 .. 140
161. rc cocles ... wae kes xli., 18 «... 442
162. “ formosa ice eo» woodent, 125 44
168. » earl ... ane ain xiii., 6 . <&IA41
164. ae periander eee eee xii, 1 oom 443 Genus CHERSONESIA.
165. Chersonesiarabria .. .. ii, 4 «.. 142 166, on peraka ese See xi., 6 oe 443 Genus ParRTHENos.
167. Parthenos cere per Dy <i. 7 _ 148 Genus LEBADEA.
168, Labadea martha Ae ie xvii, 10,11 145 169. " ismiene zee «» notfigured... dd
Genus Panprra. ; 170. Pandita sinope ... —... ae xii, 18 .. 146 Genus Liowknitis. ; 171. Limenitis procris as sar Kvii., 1 148 Genus NEptis. '
172. Neptis soyapnis is «» | x¥iL, 18 ... 160 17a. +t fsa 3m ant fie eae Xvii., 2 - 150 lj74. 5, ici on ai ise xvii, 6 151 175. os 7h - Vii, 4 ws 51 lT7ia, ws or dorelia tis xVvil., 8 . ge 176. 4 minh var. oo8 sae xh, 14 . 444 177.. « vikasi... oe ona xvi., 18 152 177a. , v¥ikasi var. harita i xliti., 8 Add 178. on janavar, ... ii xxxvL, ll, 445 170. » ophiana.., ; io xvii., 12 158 180. Tl nota oom we aan XVill., 1 * 1i4 181. , £Jeuconata oe ite xvil,, 14 .» IJ54 Lt. ae ononata ve xvii., 2 154 188. Srapidane var, one xvi. 15 ee = 156 184, , charon ... Sra #2 woodent, 40 156 185. ,, eurynome var. mamaja xvi., 14 156
a: Athiyenn Genus ATHYMA. A i 18 ® wok ius oof fon ee EVI, ini rT 187. ~ aAryOIna var... ws xvi, 1 .. 159 188, th idita ee ane oan xvi. ~} 9, 10.. 160 189. 5 pravara EViey li oa 100 190. ad abines var. clerica ... xvi., 8 « 161 191. “ kresna... ie or xvi., B 161; 445 192. 13 ambara TE. soe ane Xvi-y i] 162 103. » nefte var. nivifera ... xvi, 6,7 . 163 194. - subrata oe 4 xvi, 4... 104 195, * Urvasi ... we usa xyi., 12 .«. 164
Genns Hypo_mnas. =, : 10, 12)
196. Hypolimnas bolina ... ee 19 165 107. 7 incommods ra xvil., 8,9... 167 198. ® misippor. pra ort Ge? 199. ” anomala ... ae Xl, 1,2,3,4 169; 445
Genus Hestrxa. 200. Hestina nama ... — “2
Genus CerHosta. 201. Cethosia biblis _ oe ate 202. " : ded 203. i methypsen ... Sa 204. 45 Retain 7A
xiii, 9 ..;
XXXVILL, D..
viii., 6 a vil., 9 ane oe vill., 6, 7, 8
205. Atella phalanta... ., o- ix. 4 ave 206, eh alcippe ry ‘oh oae woodcut, di 207. fF sinha ene ma fee iy 8 ioe
Genus Curna, 208. Cupha erymanthis ... «4.
Genus CrenocHRoa. 209. Cirrochroa orissa Pe 210. --
Viil., id ioe
x., 9 xix., 9
oe
satellita ... sak
446
xii
Tab. & Fig. Page
S11, Cirrochroa clagia Cro aaa XVI, 7 ee 179
213. + bajadeta ... A 1,35 «3G
213. a malaya «+» wen x, 4,38 ... 180
214, v rotundata ... nye fa a 181; 447 Genus Papwuca,
215, Paduca fascinta... ee ane xl, 12 2... 447 } Genus TeRrnos,
216, Terinos robertain es bes 2 NY =. 188
217. » teuthras a iat x., 6 : 183 ; Genus CynTHta.
218. Cynthia deione ... Ay os x, 1,2 .. 184 219. - cantori... a3 ane x., 6 2. 165 Fam. ERYCINID AE.
Subfam. LIBYTEAINA.
Genus Linyrnea.
220. Libythea myrrha ss oe xlii,, 2 .«. 448 Subfam. NEMEOBIINE,
Genus ZEMEROS.
221. Zemeros albipunctata ... o- xvili., 12... 187 223. “* emesoides ... Gs xvii, 8,4... 1868
Genus pee 223. Abisara savitri ... bes aay xvui., 6. ... 189 B24. if neopliron sae “he xxxvb, 6... 449 235. » Kausambi vas af xvii, 10,11 189 226. » haquinus re xvil., 18... 190 297. » thuisto... on ate woodcuts, 61,52 191 228, » tanita ... sue daa xviii, 14 ... 102 229. 1 telesin ... ae aes x, 2,3 .. 449 230. » Gamajanti... sit xl, 10, 11 192; 449 Genus SiMisKrna. 281. Simiskina fulgenus igs ay xlin, 8 .«. 450 Genus STMmOoGEs. 282. Stiboges nymphidia ..,. xxiy,, 11 ... 198 Fam. LYCASNIDA. Group CURETARIA, , Genus Porrria. 238. Poritia sumatre a xxii, 2,8 198 var.? oa xx., 12 ee xxL, 21 oped. ay phraatica ae eee pee sf es 199 285. aa pharyge... ote aoe xli., 8 fio 450 236. 4, plenrata ann Sis xxii, 5,6... 199 207. y jphalena... iv oe xxii, 8 ... 200 238... pheretia... = xxii, 9,10.. 200 209. » pediada... Pe xxii., 16 ... 200 240. , potina ... de ae Stitt) Pees: “Dl Genus Deramas, 241, Deramas livens... aa =" xlii., 16 .. 461 _ Genus Cunetts. 242, Curetis malayica oe 0 ase) XIE, 2B we «= 202 245. ,, mesopus... we we ie at 202; 451 * v Bt, Helder ie ees a FEET ee 208 245. ,, insularis ae xli., "6, T «. 451 246. ,, sperthis xxii, 27 «- 205 Genus Lipnyra. 247. Liphyra brassolis ooo eae XXil., 18 fae O04 Genus GERYDUS.
248. Gerydus symethus ... re {ei s a} we = -205 249. ,, biggsii., .. . ‘xxii, 22 2. 208 Genus PARAGERYDUs,
250. Paragerydus horsfieldi... xx., 7 -» 207 251, th nivalis aoe Xxii., ll oom 207
. Genus Loganta. 252. Logania malnyica eee » Ei, 2) ... 208 258. - Briwa ... a nie xliy., 16 .. 452
SYSTEMATIC LIST OF
xiv Tab. & Fig. Page Genus ALLOTINUS.
254. Allotinus unicolor not figured. 209 255, jis alkamah xliv., 8 ... 452 Genus NEorITHECOPs.
256. Neopithecops horafieldi xxi, 15 ... 210
Genus CYANIEIS. 257. Cyaniris lambi ... te ee 3 ri zai) kk 258 a jynteana xliv., ~ 4652 25) in incida xliv. fh o- 453 200, s araldus xxi., 6. cat, © RLF 2H1. ~ ep. ? vee xliv., 10 ... 458 Genus AIZERA. 262, Aizera lysizone ... : ey XX, w. 212 203 “a WEINER ... woodeut, 126 454 2h. Cg, raand EXu., 22 .. BS 265. ,, ?usta xliv., 5 454 Group CASTALARIA. Genus CasTALIus. 206, Castalius rosimon ves xxii, 20 ... S15 267. = ethion xxii. ~» 26 .. 216 268. " FORTIS vse oo woe EX. “4 ee 216 269, i elna ... cx, 4 sou, ET Genus Nacapusa. ; . xX. alive Nacaduba macropthalma <liv. A 218; 454 271. a barot xx., 16,17 219 ‘4 : ‘xx., 24 272. a viola ... “= | woodout, 6s} 219 973. we aluta he an han RE. 13, 14 oo) 274. = kerriana “3 fare xlii., 13 455 275. = nimora? ,. die xs.,.23 .... 320 276. ” Bp. ase ExL, 7 221 ; Genus EvEenes,
277. Everes parrhasius sn woodcut, 66 221 278. ,, @xiguus.., ere ina xliv., 17 «ss 455 Genus JAMIDES.
279. Jamides bochus var. ... iss xxi., 16, 19 222 Genus CaTocHRrYysoPs.
280. Catochrysops strabo xxi., 8, 14.. 204
. a xxi, 2 rr" O81. tl Che} Us ome eae «liv. =i 15} 05. 456 282. rs pandava... ake xxi, 17 2. 295 Genus Lawprpes. 283. Lampides elpis .. is , 25, 26 226 var. pseudelpis sat XX., og 28 207 184 xxi., 18 ee 284. + cra fas Asian © 998+ 456 255. we optinius a woodcut, 127 04«=—- 456 256. + abdul xliv., 22 .. 456 257. i) kankena one . EXs, 1é, ll 299 288. “7 Ep. ... a ass XXL, 230 ‘ | Genus PoLyommatus, 289, Polyommuatus bwticus... xx. 8,1 ... 230 290, bagus xliv., 18 ... 457 ; _ Genus Mratspa. 291. Megisba thwaitesi Ve 4 sa «6457 Genus Lyc#Nestaens. 292, Lyemnesthes lyewnina... xxi, 3 « 282 29%. " bengalensis xliv., 9 .. 458 a4, xiii. 13 3 tessellata ge ait: 458 Group APHNARIA, Genus CATAP@ctLMa, 295. Catapwcilma elegans ... sf xxii,, 17 ... 285 206. te ? bubases as xliv., 26 ... 459 Genus Horaga, 297. Horaga halba ee xliv., 23 .. 460
Tab. & Fig, Page Genus DauPapiA. ~
7 bo XXsy 20, 21 30 =i . Drupadia moorei —... ae ‘i } 236; 460
Genus Biovanpa.
299. Biduanda thesmia ts : woodcuta, 76,77 238 300. ,, lapithis ... 4. Xu BY ane «28 Genus Semanaca.
501. Semanga superba eer a xxi, 18 ... 289 Genus “Sopa 802, Dacalana vidura xx, 27 .. 241 finns Tacoox.
503. Jacoona anasuja mi, 15... 242
Tia Genus Sides S04. Spindasis syama oe 0 eee KHL BY D., «=A Genus TasvEL. $05. Tajuria longinus ish ah xxill., 20 ... 244 306. 4, mantra... . : xxi, I... 945 SOT. » Yrelata .. iS 2 xxi, 12 246; 460 S08, » travana i a xxii, 4 .«. 246 Genus BINDAMana 809. Bindsahara phocides oo = Ky BH ne BAT Genus aoeetaa:
310, Sinthusa amba ... = oes xliv., 12,19 461 B11. A almata... ae “a= xliv., 20... 461 Genus NEoMYEINA. $12, Neomyrina hiemalis _ rxil., 18 ... 249 Genus Purwisa.
313. Purlisa gigantea ses ee xxi., 28 250 Genus CHERITRA, $14. Cheritra freja ... a xx, 10 .«. ‘B81 Genus NEOCHERITRA.
, : A (xx, 15 815. Neocheritra amrita ... ixaiii., 12 } 252 816. os gama sae woodeut, 125 462 Genus Paced 817. Sithon nedymond var... xxiii; 1. .. 258 815. ,, chitra ... ae 3 xxiii., 16 ... 254 Genus Hypo.yvoena.
819. Hypolyeana erylus : xx. 5,6 ,.. 255 320, as etolus ... xx,, 26 . 256 B21, in tharis .. i xx 19 ... 267 B22. a thecloides ~ . woodcut, 78 257; 462 Genus Iraora.,
823. Iraota etc oH ane xxil., 28 ... 268 B24. yy es xhv,, 24 ... 462
Gans Nanarituma, 525. Narathura centaurus ... ye xxi, 4,5 .. 261 $26. i. agra rat ose xxi, 29 ... 262 827. © anthelus . XxliL, 4 200 B28. maxwelli . ma xxii, 10. 263 529, si farquhari ... 4 xxiii., 3 264; 463 330, A adatha : pak xxiii, 1,2... 265 S81, a atosin xxiii., é, i... 265 S32, + antimuta ss. aes xxiii, ll .. 266 BBB. 7 AO... - xxiii, 17 . 266 B84, ” metaminta ... + Xxii., 19,18 var. ? 287 B65. ‘3 mnphimuta ae Xxi., 9,10... 267 336, ap kurz 25h rx, 1 . 208 B87. pe ameria * xxi., 50 . 268 B88. z anniella ... xxi, 20 , 269 B39, 7 lycwnaria ... woodeut, 79 269 840. ff buxtoni ... 2 xliv., 18 .. 464 841. » vVihara .. «4. | woodeut, 80 270 B42. i. inornata ... AS woodcut, 81 271 B43. a achelous ... — woodcut, 82 271 B44. a ammon asa ore woodcut, 838 872 Genus Pancuana. 845. Panchala diardi 5 <a xxiii, 14 ... 272 46, ae Blinghapura ... aS woodeut, 84 278
FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES. xv
Tab. & Fig. Page Tab. & Fig. Page
847. Panchala apidanus ... ... ###woodent, 85 273 B92. Appiaslagela ... See he) ae 348.. » morphing .. .«.. jj woodent, 86 274 B93. ,, leptis var. plana «. <2¥,08 «. B14 349. . trogon “is: +. woodeut, 87 275; 404 B94. ,, amalia ... abs KxxiL, 1... B14 Genus AmMBLYPoD~A. B95. ,, andersoni + ay XXxxiii., 2 ... 815
850. Amblypodin narada .. .. X%i, 23 ... 276 896. oy cardena... .. .» -Xxxii., 8... 816
G Rap Gans Bisacenls 851. Rapala amisena.. ts — Xxili., 18 ... 277 897. Saletara nathalia ae ~ xxvi., 1,2... 817 Genus Deuporrx. , 398. » panda .. rs ne ee) not figured. 817
eis xxiv., 15 onus Hanon 2 852. Deudorix jarbas hed “an ar be 278 809. Hebomoia glaucippe ... a beet gull. die
853. » Opijarbas ... «. xii, & .. 464 $54. - xenophon ... ie xliv., 1,3... 465 855. o sequeira ne "5 xxill., 2] ws. S78 556. vi ntimuhs ase a xxiii, 22... 279 B57. ms domitia av Aas Xxi., 7 «. 280 858, i barthema ... ou not figured. 280
Genus Loxura. ob Md ie hiraae mae ifs rxiv., 7 «. 881
Genus NEPHERONIA. . 400. Nepheronia lutescons ... «. xxvi., 14... 820 ; a hippia var. gea ... xxvi., 12,16 #820
Bubfam, PAPILIONINA,
Genus Papwqo, Subgenus OrntrHopreka.
402, Ornithoptera rhadamanthus ... Vacod ty © | 826
» «= CBSSIOPeiA sae at woodcits: BS, 89 282 woodcut, 106 408. cs hephiestus a3 xxvil., 8,4... 328 361,—marciana ... .. xxiii, 16 292: 465 CS eee : ae. eae 404, ruficollis... ss } 328 Fam. PAPILIONIDA. ie \woodeut, re og Subfam. PIERIN 22. ieee Baye oat Genus one ge 405. " brookeana “ shay x 1) 830; 467 862. Leptosia xiphia... .. xxvi., 8 ... 288 eee ite Genin Ter: ware Ser PAaPmnio. st ox Group, eae Delins dione Per oa one xxiv. fT 5, 6. on 290 406, Papilio erebus a wa Be Ixxi., 1, a 84 » parthenope aki ne xxiv.,4 ... 291 407 varia, at hd 934 $05, Li PyTalMus... Cr oon xiii. ap 14 im 465 J is “a x + if , 7 866, ,, tins ... «. . woodeut, 98 291 Coon Group,
B67.? , ithiela ... e. «» woodcut, 99 292; 466 368. =, hyparete var. metarete xxiy., 18, 14 202 BGO. 45 hapura a2 eka woodeut,100 293 oT, 3 oo OB sue dian = woodcut, 101 203 B71. 4, descombesi <n ‘ee xlii,, 16 ... 466
Genus PRIONERIS. S72. Prioneris clemanthe ... a xxiy., 16 ... 2065
408. Papilio neptunus ie ~-- “xxi. 6,6 985 409. i] doubledayi oon ] EEXIi., 4 soe 3356
Potyporus Group. 410, ,, aristolochierar.diphilus xxxi., 6,7... 837
Perantaus Group. | 411. tT brama ose ane om XXXL, er $38
; Memunox Group. Genus CaTorsinia, | Ko att RIO. Chlkipeilia epee | aie ca ava 2108 O06! ]| Bee. SERMON ee ee ee | 4134, , phoenix... sas ae xxvii. b., 7... 840 874. F catilla oae ose art 15, 16 207 oa ‘ j ; : ; 4120. ,, cilix sa. =e ata xxiz., 4,5... 840 875. Tt scylla sae ase yy Diese 208 4126 eg : * xxviii.. 1, 6 S41 376, ehrysola 3s.) xxv, 1,2. 800 oy deers ee | St ees " > 30 800 412d. ,, mestor .., cea eed xxvii., 3, 7 #41 re se EXVL, aL 41230. ,, achates... .. w. <X&viii., 34,5 B49 Genus UpalAna. 413. , syeorax . =e es xlii., 10 ... 468 S77. Udaiana cynis ... a. «w. xxvii, 5,6... 801 elms! Group. Genus Tents. 414. ,, helennus.. ae + xxix, 8 ... 848 878. Terias tilaha ... Sct mee | OREN awe. OS 415. ,, iswara = — Exx, 1,2... B44 879. ,, heeabe ... ati == xxvi., 19 ... 804 416, 4 prexaspes xxix., 2 845 UAT. Be ses can xxvi., 11,15 804 417, ,, unephelus var. saturnus XXE., 3, 4, 5 B45; 4638 eee ae cy Got cies ae Pawatox Group. ss 6.10 m4 wer. b. rat Nas IXViL, 7 an BOS 418. af polytes . om rr) XXXL, ® 7
BSl. ,, vallivolans nt oe xxvi., 17 ... 806
$82. 4 pumilaris var. ... ata xxvi., 10 ... 806 rxvi., 18
B83. 4, ee ane aes see i sation 4 fo B07
Bed. i harina one oon Per ERVa4 TS ase BUT
B85. ,, lacteola ... oa ae wooleut, 129 466
Genus Dexcas.
Santas Group. 419. , demolion rs sus xxvil. &., 8... B49
ERiTHontus Group. 420, , erithoniusvar.malayanus xxvii.., 6... 360
Parapoxa Group. a re: a ni owe | 352
o86. Dercas gobrias oe fee om XXVi., 18 ae $08 . + soahdeses 6 = Tienie Yeeria. 422, ,, caunus var. egialus ... xxvii. b., 5 B58 B87. Ixias birdi aes a ee XXVi., 4 om B00 - Dissiaiis Group. ine ‘ Genus APFPias. 425. wn clytia oom =. he ZEVL. b., Dae 858
424. , onpape ... aap oo «6s XV GB «= BES
Macareus Group. 425. ,, delessertii she ae xxvii. b., 4... 856 426. 4 Jenucothos che aa xxvii.a, 2,8 856 427. . megarus,.. ase nae xlii., @ ... 468
888, Appiasnero .., 4. a Xxxiv., 9,10 811; 467 589. 4, hippo . ‘ re xuxv., 4,65... 11 300. » ensrete var. 4 aus woodcut, 102 3812 O91. iB leis oe an ooo EXT... La 7 ane $18
vars. . ase xxv., 6,10... 818
xvi SYSTEMATIC LIST OF FAMILIES,
Tab, & Fig. Antirmates Group. 425. ,, antiphates var, ponpet SSIS Dinas
420: (5. BBR cee Gee xlii, B vee
450. , anticrates var.. see xl, T see Rvasierte Group.
431. , sarpedon ee lave REEL O lies
432, 4 evemon... os a: sxx; I us
438. , $mecistens aa es woodent, 108
434. , teleplua... eee cv. woodent, 109
455. » bathyclea aes ie Xxxii., 2° ao
486. » arycles ... ar = Exxu, 5 00
437. » $agamemnon ... Skt, 7 Genus Se,
488. Leptocirous meges ss... cs xxi, 8 ...
439. ne curius =a a it) a
Fam. HESPERIDA. Group ISMENARLA, Genus UnKana. ee Unkana batara ... ae aa Exxiv,, 11... 1, i
mY elia oe -—m oon XXXIV., pt » &ttina ... a ree xxxiy., 80... Genus Loronervs. ve Lotongus calathus oe a“e xxxiv., 14... 444, ‘ maculatus... om xrxrry., l Genus signa 445. Chonaspes crawfurdi ... wa xxxiv., 26...
442.
aoe
ee i harisa -_ ft xxxiv., 22... ra chuza fas Ss EEXIV., B70. Pris Choaspes? malayana ... xxxv., 2 Sy gd Huson. 449, Hlagora badra ... zxxy., 8 «. 450. A. eee sn xxxv., 4... Genus Pavers 451. Paduka glandulosa ... xxxv., 5
Genus Preniae 452. Pirdana hyela ... eve . X&8xv., 6
Gennes Zua. 453. Zea mytheca .... a Xxxv., 7
Genus Marana, 454. Matapaaria ... - ie xxxv., 5
Genus Fe AE,
ddd
Cn
455. Pithanria murdava .... ae xxxv., 9 neon BAonrts,
456. Baoris moolata .. rae Sa xxxiv., 10..
457. » Darooa ... = ae xxxiv., 12...
468. , ‘Chaya... «ss oo. EX¥iv. 9 a. 459. ,, mathias... a6 one xxxv., 10 ...
400. ,, wnicolor... ih xxry., 11. Genus TenscoTA
461. Telicota anginas .. eas os xxxiv., 23...
462. “s bambuse: a ae xxxv., 12 ..
463. » oloides oh pal xxxv., 18 ... 464, » muiesoides oe =o AeA, 24...
466. nigrolimbata... ... xxxv.. 16,
Page
467,
470.
GENERA, AND SPECIES.
Tab. & Fig. Genus SATARUPA. Sutarupa affinis var. cognata ... xxxv., IT ...
Genus Casyara,
. Casyapa phanmus jon: | EEEV BB es
Genus Isma.
= Tama obscura. Pir Pret ose EXEV sy 19 om
fi bonania fee ree rae SAN V ey 20 ane Genus TAGIApEs,
471. Tagiades attious var. aes xxxly., 6 ... 473. re gana ... i ZXXIV., 3 sus A473. . ravi ... wal 4, xxxiv., 1 ... 474, is dealbata a at ExV,; SL ..s 475. a lavata +2 ae xxxiv., 5 .. A476. 3 trichoneura var. ... xxxiv., 20... Genus ABARATHA, 477. Abaratha sura ... es oo xxxiv., 16... 478. * pygela a isa Xxxlv., 18... SPECIES INCERT.E SEDIS. 479. Baoris? insignis “8 aes xxxv., 22 ... 480. Isma? homolea... = oe xxxv., 2B ... Group ERIONOTARIA, Genus Errtonota. 481. Erionota thrax ... ase ose Exxiv., 17... Genus GanGana, 452. Gangara tliryrsis one nee xxxiv., 13... Genus Hrpart, 488. Hidariirava ... Sas oe xxxiv., 15... 484. ,, sybirita ... eae ie xxxv., 24 ... 485. , staudinugeri oa aie xxxv., 25 o. Genus PLASTINGIA. 486. Plastingia callineura ... os | MEE 2G cs 487. a hieroglyphica me xliy., "25 He Genus HYanoris. 488, Hyarotis adrastus 45 oma Xxxiv., 4 ...
. Coladenia dan ... aca iar Xxxv., 27
. Udaspes folus ... ove oo exxiv, 8.
Genus CoLADENTA.
Gents Upasres,
Genus PLESIONEURA.
491. Plesioneura alysos wr Exxiv., 7: ss 492, ve ASMATM 4... ne xxxv., 28 ... 498. 3 pinwilli ... a xxxv., 29 ... Genus ASTICTOPTERUS. 494. Astictopterus jama : exe not figured. 4965. ‘ae Bilsala ... aie xxxiv., 21... 406, = xanites ... wie xxxiv., 28... 407, i aindu =... = xxxv¥., BO ... Genus KEnANA, 498. Kerana armata .. =. os xxxv., 81 ... 490, gemmifer me Me rxxty., 29... 500. ,, surivittatavear.cameroni xxxiy., 19... 501. ,, dioecles . cen aie xxxiv., 8 ... Seaorne-x INCERTE SEDIS, 502. Plesioneura? anthea .,. eis xxxv., B2 505. Astictopterus? harmachis ... not figured.
Page
885
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
PIAT Es.
TAB. IL. Fri, l. Hestia linteata 2. , lynceus 3,4. Ideopsia daos 5. Danais agleoides 6. » Melaneus 7. a8pasin var, CTOoes 8. Radena vulgaris 1. Danais septentrionis 10. chrysippus TAB. II. 1. Danais melanippus rer. hegesippus 2,3. , genutia 4. Euplea bremeri | alee chloe 6. . castelnaui 7. malayica 8,9. ,, midamus 0. y ledereri TAB, III. 1,2. Euplea mulciber 3. ,, harrisi 4,5. Ss ménétriési 6,7. ,», Vextiginta a godarti 9, 10. oe pinwilli TAB. IV,
. Euploea pea hloe
1 2 Bs af margarita 5. 45 diodletianus 6. Ypthima newboldi 7. Myculesis mineua, var. 8. medus 0, Melanitis i iamnene 10. “= leda 11, 12. a ismene 18, 14.. Myealesis mineus TAB. ¥. 1. Mycalesis fusca 2. “= janardana 3. Erites angularis 4. Mycalesis orseig 6. Lethe euro 7. Xanthotwenia busiris e Euploxa crassa “ distanti 10, i. Discophora celinde
TAB. VI.
5, : Elymnias nigrescens
4, 5. mn lntescens
DESCRIPTION
OF PLATES,
ls
> ‘g
Fin, 6,7. Amathusia phidippus 8. ¥pthima pandocus rer. corticarin, 9. " methora 10. Elymnias casiphone 11. + penanga
TAB, VU.
1,2. Aeuxidia amethvatus 3. Thaumantis noureddin 4, Mycalesia mainnena
Ypthima hiibneri Elymnias penanga Mycalesis blasina
8,9. Diseophora tullia, var.
TAB. VIII. 1. Clerome gracilis 2. » fannuola
4. Thaumantis peeudaliris 4. Copha e this 5. Gethosia logani
6,7, 3. » hypsina i, a methypsea ‘ TAB, TX. 1. Elymnias nigrescens 2. ns lois a. aa satieri 4, Atella Sore 5. Precis iphita
6. Doleschallia pratipa 7. Thaumantis noureddin a, lucipor
TAB. ole
1,2. Cynthia deione
3,4. Cirrochroa malaya 5. Oynthia cantori 6. Terinos teuthras 7. eh robertsia 8. Atella sinha _ 9. Cirrochrona orissa 10. = rotundata
TAB. XL.
1,2. Junonia asteric
3, 4. » wallacei 5, » lemonias 6. Ergolis ariadne 7. Parthenos gambrisius
rer. lilacinus 8. Doleschallia pratipa 9. Precis iphita 10. ide 11,12. Junonia atlites
TAB. XII.
ie 2, Rhinopalpa fulva 3. Cyrestis nivea rar. nivalis ’ 4. Chersonesia 5,6. Eulacura osteria 7.8. = ae ra dirtea |
ypolimnas misippus 10. - bolina ll. ‘ misippus 13, = i 13, Pandita sinope TAB. XIII. 1. Charaxes harpax 2 Fie achreiberi a nf moori 4 » jolysus 5. Cyrestis earli 6,7. Euripos eupleoides 8. Charaxes athamas ver, samatha 9, Prothoe caledonia TAB, XIV. 1,2. Euthalia garoda a. “ asoka 4. 1 lubentina 5. * anosia fi, fF MACnAIri ae Ae laverna a. sa jama F ‘ decorata 10. ~ macnairi 11. c atolicxkana 12. maclayi 18. Tanabcla pulasara TAB. XY, 1, Charaxes delphia 2 ‘ hebe 43. Euthalia puseda 4 - jama 5 a9 nsoka
4. Ergolis merione ig Tanadécia arona supercilia 9, » Violaria 10. Eurytela castelnaui ll. Hypolimnas misippue bolina
= ‘ih
TAB. AVL
1. Athyma vi fa var. 2. *
a. bl ok
4. » 8ubrata
f. » &mbhara, rar, 6, 7. » nhefte
rar, nivifern
Fi, 8. Athyma abiasa rar, clerica 9, 10. H iditn
Il. » pravara 12. » wrvasl 1%. Neptis vikasi ld. 3,, eurynome tar, MAMAja 15. ,, duryodana, ver,
TAB. XVI.
L. Limenitis procria 2. Neptis peraka
Ba Rg rar. dorelia
4, liga dindin
clagia
8,9. Hypolimnas incommoda 10, i. Lebadea martha
12. Neptia ophiana
15. » hordonia 14. ,, leneonata TAB. XVIII. lL. Neptis nata 2. ™ fononata 3,4. Zemeros emesoides &. Abisara savitri
6. Tanaéocia flora 7. Euthalia cocytina » puseds 9. Tanadcia pulasara, var. 10,11. Abisara kausambi 12. Zemeros alhipunctata 18. Abisara haquinua 14. » = tanita
TAB. XIX.
1,2. Cirrochroa bajadeta 3%. Melanitis abdullm rs Euthalia derma
+» Tramadn 6. Tanaécia pulasara 7. adin crisia
§. Coplites epiminthia 9. Cirrochroa satellita 10,11. Euthalia adonia, rer.
TAB. XX.
1. Polyommatus barticus
2. Gerydus symethus
8. Nacaduba TT cee eth aitia - 7 ct an elna :
' ‘aene erylus
7. Paragerrdie horsfieldi
8. Polyommatus bwticus
9. Zizera lysizone
Fic. 10. Cheritra freja 11. Lampides kankena 12. Poritia sumatrm var. ! 18, 14. Nacaduba aluta 15, Neocheritra amrita 16,17. Nacaduba berod 18. Lampides kankena 19. Hypolyewna tharis 20, = Drupadia moorei . Nacadoba almora 28. Hypolyemna etalus 24. Nacaduba viola
25. Bindahara phocides
26, Deudorix jarbas 27,28. Lampides elpis
ver, psendelpis
20. Biduanda lapithia 40. Drupadia moorei
#TAB, XXII. 1. Narathora kurzi
2. Catochrysops cnejus 8. Lycmnesthes lycanina 4,5. Narathura centaurua
6. Cyaniris haraldus 7. Nacaduba sp.?
8. Catochrysops strabo 9,10, Narathura amphimuta
11, Tajuria mantra 12, , relata 13. Semanga superba
14. Catochrysopa strabo
14. Jncoona anasuja
16. Jamides bochus, var. 17. Catochrysops pandava
18. Lampides mlianus
19. Jamides bochus, rar.
20. Narathora anniella 21. Poritia phraatica 22. Cyaniris lambi
23. Amblypodi cares
24. Lampides a . 20, 26. ss 4 27. Dacalana vidura 28. Purlisa gigantea 2. Narathura agnis i). - ameria
TAB. XXIL.
lL. Sithon nedymond, rar.
2.5. Foritia earaatins
i - io q. .» plalena 9,10. ,,. pheretia
11. Paragerydus nivalis
12. Gerydus biggsii
18. Neomyrina hiemalis
14. Gerydus symethus
15, Neopithecops horsfieldi
16. Poritin pediada
17. Catapmcilma elegans
18, Liphyra brassolis
1%. Lampides wlianus, rar.
90. Castalius:‘rosimon
21. Logania malayica -
20. Zizera karsandra 28. Tracin bosawelliana 94, Castalins roxus
O5. a ethion Of. Curetis felderi 27. + Sperthi« ae, » mMalayica
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
TAB, MXIT.
, Narathura adatha . . farquhari “ anthelus
atosin
7. Dendorix domitia
Spindasis syania
. Narathura maxwelli
ik antimuta
9, Neocheritra amrita . Rapala amisena
. Panchala diardi
. Sithon chitra
. Gen. ? marcana
. Narathura aron
Fs metamata, var, ? |
si metimote
Tajuria longinue . Deudorix sequeira
. utimiutis
TAB. XXIV.
. Catopsilia seylia
Curetis felderi
. Delias oe
ATepeliy
7. Loxura atymnua- . Poritia phraatica . Appias nero
Stiboges nymphidia.
. Curetis meopna * . Delias hyparete
rar, metarete
. Dendorix jarbaa . Prioneris clemanthe
TAB. XXV.
. Catopsilia chryseis
Terias sari
. Appias hippo i
» lem, ter.
. Terias tilaha . Appias leptis, var, plana
«= es, war.
. Catopsilia crocale . Terias harina
» #enne . Catopsilia catilla
TAB. XXXVI. Saletara nathalia
3. Terias sari, rar. . Ixias birdi
. Udaiana cynis 7. Terias sari, rer.
Leptosia xiphin
. Hebomoia glanecippe . Terias Saucon ruth. i
- ecnbe, tar. Nepheronia hippia mir. 2a
4, Terias senna
. Nepheronin lntescens . Terias hecabe, var.
1}, Nepheronia hippia,
rar, Fea
. Terias vallivolans . Dereas gobrias
. Terias hecabe
. Catopsilia chryseis, var.
TAB. AXVIT.
. Ornithoptera rnficollis . os hephwstua, ver,
tt bh]
Fra. ™ 5. Papilio onpape » butleri
TAB. XXVIL."a
1. Ornithoptera ruficollia,
2,3. Papilio leucothod
4. Ornithoptera brookeana rhadamanthus
a. 6. Papilio butleri
TAB. XXVITI. n.
1. Ornithoptera brookeana
2. Papilio clytia a. » demolion 4. » delessertii 5. ~ ©ehunns 6 7
var, mginlus » @€rithonina var. malayanus
» pheonix TAB. XXVIII. 1.. Papilio esperi 2.
3,4, 5. » sechates
5 » esperi 1. » Mestor TAB, XXTX. 1. Papilio agenor » prexaspes
TAB. XXX, , 2. Papilio iswara ~o » Hephelus rar, saturnus TAB, XXXI 1,2. Papilio erebus 3,4. . Varuna é. » f&ntiphates var, pompilius 6,7 » &ristolochim var, diphilus
1. Papilio evemon 2. fe hathyclea
8, Leptovireus meges
4, Papilio brama & =©60CSsaycles 6. +» sarpedon
7. » agamemnon TAB. XXXII. 1, Appins amalia as ea andersoni 8. » cardena 4. Papilio doubledayi a, 6. » heptunus | 4 &,0,10. ,, polytea TAB, XXXIV. 1. Tagiades Ast 2. na
3. U daspes folus 4. Hyarotis adrastus 5. Tagiades lavata
o. + attioug
var. calligane
7. Plesioneura alysos 8. Kerana diocles 9. Baoris chaya 10. , moolata 11. Unkana batara 12. Baoris naroon 13. Gangara thyrsis
14. Tabougis calathus
15. Hidari irava
16. Abaratha surn
17. Erionota thrax
18, Abaratha pygela
19. Kerana anrivittata tor, cameroni
20. Tagiades trichoneura rar, 21. Astictopterus salsala
22. Choaspes hariaa 23. Telicota augias
24. a masoides 25. Unkana elin
26, Choaspes crawfurdi Zi. a chuza
28. Astictopterus xanites 99, Kernana gemmifer 30. Unkana attina
TAB, AXXY.
Lotongus maculatus Choaspes? malayanus Hasora Li wveig
Paduka and ulosa . Pirdana hyela
. Zea mythecn
. Matapa aria
. Pithanria murdava 10. Baoris mathins
1. =, unicolor 12. Telicota bambusre » foloides
SOAR Sie
13. 14,15, ,, maro
16. nigrolimbata ig Satarupa affinis
tur, cognata 18. Casyapa phanaus 10. Isma obseurn 20, ,, bononia 21. Tagiades dealbata 29, Baoria? insignis 25. Isma? homolon 24. Hidari sybirita 25, ,, staudingeri 26. Plastingia callineura 27. Coladenia dan 28, Plesioneura asmara 2. ‘s pinwilli 40. Astictopterus sindu 31, Kerana armata $2. Plesioneura? anthea
TAB. XXXVI. 1. Charaxes baya 2. ve di istanti
3. Thaumantis odana
4, A. Euthalia lepidea, anys
6. Abisara neophron 7. Mycalesis anaxias 8. Lethe minerva
9,10, Euthalia xiphiones
11, Neptis anjana, var,
TAB. XXXVI.
1. Kenxidia nurelius
9, Kallima baxtoni, rar. 3. Neorina lowii, rir.
4. Euthalio bellata
5. Mycalesis mnasicles
Fria.
6. Charaxes borntensis, var.
7. Euthalia parta
TAB. XXXVI.
1. Euthalia derma 2. Melanitis zitenius 8. Cethosia biblis 4. Prothoe uniformis
5. Zeuxides amethyatus i | | aa
] aa ‘ 7. Amathusia dilucida
TAB. XXXIX.
lL, Euplea maredeni 2. Melanitis euyudana 3. Hestia leuconoe
4. Radena juventa
5. Elymnias godferyi 6. Ergolis ismus
7. Tenaria birchi
8. Mycalesis anapita 9, Lethe mekarn
TAB, XL.
1, Vanessa perakana 2,5. Abisara telesia
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
Fra, 4. Mycalesis nautilus 5. Clerome arcesilans “3 Member peraka phedra pardalis a: Chatanee durnfordi . Tanaéecia nicévillai 10,11. Abisara damajanti 12. Paduca fasciata 13. Danais ain yeas var, aleippoides
TAB. XLI. 1,2, 4 4. Hypolimnas anomala §. Deudorix epijarbas 6.7. Curetis insularis 8. Sater haryge
12. Cirrochroa rotundata 13, Cyrestis cocles
14. Neptis miah, var. 15. Danaia t
16, Mycalesis ustulata
TAB. XLII.
1. Leptocireus curius 2. Libythea myrrha
Filo, 3. Simiskina fulgens
4,5. Symbrenthia hyppoclus a. hypatia 7. Papilio anticrates, var. 8
a, i, Datei 1. Dannis abigar
12, Nacaduba kerriana
a SE neapeci tessellatn
L4. ias pyramus
15. Daraninn livens | 16. Delias descombesi
TAB. XLII.
1,2. Euthalia merta ao bipunctata 4. inktcia consanguines 5. Elymnias abrisa 6. Euthalia zichri 7. Discophora sondaica 8. Neptis vikasi car. harita | 9, Hestina nama 10. Eurytela castelnaui 11. Euripus halitherses, rar, 12. Euthalia bellata
=
TAB, XLIV.
- Deudorix xenophon . Allotinus alkamah Megiaba thwaitesii Zizera usta Cyaniris jynteana
» _ placida Nacadaba macropthalma » Lycwnesthes bengalensis . Cyaniris sp.? rupadia moorei, rar. 12, Sinthusa amba 18. Polyommatus bagua 14. Curetis asopus
*
eae ei F
oo ar
_ Mb, Catochrysops enejus
16. Logania sriwa
17. Evores exiguus
18. Narathura buxtoni
19. Sinthusa amba
20. - amata
21. Lycmnesthes tesselluta
22. Lampides abdula
23. Horaga halba
a Pinatt arehh lyph ls tingia hieroglyphica
26. Catapecilma bubnses
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Order LEPIDOPTERA.
Suborder RHOPALOCERA. Rhopalocéres, Boisd, Spec. Gén, Lépid., i, p. 162 (1836).
Tmts suborder includes the Butterflies as distinguished from the Moths, and is indicated by several characters which are common, but not invariable. The antenne are more or less clubbed or thickened at the apex, except in the family Hesperide, when they are generally hooked. ‘The wings in repose are folded vertically over the back, thus exposing the whole of their under surface; but exceptions to this rule also occur, as in the case of the well-known Ageronia feronia, Linn., a butterfly which is somewhat abundant in the orange groves of Brazil, and whose habits have been recorded by Mr. Darwin and other naturalists and travellers.* As a rule, also, these insects are diurnal in their flight, though a few are erepuscular in habit. However, the totality of these characters apply to the group, and the Fhopalocera may therefore, with such reservations, be described as possessing more or less ‘clubbed antenne, in flight diurnal, and in repose having the wings vertically folded above the back.
The proper arrangement and classification of the Rhopalocera long absorbed the attention of Lepidopteral systematists, and as a resultant many rival and somewhat artificial systems were promulgated, all, however, more or less based on thorough and exhaustive examination. In this way facts slowly accumulated, and these, with a clear estimation of the important natural affinities afforded by the form of the anterior legs, together with the development theory in the hands of Mr. Bates, supplied the rest. We now possess a good natural classification which is almost universally followed, and which, with some slight modifications, will be used in this work. It represents the transition from a butterfly, whose aérial nature is shown by possessing only four ambulatory feet, with its pupa suspended by the tail to a branch or other substance, through gradual and approximating stages, towards the moths, which have always six perfect legs, and whose pup» are so frequently subterranean. Other systems of classification have been proposed, notably and almost concurrently with the above, by Herrich-Schiiffer,t and since by Guénée,} Seudder,§ Constant Bar,|| and
* Tn the Pam. Heaperide the wings in repose are sometimes folded vertically; other species rest with the wings expanded horizontally; frequently the anterior wings are raised vertically, whilst the posterior ones remain in a horizontal position, See A. BR. Wallace, * Zoologist,’ vol. xi., p. 3884 (1853).
} Corresp,-Blatt Zool.-mineral. Ver. Regensh. (1564),
} Statistique Scientifique du Département d’Eure-et-Loire, Lépidoptores. Chartres, 1875,
§ ‘Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vi., p. 69 (1877). || Ann, Soc. Ent. France, Ser, V., t. viii., p. 6 (1878),
March 81, 1882. Lh
2 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Rissler.* A careful examination of these systems may with advantage and instruction be made, but I have not found it necessary to depart from the classificatory views of Mr. Bates.
Fam. NYMPHALIDA, Nymphalide, Bates, Trans. Linn, Soe, xxiii., p.515 (1861). Journ. Entomol., i. p. 220 (1861); ii. p. 176 (1864),
Front legs imperfect in both sexes; in the female, at least, wanting the tarsal claws; in the male the fore tarsi quite rudimentary, consisting of one or two spineless joints. Pupa suspended freely by the tail.
This family corresponds with ‘The brush-footed butterflies or Nymphales”’ of Scudder,}+ and is placed at Rate er pe the head of the Lhopalocera, a position so long held by e! Fy " ehrysippus. the Papilionide. In that family, however, both sexes ee denaricr tarsi of (From oem) 2 are in the possession of six perfect legs, and the pupa is
secured not only by the tail, but by a girdle across the middle, characters which approximate towards those of the Hesperide and Moths. That the atrophy of the fore legs in the Nymphalide is a character that should elevate the family in rank, is well advocated by Scudder, who remarks:—‘‘ Now when we remember that this atrophy affects only the legs borne by the first segment of the thorax, and that this very segment, and this only, in passing from the low larval stage to the perfect form, has become greatly reduced in size, we must accept atrophy of these legs as a conclusive mark of high organization.” The same author has also remarked, in reference to the suspension of the chrysalis by the tail alone being considered a stage beyond that of hanging by tail and girth, ‘‘We have clear proof that all the ‘suspensi,’ as Boisduval happily calls them, have passed through the stage of the ‘succincti,’ since the straight ventral surface of the abdomen, assumed perforee by the succincti, when they left the cocoon stage, and became attached to hard surfaces, still remains in the chrysalis of the brush-footed butterjlies, where it no longer serves any purpose—as clear and striking an indication that the suspensi outrank the succincti, as that the pupa is higher than the larva.”
On the contrary, however, it must be stated that so accomplished an entomologist and naturalist as Mr. A. R. Wallace has strongly argued for the retention of the Papilionidw at the head of the hopalocera, though he has since§ used the arrangement proposed by Mr. Bates; whilst our entomological Nestor, Prof. Westwood, still maintains that he sees ‘‘ no reason or even advantage in removing the six-legged J’apilionide from the head of the order, and substituting in their stead the Nymphalide, with their imperfect fore feet, advocated by the German writers, and servilely adopted by their English followers.’’ ||
* Jahrb. nass. Ver. fiir Naturk., xxxi. & xxxii., p. 220—231. Wiesbaden, 1880, ¢ Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vi., p. 60 (1877).
+ The male is represented by the sign ¢; the female by ¢.
§ Geogr. Distr. Anim.
|| Trans. Linn. Soc. Sec, ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 157 (1875).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 8
Subfam. DANAIN As. Danaine, Bates, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 176 (1864). Euplaine, Moore, Lepid. Ceylon, vol. i., p, 1 (1881). Lower disco-cellular nervule of the hind wing perfect. Larv® smooth, with fleshy processes. Fore-wing submedian nervure of the imago double at its origin.
65 bd bo 2 b1 o bb ‘h im
Fri. 3. Larva of Danais ehrysippus. (From Moore's * Lep. Ceylon.’)
Fic. 4,
Fic. 4. Anterior wing of Euplea phebus:—a, costal nervore; 6, subcostal nervure; 61, 62, 64, b4, 65, subcostal nervules; ¢1, ¢2, discoidal nervules; @, median nervure; dl, 22, d¢3, median wervules; ¢, submedian neryure; fl, f2, disco-cellular nervules; h, costa Or anterior margin; i, posterior or outer margin; j, inner margin; k, apex or anterior angle; |, posterior or unal angle; m, discoidal cell, .
Fra. 5, Posterior wing (under side) of Danais septentrionia:—a, b, 61, 62, d, d1, d2, ds, e, ¢1, asin fig. 4; g, internal nervare; m, precostal nervure; #, abdominal or inner margin; o, discoidal cell.
This subfamily is divided into two groups the first of which only is found in, but not restricted to, the Oriental region, the other being peculiar to Tropical America.
This division of the Danaine into two groups, corresponds to the proposals originally made and admirably argued by Fritz Miiller,* to some of whose conclusions we shall subsequently refer.
If we compare these two groups of Danae, or more roughly the Danaine of the Old and New Worlds, we are at once struck with the fact that im each case there is a transition between more or less diaphanous winged butterflies, such as Hestia and Ideopsis (Oriental) and Ithomia part (Tropical American), on the one hand, and opaque or closely-scaled winged butterflies, on the other. Miiller,} in discussing the progenitors of these groups, is inclined to the belief that the darker insects indicate the original marking and colouring; for he holds that if such progenitors had possessed wings with large transparent spaces, it is improbable that such a large number of the existing species should have reverted to a still earlier type of wing completely clothed with scales. This view is even more strongly evidenced in the Old World Danaine,
Group DANAINA. Danaina, Godm, & Saly,, Biol. Centr. Am., Rhopal., p. 1 (1879).
Male with a pair of anal pencils of hair; basal joints of palpi short; distal end of tarsus and tarsal joints of front leg of female fattened, so as to give a club-shaped termination to the leg; tibia of male as long as the femur; tarsus (in some form) always present.
* «Kosmos, 1879, p. 100; and translation by Meldola, ‘ Proc, Ent. Soc.,’ 1879, p. xx. + Ibid.
4 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
This group, as here understood, contains, in addition to all the Old World Danaine, two Tropical American genera. Five genera are here included, which with Amauris, peculiar to the Ethiopian region, and Hamadryas, not found west of Wallace's line, constitute the Danaine of the extra-American regions as understood (with the exception of one additional genus, Radena) by all writers at the time of publication of Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue in 1871, and as used by Mr. Wallace in his work on the ‘Geographical Distribution of Animals.’ Since that time many other genera have been proposed, some founded on Hiibnerian names and others quite novel. These, although not all followed in this work, will be alluded to when placed under older generic names, and applying to Malayan butterflies.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
I. Antennm* slender, almost filiform, searcely thickened at the tip. A. Wings semidiaphanous. a. Tarsal elaws of middle and posterior legs, short and curved. b. Claws accompanied with pulvilli. ¢. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings anastomosing with costal nervure. d. Costal margin of hind wings strongly curved, subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Hestta. IT. Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. aa. Tareal claws of middle and posterior legs long and
eurved, bb. Claws with pulvilli obsolete or absent. oe Pesca ot Hie tye dd. Costul margin of hind wings very slightly eurved, sub- ceux, b. Antenna of Ideopsie costal nervules not widely separated and subequal ssa in length. e. Hind wings more or less obovate. . : . Lpeopsts.
J. Male with no specialised scent-gland. B. Wings more or less opaque. ddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight. ee. Hind wings broad, subtriangular. . : . TtapENa. ec. First subcostal nervule of anterior wings not anasto- mosing with costal nervure. dddd. Costal margin of hind wings nearly straight or slightly
eurved. Jf. Males with one or more distinctly specialised scent- glands situated on posterior wings. ; - Danars.
bbb, Claws accompanied with pulvilli. Jif. Males with no seent-glands to posterior wings, but Fic. 7.— a. Intermedinte tarsus of
; sometimes with one or more pseudo-scent glands Hestia lynceus. 6. Posterior . : tarsus of Ideopsis dacs. or brands on anterior wings. . : . HKurpea.
* Dr. Murray's contributors have carried back ‘‘antennw" to 1698, whien it is used apparently as a well-known term, in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ p. 877. Yet it is not given by Bailey in his vol. ii, (technical), 1731. It is a striking instance of how little is known of the history of words that no clue has yet been discovered to the author, date, or explanation of this curious application of a word meaning the “ top-sail yard” of a vessel to the horn of an insect or lobster. It is not even known in what language the entomological use first appeared, and whether it was a popular figure or a scientific fancy. M. Littré did not raise the question which the editor of the Philological Society's Dictionary wants to solve.—' ATHENzuM,’ No. 2830, p. 95 (1882).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 5
Genus HESTIA. Hestia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15 (1816); Doubl. Gen, Diurn, Lep., p. 94 (1847); Seudder, Proc. Am, Acad. Arts & Be., x., p. 189 (1874). Idea, Fabr. Tl. Mag., vi., p. 288 (1808); Latr. Ene. Meth., ix., p. 10 (1819). Nectaria, Dalm., in Billb, Enum. Ins., p. 76 (1820); Seudder, Proc. Am. Acad, Arts & B8e., x., p. 224 (1875); Moore, Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2 (1881).
Antenne long, slender, almost filiform, scarcely thickened at apex. Wings large and semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded ; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less concave. Costal nervure extending to more than half the length of costal margin; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure. Cell long; upper discocellular nervule inwardly oblique and slightly angled near subcostal nervure, lower outwardly convex. Submedian nervure much recurved. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin strongly curved; apex and anal angle rounded ; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules widely separated, the first short. Tarsi of the intermediate and posterior legs long, with the claws curved rather short, and provided with pulvilli.
Sendder has proposed the division of Hestia, as hitherto understood, into two genera,— Hestia, type lynceus, and Nectaria, type idea,—and Moore has adopted this view. But despite the assertion of Mr. Scudder that those two species are generically distinct, I cannot consider them so from my point of view, and therefore only follow all previous writers in recognising but one genus for these peculiar and beautiful butterflies.
According to Dr. Thwaites,* the Ceylon species of the genus is known by the name of the ‘* Sylph,”’ and frequents the glades of woods.+ The Rey. L. C. Biggs, in a popular article on ‘* Butterflies in Malaya,’’{ states that species of the genus are found in old jungle throughout the Straits, and are known by the name of the ‘‘ Ghost.” The same author writes, ‘‘ They are not usually very common, but may be seen in great numbers where their favourite honey can be gathered. This is usually at the top of a tree some thirty to fifty feet high.” When collecting in Province Wellesley myself, the colloquial term used was the ‘* Widow,” and I saw the genus in greatest abundance on Penang Hill. Mr. Moore records that his H. malabarica is ‘found in woody places on the western coast, Sea S on the thick-wooded mountain-passes up the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.”
Larnva.—The only published figure of a larva of this genus is in Horf. and Moore's Lep. Ins. Mus. E.LC.,i., pl. iv., fig. 11, where it is described, on the authority of Prof. Westwood, § as being that of Ideopsis daos, Boisd. This is an error. The drawings were made by Capt. Hamilton, and Mrs. Hamilton, in a letter to my friend Mr. F¥ Moore (the contents of which that gentleman, with his usual kindness, has communicated to me) has inforfued him that they really represent the larva and pupa of the Malabar species of Hestia, H. malabarica, from specimens taken on the Western Ghats of Southern India. Mr. Moore has also since received verification of the same from other observers. As, however, that species is not found in our fauna, and its larva is the only one of which we have a published description, it would be hazardous to describe the same as of typically generic character.
* Lep. Ceyl., i., p. 2.
+ Tennent (Nat. Hist. Ceyl., p. 426) states that in Ceylon it is also known by the names of “ Floater,” “Spectre,” and *“ Silver-paper-fly.”"
| ‘Month. Packet,’ 1881. § Proc. Ent, Soc., n.5., 1, pp. 85, 36.
Marcu 31, 1882. c
6 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
Pur.—The pupa of the above, and also of H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, is figured by Horsf. and Moore, ibid., pl. iv., figs. 1la@ and 12.
The genus Hestia in the east, like the genus Morpho of the western tropics, may be taken as exhibiting what has been described as ‘excess of wing area,” which, with the comparatively small and light body, is more productive of lofty rather than of swift flight. Pettigrew, i i has exhaustively treated on the mechanical properties of animal locomotion, has laid do the postulate that ‘The wing area decreases as the size and weight of the volant animal increases”;* and the same author has not only shown a law of “ weight necessary to flight,” but also that when the body is light and the wings very ample when they are driven at a comparatively low speed (both in insects and birds), ‘‘the reaction elicited by the ascent and descent of the wing displaces the body to a marked extent,”’+ or, in other words, an enormous expanse of wings or pinions readily explains an irregular flight on the “ principle of recoil.” This principle applies to large-winged and light-bodied species of Hestia, who though of lofty, are not of swift flight. Bigg describes a Penang species as ‘‘a slowly sailing object,’’ which I can corroborate from my own experience; and Tennent,{ writing of the Ceylon species, speaks of its wings ‘that bend and undulate in the act of flight,” by this sentence probably referring to the course of the whole insect.§ On the other hand, confining ourselves to the Kast, the more robust-bodied Papilionide have, as Collingwood has truly remarked, “ strength of wing and straight headlong course.’’|} This is particularly the case with the large and heavy-bodied Ornithopterw, of which O. brookeana may be taken as an example; Wallace, its discoverer, not only speaking of its swift flight, but Burbidge] stating that im that respect its flight resembles that of a bird.
Probably about sixteen species exist, although some of the deseribed forms may prove to be but varieties of other species. The area over which this genus is distributed includes Continental India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burma, Malay Peninsula, and extending also throughout the Archipelago, including Papua.
Only two species appear to be found in this fauna. Mr. Bigg remarks that ‘‘ There are at least three distinct sizes of ‘Ghosts’ in the Straits.” In this enumeration he evidently includes the species of the following genus Ideopsis.
The food-plants being unrecorded, no knowledge of the geographical distribution of the same can be obtained.
1. Hestialynceus. (Tab. L., fig. 2.) Pap. lynceus, Drury, Ill. Ex, Ent., ii., t. 7, fig. 1 (1773), Idea tyncea, Godt. Enc. Méth., ix., p. 195, n. 2 (1819),
Male and female. Wings semihyaline and more or less fuliginous; neuration fuseous. Anterior wings above with the following black macular markings :—two contiguous spots above and a little before centre of cell, and a subquadrate costal spot at apex of first subcostal nervule; a large irregular spot about
* * Animal Locomotion,’ p. 132. + Ibid., p. 119. | Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 426.
§ Wallace speaks admiringly of a species of Hestia at Singapore, “ sailing or rather floating along, and having, to my eye, a far more striking and majestic appearance than even the Morphoa of Brazil.”—* Zoologist,’ 1864, p. 4390.
|| ‘Rambles of a Naturalist,’ p. 182. { ‘Gardens of the Sun,’ p. 260.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 7
centre of cell, and a much angulated spot enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a discal oblique series of irregular spots, the upper two near costa fused and subquadrate, the remaining six more or less oblong or rounded, in straight oblique series between the nervules; a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each: nervule, and a marginal series of pyriform spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it,a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and subcostal nervures, a submarginal series of large duplex spots, terminating in a spot at end of each nervule, but becoming irregular, much broken and partially effaced towards anterior angle, and a marginal row of pyriform spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black above, with the sides and under surface white; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white ; sternum black, broadly streaked with white. Underside of wings marked as above.
Exp. wings, 147 to 180 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca.—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).—Java (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore).—Borneo (colls. Brit. Mus. and Godm. & Salv.).
This species appears to be peculiar to, and dominant in, the trne Malayan region. It is extremely variable in size and also in hue, the amount of fuliginous shading being inconstant, and some specimens are very much paler than the melanic form here figured. It also varies in the size of the black macular markings.
Two varieties have been elsewhere figured :—
Var. a. Pap. idea, Stoll (nec. Linn.), Suppl. Cram., t. 42, fig. 1 (1787—1791). Var. b. Hestia idea, Doub. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep., t. 18, fig. 1 (1847).
2. Hestia linteata. (Tab.4., fig. 1). Hestia linteata, Butler, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, i., p. 586, pl. Ixix., fig, 6 (1879).
Male and female. Wings semihyaline, creamy white, neuration black. Anterior wing above with a pitchy basal costal streak, and the following black macular markings :—a much waved and angulated spot about centre of cell which reaches the subcostal nervure, and is contiguous to a smaller spot situated above that nervure ; a large angulated spot, enclosing disco-cellular nervules; a large spot on each side of the base of the lower median nervule, followed by a diseal oblique series of irregular spots, consisting of four suboval spots in a waved line situated between the nervules near apex, and a straighter more oblique and broken series on and between the median nervules; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, and a marginal series of obovate spots. Posterior wing with a spot in centre of cell, and two beneath it; a discal series of eight irregularly rounded spots, two of which are between the costal and subcostal nervures; a submarginal series of duplex spots terminating in a thickened streak at end of each nervule, which become exceedingly irregular, broken, and partially eradicated near anterior angle, and a marginal row of large obovate spots. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen black above, with the sides and under surface white; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum white, streaked with black. Under- side of wings marked as above.
Exp. wings 145 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Malacea (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore).
Hi. linteata 1s allied to H. belia, Westw., a Javan species, to which Mr. Moore also compares his H. malabarica from 8. India. It appears to be constant in form, and I have
seen no dark specimens. It is probably quite confined to the southern portion of the Malay Peninsula.
8 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus IDEOPSIS.
Ideopsis, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.LC., i., p. 183 (1857). Danats, Sect. 4, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 90 (1847).
Antennw gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings semidiaphanous. Anterior wings lengthened, subtriangular; costal margin arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin short and more or less coneave; costal nervure extending to more than half its length; subcostal with first nervule emitted at some distance before end of cell and anastomosed with costal nervure. Posterior wings elongate, more or less regularly obovate; costal margin oblique and moderately straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure short; subcostal nervules not widely separated and subequal in length. Claws of middle and posterior legs long and slightly curved ; pulvilli absent or obsolete. Male without sexual mark or scent-gland to posterior wings.
Larve and pupe apparently undescribed.
About seven species of this genus are now known to exist, and its recorded area includes the Malay Peninsula, extending throughout the Archipelago to Waigiou and Mysore Islands. It has also been received from China. It is not found in Ceylon, and appears to be also absent from the lepidopteral fauna of the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. One species only is found in the Malay Peninsula.
Snellen, in writing on Celebesian butterflies," places one of the above seven species in the genus Hestia; the differential generic characters, however, here given, prevent my following that author in so doing.
1. Ideopsis daos. (Tab. L, figs. 37 & 4¢.) Idea Daos, Boisd., Spéc. Gén. Lép., i., t. 24, fig. 8 (1836), Hestia Eudora, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep., p. 10, t. 9, £. 8 (1846). Ideopsis Daos, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., i., p. 184 (1857). lilea Thardi, Voll., Tijd. Ent., iil, p- 44, t. 2, f. 4 (1860).
Male. Wings semihyaline and more or less pale fuliginons; neuration dark fuscous. Anterior wings above with the costal area black, and with the following black macular markings:—a broad irregular patch at each subcostal nervule; a large spot at end of cell; a narrow streak at each diseoidal nervure (sometimes coalescing); an oblique submarginal series of irregular spots, situated between the nervules, the lower three largest, and a marginal series of large spots, placed on the nervules, those at apex smallest; between the marginal spots are faint longitudinal streaks, and a thickened streak on apex of submedian neryure. Posterior wing with a large spot at apex of cell; a discal series of six irregular spots between the nervules (that near submedian nervure somewhat indistinct), and a marginal row of spots (at end of nervules these are somewhat obovate, and between which they are pyriform). Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen pale fuscous, white beneath; palpi beneath, undersides of trochanters and femora white; sternum black, spotted with white. Underside of wings marked as above.
Female. Differs from the male in having the anterior wings broader, and less deeply sinuate externally.
Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 104 millim.; 9? 92 to 112 millim.
* Tijdschr. Ent., xxi., p. 5 (1878).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 9
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Penang (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.).— Malacca (colls. Brit. Mus. and Moore); Singapore (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Gray).—Borneo (coll. Brit. Mus.).—China; Hong Kong (coll. Brit. Mus.).
This species, even in the male sex, varies much in the shape of the anterior wings, and affords thereby an illustration of the caution necessary before such a character can be used as of differential value in separating species.
The nearest allied species is /. gawra, Horsf., which inhabits Java, and which, with J. daos, I take as typical of the genus. These two species in colour and markings approximate closely to species of Hestia; the remaining species belonging to /deopsis are more or less tinged with yellow, have the fuscous shadings broader, and approach the true Danaids.
Notr.—Although Gray described this insect in his ‘ Lepid. Ins. Nepaul,’ he gives the habitat Sumatra, which also applies to other insects in the same work.
Genus RADENA., Radena, Moore, Lep. Ceylon. p. 8 (1881).
Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque, thickly covered with scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave. First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before end of cell, and anastomosed with costal nervure ; second subcostal nervule emitted slightly before end of cell. Posterior wings broad, subtriangular; costal margin nearly straight; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure convex at base, and extending paralle! to margin; subcostal nervules not widely separated, first arched and longest.
Male with no specialised seent-gland.
This genus is intermediate between Danais and IJdeopsis. Agreeing thoroughly with the first in general appearance and coloration, it yet possesses no specialised scent-gland ; while with Jdeopsis it agrees in the position of the first subcostal nervule of anterior wing, but differs strongly from that genus by the shape of the posterior wings.
About ten described species or varieties are known, of unequal value, some showing strong specific differentiation, whilst others appear to be simply constant geographical races of one species; such as ff. vulgaris, Butl., the only species received from the Malay Peninsula, which probably, as Mr. Wood-Mason®* considers, is but a constant local race or form of R. similis, Linn., a Chinese species, of which other constant and allied forms are found in Borneo, Nicobar Isles, and Ceylon. The last author, however, describes the male of his var. nicobarica as ‘provided with a distinct, though little specialised, sexual mark or scent-gland.”’ I have not seen that form, but from an examination of other species of the genus, have been unable to discover anything similar.
The area of this genus is of wide extent. Specimens of #. vulgaris labelled ‘‘ Bengal” and ‘‘Nepaul”’ are contained in the British Museum; but Mr. Wood-Mason, writing from the Calcutta Museum,+ considers this a mistake, and states that he has seen no specimen of it from any region farther to the west than Upper Tenasserim. We ought therefore to accept
* Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl., vol. L., p. 226 (1881). { Thbid. Marcu 31, 1882. D
10 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Continental India as a questionable habitat at least; but Radena is represented in, and has been recorded from, Ceylon, Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Batchian, Gilolo, Bouru, and Ceram in the east, and northward from Siam, Formosa and China.
The larva and pupa of A. juventa, Cram., from Java, are figured in Horsf. and Moore’s ‘Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.I.C.,' i., pl. v., figs. 4nd 4a, and Dr. Horsfield (p. 123) states that the larva there feeds on a plant bearing the native name of ‘‘ Simbukan-rambat.”
1. Radena vulgaris. (Tab. L., fig. 8.) Danais vulgaris, Butl., Ent. Month. Mag., xi., p. 164 (1874). Danais melissa, Doubleday (nee Cramer), List Lep. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 49 (1844); Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 92, n. 28 (1847. Danais similis (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E.LC., i., p, 122, n, 287 (1857). Danais similis, Linn., race vrwygaris, Butl. Query.
Male and female. Wings above fuscous, with pale bluish markings. Anterior wings above with a long narrow basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures followed by three elongate spots; a large gradually widening streak in cell, deeply notched externally and transversely broken before apex, followed by two elongate spots; two long and linear fasci# beneath cell, united at base, one running subparallel to submedian nervure, the other directed parallel to median nervure and deflexed before third median nervule; a diseal oblique series of five spots, the first and upper one elongate, third smallest, and fourth and fifth largest; a submarginal row of seven spots placed between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which tend to become obsolete at apex. Posterior wings with two elongate fasciw in cell joined together at base, but widely divergent at apex, where there is a linear slightly curved intermediate spot; a long curved linear fascia commencing from beneath base of cell and deflected before third median nervule, followed by a discal series of five limear spots; a submarginal series of about eleven small spots and a marginal series of smaller ones—all these spots and fasciw pale bluish; two long greyish streaks on each side of internal nervure along abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler; anterior wing with an additional eighth spot to submarginal series, and the cellular streak quite divided before apex; other markings of both wings generally as above. Head and thorax above black, with a linear marginal series of white spots, and a central discal thoracic white streak. Abdomen fuscous above, much paler beneath ;
sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; fore tibim and intermediate and posterior femora streaked with white.
Exp. wings 78 to 85 millim. Hazs.—Continental India; Nepaul and Bengal ?? (Brit. Mus.).—Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay
Peninsula; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.).—Penang, Malacca, Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Java.—Borneo (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).
Mr. H. G. Smith" gives this species as an inhabitant of Sumatra, which is doubtless correct; he, however, also adds its pseudo-parent form D. similis, from the same locality, which has hitherto only been recorded from China and Formosa.
Although, as previously stated, this is probably but a constant geographical race of R. similis, I have treated it here, with this reservation, as a distinct species, and shall follow this qualified course where necessary throughout. The question of species and varieties can only be properly estimated by breeding, and it is hoped that some Malay entomologist in whose way this work may fall will add to our knowledge by so doing. At present we can only
* In Bock. ‘ Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Append. V.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 11
fall back upon the dictum of Mr. C. Darwin, that ‘in determining whether a form should be ranked as a species or variety, the opinion of naturalists having sound judgment and wide experience seems the only guide to follow. We must, however, in many cases, decide by a ’ majority of naturalists, for few well-marked and well-known varieties can be named which have not been ranked as species by at least some competent judges.” *
Genus DANAIS. Danais, Latreille, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 10 (1819); Boisd., Lec. Lep. Am. Sept., p. 183 (1883); Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 89 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 84 (1862); Godm. & Salv., Biol. Centr. Am., Rhop., p. 1 (1879). Danaida, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust, Ins., xiv., p. 108 (1805). Panaus, Latr., Gen. Crust. Ins., iv., p. 201 (1809).
As some modern writers do not use this old and well-known name for the genus, it is perhaps necessary, before giving a diagnosis of the same, to state the reasons why they have discarded it, and why it is still used here. Latreille, finding his earlier name Danaida preoccupied in Botany, supplanted it (1809) by the title Danaus. Mr. Scudder} argues that as the first name is only used in Botany it ought to be restored. But Mr. Butler? has remarked that ‘‘ Danaida”’ is but the ‘‘plural form’’ of Danais, a term first used by Godart § and systematically more euphonious than Danaus, which last is, however, adopted in preference by Mr. Kirby in his supplementary Catalogue (1877). Mr. Crotch || traces the name to Linnzus, { who used it, however, only as a division of his genus /’apilio; and therefore Mr. Moore’s objection** that Danaus was adopted in a generic sense by Esper in 1777 and Panzer in 1801 for species of Picrine, and therefore cannot be retained in this group of butterflies, is an argument that has not, at least hitherto, secured universal acceptance.
Antenne gradually but distinctly clavate. Wings more or less opaque and thickly covered with scales. Anterior wings subtriangular, somewhat elongate; costal margin slightly arched from base; apex broad and rounded; outer margin oblique and more or less sinuate; inner margin more or less concave. First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of cell; second emitted sometimes immediately before the end of cell, but generally not before termination of the same. Posterior wings broad, subtriangular; costal margin nearly straight or slightly curved; apex and anal angle rounded; costal nervure and nervules variable.
Male with one or more specialised scent-glands.
It is difficult to definitely assess the exact number of known species and varieties of this widely represented genus, but probably there are now about eighty distinct forms described. Its distribution is almost universal, and if is found in both the warm-temperate and tropical zones. One, an almost cosmopolitan species, is found in South-Eastern Europe, and others are particularly abundant throughout the Malayan Archipelago, Papua, and the Pacific Region.
* ‘Origin of Species,’ 6th ed., p. 37. + Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Scienc., p. 153 (1875). | Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 291. § Enc. Meth., ix., p. 172 (1819). || Cist. Ent., i., p. 60 (1872). "| Syst. Nat., ed. x. (1758).
** Lep. CeyL, p. 1, uote (1861).
12 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Besides this species, which is found in Europe, and which does not oceur much above 41°N., there is also an American species, which extends throughout the length of its tropical regions, and is found as far north as Canada. Mr. Bates* acutely observes that it is interesting to find that this, the only genus of the Danaine which is common to the three tropical regions, is the sole one of the subfamily that occurs in high latitudes. And further that ‘the only means of communication between the intertropical lands.of America and Asia seems to have been a circuitous route by the north (or south); and the essentially tropical forms do not appear to have passed along it.” This American species, however, has in quite recent times, become (and the process seems still going on) distributed through many of the Pacific Islands, to New Guinea and Australia, and has even been found in Europe, which its previous appearance at the Azores had somewhat rendered probable. A few years ago + I endeavoured to trace the course and cause of this migration, and had reason to come to the conclusion that its distribution was apparently governed by the range of its food-plants, which are species of Asclepias, and that the directing causes were probably due to the accidental agency of man in the first place, and possibly also to prevalent winds and currents.
It has been well pointed out by Mr. Wallace that the most widely distributed species are probably the most ancient, and it will particularly apply here, if we qualify that statement by the proposition made by Dr. Buchanan White,{ that unless circumstances (not necessarily or always some form of human agency, as Dr. White apparently relies upon) have been exceptionally favourable, species which have the widest distribution are probably of greater antiquity than those whose distribution is less extensive. The most widely distributed species of Danais is D, chrysippus, the species to which we have alluded as even occurring in §.E, Kurope, and which is of a similar tawny hue to the American D, plexippus, which has also an exceedingly wide habitat (though probably recent in extent of distribution), and likewise occurs in high latitudes. All the tawny species of the genus with which I am acquainted have, also, but one subcostal nervule emitted distinctly before the end of the discoidal cell; and therefore, if we accept these tawny species as representing the original colour of the genus, we may also accept this as the primitive neuration. This view receives apparent confirmation from observing that it is amongst the green-spotted species that we find the second subcostal nervule emitted before the end of the cell, thus leading on to Radena, Ideopsis, and Hestia in that respect; but which last-named genera take a fresh departure in having the first subcostal nervule anastomosed with the costal nervure. This also appears concurrent testimony to the views of Miiller to the same effect, and which we have previously endeavoured to convey (ante, p. 3). Ina curiously marked East African species in which the tawny and green-spotted facies are combined, and which was lately described by Mr. Godman,§ a fresh departure is taken from the ordinary type by the first and second subcostal nervules being anastomosed.
The males possess on the posterior wings one or more dull-coloured patches, situated on or in the neighbourhood of the third median nervule and submedian neryure. These were long known only as ‘sexual spots,” but Miiller|| has ably and strongly shown that they are really scent-producing organs. ‘They are, indeed, glands or pouches, but as they open only by
* Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii., p. 495 et seg. (1862). + Trans. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 98. | ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xiv., p. 270 (1881). $ Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 183. || Trans. Ent. Soe., 1878, p. 213.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA., 15
a narrow slit, Miller remarks that odours could hardly be freely emitted. He therefore hazards the speculation that the anal tufts of hair might be introduced into the pouches, to be impregnated there with odoriferous matter. A proposition like this, though probable, necessarily requires verification, which an observer of such exactitude and patience as Miiller will doubtless endeavour to supply. It is possibly towards such at present unproyed postulates that Karl Semper, quoting Jaeger," remarks that enough has been done in the way of philosophising by Darwinists, and that the task that now hes before us is to apply the test of exact investigation to the hypotheses we have laid down.
This genus represents, with the other members of the Danaine, a ‘* protected” group of insects, which, from distastefulness or other causes, enjoys an immunity from the attacks of birds and other enemies. ‘The testimony to this fact 1s undoubted and too voluminous to insert here; but even in tenacity of life Danais is remarkable, and Mr. Trimen} records how South African specimens, caught, pinched and pinned by his native collectors, would nearly all, on the withdrawal of the pins, ‘fly off in a ‘nonchalant’ manner, as if nothing had befallen them.’’ Mr. Meldola} was disposed to consider (and with good reason) that these insects possess an immunity after death from the attacks of mites and other museum pests. He had in his possession a box of old Indian insects, the greater part of which had been demolished by mites; the only surviving specimens, in addition to a Papilio, beng Danaids. This view, however, will require further confirmation, as in some Hast African insects which have lately passed through my hands, specimens of D. dorippus have the bodies nearly destroyed by these attacks.
Seven species alone are at present known from the Malayan Peninsula. Criiger,§ in a short notice of Malaccan Lepidoptera, refers to another species, D. aylea, but this may prove to rest on a mistaken determination.
A. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule emitted a little before the end of discoidal cell, a. Male possessing two distinct scent-glands on posterior wings. b. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule curved and longer than the second,
1. Danais aspasia, var. crocea. (Tab. I., fig. 7.) Papilio aspasia, Fabricius, Mant. Ins., u., p. 15, n. 145 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 170, n. 626 (1793). Danais cracea, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 57, n. 58, pl. 4, fig. 5; Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool. vol. i., p. 536, 7 (1877). Danais uspasia, Gutl., Cat. Fabr, Lep., p. 7 (1860). Bahora aspasia, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings above black or fuscous, with the following pale hyaline markings :—three subcostal spots, the inner one situated between first and second subcostal nervules; beneath these are two elongated streaks, followed by four small subapical spots placed in slightly curved oblique series, the upper one very indistinct; two irregularly shaped spots above first median nervule, three between first and second median nervyules, three between second and third median nervules, the inner one large and subquadrate; a very large spot (tinged with yellow) occupying basal two-thirds of area between third median nervule and submedian nervure, followed by a small irregular spot; and a marginal series of small
* ‘Animal Life,’ (Preface, 1881). + Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. iv., p. 217. { Proc. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. xii.
§ Verhandl, d. Ver. f. naturwissensch. Unterh. z. Hamb., iii., p. 29 (1878),
Mancu 31, 1882. E
14 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
spots placed in pairs between the nervules, which become obsolete towards apex. Cell with either the apex only or whole discal centre more or less pale subhyaline. Posterior wings above black or fuscous, with the space between costal nervure and first subcostal nervule; the whole of cell, followed by two elongated spots, situated beneath bases of first and second subcostal nervules, and two near bases of median nervules; basal two-thirds of submedian interspace acutely dentate at apex, and basal two-thirds of internal area pale yellow; a diseal row of small pale spots divided by the nervules, and a submarginal series of much smaller, irregularly shaped and arranged spots, both series becoming obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath generally as above, but with the spots much more distinct, and with a marginal series to hind wings. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen fuscous above, white beneath. Sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; femora streaked with white.
Posterior wings with two distinct spatular scent-glands, largest on third median nervule and smallest on submedian nervyure.
Female. Larger than the male, with the apex of the anterior wings much broader, and the cell clearer and paler; marginal spots to hind wings clearly visible above.
Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 78 millim.; 9? 86 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore.—Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).
The form designated by Butler as D). crocea, which he originally described as distinet, but which he afterwards * submitted as a var. of D. aspasia, seems to be a dominant, larger, brighter and somewhat more melanie race of the Fabrician species. A very closely allied species or race, D. philomela, Zink., is found in Java.
I have been unable to examine and measure more than one female, a specimen which I captured myself in Province Wellesley.
bb. Posterior wings with costal margin nearly straight, and with the first subcostal nervule curved and longer than the second.
2. Danais melaneus. (Tab. I., fig. 6.) Papilio melaneus, Cramer, Pap, Exot., i., t. 80, fig. p (1775). Danais melaneus, Godart, Ene. Méth., ix., p. 192, 58 (1819 ); Doubleday, List Lep. Brit, Mus., pl. 1, p. 50 (1844); Doubl. & Hewits., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 93, n. 36 (1847); Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 128, n. 242 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1866, p. 65, n. 47; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 536, 6 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 822. Caduga melaneus, Moore, M8.
Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior wing dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings:—three small elongate subcostal spots, the first commencing just beyond first subcostal nervule; beneath these spots are two elongated streaks, followed by a subapical oblique series of three small and rounded spots; nine irregularly sized and shaped spots on disk, situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three between second and third median nervules, and one near posterior angle a little beyond a large streak (generally but not always longitudinally divided) which occupies about basal two-thirds of interspace between third median nervule und submedian nervure, and a submarginal series of small spots which become obsolete and obliterated towards apex; discoidal cell with a large discal streak (this is very irregular in size in different specimens).
* Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 7 (1869).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 15
Posterior wings dark fusecous, with the following pale bluish markings:—a large basal subcostal streak, followed by a small elongate spot; the interior of discoidal cell followed and apically surrounded by five elongate spots situated between the nervules, of which the two interior are each followed by a smaller and rounded spot; four long, basal, longitudinal streaks, two situated before median nervure and connected at base, and two on abdominal margin; two or three subdiscal spots, situated between the nervures near apex, and a submarginal series of small spots, which are obsolete and obliterated near apex and anal angle. Wings beneath generally as above, but with the submarginal spots continuous and -distinct, and the subdiscal series of three spots, as seen above, continued in regular but smaller series to near anal angle. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with bluish white; abdomen fusecous above, testaceous beneath; sternum black, spotted with white ; undersides of palpi, femora, and trochanters white.
Male with two linear scent-glands on posterior wings, the longest situated on submedian nervure near apex, the smaller one near apex of internal nervure.
Exp. wings 79 to 92 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Wood-Mason).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Hewits.).—Java (coll. Dist.).—Sumatra.*—Formosa (Brit. Mus.).
This species varies much in amount of melanism, and also in the size of the pale markings ; some males have also the apex of the anterior wings more produced than in other specimeus of the same sex, thus further illustrating the little specific value of such characters. About six species with similar structural characters and common facies are allied to this species, as pointed out to me by my friend Mr. Moore, who has specially studied the Danainw. These form a group which are represented in Continental India, Java, Phillipine Islands, and Japan.
8. Danais agleoides. (Tab. I., fig. 5.) Danais aglevides, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0. 17 (1860); Moore, Proc. “Zool. Soc., 1877, ]). 581; Wood-Mason & Nicéville, J. As. Soc. Beng., vol. 1., p. 224 (1881). Danais qrammica, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 55, n. 44; Trans, Linn, Soce., ser. 2, Zool, vol, i., p. 536, u. (1877), nec. Boisd. Parantica ayleoides, Moore, MS.
Male and female. Wings dark fuscous, with pale bluish semihyaline spots and markings. Anterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a basal longitudinal streak, situated between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by three subcostal spots, the first situated immediately after first subcostal nervule, beneath which are two short linear streaks, divided by upper discoidal nervule; nine irregularly shaped discal spots situated two above and three beneath first median nervule, three beneath second median nervule, and one near posterior angle a little beyond two narrow fascie, joined at base, the first running parallel to median nervure, and then deflexed subparallel to third median nervule, the other running subparallel to submedian nervure; a narrow fascia commencing at base and extending along about half the length of submedian nervure; two long discal streaks in discoidal cell, the upper one straight and divided, the lower more or less recurved; a submarginal row of seven irregular spots, and a marginal row of very small spots placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming obsolete and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wings above dark fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a long basal streak between costal and subcostal nervures, followed by a small elongate spot; two fasciz in cell, united at base, and from thence running subparallel to subcostal and median nervures, between apex of each is a short intermediate streak ; following and surrounding apex of cell are five irregular
* Smith, in Bock, ‘Head Hunters Borneo,’ Append. V.
16 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
aud elongate spots, the first situated above second subcostal nervule, the others between the nervules, the last two of which are followed by two irregularly shaped spots; two long narrow fasciw, united at base, the upper of which runs parallel to median nervure, and is then deflexed along inner side of third median nervule, the lower parallel to submedian nervure; two long fasci# on abdominal margin, divided by internal nervure; a waved submarginal row of small spots (obsolete near base in male and continuous in female), and a marginal row of small spots, inconstant in size and distinctness. Underside of wings somewhat paler; marginal rows of spots to both wings, and submarginal row to posterior wings, continuous and distinct. Posterior wings with two basal spots before precostal nervure, and a curved basal fascia above costal nervure, which is hidden above by the inner margin of anterior wing. Head and thorax above spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fuscous above, white beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; undersides of palpi, trochanters and femora white.
The posterior wing of the male is provided with two spatular scent-glands, the largest situated on third median nervule, and the smallest on submedian nervure.
Exp. wings, 69 to 76 millim.
Har.— Nicobar Islands (Caleutta Mus.).— Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (coll. Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra. (Smith.)
A female form is here figured. By a curious accident the specimens of this species in the Collection of the British Museum have hitherto stood in the name of D. yrammica, and probably this error may have had somewhat wide circulation, by collectors having accepted the Museum name without the necessary certification by reference to Boisduval’s figure.
B. Anterior wings with the second subcostal nervule not emitted distinctly before the end of diseoidal cell. e. Male provided with one scent-gland on poatertor wings. d. Posterior wings with costal margin slightly curved, and with the first subcostal nervule not longer than the second.
4. Danais septentrionis. (Tab. L., fig. 9.) Danais septentrionis, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xi., p. 168 (1874; Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, 4 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zoal, Soc., 1878, p. 822; Semper, Journ. Mus. Godefir,, vol. xiy., p. 140, tab. 8, fig. 7 (1879). Tirumala septentrionis, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, vol. i., p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 2 (1881).
Male and female. Wings above dark glossy fuscous, with pale bluish spots and markings. Anterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—a longitudinal basal streak in cell, followed near its apex by a transverse irregular and much sinuated fascia; beyond cell are three elongate and linear subcostal spots, the inner two placed close together near end of cell; beneath these are three linear streaks, the first and smallest situated above and the second and largest beneath the first discoidal nervule; thirteen irregular spots on diseal surface, upper three divided between discoidal nervules, and the remainder thus situated—four between first and second median nervules, three between second and third median nervules, and three between third median nervule and submedian nervure, which nervure is also preceded by a subparallel linear basal streak; and a marginal series of small spots irregularly sized and placed. Posterior wings above dark glossy fuscous, with the following pale bluish markings :—two long fasci@ in cell, broadly united at base, and widely divergent at apex; the cell is followed and surrounded by the following streaks or fascis :—a narrow linear and outwardly thickened one above subcostal nervure, three which are much broader divided by lower subcostal and diseoidal nervules, two which are very narrow,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 17
linear, and dentate separated by second median nervule, and two united at base between median and submedian neryures ; two long linear streaks on abdominal margin divided by internal nervure, and a narrow linear streak on inner side and about centre of submedian nervure; a discal and much waved series of fourteen irregularly sized spots (in some specimens the inner two are united to the two abdominal-marginal streaks), and a much waved marginal series of smaller spots. Underside of wings much paler, markings as above, and two spots at base of posterior wings divided by precostal nervure. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above brown, ochraceous beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters and femora white.
Male with a large and distinct scent-gland situated between third median nervule and median nervure.
Exp. wings 82 to 108 millim.
Has.—Continental India ; Cachar ; Nepaul (Brit. Mus.).— Ceylon (colls. Moore and Dist.) —Tenasserim (Limborg.)—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Java (coll. Moore).
Males from the Malay Peninsula exhibit probably the maximum of size, and are in strong contrast, in that respect, to some Ceylon specimens. Mr. Butler appends to his description the very applicable remark that “ there can be no doubt that this is the Indian representative of the Australian species D. hamata, M‘Leay.” All the differential characters relied upon by Butler are found in Malayan specimens, but certainly do not apply so strongly to all the Ceylon forms, some of which in size and markings approximate much more closely to the Australian species.
G, Semper, in a valuable paper, ‘“ Beitrag zur Rhopaloceren-Fauna von Australien,’ * has urged that D. septentrionis and some other described forms are probably “local forms” of D. hamata, which really agrees with Butler’s views, already quoted, that the first-named may be considered the ‘Indian representative” of the Australian species. It is necessary that these qualitative views and potentialities should be clearly understood, as they afford pregnant illustration to the conclusions of Gabriel Koch.+ This author, from an examination of the species found in the South Asiatic and Australian Regions, concludes that in many cases the differences between what are generally considered as distinct species are merely variations consequent upon a change of habitat. (It is doubtless implied that the surrounding conditions are also different.) This, however, with the manifold readings of the much-vexed term “species,” is unimportant. He, however, considered that these facts warranted a belief in an Indian or South Asiatic fauna, which included the warmer parts of Asia, Malasia, Polynesia, and Australia, and Prittwitz,{ in a notice of Koch’s results, supplemented by his own examination of Vollenhoven’s Pieride derived from the Dutch East Indian Possessions, agrees with Koch in formulating the existence of an Indo-Australian Region. Koch, however, in 1870,§ modified his views, dividing this proposed fauna into two parts,—a South Asiatic or Indian and an Australian and Polynesian fauna, which last he considers, without doubt, has been derived from the Indian by migration, the principal agents of which are the prevalent monsoons. He then, however, seems to infer that the greatest modifying agent in the formation of new species is the influence of climate. Oscar Schmidt, || after a study of Koch’s labours,
* Journ. Mus. Godefir., vol. xiv., p. 198. + ‘Die Indo-Anstralische Lepidopteren-Fauna’ (1866). } Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1866, p. 259. § ‘Die geographische Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge iiber die Erde,’ Geogr. Mitth, (1870). || ‘The Doctrine of Descent,’ p. 227. Marca 51, 1882. FP
18 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
summarises his agreement in the statement that butterflies “‘which are an easy prey to currents of air, defy geological barriers, and, above all, that important partition which from the tertiary era has been erected, or rather excavated, in the bottom of the sea, between Australia and India.”
5. Danais genutia. (Tab. 2, figs. 2, 3.) Papilio genutia, Cramer, Pap. Ex., iii., t. 206, 0, D (1782). Papilio plexippus, Fabr., Byst. Ent., p. 481, n. 170 (1775); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 281 (1787), nec. Linn, Danais plexippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 186, n. 35 (1819); Butler, Cat. Fabr. Lepid., p. 6, mn. 10 (1869) ; Trans, Linn. Soc., 2 ser., Zool,, vol. i,, p. 686, 0.1 (1877); Wood-Mason & Nicéville, Journ. A. 8. Bengl., vol. L., p. 226 (1881). Salatura genutia, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i., p. 6, pl. iv., figs. 2, 2@ (1881).
Male and female. Wings above fulvous-red; neuration, apex of anterior and margins of both wings dark fuscous, spotted and marked with white. Anterior wings fulvous-red; costal margin, apical third, outer and inner margin, nervures and nervules dark fuscous; the fuscous portion contains the following white markings :—a small subcostal spot before end of cell, three somewhat larger spots just beyond end of cell, and a transverse subapical series of six large spots, the upper two smallest and divided by second sub- costal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by second discoidal nervule, sixth much smaller and rounded, on the outer side of which is a smaller spot followed below by two still smaller ones; and a marginal series of small spots, becoming indistinct and obliterated towards apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red ; nervures, nervules, and outer margin dark fuscous, the median nervules very broadly so; a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, and abdominal margin much paler. Anterior wings beneath generally as above, but with a distinct white spot on inner side of fuscous margin between second and third median neryules; a distinct and continuous marginal and snbmarginal series of spots, and with the dark shading paler and brownish, beyond the large transverse subapical spots. Posterior wings very much paler than above; the nervures and neryules margined with very pale greenish, and with a distinct costal spot near apices of costal nervure and first subcostal nervule. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen fulyous-red above, a little paler beneath; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black ; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white.
(A variety in which the posterior wings haye the fulvous-red much suffused with white is not infrequent, and is represented by fig. 3).
Male with a broad suboyate scent-gland situated on posterior wing adjoining third median nervule.
Exp. wings 73 to 90 millim,
Has.—Continental India; Bengal; Cachar (Brit. Mus.).—Nicobar Islands.—Ceylon (coll. Moore).— Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Singapore (coll. Moore).—Java.—Siam,—N. China; Hong Kong; Hainan.—Formosa (eolls. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.).
This species has until quite recently been recognised by the name of D. plexippus, Linn. It has, however, been shown by Hermann Strecker,* and also by Godman and Salvin, + that the name and description given by Linneus really applied to a well-known and widely distributed species, which for a long time had passed under the designation of D. archippus. As if is impossible for two species in one genus to be known under the same name, that of Cramer must henceforth be applied to this insect. The only Javan specimen in my collection
* Butt. N. America, p. 105. + Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop., p. 2.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 19
is the smallest of the series, and the darkest in coloration. Capt. de la Chaumette* states that in India the insect is common throughout the year, frequenting fields, gardens, and woods alike. Mr. Biggs + speaks of it as circling in the sunshine “round a lantana bush” or resting in damp shady spots on the pale blue flowers of a small plant which the Malays call “ bulalei gajah” (Elephant’s trunk).
6. Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus. (Tab. IL., fig. 1.)
Papilio melanippus, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, A, B (1779).
Danais melanippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 48 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 125, n. 247 (1857); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, n. 2 (1877).
Var. Papilio hegesippus, Cram., Pap. Exot., ii., t. 180, A (1779); Fabr. Sp. Ins., p. 56, mn. 248 (1781); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 287 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 52, n. 160 (1798); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus. E. I. C., p. 125 (1857); Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 49.
Danais hegesippus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 189, n. 42 (1819); Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepaul, p. 10, t. 9, f. 1 (1846); Snellen, Tijd. Ent., xx., p. 66 (1877).
Danais melanippus, var. hegesippus, Suellen, Tijd. Bnt., xix., p. 144 (1876).
Salatura hegesippus, Moore, MS.
Male and female. Anterior wing fulvous-red, nearly apical half, the costal margin, inner margin, nervures and nervules dark fuscous. J'uscous portion with the following white spots :—two small subcostal spots divided by first subcostal nervule, almost beneath which are two others, more rounded and placed just beyond cell; a transverse subapical row of five larger spots, upper two smallest and divided by second subcostal nervule, fourth and fifth largest divided by lower diseoidal nervure ; a discal row of two small spots divided by second median nervule; a submarginal series of three or four spots about centre, and a marginal series which become almost effaced between third median nervule and submedian nervure, and also towards apex, where, however, they are denoted by a much larger spot preceded by one or two smaller ones. Posterior wing white; nervures and nervules broadly infuseated and with fuscous marginal border, in which are placed a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Underside of wings as above, but anterior wings possessing a distinct marginal and submarginal series of small spots at apex; posterior wing with the nervures and nervules much less strongly infuscated, but margined with very pale greenish. Head and thorax above dark fuscous, spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen above dull ochraceous, with the base black; underside pale ochraceous. Sternum black, spotted with white ; legs black. Under surfaces of palpi, femora, and trochanters white.
Male with a distinct subovate scent-gland on posterior wings, placed on inner side and adjoining third median nervule.
Exp. wings 70 to 85 millim.
Has.—Andaman Islands (coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (Snellen, coll. Moore).—Java (Snellen and Brit. Mus.).
In considering this form as only a variety of D. melanippus, Iam in agreement with Messrs. Moore, Butler, and Snellen, who have at least at one time published that view (see supra). The chief difference between the two forms is that the ground colour of the posterior wings in D, melanippus is fulvous-red, whilst in D. hegesippus it is white, and the four small spots near the end of cell of anterior wing of the last named are considerably effaced in D. melanippus.
* Ent. Mo, Mag., vol. ii., p. 37. + Month. Pack., vol. ii., p. 188 (1881).
20 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
However, we have already seen in the closely allied D. genutia that such variation does take place, and the only peculiarity in this case seems to be that the white variety has become the dominant race in the Malay Peninsula, whilst the form D. melanippus is, as far as I am aware, absent. Such being the case, it is necessary to notice that Mr. Butler, in his paper on the “ Butterflies of Malacca,” * in enumerating D. melanippus, Cram., as belonging to that district, has by an oversight referred also to the illustration of Cramer, which depicts the typical coloration, not found in Malacca, as the specimens in the British Museum testify.
7. Danais chrysippus. (Tab. I., fig. 10.)
Papilio chrysippus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 268 (1764); Syst. Nat., i., 2, p. 767, n. 119 (1767); Fabr. Syst. Ent., i, p, 482, n. 172 (1775); Sp. Ins., p. 56, m, 245 (1781); Mant. Ins., p. 27, n. 284 (1787); Ent. Syst., iii., p. 50, n. 154 (1793); Cramer, Pap. Ex., ii., t. 118, B, 0 (1779); Herbst, Naturs,. bek. Ins. Schmett., vil., pl. 155, figs. 1 & 2.
Fuplea chrysippus, Hiibn., Verz. bek. Schmett,, p. 15, t, 138, figs. 678 & 679 (1916),
Danais chrysippus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 187, n. 88 (1819); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mus, E. I. C., i, p. 126, n. 249 (1857); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 88, n. 56 (1862); Butler, Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 46, n. 14.
Salatura chrysippus, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7 (1881).
Male and female, Anterior wing above fulvyous-red, with the costal margin, apical third, and outer margin dark fuscous. On the fuscous portion are the following white markings:—a small subquadrate spot beneath costa before end of cell; an elongate subcostal spot near end of cell, beyond which is a much angulated and oblique fascia, composed of transverse spots, commencing beneath first subcostal nervule and terminating at first median nervule; at end of cell are two (sometimes but one) small spots, and a larger one on disk between first and second median nervules; a submarginal series of spots consisting of two between first and second median nervules, and one near apex (in some specimens these are connected by a series of very small spots); and a marginal series of spots, generally absent, but sometimes obsoletely present near apex. Posterior wing fulvous-red, with a fuscous marginal border, containing a marginal series of white spots; a fuscous spot margined with white on costal margin, above first subcostal nervule, and a small spot above costal nervure; three irregular fuscous spots (the middle one smallest) at end of cell, situated at bases of second subcostal, discoidal, and first median nervules. Underside of anterior wings as above, but beyond the subapical fascia to near margin the fuscous is replaced with ochraceous, and between second and third median nervules a small white spot is visible; underside of posterior wings much paler than above; marginal white spots larger, and two fuscous costal spots visible above first subcostal neryule. Head and thorax above black, spotted and streaked with white; abdomen above fulvous-red, beneath much paler; sternum black, spotted with white; legs black; under surfaces of palpi, trochanters, and femora white.
Male with a large fuscous-coloured scent-gland on posterior wing, on inner side of third median nervitle.
Exp. wings 58 to 86 millim.
Has.—8.E. Europe.—Western and Southern Africa.—Madagascar.—Rodriquez.—-Island Johanna.— Mauritius.—Socotra.—Turkey in Asia.—Afghanistan ; Candahar.—Continental India.—Ceylon.—Burma. Upper Tenasserim (colls. God. & Salv., Moore, and Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley; Singapore (coll. Dist.)—Java.—Malay Archipelago; Lombock; Kaiéa Islands (coll. Dist.).— Siam (coll. Godm. & Saly.).—China; Hong Kong; Hainan-(colls, Moore and Brit. Mus.).
* Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 2 ser., Zool., vol. i., p. 536 (1877).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 21
A female specimen from Province Wellesley is here figured. The smallest specimen which I possess (58 millim.) is from West Africa, although ordinarily sized specimens are venerally received from that district; the largest specimens in my collection are from Northern India and Southern Africa, though no rule can be postulated in this respect. Figures of both the larva and pupa of this insect have been given (ante pp. 2 & 3).
The larva in Ceylon feeds on Culotropis gigantea and Aselepias curasavica;* in Java, according to Dr. Horsfield, on the first named, called by the natives ‘‘ Widuri"’; in Continental India on Calotropis sp.;} and in §. Africa on Gomphocarpus fruticosus and Asclepias sp. |
This species is not only remarkable for its wide distribution, but also for the extraordinary phenomenon of its being mimicked by six or eight other butterflies and moths, a fact which will be treated more fully subsequently when describing some of the mimicking species.
Genus KEUPLOSA.
Euplea, Fabricius, Nliger’s Mag., vi., p. 280 (1808); Doubl., Gen. Diurn. Lep., p. 86 (1847); Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr., p. 88 (1862).
Antenne gradually clavate. Wings opaque and dark coloured. Anterior wings more or less triangular and varying much in shape, but in the male sex generally having the inner margin more or less produced and convex, and covering some basal portion of the posterior wings; in the female sex the inner margin is non-produced and sometimes slightly emarginate.$ First subcostal nervule emitted at some little distance before the end of the cell, second emitted at end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule shortest. Posterior wings broad and subtriangular; costal nervure somewhat short, and curved near base.
Males usually provided with one or more psendo-scent glands or brands on anterior wings, and very frequently with a pale diseoidal patch to posterior wings.
Awaiting Mr. Moore’s intended enumeration and revision of the genus Euplwa (as formerly and in this work understood), wherein many new species are to be described, it would prove misleading to give any approximate estimate as to the number of species comprised in this very extensive genus. |
Euplwa is widely distributed throughout the Malayan Archipelago and Polynesia; in fact, we may accept these regions as tlie head-quarters of the genus. It is likewise found throughout the warmer parts of Asia (including its neighbouring islands) and Australia; it also inhabits the islands of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar. Trimen|| gives South Africa as the habitat of a species (£. youdotii, Boisd.), from specimens contained in the British Museum. As, however, Butler, in his two subsequent papers on the genus,’ does not give that habitat for the Museum specimens, South Africa may be considered for the present as a doubtful locality.
The short vittw so frequently found on the anterior wings of the males, have been,
* Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 7. | Lang., Ent. Mo. Mag., i., p. 1815 and De la Chaumette, ibid., ii., p. 37. | Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., p. 00. § This sexual difference in the shape of the anterior wings is found in all the species here described. | Ithop. Afr. Austr, p. 84 (1862), “ Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 301, and Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298.
Manca $1, 1882.
22 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
judging from analogy, considered as scent-producing organs, and I have alluded to them here as pseudo scent-glands or brands. On the other hand, they may serve for purposes of ‘strigillation,” as proposed by Butler,* being impressed upon that portion of the anterior wings which comes in contact with the anterior margin and prominent costal nervure of the posterior wings.
Like other genera of the Danaine, and especially Danais, this genus enjoys an immunity from the ordinary enemies of butterflies, and hence may be deseribed as possessing a strongly “protective” character. In tropical America, the widely distributed and extensive genus Heliconius was first shown to enjoy this protection or immunity by Bates,+ a fact subsequently and amply confirmed by Belt. Wallace, who enjoyed the unusual opportunity of observing both these genera in a state of nature and in their widely separated habitats, writing from Singapore, states, ‘* The Huplwas here quite take the place of the Heliconide of the Amazons, and exactly resemble them in their habits.” §
I at present only include seventeen species of Euplaa as found in the Malay Peninsula, though it is probable that more remain to be discovered, particularly in the Northern and Kastern districts.|| These species (in whatever way we may define that term) are also of very unequal value. What appears to be three distinct and constant local forms of one species frequently occur, of which we have three instances in this fauna. Thus /. malayica and H. midamus have distinct and constant representatives both in Java and Borneo (of the last named, the Bornean representative is reported as having been received from Malacca), and F. diocletianus possesses distinct and representative forms both in North India and Borneo.
A. Males neither provided with a pseudo scent-gland or brand té anterior wings, nor with pale discoidal patch to posterior wings.
a. Males with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex.
1. Euploca malayica. (Tab. IL., fig. 7.) Crastia malayica, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878). Puplad ochsenheimert, var. (b), Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 271. Kuplea ochsenheimeri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 585, mn. 2 (1877). Adiqama malayica, Moore, MS.
-
Male. Wings above dark shining brown, spotted with white. Anterior wings with the following white spots :—one before and one after second subcostal nervule; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; a waved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, the upper three of which are largest, and the upper one placed above first disco-cellular nervule, the last and most linear one being below third median nervule ; a submarginal series of eight spots, the upper and innermost one of the series being situate between third and fourth subcostal nervules, the lower one placed between third median nervule; and & marginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal series of small white spots. Wings beneath marked as above, but posterior wings possessing in addition seven small white discal
* Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 292. + Trans, Linn, Soe., vol. xxiii., 1862, p. 495 ef seq. } Proc. Ent. Soe., 1866, p. xly., and ‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 316. § ‘ Zoologist,” p. 4996 (1854), || Butler (Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 41) gives another species, E. egyptus, as having been received
from Singapore. That Singapore specimen, however, no longer remains in the National Collection under that name, and was probably so recorded in error.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 23
spots, one in and near end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen above dark fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Female. I have not seen this sex, but Butler describes it as having on the posterior wings “a spot in the cell, followed by three complete series.’ This probably could be somewhat expressed by saying, posterior wing of the female above marked as underside of the same wing in male.
Exp. wings, ¢ 110 to 115 millim.
Har.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca; Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Moore).
This is but a constant local race of EH. ochsenheimeri, Moore, a species which Butler considers is probably the FE. gyllenhalii, Lucas,* and is apparently confined to Java. The Bornean form has also been separated, under the name of F. scudderi.
i. malayica is in itself variable, as in a second male specimen which I possess the spots on the upper surface are much smaller, and the submarginal spots to the posterior wings are very faint and obscure towards the anal angle.
2. Euploea bremeri. (Tab. II., fig. 4.) Euplea Bremeri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 898, 0, 16 (1860); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 277, 28 ; Trans. Lin. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 535, n. 6 (1877). Crastia Lremeri, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., vol. xiv., Zool., p. 298, n. 9 (1878). Tronga Bremeri, Moore, MS.
Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown, becoming somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings with the following white spots:—one near costa between first and second subcostal nervules, one beneath end of cell, between first and second median nervules (in some specimens there is an additional spot in and before end of cell and another between second and third median nervules); a submarginal series of eight spots, the upper three divided by third and fourth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth much the largest, eighth placed between second and third median nervules; and a marginal row of small spots. Posterior wings with a marginal and submarginal row of small white spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings spotted as above, but with four additional discal spots, one in and near end of cell, one beyond end of cell, and one on each side of third median nervule ; posterior wings spotted as above, but also with six or seven discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and six (in some specimens five) surrounding apical portion of cell, placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Exp. wings 90 millim.
Has,—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.); Burma (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).
I have not as yet received the female of this species, nor did I capture one myself in Province Wellesley. As will be seen by the above description, which agrees with Felder’s original diagnosis, the discal spots on the anterior wings are variable in number.
* Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 207 (1878).
24 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
B. Males not provided with a pseudo seent-gland or brand to anterior wings, but possessing a pale discoidal patch on posterior winga. b. Mates with the inner margin of the anterior wings much produced and convex.
3. Eupleea castelnaui. (Tab. IL, fig. 6.) Fuplea castelnani, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., ii., p. 815, n. 427 (1665). Euplea phelus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 270, n. 3; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 108, 1; Butl., Trans, Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool,, vol. 1,, p. 585, 1 (1877). Selping (Macroplea) pheius, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 202, 3 (1878).
Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming gradually paler towards apex, and with the following pale spots:—one in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, two near costa, divided by second subcostal nervule, followed by a curved discal series of six spots placed between the nervules, a submarginal series of eight spots, of which the upper and innermost one is placed between the third and fourth subcostal nervules, and a marginal series of smaller and more linear spots. Posterior wings dark olivaccous-brown, with a large pale diseoidal patch situated near costal margin, and indications of two submarginal and a marginal series of pale spots, which are somewhat distinct near apex, but become obsolete towards anal angle. Underside of wings generally as above, but anterior wings with the discal series of spots larger posteriorly, the marginal series to posterior wings more continuous and distinct towards anal angle, and the posterior margins of anterior wings mucli paler, especially towards anal angle. Head, thorax and abdomen blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside of head, sternum and legs black; palpi and sternum spotted with white.
Female. Somewhat larger and paler, with the discal series of spots to the anterior wings more obscure, and of the submarginal series those near apex have large pale inner reflections. Posterior wings with a distinct marginal and submarginal series of spots, the last preceded by an inner and more obseure series.
Exp. wings, ¢ 120 millim.; ? 125 millim.
Hav.—Burma; Moulmein,—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Java (coll. Dist. and Brit. Mus.).
A female specimen is here figured.
As Mr. Butler has himself admitted the identity of his 2. phebus and EF. castelnaui, Feld.,* of which there can be no doubt, it becomes necessary to use the earlier and Felderian name to this insect, though Butler still retains his own designation.| Some uncertainty appears to have arisen as to the exact date of Felder’s descriptions of species of Huplwa, Kirby giving 1867! as the year of publication. Felder’s plates bear date 1865, though the text is stated to have been published from 1864 to 1867, and as Butler himself§ gives 1865 as the date of a
subsequent description by Felder, it is difficult to see why the apparent law of priority cannot in this case be followed.
bb. Males with the inner margins of anterior wings slightly produced and convex.
4. Euplea midamus. (Tab. IL, figs.8 ¢ & 9 2.) Papilio midamus, Linneus, Mus. Ulr., p. 261 (1764); Syst. Nat., ii, p. 765, n. 108 (1767). Danais midamus, Godt., Enc. Méth., ix., p. 179, n. 12 (1819). ‘uplea midamus (part), Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204, n. 76. * ‘Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i, p. 585, 1 (1877).
{ This author has (Trans. Ent. Soc., ser. 3, vol. v., p. 471) argued that Felder's work was antedated. | Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. § Trans. Linn, 5oc., ser, 2, Zool., p. 535, 3 (1877).
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 25
Finplea midamus, Butl., Trans, Linn, Soe., ser, 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 685, n. 9 (1877). Trepsichrois midamus, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 297, 8 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 828.
Male. Anterior wings above dark violet-blue, with bright blue reflections towards apex, and with the following pale spots :—a small one between first and second subcostal nervules (this is sometimes absent) ; one in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule, two beneath cell situate on each side of second median nervule, three beyond cell divided by discoidal nervules, a submarginal series of about seven irregularly shaped spots, and a marginal series of very small spots which become obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings dark brown, with the costal and apical third pale brown and subgranulose, and with a small pale patch in cell. Underside of wings pale brown; anterior wings spotted generally as above, but with the apical marginal spots more distinct and continuous; posterior wings with five small white discal spots, one in and near end of cell, and four surrounding apical portion of cell, situated between the nervules; a marginal series of small spots of the same colour, and a submarginal series which only extends about half-way from apex (in one specimen from Province Wellesley this series is continuous) to anal angle. Head and upper part of thorax black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted and marked with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum and legs black; palpi, sternum and extreme base of wings spotted with white,
Female. Anterior wings pale brown, with a paler longitudinal streak in cell, a similar one between third median nervule and submedian nervure, a large ill-defined but bright blue patch on apical third of wing, and spotted with white as in male. Posterior wings pale brown, with a long white streak on each side of cell, and an intervening and shorter one of the same colour at its apex; three narrow white streaks following cell, divided by the lower subcostal and discoidal nervules; a submarginal series of narrow elongate spots, which at basal half of wing are continued upwards and united in pairs near median nervure ; two narrow longitudinal streaks on abdominal margin, the outer one of which is broadly bifurcate posteriorly, and a marginal series of smaller white spots. Underside of wings pale brown, marked and spotted with white as above; on the anterior wings, however, the two pale longitudinal streaks above are distinet and wlute beneath.
Exp. wings, @ 90 to 96 millim.; 9? 96 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Khasia Hills; Nepaul; Silhet.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (Brit. Mus.).
This widely-spread, abundant, and protected species is mimicked by several other butterflies belonging to different and non-protected families. In particular it is mimicked by Papilio paradoxza and P. wniqgma, and Mr. Wallace* states that he often captured those species under the impression that they were simply the more common F. midamus.
5. Euploea mulciber. (Tab. ITL., figi1 ¢, 2 ¢.) Papilio wutciber, Cramer, Pap. Exot., ii., t. 127, C, D (1799). Fuplea midanus (part), Butl., Proe. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 204,°76; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep, Dus. Mus. E. I. C., i., p. 188, n. 265 (1857). Trepsichyots muleiber, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 296, 2 (1878).
Male. Closely allied to the male of FE. midamus, but smaller, with the apical portion of the anterior wings less prominent, the submarginal spots above smaller, and the marginal spots absent; the reflections towards apex of the same wing are more violet than bright blue as in the other species. Beneath
* Contribut. to Nat, Seleet., p. 87. Maren 31, 1882. H
26 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
the anterior wings have the marginal spots faintly indicated; the posterior wings have the discal spots as in E. midamus, but the marginal and submarginal spots are obsolete or absent.
Female. Smaller than corresponding sex of E. midamus; the blue reflections to anterior wings much less prominent and more violaceous, and the white markings on both wings smaller and less prominent.
Exp. wings, ¢ 87 millim.; 9? 87 to 94 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (Brit. Mus.).—Borneo (Brit. Mus.; colls. Moore and Dist.).
E. muleiber is only here included on the strength of a female specimen, described as from Malacca, and contained in the British Museum. Ihave seen no other specimen from the Malay Peninsula, and it has hitherto been considered as the constant Bornean race or form of E.. midamus, and peculiar to that island.
6. Euplcea ledereri. (Tab. II., fig. 10.) Fuplea ledereri, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon., iv., p. 397, n. 14 (1860); Reise, Nov. Lep., i1., p. 917, n. 481, t. 40, f. 6, 6 (1865); Butl., Proe. Zool. Soe., 1666, p. 291, 66. Euplea inguinata, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 291, n. 65; p. 268, fig. 2. Calliplea ledereri, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soe., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 586, 3 (1877); Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 295, 1 (1878).
Male. Anterior wings olivaceous-brown, becoming darker with dark blue reflections towards apex, and marked with the following bluish spots :—one between first and second subcostal neryules; one beyond cell above upper discoidal nervule; one above first median nervule; another in cell a little before lower diseo-cellular nervule; and a submarginal row of five spots, of which the upper and subapical one is very large and irregularly shaped. Posterior wings with the base olivaceous-brown; remainder much paler, and with a pale discoidal patch. Underside of wings pale olivaceous-brown; anterior wings marked generally as above, but the spots white and smaller, the submarginal series having the large subapical spot above only indicated by a small spot beneath, and a more or less distinet (varying in different specimens) marginal series of very small spots. Posterior wings with the following white spots :—a submarginal series, of which the upper three are the largest, and which with the fourth are placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series which does not extend to apex. Head and thorax above blackish ; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen dark fuscous, spotted with bluish beneath; underside of head sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white.
Exp. wings, ¢ 72 millim.
Has.—Continental India ; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.).—Malay Peninsula ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).
I have not yet received a female specimen of this species, and both Felder and Butler described male specimens. It appears to be almost confined to the Malay Peninsula, especially if there should be any error in the locality of Assam as given by Mr. Warwick to the British Museum. According to Smith, it is also found in Sumatra.*
ec. Males provided with a pseudo acent-gland or brand to anterior wings, and with a pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. 7. Eupleea vestigiata. (Tab. II1., fig 64,7 2.) Fuplea restiytata, Butler, Proe. Aool. Boc., 1866, I'- YsR, Tl. 58, iE: Calliplea vestigiata, Butl,, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., p. 6385, 2 (1877).
* Bock, ‘Head Hunters of Borneo,’ Appendix V., p. 836.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 27
Salpine vestigiata, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 298, 12 (1878). Var. Salpinn leueogonis, Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p. 586, 1, t. 68, £. 6* (1877).
Male. Anterior wings above very dark velvety blue, with the following pale bluish spots:—one between first und second subcostal nervules, one beyond cell between second discoidal and first median nervules; a submarginal series of five spots placed one above and one below fourth subcostal nervule, one above and one below upper discoidal nervule, and the other beneath lower discoidal nervule; a small and indistinct spot between second and third median nervules, a still smaller and more indistinct one beneath third median nervule, and an oblong streak of the same colour (which denotes the pseudo scent-gland or brand) placed beneath third median nervule. Posterior wing pale olivaceous-brown, much darker towards base, with a pale discoidal patch and three faintly indicated submarginal spots near apex, placed between the nervules. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with the following pale bluish white spots :— one between first and second subcostal nervules; two beyond cell, divided by lower discoidal neryule; one large and subovate between second and third median nervules; three small and subapical, placed obliquely, which are apparently the commencement of a submarginal series, faintly indicated near median nervules; and a very faint, indistinct, and broken marginal series of small spots. Wing below third median nervule much paler. Posterior, wings with a submarginal series of bluish white spots, the upper four of which are placed singly between the nervules, and a marginal series commencing near anal angle and not continued beyond first median nervule.
Female. Anterior wing above spotted as in male, but wanting the diseal spot beyond cell, and with the costal base and inner margin slightly suffused with rufous. Posterior wings as in male, but wanting the pale discoidal patch, and possessing a marginal series of small spots near anal angle. Wings beneath generally as in male, but possessing only one spot beyond cell, and with the marginal and submarginal series of spots to anterior wing somewhat more distinct.
Male and female. Head and thorax above black; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white ; head beneath, sternum, and legs black: palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish.
Exp. wings, ¢ and 9 98 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.); Sumatra (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Java (coll. Dist.).
This appears.to be a variable species, and is probably a race of the E. novarw, Feld. Felder clearly defines this variability in his deseription ; in fact, with the qualifications he there admits in the markings of several varieties, these Province Wellesley specimens (here described and figured) might almost be considered as agreeing with some of his Nicobarian types. This Malay form somewhat differs from Javan specimens of FE. vestigiata, and appears to be inter- mediate between some varietal forms of /. novare and typical specimens of EF. vestigiata, which Mr. Kirby + was probably correct in considering a variety of Felder’s species. The Salpinx leucogows, Butl., im my opinion, is a small female variety, but in Mr. Moore’s collection, and tlso im the British Museum, I have seen males of H. vestiyiata at least agreeing in the matter of size.; When one is able to examine a long series of specimens, which is but seldom possible, modifications in specific conclusions generally ensue, which would otherwise have not been considered probable.
* Butler's figure is somewhat misleading, the marginal spots to posterior wings having been enlarged and exaggerated by the artist, compared with those on the type specimen in the collection of the British Museum, which I have examined,
t Syn. Cnt. Diurn, Lepid., p. 18 (1871).
| Sinee writing the above the small male of #. vestigiata eoutained in the British Museum, and placed by Butler as
belonging to that species, has been, in agreement with the advice ef Moore, replaced as the male of HL. leweogonis. ‘This affords further illustration of the close community of these forms.
28 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
8. Euploea diocletianus. (Tab. IV., fig. 4 ¢ and 5 2.) Papilio diocletianus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., ili., 1, p. 40, n. 118 (1793). Danais diocletianus, Godt., Ene. Méth., ix., p. 181, n. 16 (1819). Kuplea rhadamanthus (part), Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.1.C., i., p. 126, n. 250 (1857); Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1866, p. 296, n. 81. Euplica diocletianus (part), Butl., Cat. Fabr. Lep., p. 2, n. 5 (1869). Calliplea diveletianus, Butl,, Trans. Linn, Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol, i., p, 535, mn. 1 (1577). Salpina dioeletianus, Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 204, n. 27 (1878). Danisepa diocletianus, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings dark indigo-blue, with pale reflections towards outer margins, and with the following white spots :—two subcostal and linear, divided by first subcostal nervule, the immer one much the longest (in some specimens the last is preceded above by a narrow linear spot, situated above costal nervure, which is absent in the form figured); a very large and irregularly-shaped spot occupying apical portion of cell, followed by a small one placed between first and second median nervules (in some specimens, as in the one figured, this is preceded inwardly by a small pale bluish spot); a submarginal series of seven pale bluish spots, four subapical placed between the nervules, and three, which are very small, near anal angle; these are preceded by a large subquadrate spot between second and third median nervules, with a small one beneath it, both of which are also pale bluish, which is also the colour of the pseudo scent-gland or brand, situated beneath and parallel to third median nervule. Posterior wings dark indigo-blue, with the discoidal and costal area olivaceous-brown, and with the following pale bluish spots:—three submarginal near apex, the upper one small and somewhat indistinct (sometimes absent), a small spot at end of cell (in some specimens there are three), a marginal series of small spots near anal angle, preceded by two . (and sometimes four) slightly larger spots; four elongate white fascie commencing near base, and situated two between third median neryule and submedian nervure, and two on abdominal margin. Underside of wings paler and more olivaceous, the bluish spots much paler, a large additional white spot between second and third median nervules, and with the pseudo scent-gland concolorous. Posterior wings marked as above, but with the submarginal spots more numerous and continuous ; a long white streak and two linear spots in cell, and four linear white spots surrounding apical portion of cell. Head and thorax above black ; liead and anterior portion of thorax spotted and streaked with white. Abdomen dark bluish or fuscous above, the sides paler and spotted with pale bluish beneath. Underside of head, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and immediate base of wings spotted with white.
Female. Paler and more olivaceous above. Anterior wings with the submarginal spots much paler, the spot beneath apex of cell very large, and followed beneath second median nervule by a larger and more irregular spot, which is connected with the one near margin. Posterior wings with a marginal aud submarginal series of very pale bluish spots; three large white streaks in cell, the apex of which is surrounded by five white spots, the two lower ones being longest, and with the four basal and adbominal fasciw as in male. Underside of wings olivaceous-brown, marked and spotted generally as above, but with the two spots between second and third median nervules of anterior wing not united.
Exp. wings, ¢ 78 to 80 millim.; ? 75 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Penang; Malacea; Singapore (colls. Moore and Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra (coll. Moore).
This is evidently a Malay race of FB. rhadamanthus, Fabr., a species which I follow Moore and Butler in considering as typically represented in Northern India. It possesses also another and very distinct Bornean race, described as FE. Lowii. The principal difference between these three species or races is that of a gradually increasing melanism, which is least in the North Indian HE. rhadamanthus and greatest in the Bornean form FE. Lowi.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 29
9. Euploea crassa. (Tab. V., fig. 8.) Euplea erassa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 278, n. 31, Salpine crassa, Butler, Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool., vol. xiv., p. 295, 0. 88 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. $22.
Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, darker and with somewhat bright reflections at base. Anterior wings with a small white spot between first and second subeostal nervules; a submarginal series of five white and somewhat quadrate spots, with narrow, obscure, paler evanescent surroundings, placed between the nervules, the first and uppermost one of which is situated between the third and fourth subcostal nervules, and the lower one between the second discoidal and first median nervules: of these the third is the largest, and with the fourth and fifth more or less coalesce with a marginal series of smaller white spots, which are placed in pairs between the nervules, becoming smaller towards posterior angle, and (in the specimen described and figured) represented only by a single spot between first and second median nervules. Posterior wings with a pale ochraceous discoidal patch, extending through upper portion of cell, and «with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Wings beneath slightly paler than above; anterior wings, in addition to the white spots between first and second subeostal nervules as seen above, with two small white spots beyond end of cell on each side of lower discoidal nervule, and with a larger spot of the same colour between second and third median nervules; the submarginal series are much smaller, but with the pale evanescent surroundings appearing larger; posterior wings marked as above. Head and thorax above very dark fuscous; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen fuscous above, with the sides and under surface slightly paler; head beneath, sternum, and legs dark fuscous; palpi, sternum, and immediate bases of wings spotted with white.
Male with a short and somewhat obscure pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule andisubmedian nervure.
Exp. wings 93 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Darjeeling (coll. Moore)—Burma; Pegu; Moulmein (coll. Moore). Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Quedal (coll. Dist.).—Siam (Brit. Mus.).
Upper
It seems at least uncertain whether this species is not identical, and if so synonymic, with FE. erichsonii, Felder,* as so considered by Mr. Kirby.+ Felder’s habitats ‘‘ India Septentrionalis, Cochin,” would also favour this view. Mr. Butler, however, has identified a closely-allied form as EH. erichsonii, and as Felder has not figured his species, and his types are not easily accessible for comparison, I have provisionally followed this view here and adopted Butler’s name.
It is probable that this species does not extend farther south than Quedah, from which our collectors obtained a single specimen. I did not meet with it myself when collecting in Province Wellesley, nor have I seen it in any collections from that district or Malacca.
10. Eupleea dejeani. (Tab. IV., fig. 1.)
Tscmica Dejeanii, Moore, MS. Maple chive, var. 2?
Male. Wings above olivaceous-brown, durker towards base. Anterior wings with a small whitish marginal spot, situate beneath third median nervule. Posterior wings with a pale coloured patch near basal costal margin, which is almost entirely hidden by inner margin of anterior wings, and with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots. Underside of wings a little paler than above; anterior
* Reise Nov. Lep. ti. p. du4, n. 444. { Seu. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 11, n. 88 (1871), JuNE 30, 1882. i
30 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
wings with the following pale bluish spots:—a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules ; a somewhat larger spot in cell, a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and an irregular subovate patch between second and third median nervules; faint indications of a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, distinct and prominent at anal angle, again visible above first median neryule, and totally wanting at apex. Posterior wings beneath with the marginal and submarginal spots as above, and with five small and indistinct spots surrounding apical portion of cell, and situate between the nervules. Head and thorax above black. Head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Exp. wings 86 millim.
Has.—Malay Peninsula; Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv.).—Sumatra (coll. Oberthur).
It is quite possible that this form may be but an extreme variety of /. chloe. I have seen but two examples—one from Malacea, in the collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin, which is here described and figured; the other from Sumatra, in the collection of Mon. Oberthiir, which had been forwarded to Mr. Moore for identification, and for which that entomologist had proposed the name which I have used here.
Note.—In the figure here given (Tab. IV., fig. 1) the pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wing has failed to appear in the last chromatic impression.
11. Eupleea chloe. (Tab. IV., fig. 23. Tab. IL, fig. 59.) Fuplea Chloe, Guerm, Deless. Souy. Inde, ii. p. 71 (1843); Butl., Proce. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 271, n.7; Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 585, n. 5 (1877). Salpina chloé, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 295, n. 37 (1878). Isamia chloe, Moore, MS,
Male. Anterior wings above dark olivaceous-brown, basal half much darker, with obscure violaceous reflections; a subapical, arcuated series of five white spots, the upper two divided by the fourth subcostal nervule; third and largest situated beneath fifth subcostal nervule; fourth and fifth smallest, with the upper discoidal nervule intervening (beneath these are faint indications of a submarginal series of small spots), and a marginal series of small white spots, becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings above olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the submarginal series much obliterated, but in some specimens distinct and continuous. Underside of wings pale olivaceous- brown; anterior wings with the following bluish white markings on disk :—a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules (sometimes this is accompanied by one or two others, as in the female); a similar spot in cell, before lower disco-cellular nervule; a spot between first and second median nervules, and a large irregularly shaped streak between second and third median nervules; marginal and submarginal spots as above, but larger, more distinct, and continuous. Posterior wings with a pale discoidal patch near basal costal margin, which is for the most part hidden by inner margin of anterior wings; spotted as above, but with the submarginal spots distinct and continuous, and haying five additional and distinct discal spots, which surround the apical portion of cell. (In some specimens there is a very small but distinet spot in and before end of cell, and sometimes a sixth surrounding spot situated above first subcostal nervule.) Head and thorax above black; the head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white. Abdomen fuscous, spotted with pale bluish beneath. Head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 51
Anterior wings above provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. Generally larger in size, with the marginal and submarginal spots more distinct above. Wines beneath marked generally as in male, but with three central spots on anterior wing near costal margin. Posterior wings having the spot in cell distinct, and also the sixth surrounding spot to apieal portion of cell.
Exp. wings, ¢ 88 to 96 millim.; ? 103 to 110 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacea (coll. Godm. & Salv., and Brit. Mus.).—Singapore (Brit. Mus.).—Sumatra.—Java (coll. Moore).
From an examination of a series of specimens, collected in the Malay Peninsula, much macular variation is apparent, and it is probable that the constancy of these characters have been much over-estimated in discriminating species of Euplea. In the male specimen here figured from Malacca (Tab. IV., fig. 2) the marginal and snbmarginal spots are much obliterated on the upper surface of the wings. In some male specimens, however, from Province Wellesley these spots are as prominent and distinct above as in the female figured (Tab. I1., fig. 5).
12. Eupleea margarita. (Tab. IV., fig. 3.) Huplaa margarita, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 279, n. 34; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p- 105, n. 6; Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p, 585, n. 4 (1877). |
Salpine maryarita, Butl., Journ, Linn. Soe. vol. xiv. p. 294, 1. 84 (1878); Moore, Proe. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 823. Isamia margarita, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings with about basal four-fifths of area deep violaceous, from thence to outer margin ferruginous; a small bluish spot near costa, between first and second subcostal nervules, and one in and near end of cell; indications of a marginal but obsolete series of small spots, denoted by one or two near anal angle and sometimes two pale submarginal obscure spots, situate on each side of second discoidal nervule. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a marginal and submarginal series of white spots, and a pale discoidal patch near costal base, which is almost hidden by the inner margin of the anterior wings. Wings beneath pale ferruginous. Anterior wings with the following pale bluish spots and markings :— a small spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a larger one before end of cell (as above) ; beneath the last is a similar spot between the first and second median nervules, and a long subovate streak between second and third median nervules; a much obliterated marginal and submarginal series of very small spots. Posterior wings marked as above, with the addition of a diseal series of six small spots, one in and near end of cell, and five surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and thorax above black; anterior portion of thorax and head spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous, spotted beneath with bluish white; head beneath, sternum, and legs black; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with bluish white.
Anterior wings above provided with an clongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. Completely resembling other sex, but in my specimen possessing on upper surface of anterior wings two additional small bluish spots beneath apex of cell, and divided by second median nervules,*
Exp. wings 86 to 102 millim,
Han.—Burma; Moulmein (coll. Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Malacca (Brit. Mus.).—Siam (coll. Godm, & Saly.).
* It is very probable that these discoidal spots on upper surface of anterior wings are variable in number in both sexes.
32 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Mr. Butler, in his original description of this species, gave its habitat as ‘‘ Kast Indies.” It has probably, however, but a limited area of distribution, possibly not extending above Burma in the north, nor beyond the confines of the Malay Peninsula in the south.
Messrs. Godman and Salvin possess a curious male variety of this species from Malacca, which has on the upper and under sides of the anterior wings a submarginal series of seven white spots placed between the nervules, and has the marginal series of spots continuous and moderately distinct; the spot in the cell beneath is also visible above. I possess a female form in my own collection (unfortunately without a locality) which agrees with the same.
D. Males provided with a pseudo scent-qland or brand to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale discoidal patch ta posterior wings.
13. Euploea distanti. (Tab. V,. fig. 9 #.) Crastia Distantit, Moore, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. V. June, 1882, p. 458.
Male. Wings above dark olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the basal area darker and with the following white spots :—a submarginal series of eight spots, of which three are small, subcostal, and placed between the second, third, fourth and fifth subcostal nervules, fourth and fifth largest and situate on each side of upper diseoidal nervule, the following three smaller, rounded, and placed one above and one below first median nervule, and one below second median nervule, and a marginal series of smaller spots placed in pairs between the nervules. Posterior wings more uniformly and palely olivaceous-brown, with a submarginal and marginal series of small white spots, the first becoming indistinct and obsolete towards anal angle. Wings beneath olivaceous-brown, Anterior wings marked as above, with the addition of four discal and very pale violaceous spots, one between first and second subeostal nervules, one in and before lower end of cell, one beneath end of cell between first and second median nervules, and the fourth largest and elongate between second and third median nervules. Posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal series of spots continuous and distinct, and with the following small and very pale violaceous spots :-—one in and before end of cell, and six surrounding apical portion of cell, divided by the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; abdomen dark fuscous above, somewhat paler beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Male with a dark elongate pseudo secent-gland or brand on upper surface of anterior wings, between third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. Wings above paler and more unicolorous olivaceous-brown; anterior wings with the marginal and submarginal spots as in male, but larger and with a ninth submarginal spot beneath third median nervule; there are also three very small discal spots, one between first and second subcostal nervules, one between first and second median nervules, and one in and a little before lower end of cell (there is also a faint indication of a fourth between second and third median nervules); posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal spots much larger than in male. Wings beneath spotted as in male, but the marginal and submarginal spots much larger, and with an additional narrow streak or spot between first and second subcostal nervules, and a similar one beyond end of cell, between lower discoidal and first median nervules of anterior wings.
Exp. wings, #84 millim.; ¢ 85 millim.
_ Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.)—Sumatra (coll. Moore).—Java (coll. Dist.).
I have only procured one male specimen from Province Wellesley, and my solitary female example is from Java. The male has a very considerable superficial resemblance to F. bremeri,
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oo
but the presence of the pseudo scent-gland or brand to anterior wings will at once separate it from that species. It is at least a question whether the term ‘“‘ mimiery’’ should be used here, both species belonging (as I consider, and most entomologists till recently considered) to the same genus. All the species of Euplwa with which we are acquainted, and as Mr. Wallace has informed us, have, with the remaining Danaine of the Old World tropics, the ‘* same protective odour.’’"* In this ease, if we adopt the explanation of mimicry for the resemblance of these tivo species, we must presumably consider E. distanti as the mimicked species, as it possesses a pseudo scent-gland, which may reasonably be considered as adding to its protective or uneatable character, and which is absent in L. bremert. We thus have the ‘‘ mimicking” very much more abundant than the ‘‘mimicked”’ species, which is contrary to the usually observed phenomena, though Fritz Miller has recorded some similar exceptions as occurring in Brazil,| and the same observer has also endeavoured to show that there is an advantage in two nauseous species resembling each other, as occurs between two American species, both of which belong to genera which are protected from birds and other enemies by distasteful qualities. { Such propositions are of course at present hypothetical, and are at least supplementary to the carefully observed facts on which Mr. Bates originally disclosed and argued the admirable doctrine of ‘ mimicry,’”’§ which accounted for the strange external resemblances, long known to entomologists, which existed between insects belonging to distinct genera, families, and even orders, between which there was no real affinity. In the great genus Papilio we certainly have species mimicking each other, but these belong to different sections of the genus, many instances of which have been pointed out by Mr. Wallace, || and other examples have been recently given by Mr. Wood-Mason of species belonging to scentless groups mimicking those which are strong-scented and inedible. But in the genus Euplea we have at present no knowledge of non-nauseous or non-protected species, and therefore the probability of the species ‘‘ mimicked”’ being FE. distanti, because of its possession of a pseudo scent-gland, and hence presumably protective advantage, is somewhat negatived by the fact that some HMupleas without these glands are mimicked by other and very divergent species, as notably EL. midamus by Papilio paradoza and P. enigma. The possession of these glands does not therefore appear necessary for distastefulness and protection; and hence, until further observations are made by careful observers, it seems at least rash to predicate ‘‘mimiery,’”’ in the sense used by its discoverer, as the explanatory cause of these resemblances amongst the species of Huplea. The original argument that butterflies which were known by observation to be uneatable or protected were mimicked in appearance by different butterflies which did not possess distasteful qualities for the sake of a similar protection, does not warrant the conclusion that because two or more butterflies or other insects (of not or the
* Contrib. to Nat. Select. p. 85 (1870),
+ Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 5, vol. i. p. 157 (1878); ‘Kosmos,’ 1879, p. 100; and Proe. Ent. Soo, 1879, p. xxiv.
{ Miiller’s views have since been amplified aud approved by Mr. Wallace, which gives them no inconsiderable strength (‘ Nature,’ vel. xxvi. p. 86).
§ This word seems to have been first used in a biological sense by Prof. Henfrey, in his translation of Schouw's ‘ Earth, Plants, ond Man’ (1852), and in reference to Botany. In diseussing “ repetitions in the vegetable kingdom" he remarks (p. 61), “There is still another kind of repetition which I might call ‘habitual repetition,’ or denominate ‘mimicry,’" Both author and translator, however, missed its philosophical application.
|| Contrib. to Nat. Select. pp. 87, 83. Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser, 5, February, 1882, pp. 104, 105,
Jung 30, 1882. K
34 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
sume genus) resemble each other, therefore, without observation of the fact, it is proved that one must be protected or uneatable and the other or others are mimickers.
14. Eupleea godarti. (Tab. III., fig. 8.) Kuplea Godartii, Lucas, Rev. Zool. 1858, p. 319; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1866, p, 275, n. 22; Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool, vol, xiv. p. 801, n. 37 (1878); Moore, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824.. Kuplea stamensis, Felder, Reise Nov, Lep. il. p. 341, n. 473, t. 41, f. 6 (1865); Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 108, 5.
Urastia godartii, Moore, Mh.
Male. Anterior wing olivaceous-brown, darkest towards base, and with the apex broadly lilaceous. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal row of pale spots. Wings beneath wlivaceous-brown ; anterior wings with four pale whitish diseal spots, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule, third between first and second median nervules, and fourth and largest between third median nervule and submedian nervure ; a few marginal white spots near anal angle (in a second unlocalised male specimen in my collection there — are traces of a submarginal row of spots, distinct near apex and anal angle). Posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal spots as above, but much paler; a small bluish white spot in and near end of cell, and a series of four spots of the same colour beyond cell and placed between the nervules (in some specimens there are six of these spots). Head blackish; thorax above and abdomen fuscous. Head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; underside of abdomen spotted with bluish white. Head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Anterior wings provided with an elongate pseudo scent-gland or brand, situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. I have as yet been unable to examine a female specimen from the Peninsula, and as the male here described is of a somewhat varietal character I hesitate to give the diagnosis of the other sex from a different habitat.
Exp. wings, ¢ 86 millim.; ? 94 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein.—Upper Tenasserim (coll. Moore).—Malay Peninsula; Singapore (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Siam (Brit. Mus.); Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Cochin (coll. Feld.)}—Philippines (Brit. Mus.)
The specimen here figured and described is contained in the Godman and Salvin collection, is labelled “Singapore,” and was received from Mr. Druce. It is the only example of the species I have yet seen from the Malay Peninsula. As will be seen from the description, it is a somewhat varietal form, but until we have seen more specimens from the locality, it would be extremely hazardous to consider it constant in that respect, especially as we have already seen that these macular characters are generally of an inconstant and variable nature
in other species.
15. Euploeea ménetriesi. (Tab. IIL, figs. 47 &5 ¢.) Euplea Ménétriésii, Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. iv. p. 898, n. 15 (1860); Butl, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 275, n. 18; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 103, n. 4; Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. 1, p, 535, n.7 (1877); Journ, Linn. boc., Zool., xiv. p. B01, n. 44 (1878). Penoa ménétriési, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings dark pitchy brown, with velvety reflections, and becoming very slightly paler at outer margins. Posterior wings olivaceous-brown, much darker near base, and with a very faint and
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 36
obscure series of narrow, elongate submarginal spots, followed by a marginal series of smaller, somewhat rounded, and equally obscure spots. Wings beneath pale olivaceous-brown, somewhat darker towards base. Anterior wings with the following bluish white spots :—one above and one beneath second subcostal nervule, and another beneath the origin of third subcostal nervule (these last two spots are present in the specimen fieured, but, judging from my other examples, are more frequently absent); a spot in cell before lower disco-cellular nervule; a similar one between first and second median nervules, and a larger and more elongate spot between second and third median nervules; near posterior angle are sometimes a few very small and indistinct white marginal spots. Posterior wings with the obscure marginal and submarginal spots distinct and white beneath, and with the following pale bluish discal spots :—one in and near end of cell, and five (in some specimens six) surrounding apical portion of cell and situated between the nervules. Head, thorax, and abdomen above blackish; head and anterior portion of thorax spotted with white; body beneath and legs blackish; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with white; abdomen beneath spotted and subannulated with bluish white.
Male with an elongated pseudo scent-gland or brand on anterior wings, between third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Female. Wings above paler than in male, olivaceous-brown, and unicolorous; posterior wings with the submarginal and marginal series of spots distinct and white above. Wings beneath pale olivaceous- brown; anterior wings spotted as in male, but with an additional submarginal series of smaller spots. Posterior wings spotted and marked as in male sex, but with the marginal and submarginal series of spots somewhat larger and extending to apex.
Exp. wings, ¢ 80 to 85 millim.; ¢ 90 millim.
Has.—Continental India; Assam (Warwick, Brit. Mus.)}—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.); Malacca (Brit. Mus.)—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salv.)—Sumatra (Hewits.; Smith).— Borneo (coll. Dist.)
The males are somewhat inconstant in size, and have frequently the marginal and
submarginal spots on the upper surface of the lower wings almost obsolete, and sometimes nearly as distinct as in the female.
16. Eupleea pinwilli. (Tab. U1., fig. 9 g, & var. fig. 10 ¢.) Fuplee Piuwilli, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool, vol. i. p, 685, n.8, pl. Ixix. fig, 9 (1877); Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 301, n. 48 (1878), Penoa Pinwilli, Moore, MS.
Male. Anterior wings aboye dark pitehy brown, with very slight and obscure purplish reflections. The pseudo scent-gland, situated between third median nervule and submedian nervure, large, silky, and paler in hue. Posterior wings much paler and olivaceous-brown, with a marginal and submarginal series of whitish spots, the marginal ones small and rounded, the submarginal series becoming much larger and elongate from first median nervule to anal angle, where they are also paler in hue. Underside of anterior wings much paler than above, with the following violaceous spots :—one between first and second subcostal nervules ; one in cell a little before lower disco-cellular nervule; two beyond end of cell, one on each side of first median nervule, and a larger, more elongate, and whitish spot between second and third median nervules. There are also a few white dots near posterior angle, and in some specimens, as the one here figured, one near apex. Underside of posterior wings with the marginal and submarginal series of spots much more distinct, paler, and slightly larger than above, and with the following small pale violaceous spots on disk, one in and a little before end of cell, and six (in some specimens seven) surrounding apical portion of cell, and placed between the nervules. Head and thorax above blackish; abdomen fuscous,
56 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
spotted with white beneath; head beneath, sternum, and legs blackish; head above, anterior portion of thorax, palpi, sternum, and extreme base of wings spotted with white.
Exp. wings, 3 92 millim.
Han.—Malay Peninsula; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)
This species varies much in the colour of the marginal and submarginal series of spots to the upper surface of the posterior wings, as occurs in the preceding species. In some specimens these are white, as in the variety figured. It is closely allied to . ménétriési, from which its constantly larger size appears to be the strongest differential character. Butler describes it as being darker than E. ménétriési, but this does not apparently obtain when series of both species from the Malay Peninsula are compared.
E. Males provided with two pseudo scent-qglands or brands to anterior wings, but not possessing a pale discoidal patch to posterior wings. *
17. Eupleea grotei. (Tab. LI., fig. 3.) Kuplea grotei, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 889, n. 470, t. 41, fig. 7 (1865); Butl., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 635, 8 (1877). Stictoplea grote’, Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xiv. p. 802, 4 (1878); Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824.
Male. Anterior wings dark violaceous, with a submarginal row of eight small pale violaceous spots situated between the nervules, and a marginal row of small spots which are almost white near posterior angle, and do not extend more than half way between that angle and apex. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a submarginal and marginal row of white spots, of which the first are the largest and become fused with the marginal series near anal angle. Wings beneath pale ferruginous; anterior wing with two small bluish spots near end of cell, the first situated between first and second subcostal nervules, the second above first discoidal nervule; three larger spots of the same colour on disk, the first inside and a little before end of cell, remaining two beneath cell and on each side of second median nervule; marginal and submarginal spots as above, but smaller, paler and becoming obsolete towards apex. Posterior wings with a discal series of eight small pale bluish spots, situate two beneath costal nervure, followed by five surrounding apex of cell, and divided by the nervules, and one in and near apex of cell; marginal and submarginal spots as above. Head and thorax blackish; anterior portion of upper surface of thorax and head spotted with white; abdomen blackish, spotted with bluish beneath; sternum and legs black ; palpi, sternum, and extreme bases of wings spotted with bluish white.
Anterior wings above, with two long and subparallel pseudo scent-glands or brands situate between third median nervule and submedian nervure.
Exp. wings 80 to 95 millim.
Has.—Burma; Moulmein (coll, Moore).—Upper Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Malacca (Brit. Mus.)}—Cochin (coll. Felder).
This species appears to be somewhat scarce in the Malay Peninsula, The British Museum possesses Malaccan specimens collected by Capt. Pinwill; but I neither captured it myself in Penang or Province Wellesley, nor have I yet received examples from those localities. Its area appears to be comprised between Cochin and Burma in the north, and extending probably almost throughout the Malay Peninsula in the south.
. * Lam much indebted to my friend Mr. Moore for having drawn my attention to the value of these characters; which I have here used for the purposes of sectional division.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. oT
Subfam. SATYRIN AG.
Satyrine, Bates, Journ, Ent. ii. p.176 (1864); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 18 (1881). + esl
Satyride, Swains., ab. Oyel. pp. 86, 98 (1840); Westw., Gen. Dinvn. Lap. 0. Tarot aoe, (eo p. 852 (1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr, Austr. p. 164 (1862).
Furytelida (part), Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 405 (1851).
Klywniine, Herr.-Sehitf., Prodr, Syst. Lep, i. p. 15 (1864).
Elymniing, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 112 (1871).
I “4 a
Diseoidal cell of the hind wing closed. Palpi of the imago generally compressed and fringed with long hair-scales. Larve smooth and spineless, with the tails bifid. (
This widely dispersed and cosmopolitan subfamily possesses several characters of both interest and importance, as demonstrative ,. 4 naa sbuwiite aaty at of its distinctive position. magnified) of Melanitis iemenc,
The smooth spineless larve, with bifid tails, are also found in the allied subfam. Brassolinw,* and likewise oceur in the subfam. Nymphaline, of which the genera Apatura and Charaxes may serve as examples. ‘These larval coincidences in the different subfamilies may be well observed by a study of Dr. Horsfield’s classification, that author having, on similar but less rigid larval characters, founded his ‘I'hysanuriform group.+ Mr. Newman, dealing with the same affinities, t described these larve as “‘slug-shaped caterpillars"’ (Limaciformes ), and as examples figured those of Apatura iris and two species of Satyrine. Dr. Weisman has also noticed this incongruence. § This form of larva, however, is constant throughout the Satyrine, thus exhibiting—to use the good English equivalent given for a German term of Dr. Weisman—a ‘ congruence” of larval characters. ‘They are almost all feeders on various grasses, to which their green,coloration and markings assimilate them, thus affording a good example of ‘protective coloration.” In an evolutionary sense there are also ample grounds for considering them as exhibiting a very primitive form. Dr. Weisman has made the most profound and philosophical study of larval characters, principally as found in the Sphingide, a family which strongly exhibits more or less specialised larval markings. He considers the oldest Sphinx larve as being without markings and probably protected only by adaptive coloration and a large caudal horn, &c. It is at least probable that the bifid tails of the Satyrine fulfil an analogous protective function with this caudal horn in the Sphingide, or with the forked horn at the tails of the larve of some genera of moths. With the next stage of Sphingid evolution, where the larve have become longi- tudinally striped, we may almost apply Dr. Weisman’s very words to the Satyrinw :—‘ The caterpillars thus marked must have been best hidden on those plants in which an arrangement of parallel linear parts predominated; and we may venture to suppose that at this period most of the larve of the Sphingide lived on or among such plants (grasses).”’ ||
* This subfamily is confined to Tropical America, + Deserip. Cat. Lep. Ins. pp. 21-2.
| ‘ British Butterflies,’ pp. 19 & 20).
§ ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 458 (Eng. ed.). Dr. Weisman, however, errs in stating that the imagines of the genera Apatura and Nymphalis differ from those of the Satyring chiefly “in the absence of an enlargement of certain veins of the fore wings, an essential character of the Satyrine,” as the enlargement of these vems is not p constant charneter, whilst the more or less atrophied disco-cellular nervules of the posterior wings in all the genera of the Nymphalin is a constant and easily observed character to separate that subfamily from the Satyrine,
|| ‘Studies in the Theory of Descent,’ p. 381.
JuNE 3O, 1882. L
38 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,
As regards the distribution of the Satyrine, Prof. Westwood has calculated that the number of the European species is considerably greater than one-third of the whole number of European Rhopalocera,* whilst Mr. Kirby estimates them as nearly a third.+ It is in this region that the lower forms of grasses are very abundant, for, as Meyen has pointed out, these (the grasses which form meadows and pastures) are peculiar to the colder regions and to the colder half of the tem- perate regions; they are replaced by larger arborescent forms in the subtropical zone and within the tropics. This large percentage of Satyrine to the whole Rhopalocerous fauna probably extends throughout the Palearctic region, § but of the butterflies of Northern and Central Asia we still know very little. Even in China, Mr. Pryer, giving the results of a short entomological excursion, says, “‘ The commonest butterfly was one of the Satyridw, which subsequently turned out to be not only a new species, but a new genus.’’|| It cannot, however, be postulated that the average numerical distribution of the grasses is in proportion to the average numerical distribution of the Satyrine, for whereas, according to De Candolle’s statistical review, the Old World and Asia especially is richer in grasses than the New, for though in the latter the grasses rarely amount to as much as ten per cent. of all the flowering plants in the various districts, usually only nine, occasionally only seven per cent., they generally amount to ten and often to twelve per cent. in the Eastern Continents.{{ I found from an estimate made from Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue (1871) that the approximate equivalence in the number of genera and species as found in the Old and New Worlds ** was exceedingly close and quite surprising in that respect. However, the number of genera peculiar to Tropical America are greater than those which are peculiar to any other region, the Oriental Region being next in that respect, but only to less than half the extent. ++
According to Dr. Thwaites,{{ the Ceylonese specimens of Satyrine are inactive and fly near the ground, amongst grass and close to the margins of woods. ‘heir movements, however, are more lively in the early morning and evening during their amatory gambols. §§ They have also been observed on the Amazons by Mr. Wallace, |||; and in South Africa by Mr. Trimen,/{] whose record of their flight is similar to that of Dr. Thwaites, and agrees with my own observations in Province Wellesley. Mr. Wallace adds to his Amazonian account that he did not remember to have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, whilst the greater number of them did not exceed as many inches; and Mr. Trimen noticed that those species which did not possess the basal inflation of the nervures of the anterior wings possessed greater powers of flight and a more robust structure generally.
The colour of these butterflies is generally of a sombre hue, dull brown being the usual tint of the upper surface, though exceptions to this rule, as might be expected, are not infrequent. There often appears to be some correlation between obscure colours above and ocellated spots beneath.
* Doubl. & Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep, vol. ii. p. 352. + ‘European Butterflies,’ p. 45.
| ‘ Botanical Geography’ (Ray Soc.), p. 107.
§ These statistics do not apply to the Nearctic Region, for Mr. Scudder, in discussing the disparity in numbers of the
Nymphalide of Europe and N. America, remarks that such ‘is almost wholly due to the vast number of Satyrs, or Meadow Growns in Europe—it has seventy-seven species—while we have but nineteen.”—* Butterflies,’ p. 264.
|| Ent. Mo. Mag. xiv. p. 54. ‘| Quoted by Peschel, ‘The Races of Man,’ p. 412.
** The Satyrid faunas of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions were compared with those of the Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Oriental Regions.
++ Wallace, Geogr. Distrib, An. vol. u. p. 471. {} Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 18.
§§ Mr. Swinton, who has paid much attention to this branch of Entomology, states that many butterflies pair at noontide when the sky is overcast (‘Insect Variety,’ p. 92).
\\|| Trans. Ent. Soc. 1857, p. 261. “4 Rhop. Afr. Austr, p. 185.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 39
Mr. Grant Allen has advocated the view of a correlation between the colours of animals and the food on which they feed. ‘* Where bright blossoms are common insects are brilliant, while where most blossoms are inconspicuous most insects are dingy.’’* ‘In short, the immense majority of animals which do not feed on bright-coloured food are of plain hues, é&e.’’ Mr. Allen has greatly relied on the brilliancy of flower-frequenting butterflies in support of his theory, which might also have been assisted by a reference to the generally sombre-hued Satyrine, whose home and sustenance are the wind-fertilised grasses, with their obscure and degenerate flowers. {
Seven genera only can at present be included in this fauna, which is doubtless an insuflicient enumeration.
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 1. First and second subcostal nervules of anterior wings emitted before end of cell. A. Posterior wings with their outer margins more or less waved and obtusely angulated. a, Median nervules of anterior wings with their bases widely separated. Wig dbs’ estar ina Aeelenthe b. Costal nervures of anterior wings not dilated, ismene, Showing median nervules, ec. Nervules of posterior wings all well separated at their bases. d. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly longer than the upper ome. - - -~— - - Menanrris. bb. Costal nervures of anterior wings dilated towards base. é. Wings beneath provided with perfect ocelli.§ ce. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with a common origin at apex of cell.
Fic. 11. Post. wing, Lethe europa,
showing median nervules, dd. Disco-cellular nervules of posterior wings about or almost subequal in length. | : J. Antenne distinetly clavate. - : - - Lerue. SS Jf. Antennw slender, the apical portion gradually but slightly thickened. Fro. 12. Post. wings, Erites angu- ddd. Lower disco-cellular nervule of posterior wings distinctly laris, showing median nervules. longer than the upper one. - - - - - CaeLrres.
ecc. First and second median nervules of posterior wings approximating, but considerably separated at their origi; the first only at apex of cell. - - - Erires. ac. First and second median nervules of anterior wings with a coInmon origin at apex of cell. ee. Posterior wings without (or sometimes provided with imperfect) ocelli. Fro. 13. Anterior wing, Melanitis cece. First and second median nervules of posterior wings with innuene, showing median nervules. a common origin at apex of cell. =, = - f: E.LYMNIAS.
ee B. Posterior wings with their outer margins sometimes more or less
waved, but not angulated or tailed.
bbb. Costal and sometimes also median and submedian nervures dilated at base.
g. Males provided with long hair-covered pseudo
Fro. 14. Ant, wing, Elymnias casi- scent-glands. - - - - - - Mycauzsrs. phone, showing median nervules. 9, Wirgt subcostal nervule only of anterior wing before end of cell. - Yprrura. * “The Colour Sense," p. 160. + Ibid. p. 181.
| The story of degeneracy of these flowers has been recently well told in the ‘St. James's Gazette’ (May 8, 1882), under the title of “The Flowering of the Grasses,” by a skilful biologist, using the nom de plume of ‘ Colin Clout.’ § I here use the term “ocelli” for brevity, preferring that of “ocellated spots,” as elsewhere applied in the text,
Although the first term is used by many excellent lepidopterists, still it has an earlier and distinct entomological definition, especially in Rhynchota,
40 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Genus MELANITIS.
Melanitis, Fabricius, Illiger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 1. p. 14 (1881).
Hipieo, Hitbn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 66 (1816).
Cyllo, Boisd., Voy. Astrol. Lep, p. 140 (1832); Faune Mad. p. 57 (1833); Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 360
(1851); Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186 (1866).
Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and convex, and with the apex produced and usually angulated about lower diseoidal nervule, beneath which the outer margin is distinctly excavate; inner margin nearly straight; first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper disco-cellular nervule strongly produced and directed outwardly, abruptly deflexed and convexly bent at apex; lower disco-cellular abruptly curved inwards near commencement, and then, and for its greatest length, slightly directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; nervules all well separated at their origins; lower diseo-cellular nervule distinctly longer than the upper. Eyes naked. Palpi clothed beneath with short scaly hairs placed close together—squamose. Antenne more or less incrassated at apex.
This genus is widely distributed, being found in Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa, throughout Continental India, and extending eastward through the whole of the Southern Oriental Region, including the Malay Archipelago; it is also extensively spread amongst the Pacitie Islands, and as far south as Australia.
It is, however, difficult to assess the number of known “species” of Melanitis, owing to the very conflicting views of different authorities, and the empirical condition of our knowledge on that point. Forms which a few years ago were estimated as varieties only, have since, on further consideration by the same authors, been promoted to specific rank. Thus, in 1867, Mr. Butler published* short diagnoses and references to forty-one different forms of M. leda contained in the British Museum, of which he summarised the habitats as “Java; Oceania; Australia; Africa,”” and stated that the variation was so gradual that it was impossible to determine the exact limits of the two extreme forms. In 1868} he formulated these into nine distinct varietal forms, but since that time has had reason to treat most, if not all, of these once-considered varieties as distinct species, in which he is in agreement with several modern authors.
The question, however, is far from solved, and the two species here included as such, in accordance with good authorities, have more often been considered as varietal forms, and should still be so if the following is accepted as conclusive.
Mr. Darwin, in diseussing the variability and formation of the ocelli or egg-like spots on the plumage of birds, has made great use of these ‘‘ varieties’’ of MW. leda, from drawings made by Mr. Trimen and reproduced by him.{ From an examination of the figures and a consideration of Mr. Trimen’s remarks on the subject,§ Mr. Darwin states that “in some specimens large spaces on the upper surface of the wings are coloured black, and include irregular white marks; and from this state a complete gradation can be traced into a tolerably perfect ocellus, and this results from the contraction of the irregular blotches of colour. In
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 51 (1867). + Cat. Satyride, pp. 1—3. | ‘The Descent of Man,’ ed. 2, pp. 428-9, § Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 186.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 41
another series of specimens a gradation can be followed from excessively minute dots, surrounded by a scarcely visible black line, into perfectly symmetrical and large ocelli.”
1. Melanitis leda. (Tab. IV., fig. 10.)
Papilio Leda, Linmeus, Syst. Nat. 1. 2, p. 778, n. 151 (1767); Drury, Ex. Ins. i. t. 15, f. 5, 6 (1778); Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 196, C, D. (1780).
Oreas (marnwrata) Leda, Hibner, Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1806-1816),
Melanitis Leda, Fabr., Uliger’s Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Moore (part), Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 222, n. 461 (1857); Butl, Cat. Satyr, p. 1, n. 1 (1868); Cat. Fabr. Lep. p. 9, n. 1 (part), (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. vol. 1. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15, pl. 10, f. 1 a, 6 (1881).
Hipio Leda, Hibn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, n. 538 (1816).
Satyrus Leda, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 4 (18238).
Cylla leda, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 361, n. 1 (1861); Butl., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 8, vol. xix. p. 52 vars. 1, 2, 8, 36,4, 5 (1867); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xix. p. 145, n, 9 (1876); ibid. xx. p. 66 (1877); ibid. xxi. p, 6, n. 17 (1878).
Male and female. Wings above fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with a subapical blackish spot situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered inwardly more or less distinetly with fulvous. Posterior wings with one, two, three, or even four submarginal black spots, with white centres and narrow pale margins, the largest of which is situated between second and third median nervules. Underside of wings varying from pale variegated lilaceous (as in specimen figured) to pale variegated ochraceous, covered with numerous darker strige. Anterior wings with three transverse dark fascim, the first and most indistinct crossing cell about one-third from base, the other passing through about centre of cell and the third a little beyond cell, and not quite reaching inner margin (these fascie are very inconstant, two being seen distinctly on specimen figured, but on some others they are barely distinguishable), and three, four, or five subapical black ocellated spots, with white centres and yellowish margins, situated between the nervules, of which the largest is placed between the first and second median nervules; in dark lilaceous specimens the space between the third median nervile and submedian nervure is more or less ochraceous. Posterior wings with a more or less distinct dark fascia, continuous with the centre one of anterior wings and not reaching abdominal margin, and with six submarginal ocellated spots, varying in size in different specimens, but the largest of which are the first and upper one, situated between, and sometimes extending beyond, the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, which is placed between the second and third median nervules; the last one is also sometimes duplex, as in the specimen figured. Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
In female specimens the spots on the upper surface of the wings are usually larger and brighter.
Exp. wings, ¢ 66 to 72 millim.; 2 77 to 84 millim.
Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.); Central Provinces; Khasia Hills (coll. Moore).— Ceylon (coll. Moore, & Brit. Mus.)—Andaman Islands (Caleutta Mus.* and coll. Moore).—Burma; Moulmein (Brit. Mus.)—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Provinee Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Malacea (Brit. Mus.)—Sumatra (Snellen).—Java (coll. Moore and Brit. Mus.); Batavia (Snellen).—Borneo (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Bali (coll. Moore).—Celebes (Snellen and Brit. Mus.)\—Siam; Chentaboon (coll. Godm. & Salvy.)—Formosa.—North China (coll. Moore).
This species varies in the shape of the anterior wings, sometimes having the apex distinetly faleate, as in the specimen figured, or indistinctly and scarcely recognisably so, as in a Bombay specimen in my own collection. As observed in Celebes it is crepuscular in habit, flying in the
* Wood-Mason, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. L. p. 244 (1881). JUNE 30, 188%, #
49 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
evening at twilight, and also at early dawn.* Mr. Trimen also records the crepuscular habits of this species (or a local form of it) at Mauritius, and states that there it could always be found ‘in the dark alleys between the rows of sugar-canes.’”’+ In Continental India, at Saugor, Capt. de la Chanmette describes this and an allied species as flying ‘‘at sunset under the Neem trees, resting for a long time motionless on the ground, and will not move until you almost tread upon them, when they will fly away in great haste and return to the same spot, chiefly some favourite stone.” } In North-Western India, according to Capt. Lang, these same species were found “always flitting about under the shade of trees or lurking in long grass.’’$ In Ceylon Mr. Hutchison also describes its flight as taking place at dusk of evening and at dawn. ||
The larva (which I have figured at p. 37), was reared by Capt. Lang on ‘* Saccharum ravenne.”
2. Melanitis ismene. (Tab. 1V., figs. 9, 11 & 12.) Papilio Ismene, Cramer, Pap. Ex. i. t. 26, A, B (1774). Melanitis Hanksia, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. EK. 1. C. i. p. 222, n. 462 (1857). Cylla Leda, Butl, (part), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol. xix. p. 562 (1867). Melanitis Leda, var. Jsmene, Butl,, Cat. Satyr. p. 2 (1868). Melanitis Ismene, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 824; Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 14, pl. 10, f. 2,4, b (1881); Wood- Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. i. p. 244, n. 8 (1881).
Male and female. Wings above either pale or dark fuliginous-brown. Anterior wings with the apical area darker, and possessing a subapical blackish spot, situated beyond end of cell, containing two whitish spots (one on each side of first median nervule), and bordered more or less distinctly above and inwardly with fulvous-red. Posterior wings with one, two, and sometimes three or four, very small submarginal white spots, with black margins; the most distinct of these spots is situated between the second and third median nervules, and the whole are sometimes practically obsolete as in the var. figured (fig. 11). Wings beneath variable in hue and markings, as follows :—
Var. a, fig. 9 ¢. Dull greyish, with a lilaceous tinge, more or less irregularly spotted with fuscous, exhibiting on disk the broken remains of three dark fascim; anterior wings with a distinct white-centred spot between first and second median nervules, above which and first median nervule is a much more obsolete and indistinct spot; there are also indications of two apical spots situated on each side of upper diseo-cellular nervule. Posterior wings with a more or less obsolete series of six submarginal ocellated spots, of which the first and upper, situate between the subcostal nervules, and the fifth, placed between second and third median nervules, are the largest and most distinct, being black with white centres and yellowish margins. This is the typical form of Ismene as figured by Cramer.
Var. b, fig. 12¢. Wings much darker and more lilaceous, the fuscous markings absent; anterior wings with four distinet brownish fascim, three in and one just beyond end of cell, the first and second of which are continued on posterior wings, where they are curved, but do not reach abdominal margin. Both wings spotted as in var. a.
Var. c, fig. 1192. Wings pale ochraceous, the fascia, as seen in var. b, much fainter; anterior wings with the apical area paler and spots absent; posterior wings with the spots very faint or obsolete.
Body and legs more or less concolorous with wings.
Female. Larger, with the general colour both above and beneath brighter, and the subapical markings to the anterior wings above much more distinct and vivid.
Exp. wings, ¢ 70 to 72 millim.; ¢? 78 to 82 millim.
* M. C. Piepers, Tijd. Ent. xix. pp. xviii. to sxiv., and English translation by Kirby, ‘Entomologist,’ x. p. 267; Snellen, Tyd. Ent. xix. p. 145.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. v. p,. 386. } Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. ii. p. 87.
§ Ent. Mo. Mag. vol. i. p. 182. || Moore's Lep. Ceyl. i. p. 15.
RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA. 43
Han.—Continental India; Bombay (coll. Dist.), Neilgherries; Calcutta; Nepaul; Cashmere (coll. Moore).—Ceylon (coll. Moore)—Andaman Islands (Calentta Mus.)\— Burma; Moulmein.— Tenasserim (Limborg).—Malay Peninsula; Penang; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) —Sumatra.—Java.—Borneo (eoll. Moore, Dist., and Brit. Mus.).
This is a very variable form beneath, but the three varieties described appear to represent the species in the Malay Peninsula. In other habitats different varieties are found.
The larva and pupa as found in Ceylon are described and figured in Moore’s ‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ from drawings made by the Bros. de Alwis. The shape is that of the larva of M. leda, the “head large, surmounted by two short pubescent red processes, last segment also with two processes; pale green with longitudinal rows of whitish dots; dorsal and lateral line darker green; head bluish, face striped with white and black. Pupa green, cylindrical; head and thorax obliquely flattened.” *
Its habits in Continental India were described with those of J/. leda by Capt. Lang and Capt. de la Chaumette (ante p. 42); and, in the neighbourhood of Monghyr, Mr. Lockwood tells us that when ‘the toddymen cut the date trees,” hundreds of this species ‘collect to feed upon the sweet sap, in company with many yellow-banded wasps and ants.”’ +
Genus LETHE.
Lethe, Hibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56 (1816); Moore, Lep. Ceyl. i, p. 16 (1881). Delis, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 858 (1851).
Anterior wings short and broad, with the costa strongly arched and apically convex, and the apex rounded; outer margin slightly waved and concave; inner margin straight; costal nervure dilated at base: first and second subcostal nervules emitted before the end of cell; upper diseo-cellular nervule short, directed outwardly at base and then somewhat coneavely bent and directed outwardly along its greatest length ; lower disco-cellular nervule nearly straight and directed outwardly. Posterior wings irregularly subovate, with the outer margin waved and produced into an obtuse angle or tail near first median nervule; first and second median nervules with a common origin about apex of cell; disco-cellular nervules about or almost subequal im length. Eyes prominent and hairy. Palpi clothed beneath with fine long semi-ereet hairs, (istinetly separated—setose. Antenn@ more or less incrassated at apex.
Above forty species of this genus have been described. It is strongly represented in Continental India, is not uncommon in the true Malayan Region, and is found as far north as China and Japan.
Only one species has at present been received from the Malay Peninsula, and is here alone included.
1. Lethe europa. (Tab. V., fig.5 3,69.) Papilio Furopa, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500, 1. 247 (1775). Oreas marmorea Europa, Hiibn., Sammi. exot. Schmett. (1606—1816), Lethe Europa, Hithn., Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 56, u. 634 (1816); Butl., Cat. Satyr. p. 114, n. 2 (1868); Cat. Fabr, Lepid. p. 29, n. 2 (1869); Trans. Linn. Soc. ser, 2, Zool. vol. i. p. 587, n. 1 (1877); Moore, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1877, p. 582; Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengl. vol. xlix. p. 226, n. 5 (1880),
* Lep. Ceylon, i. p. 14. + Nat. Hist. Sport and Travel,’ p. 226.
44 RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA.
Satyrus Europa, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 478, n. 6 (1828),
Delis Europa, Westw., Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 859, n.1 (1851); Hewits., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. vill. p. 148 (1865); Snellen, Tijd. Ent. xx. p.