\ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopedicreview11bostuoft *' THE Cyclopedic Review OF CURRENT HISTORY VOL. ii I90I Illustrated BOSTON, MASS. CURRENT HISTORY COMPANY. 1902. Copyright, 1901, 1902 BY CURRENT HISTORY COMPANY. 3% INDEX. JANUARY, 1901— DECEMBER, 1901 For Errata, ace last page of this index. Page Abyssinia. See Africa. Accounts, Public. Monetary circulation 73, 352 Public debt 72, 352 Yearly balance sheet 350 The national treasury 606 Cost of government 297 Aeronautics. See Science. Aerial navigation. See Science. Afghanistan. See Asia. Africa, Affairs in. See also South Afri- can war. Abyssinia. British in..' 254 Abyssinia, Agricultural pursuits in 689 Arabi Pasha. Pardon of 312 Assouan, Dam of 132 Congo Free State 749 Central Africa, Anglo-German spheres in 255 Egypt, Promising field for gold-seek- ers *. 689 Kuropean influences In 465-469 Kongo, Annexation of the, by Belgium 253 Liberia, New president of 66 Mad Mullah, Repulse of the 377 Mahdl. A new 193 Miscellaneous 377 Moroccan embassy 377 Morocco question 65 Nigeria, British in 254 Nile under control. 132 Railways in Africa, some facts re- specting them 689 Railway, German East African 193 Rhodesia, Steady advance in civiliza- tion 625 Somaliland 254 Soudan. The French in the 312 I 'panda. Progress on railway In 568 Uganda, Report of special commis- sioner 567 Upper Guinea opened for traffic 689 West Africa 255 Agrarian troubles. See Italy. Agriculture: Report of the Secretary of Agricul- ture 659 Agriculture in the Eastern States 659 Aguinaldo 165, 228 Alabama: Negro conference 115 New constitution. The 233, 487. 549. 667 Restriction of citizen franchise 423 Suffrage and new constitution 357 Alaska: Aleuts dying out 602 Boundary question, The 601 Cape Nome, Why? 601 Cape Nome, Winter prospects at 601 Coal mining 668 Destitution at Cape Nome 550 Government, A territorial 726 Population 171 Ravages of pestilence 550 Alfred, millenary celebration 662 Allen. Frederick Innes 236 America. Buddist discovery of 444 Anglican controversy 70 Antarctic expeditions. See Science. Arabi Pasha, Pardon of 312 A rl>it ration. See also Reciprocity and Treaties. The Court of arbitration 9* Arbitration proposed in China 333 Png* Arbitration.— Continued. Reports of mediation, arbitration, etc. 336 Arbitration appeal by the Boers 588 Kruger on arbitration 650 Arbitration between Britain and France 473 National board of arbitration 73n Discussion at the Pan-American Con- gress, on arbitration '::: Arbitration of the "Pious Fraud" claim 737 Compulsory arbitration 748 Argentine Republic, The. Buenos Ayres riots 368. 442 Boundary question 682, 742 Archaeology. See Art. Arctic expeditions. See Science. Armenian troubles: American claims paid 408 Revolutionists at Mush and Sassoun.. 566 Arizona: Forest Reserve 41 Army and Navy: Army. Cost of 11" Army, Cost of transports 662 Canteen, The 357, 598 Harbor defense and river and harbor improvements 598 Hazing abolished 110 Hazing at West Point 88 Hazing defined 357 Naval Militia, Official authority of.... 483 Naval service. Needs of the 662 Navy, Strength of the 59H Peace footing of army 292 Pension office statistics 417 Promotion for merit 6*j Puget Sound navy yard w» Rear-Admiral Evans reprimanded 482 Reorganization of the militia 661 Sampson-Morgan controversy ■■■■ 110 Schley court of inquiry. 417. 480. 547. o99. 727 Ships building <1» Spanish comments 4"1 Spanish War. Prize monies and boun- ties won in • •* Submarine topedo boat. Test of 663 War pensioners *J West Point, Discipline at 58 West Pointers outranked »J West Point insubordination 293 Art and Archaeology: Abbey's Holy Grail..: «J American Woman In Crete, An mi Ancient fresco discovered 508 Basilica Aemilla. The ""••"IS Buddhist discovery of America. The. 4 Crete. Work In ■ 082 Egyptian exploration work «» Elgin collection. The J* Gainsborough. The lost W Fields of investigation &«{ Greek statues recovered lj* Has Ophir been found? »i" In Central Asia — • |»i] Miscellaneous 69Z- '** Oldest Gospel papyrus J*» Oldest mummy. The wj Velasquez In Boston. A *• tehngin exhibition. The Asia. Affairs In. Afghanistan: ^ Ameer. Death of the • ••• JJJ Ameer, the new 6». '*' IV. INDEX. rage Asia, Affairs In. -Continued. Australia: 312 comTonw4kVth;Fiag'of-the::::::::::: 623 Commonwealth inaugurated w Compulsory arbitration <« Federation elections. «» Federation, History o, the... m Federal ministry, The first M Federal Parliament opened *u Government, New seat of ^ Shipping •••• »oq' 688 Tariff question, The W*. *» New Guinea •.■••• 74a Population and immigration......... <« China: see also China. The crisis and situation in. fi8S Famine in Si-Ngan «* Great Yangtse floods...... ^ Li Hung Chang Death of wi Manchuria, Trade with asm Oriental trade, Decline of asm Reform, Progress in India: Ceylon census, The Favorable financial reports ™* New province created.... Jj" Population, Depletion of asm Page 566 504 376 440 621 567 561 132 Japan: RoS American imports S Assassin of Toru punished BW Economical stringency *« Exports to... * General development..... ?«2 Great religious awakening 001 Imperial diet opened............ ••••••• <*< Marquis Ito and financial troubles.. 622 Miscellaneous '*! Perry memorial, The |>"° Political crisis jjai Prof. Muller's library g. 1*1. g Dhoukhobortsi, The — *°g Disasters — •• **««,*«" 175 237 Dominion parliament, The. ••" •;:■•££: *" Duke and Duchess of Cornwall, ue ^ See also Com- 234 352 Duke'ofcornwa'lV and York,- Visit of- 554 Durocher-Degre marriage case 303 Exports, Natural gas •— 732 Fiscal year, The • ^ Fisheries ■■■; 430 Franco Canadian trade.. French Canadian loyalty ^ French line subsidy 732 General prosperity...... ••••• " 302 Georgian Bay canal scheme ^g Growth of the West 428 Imports and exports 1?9 Improved highways 734 Industries •••• "" 45 Iron industry, The ^ Judges, Three new. • ; 675 Klondike, Trouble in tne &55 Labor unions..... "119 180 Land grants to troops 179 Law reforms. 299 Lead bounties. The 176 Liberal policy. The INDEX. Page Canada.— Continued. Manitoba, Prohibition at 672 Manitoba, The schools at 555 Manitoba railways 120, 182, 238. 299 Manitoba, The wheat crop 430, 493 Manltoulin railway. The 239 Metropolitan, A new 243 Miscellaneous 243, 303. 366. 431. 494. 556, 609. 676, 734 Monument to Laura Secord 366 New conservative leader 117 New Ontario, Opening of 238 New Ontario, Resources of 180 Nova Scotia elections 555 Nova Scotia legislature 242 Nova Scotia Liberals 674 Ontario assembly 179. 238 Ontario elections 555 Ontario, Mines at 431 Ontario legislature 119 Ontario liberal platform 365 Ontario, Temperance question at 430 Pacific Cable, The 44, 428 Parliament, Ninth opened 118 Pensions, Military 238 Personal notes 47, 122. 243, 431, 494 Plains of Abraham 301 Population, Growth of 733 Prince Edward's Island subsidy 301 Privy Council scheme, Failure of 428 Prohibition law void 121 Public finances, The 44 Quebec, Carnegie offers library 494 Quebec finances 494 Queen's death, The 43 Railway commission 119 Reciprocity 608, 673 Redmond in Canada 675 Roads 120 Royal mint, The 300 Salmon fisheries trouble. The 430 Session ended. The 299 Sessional indemnity 299 St. Lawrence canals 122 Steel rail contract 238 Telegraphs, State-owned 365 Toronto University, Aid to 180 Trade with the empire 429 Transatlantic line, Proposed fast 493 Victoria day 238 Yukon royalty. The 179 Yukon telegraph completed 609 Canteen. See Temperance and Army and Navy. Cape Colony. See South African War. Carllsts 130 Canal*: Panama canal company's offer 246 Interoceanlc canals: new treaty drafted .".244 Chicago drainage canal 41 St. Lawrence canals 122 Trans-Isthmian canals 125, 182. 597, 660 Interoceanlc canal: treaty denounced. 614 Nicaragua canal 125 Carnegie, Andrew 174, 374, 494, 754 "Celtic." The 250. 490 Census: Samoa: population statistics 227 Canada: census circulars 240 Congressional reapportionment under census of 1900 86 Centre of population 72 Comparative populations In Europe — 283 Density of population 298 Census returns: Great Britain 308 Australia, Census of 312 Ttaly. Increase In population 251 Nova Scotia revenue 242 Mexican population 124 Total Indian population 658 Population of Louisiana territory 668 Permanent census bureau 606 French census 620 Canadian census returns 491 Ceylon census 504 Pace Census.— Continued. Population of Alaska 171 Population of German Empire received through the Stare Department 18» Austria-Hungary: Increase In popula- tion i»i India: Depletion of population 192 Agricultural population of the South.. 196 Population of the earth I9fi Population of the United States 607 Canada, Growth of population Australian census of 1901 Ceylon 504 Chaffee, General Adna R Chile: Chilean Claims on Bolivia Chile and the Argentine Republic. 682. 742 Claims Settled (United States) 369 Pan-American congress 432. 561 President, The new 369. 432 China. See Asia. Also China. The Crisis in. China. The Crisis and Situation in. Movements of the Chinese 1-4 Military exoeditlons of the allies Russia in Manchuria 7, 148-151. 392-3. 580. M6. 714 Progress of negotiations 8-11. 79-83 An intimidating expedition 83 The first of the executions 84 Mr. Conger on furlough 84 Sir Robert Hart's view 85 An Industrial obstacle 86 Legation grounds at Peking 87 Missions 87-89. 521-4 International reform needed 141. 142 Military affairs 14.1. 213. 214. 327. 455 The Tien-tsin episode 144 Punishments 145 Indemnities 146, 214. 215, 270-272. 329-333. 391-J92 Losses to American trade 147 The general situation 85. 151. 451, 452. 513. 514. 641. 644. 711 A few personalities 152 Deep suspicion of Russia 207. 306 The question of partition 206-211 A sign of possible reform 11 Various disturbances 114 The question of evacuation 214 Questions of reform 217. 517. 518. 576 A Chinese island conceded H Scruples a hindrance 16* North China's woful plight 166 A point of blame 1* The Shan-sl expedition 166 Outrages by the troops 167 The military occupation 267-269 Allied troops compared 170 An experiment fortunately end«<1 328 British and German Interests 833 Tone of Russian diplomacy 80 Loot and destruction 831 A threat of revolt 814 Achievements by the powers 881 The empress and the Boxers 810 The immediate prospect 89>> Boxerlsm 391.45 Reforms 81 Preparing for the court •* The suspended examinations Ho Chinese delay 453. 484 Chinese protective measures 666 Manchuria 456. 457 The peace proton il Expiatory embassies Outlook for trade 5** <;. rman-Ameriean disput' "5 The court returning • »y Abuses by foreigners »T7 The final protocol — 577 Foreign trade -- i'"£2 Emperor and court 578. Vn Gains and losses of the powers 64» The United States In Chinas Crisis.. Miscellaneous 884. 89«. 457. 514. 580-681 VI. INDEX. Page Chinese, Exclusion of the 362, 489, 666 Christian Endeavor, see Religion. Christian Science, see Religion. Civil service, The .' 731 Coal supply of the world 249 Colombia: Alleged invasion of Venezuela 497 Attitude o# the United States 497 Colombia- Venezuela imbroglio. .495, 680, 739 Revolutions 247. 433, 496, 614,739 Colonial problem, American; see also the names of the various colonies. Who are citizens? 21 Constitutional interpretation 284 Commerce. See also Business and In- dustry. Report of Uganda commissioner 567 Australian shipping 624 Trade with Manchuria 192 Decline of Oriental trade 192 Exports to Japan 440 Commercial situation in Germany 563 Rumored tariff changes in England... 186 Imports and exports (U. S.) 71, 352 American tariff war with Russia... 97, 407 German tariff, The 18, 685 Colonial problem: Who are citizens?.. 21 Proposed new German tariff 437 Proposed Brazilian tariff, Failure of.. 432 Canadian tariff 175 Australian tariff contention 623, 688 Austria-Hungary tariff declarations... 620 Tariff on coffee , 475 United States tariff issues 479 American attitude towards proposed German tariff 502 Tariff discussion 685 Coal exports 552 Export of steel and iron 361 Latin-American commerce 125 Losses to American trade 147 Congress, The fifty-sixth and fifty- seventh. Agriculture, Report of the Secretary of 659 Amendments adopted 107 Appropriations 109 Army reorganization bill 32 Assemblage and President's Message.. 719 Bills before the fifty-seventh Con- gress 721, 722 Burleigh bill 37 Congressional reapportionment 36 Cuba and the Philippines 106 Interior, Department of the 658 Legislation, Other items of 110 River and harbor bill 109 Shipping subsidy bill 34 Shipping subsidy bill, A new 722 Shipping subsidy bill. Failure of 119 War taxes reduced 109 Conger, Edwin Hunt 152 Consular service 605 Consumption. See Science. Copyright, International congress 507 Corea, See Korea. Coronation oath 118,127 Coronation of Edward VII, see Great Britain. Cremation 181, 241 Crete and Greece : .161 Crete, An American woman in 571 Crimes, Notable 40, 41. 115 Crow's Nest question, see Canada. Cuba: Cuban extradition 24 Cuban constitution 25. 101. 162 The Cardenas strike 26 Cuban war claims 27 Yellow fever controlled 162, 347. 410, 594 Piatt amendment 223. 347 Visit of the commission 223 Opinions of the press 225 Emigration to Africa 225 A journal suppressed 225 Constitutional convention 287 Page Cuba.— Continued. War could have been avoided 409 U. S. naval and military stations 409 Sugar production 410 Long voyage of dry dock 410 Annexation : 474, 593, 656 Negro immigration 474 War claims 594 The presidency canvass and the elec- tions 474, 594, 655, 722 Cuba's petition to Congress 723 Currency. See Monetary. Czolgosz, Execution of 605 Danish West Indies 50, 679, 738 Delpit marriage case. See Canada. Denmark. See Europe. Diplomatic service 652 Disasters: Explosion at Pittsburgh 727 Fire and Water 138, 195, 320, 446, 509. 632 Great Storms 195, 260, 446, 509, 572, 632 Railroad Accidents 321, 508, 744 Shipwreck 137, 138, 508, 572, 632 Disease. See Science. Divorce, Invalid decrees 259 Donkhobors, The 182, 734 Drama. See Music and Ditlma. Durocher-Degre marriage, case 303 Dual alliance 20 Duke of Cornwall 554 Earth, Age of the 135 Eclipses, Solar 313 Ecuador: Opening of Ecuador by railways 617 Education: Academic freedom of speech 70, 136 "Carnegie Institution," The 754 College and business v 316 Educational appointments 317 Gifts and endowments 381 Gift, Mrs. Standford's 754 Hesperia, Movement, The 257 Johns Hopkins, New' president of 382 Miscellaneous 382 National Education Association 444 Progress in thirty years 691 South, Needs of the 69 Two criticisms 381 University, A national 443 University of Chicago, Prominence of. 571 Yale's bi-centennial 630 Edward VII, see Great Britain. Electricity. See Science. Elgin collection, The 196 Engines, American 372 England. See Europe. Episcopal canons and ritual. See Re- ligion. Europe, Affairs in. See also European diplomacy. Austria-Hungary : Archduchess Elizabeth, Betrothal of. 620 Election. The 128 Mexican relations renewed 251 Miscellaneous 310 Population, Increase in 190 Railway schemes 251 Reichsrath, The new 128,620 Tariff declarations 620 Belgium: Compulsory voting 565 Heir to the throne, An 687 Kongo, Deferred annexation of^ 253 Denmark: Cabinet. A new 439 ™ Mad, Mullah, Repulse of *" Mahdi, A new .— •;•••* O^'' iyi Mails, British, oriental, via San Fran- Cisco ,i„ "Maine," Gift of the.... -■••■; 3(iJ Manchuria. See Asia, China, Russia. Arctic expedition projected 380 Boundary arranged between Nicara- gua and Costa Rica '"J Canadian canals.............. •• lii Centre of population, Western move- ment of • ""J China, Railroad concessions in w China. Eastern ■•••/, ••••580, 64a Danish West Indies, Location of oo De Wet, Advance of " 756 631 7r.fi 247 Page Maps.— Continued. Diagram of proposed tunnel In New York 727 French Islands of St. Pierre and Ml- quelon. Location of 48 Gibraltar Bay 159 Gibraltar. Plan of 159 Great Lakes and ports 300 Honolulu. ProDosed fortifications at... 657 Maps showing location affected by strike 485 Map showing location of two canal routes (Nicaragua and Panama) 660 Monastic holdings in France 438 Nicaragua canal 124 Nicaragua Canal, Ocean affected by.. 661 Northwest Africa, Strategic points In.. 65 Oklahoma 424 Panama Canal route 660 Philippine Islands 544 Puget Sound navy yard, Plan of 664 Railroad, Crow's Nest coal field 178 Railroad, Newfoundland 123 Solar eclipse, May, 1901 311 South America, Portion of 560 South America, War region 496 South Africa 525 South Africa. British and Boer occu- pations 460 United States, with relative areas of European countries T 707 Venezuela, Asphalt region 184 Victoria, B.C., showing naval station at Esquimau 60S Marconi, Signor 750 Massachusetts: Boston subway bill vetoed 358 Woman Suffrage, Opposition to 234 McCormick. Minister R. S 236 McKlnley, President. Second Inauguration 105 Assassination 535 Monument 671, 731 Mealey, Case of Mr 613,679 Medicine. See Science. Mexico: American coaling stations 244 American imprisoned 613 Anti-clerical movement 613 Austrian relations renewed 495 Free Zone, Abolition of the 678 Mr. Mealy, The case of 679 Pan American congress 243, 304. 557. 612. 677. 735 "Pious Fund" claim. Arbitration of.... 737 Population 124 Tehuahtepec railway 678 Trade with Mexico 679 Milan, Death of the ex-king of 131 Milner, Lord 276 Minnesota: Primary nomination law 235 Missions 87 Missouri: Louisiana purchase exposition. The 668 Monetary Matters; see also Accounts, Public: Province of Quebec, Surplus In 494 Financial crisis, Germany 602 India: Favorable financial report 504 South African compensation claims 587 National treasury statistics 606 Appropriation for St. Louis Exposition HO Failures 355 1 "inbinatlons 355 Claims settled with Chile 869 Business and revenue 658 Bonds in 1901 739 < '1. a ring house exchanges 729 Money in circulation 729 United States gold production 731 Canada, Fiscal year in 732 Public Finances 44 Public accounts 72. 350 if government 297 American claims paid 408 'ii office statistic* 417 INDEX. IX. Pat* Monetary Matters.— Continued. Appropriations of the Ifltfe congress... 109 Appropriations <>n account of Indiana. (58 Cnst of the army Chinese Indemnity 146, 215. 271. 393 Deficit in France «u Fiscal year in Canada 175.364 France. Naval expenditure for 43* France, Revenue deficit in 437 French Budget 309 Great Britain and Ireland, Budget proposals 347 National banks (31 National debts. British 250 Pan-American exposition finances 663 Prize monies and bounties won in the Spanish War (64 Purchase of Louisiana territory 068 Russian finances 621 War claims 594 War taxes reduced 1 Murphy. Gen. Patrick W 636 Murphy, Rev. Monseigneur 636 Murat. Gen. Prince Joachim Napoleon 636 Mustek. Col. John Roy 263 Myers, Capt. L. D 75 Myoshi. Read-Admiral 140 Nakajlma, Baroness w.. 388 Neumann, Newman 449 Nevln, Ethelbert 139 Newcomb, Major Simon D 75 Newell, Dr. Wm. Augustus 510 Ninde, Very Rev. Wm. Xavier, D.D.. LL.D., M.E 76 Noble. Col. John C 760 Nordenskjold. Baron Adolf Erik 512 Nugent, Gen. Robert. U. S. A 387 O'Brien, Rev. Michael 697 Ormerod. Eleanor A 44H Osborn, Edwin Curtis 387 Osborn. Luther W 697 Osier, Brltton Bath, K. C 13^ Oulmet, Hon. Joseph Alphonse 76 Paquet, Hon. Arthur 201 Parker. Rev. E. W 387 Parsell. Henry Van Arsdale 324 Paton, Sir Joseph Noel 7M) Paul. Judge John N. S 636 Perry, John T 697 Pflueger, Carl 325 Phelps, Rear-Admiral Thomas Stowell. U. S. N 7fi Phillips, Judge Jesse J 139 Platti, Carlo Alfredo 450 Pierce. Gilbert Ashville 139 Pingree. Hazen S 387 Pillsbury, Hon. John Sargent 63*1 Pook. Samuel Hartt 201 Postley. Gen. Brooke 7o Porter, Gen. Fltz-John 3?5 Porter. Wilbur F 325 Prado, Mariano Ignacio 326 Prentiss, Gen. B. M 14" Pretorius. Marthlnus Wessels 326 Price, Hiram 325 Ransom, Col. Chauncey M 697 Redhead. Richard 326 Reed, Roland Lewis 201 Reid. James Douglas 26"! Revels. H. R 76 Rogers, John B 760 Roper, Jesse Mims 201 Ross, Hon. John Jones 325 Rosse. Dr. Irving Collins 325 Rothschild. Baron Wilhelm Von 78 Rothwell, Richard Pennefather 264 Rouleau, Judge Charles Barromee 510 Rounds. Charles C. PhD 697 Rowland. Prof. Henry Augustus, LL.D. 261 Rowse, Samuel W • 325 Ruggles, Gen. James M 140 Russell. B. B 698 Russell, Michael 326 Safford, Prof. Truman Henry 387 Salaman. Charles Kensington 38S Salisbury. Edward Elbrldge 14"' Sanford. Capt. Joseph Perry <60 Saunders. Sir Edwin. P. R. S. E 202 Saxe-Weimar. Grand Duke of 78 Scadding. Rev. Dr. Henry 32.' Srhott. Prof. Charles A M" Serpa Pinto. Major 7» Sewell. Hon. William J 760 Shaw. Col. Albert Duane 14" Shaw. Thomas . :fi Sherwood. Dr. Sidney INDEX. XI. Page Necrology— Continued. 8111. John Mahelm Berry 264 Sllllman. Benjamin D Silvester, Paul Armand M Sims. John C 7>; Slaughter, Gen. James E 7ft Smith, Capt. Wm. H.. F. R. O. 8 225 Smith, George Murray 264 Smith, Sir Frank 7ti Snow, Lorenzo CM Sprague, Horatio J -. 449 Spier. Wm. Edward 225 Stalner, Sir John 264 Stephan. Mgr. Joseph A 674 Stephens. James 202 Stillman. W. J 449 Stodard, Lorlmer 510 Stokes. Edward 8 636 Strecker, Herman 760 Stubbs, Rt. Rev. Wm.. D.D 264 Sullivan, Rt. Rev. John T JOl Sunderland, Rev. Dr. Byron 387 Sweeney, Rt. Rev. John £Jl Sweetman, Dr. Leslie 760 Swlnton, John 760 Szllagyl, M. Deslder 450 Taft, Dr. Charles Sabln 76 Tait, Peter Guthrie 450 Tanner, Dr. C. K. D 2*4 Tanner. John Riley 326 Taylor, James E 387 Taylor, Gen. Thomas H 264 Thomas. John R 511 Thompson, Hon. David P 760 Thompson, Maurice 146 Tojetti. Virgillo 202 Trafton. Rev. Mark 202 Trenholm, Wm. Lee 76 Tuttle. Dr. H. H 6S6 Tyler. Moses Colt. LL.D.. L.H.D 7« Uhl, Edwin F 325 Verdi, Gulseppe Fortunlno Francesco. 78 Verreau, Rev. Abbe 325 Vicuna. Don Carlos Moria 51 Vierllng, George 388 Vllleneuve, J. 0 388 Von Rltter Carl 202 Walte, Hon. Davis H 698 Walker. Aldace F 264 Wallace. Gen. Wm. H 202 Walsh, Very Rev. Thomas E 140 Walker, Gen. James A 636 Wantage, Baron 888 Waterman. Lewis E fis Watkln. Sir Edward Wm. Bart 264 Webster. Nathan Burnham JJ Westcott. Brooke Foss 450 White, Rev. Wm. J 888 White. Stephen Mallory 140 Whiting. Dr. Henry Clay 14" Whitman. W. E. S 571 Whipple. Bishop Henry B 674 Whittle, Major Daniel W 202 Wigger. Rt. Rev. Wlnand Michael Williams. Alonzo Mj Williams. Gen. Robert. U. 8. A 511 Williams. Prof. Thomas A 77 Willson. Thomas Edgar 202 Wilson, Brig. -Gen. Thomas. lT. 8. A... 3*> Wimperls. Edmund Morrison '<* Wise. Commander Fred M.. U. 8. N... all Wise. Richard A jj Wolcott . Roger Wood. Clarence D «• Woods. Eliza 4 g Yonge, Charlotte Mary 80 Youmans. Wm. Jay *■ Young. Lemuel R **• Young. Mrs. Zlna D s" N'i wfoundland: Confederation, Admission to the 611 crisis. An imminent 610 Financial matters - 1 development ••■• **• French shore 47. 123. 664J. 7* rnpr. A n< v. *■ Island railway syst.m 1-i XII. INDEX. Page Newfoundland.— Continued. Naval station 304, 495 Railroad question, The 304. 367, 431, 557 System of wireless telegraphy pro- posed 494 St. Johns 557 Wrecks 367, 432, 494 New Mexico: Demand for statehood, A 669 Newspaper of the future 43 New York: Alleged collusion of police with crimi- nals 488 Carnegie's gift to New York City 423 Common law marriages 235 Defrauding of the custom house 487 Hand-writing experts excluded 116 Molineux, A new trial 602 Pan- American exposition 295 Pan-American exposition finances 669 Railroad tunnel 726 New Zealand. See Asia. Nigeria. See Africa. Nile. See Africa. Nobel prizes 753 Northern Pacific railroad, see Railways. Oceanlca, See Asia. Ohio: Mfl Anti-Lynching Law 296 Okapl, The. See Science. Oklahoma: Governor Jenkins removed 669 Government land lottery 424 Ophir, has it been found? 570 Orient, Affairs in the; see China (Crisis, etc.) and also Asia. Panama Canal. See Canals. Pan-American Congress, see Mexico and Chile. Pan-American Exposition 236, 295, 426, 552, 603, 669 Papacy, The 71 Papyrus, Oldest Gospel 136 Peary, Lieutenant. See Science. Pennsylvania: Philadelphia franchises 358 Explosion in furnaces 727 Pensions in the U. S. : Pension office statistics ,.. 417 Military pensions in Canada 238 War pensioners 483 Perry memorial, The 503 Persia, see Asia. Persian Gulf question 530 Peru: Chilean claims 50 Increase In trade 617 Pan- American congress 561 Political affairs 433, 195 Philippines, The: Military operations 28, 105, 165, 643, 725 Leprosy 29, 231 Contract labor 29 Filipinos petition Congress 30 Liquor traffic 31 Filipino federal party 102 League of peace 102 Natives submitting 102 Civil rule 104, 349 Aiding the insurgents 104 Terms of submission 105 Cuba and the Philippines 106 Capture of Aguinaldo 165 Punishment of rebels 167 Pacification 30, 167, 229, 350 Commissary frauds 169, 230, 290 Public education 169, 290 General Funston's exploit 227 Aguinaldo's manifesto 228 Insurgent losses 230 Municipal and provincial governments. 230 Secret societies 231 Vice in Manila 291 The Sulu archipelago 291 Judges of the supreme court 349 Strength of the army 350 Pago Philippines, The.— Continued. Government of Manila 412 Surrender of General Bellarmino 413 Generals Otis and MacArthur at vari- ance 413 Return to military rule 413 Natives applaud American rule 414 Spanish and English in the courts 414 The normal school 415 General MacArthur's report 477 Insurgency lingers 477 The commercial situation 478 Teachers for the Filipinos 478 Quiet in Mindanao 542 Missions 542, 658 The friars r>43, 657 Prosperity of Pampanga province 543 The Katipunan 544 Acts of war not punishable 545 TheTtfcKinley Islands 540 Military and civil powers clash 596 Samar 597 Insurgent fort captured 658 Business and revenue 658 Gold and silver coin 724 Supreme court decisions 724 Polar exploration. See Science. Polish discontent 281, 345, 744 Politics, United States: Advice from democratic leaders 31, 170 Bryanism, Rupudiation of 479 Bryan's future 31 Expansion in the "South 547 Negro disfranchisement 479 Negro suffrage and the insular de- cision 416 New third party 356 Ohio democratic convention 416 President McKinley's reciprocity views 544 Presidential third term 356 Sign of change in the South 231 South Carolina senators, The 291 Tariff issue, The 479 Polygamy: Bill vetoed In Utah 173 Population. See Census. Porto Rico: Distress in Porto Rico 27 Porto Rican labor. 27 Serious rioting 163 Hollander revenue law 163 Prosperity 226, 411 Emigration 163, 227 Taxation 289 Free trade with the United States 348 A new governor named 411 Tariff matters 475 No national banks 475 Tobacco trade ■ 476 A Carnegie library for San Juan 595 Conditions existing 656, 723 Conference with President Roosevelt.. 656 Portraits: Albert, Prince 54 Alexandra, Queen 57, 91 Aosta, Duke of 438 Apponyi, Count Albert de 147 Asquith, Rt. Hon. Herbert H 370 Asser, T. C. M., LL.D 341 Bacon, Hon. Augustus 0 108 Baldwin, Evelyn ^ 375 Baudin. M. Pierre 470 Bartoco, Rt. Hon. Edmund, P. C, K. C 64 Battenberg, Princess Beatrice of 161 Belknap, George E HI Bell, Alexander Graham 134 Bell, Robert, LL.D.. M.D., F. R. S. C. 239 Benham, Admiral A. K 607 Bishop Whipple 574 Blaine, Late Hon. James G 245 Bond, Most Rev. Wm. Bennett, D.D., LL.D 242 Borden, Robert Laird, K. C, M. P 118 Botha, Louis 220 Boyd, Sir John A.. K. C, M. G till Brodeur, Hon. Louis P J19 Page Portraits.— Continued. Brown, Hon. Henry B opp. page 266 Bruchesl. Most Rev. Paul 303 Butler, Hon. Marlon 35 Calllaux, M 47:: mpbell. Prof. W. W C7 Carlisle. Hon. John G 24 Carnegie, Andrew 173 Castro, President 614 ( handler, Hon. Wm. E 2>? Charlton. John, M. P 365 I 'hlna, Prince Ching of 391 China. Prince Chun and Suite 515 Chowfa Maha Vajlravudh 712 Christian, King of Denmark 708 Chula, Longkorn. First 713 Clarke, Sir Sydenham 591 Cleveland, Ex-President 171 Colvllle, MaJ.-Gen. Sir Henry 10 Constans, M 471 Cork. The Late Rev. Joseph, D.D. .'.... 385 crlspl. The Late Francesco 512 Dawes, Charles G 412 De Lauessan, M 279 Delcasse, M 209 De Stael, Baron Georges 213 Deuntzer, Prof. J. H 653 De Wet, Gen. Christian 155 De Wltte, M 98 Diaz, President D. Porfirio 600 Dillon. John 96 Dournovo, M 190 Duff, Ladles 91. 307 Durand, Sir H. Mortimer 160 Edward VII. King opp. page 1 Emerson. Hon. George H 367 Evarts, Hon. Wm. M 139 Ferdinand. Prince of Bulgaria 677 Fielding, Hon. W. S 17ti Fife, Duchess of 307 Fife, Duke of 307 Flnlay, Sir Robert, Q. C 86 Fisher, Sydney A 4*3 Fisher, Vice-Admiral Sir John A 342 Fiske, The Late Joha 448 Frechette, Louis, C. M. G., LL.D 302 Frederick, The Late Dowager Empress of Germany opp. 389 Frederick. Crown Prince of Denmark. 70'.* French, Maj.-Gen 9? Frlck, Henry Clay 113 Fry, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward, K. C 32S Fournier, Vice- Admiral 279 Fuller, Hon. Melville W 99 Funstan, Brig. -Gen. Frederick, U.S.A. 166 Goluchowsky, Count 336 Gorky, Maxim 693 Green, James M 316 Griggs, Hon. John W 22 Hadley, President, of Yale University.. 695 Halsbury, Rt. Hon. Lord, P. C 435 Hamid II, Abdul 282 Hanbury, Rt. Hon. R. W 274 Hanna, Senator M. A 35 Harrison, Hon. Benjamin opp. page 79 Hay, John opp. page 699 Hays, Charles M 46 Helene, Queen of Italy 683 Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael 248 Howard. Sir Henry, K. C. B 143 Howlson. Rear- Admiral, Henry L 480 Hunt. Gov. Wm. II 539 Ingram. The Rt. Rev. Arthur F. \V... 517 Jette, Sir Louis. K. C. M. G 611 Johnson. Hon. Tom L 643 Kang Yu Wei 646 Khan. Habibullah 622 Knox, Hon. Philander C 285 I.amsdorff. Count 151 L'indsdowne. Rt. Hon.. the Marquis of. 621 Leopold, King of Belgium 589 LI HmiK Chang opp. p. 6a< Llmantour, Jose Yves 677 Lindsey, Hon. Wm 33 Llorente, s. nor P. G 221 Sir J. Norman. K. C. B 134 LoomlO, H«>n. Francis B 61 INDEX. XIII. Pag* Portrait*.— Continued. Lotter, Commandant EM Lount. Hon. William 160 Low, Hon. Beth opp. p. 575 Marconi, Slgnor Gugllelmo 750 Maria Henrlette, Queen of Belgium.... 560 Martlnelll. His Eminence, Cardinal 26* McKenzle, Wm 06 McKinl.y. Wm 637 McLaurin, Hon. John L 361 McMillan. Hon. Daniel Hunter 121 Menelik. Negus 177 Meyer, Hon. George von L 61 Milburn, Hon John G 266 Miles, Lleut.-Cen. Nelson A opp. p. 141 Mills, Hon. David 6M Morgan, J. Plerpont 114.641 Morln, Vlce-Admlral 260 Morocco, Mulai Abd-KI-Azz. Sultan of. 467 Moule, Rev. H. C. Glyn 628 Mulock, Hon. Wm.. M.A 264 Munir. Bey 6W Nation, Mrs. Carrie 172 Norfolk. Duke of 78 O'Brien. Wm.. M. P 250 O'Conner, T. P 166 Orleans, The Late Henri, Prince of — 512 Pattl, Madame Adelina 273 Pauncefote. 8ir Julian 663 Payne, Henry C 724 Persia, Mozaffer-Ed-Din. Shah of 464 Piatt. Hon. Orville H 226 Pobiedonostzeff, M 100 Pottler, Admiral 143 Power, Hon. L. G 963 Prince Hohenlohe *b9 Prinetti, Slgnor 277 Reeve, George Bell 46 Reld. R. G 46 Remsen, Dr. Ira opp. p. 227 Rhelnbaben, Baron V 453 Rlchthofen, Baron von • Rldgely. William Barrett 667 Riesco, Don Jermaln 433 Robertson. Major Edgar B 464 Rockhill. Wm. Woodville 366 Rosebery, Lord 703 Roosevelt. Theodore opp. p. 513 Ross. The Late Hon. J. J 324 Rublnl, Slgnor 161 Russia, Czar of 633 Said Pasha 704 Salisbury, Marquis of opp. p 261 Sanderson, Sir T H 84 Santos-Dumont, M 626 Schley. Rear-Acmlral. Wlnfleld Scott. opp. p. 461 Schonborn, Count Frederic 271 Schwab. Charles M 4* Schwarzenstein, Mumm von 61 Scott. Sir Charles Stewart 3W Selborne. Earl of ** Shaffer. Theodore J «1 Shaw. Leslie M J= Sienklewicz, Henry <* Spooner, Hon. John C J* Stanley. Preston, Lord of 366 Stone. Ellen M g» Szllagyl. D. De « Taft. Judge Wm. H lg Teller, Hon. Henry M J Tillman. Hon. Benjamin R » Urlbe-Urlbe. General Jf6 Vaughan. His Eminence Cardinal 164 Verestchagin. Vasslll 7» Verdi ' Victor Emmanuel. III. King of Italy.. 343 Victoria, Queen ■» Vlrehow. Prof ,•••• «» Von Otter. Admiral Frederick \\ 11- helm «2 Voyron. General "25 Waldeck-Rosseau. Pierre-Mat; Walron.l. Sir U •••• f» War.l. Col K. W. I' . K C B »» wick. Com. • ••• un Washington. BookOT T ■* XIV. INDEX. Page Portraits.— Continued. Westlake, John. K. C, LL.D 216 Wilhelmina, Queen 520 Woolsey, Dr. Theodore Salisbury 228 Wu Ting-Fang 453 York, Duchess of 20, 523 York, Duke of 20, 523 Yuan-Shi Kai 642 Zanardelli, Signor 346 Ziegler, Wm 379 Portugal. See Europe. Postal development 605 Postal paper. Fraud on 175 Postal rule, New 426 Post, Parcels 359 Presbyterian Assembly. See Religion. Prohibition. See Temperance. Publishers' International Congress 572 Quelpart massacre 440 Race conflicts and questions: Social equality of races 657 Negro disfranchisement 479 Negro immigration 474 R3.ilW3,YS * In German East Africa 193 Progress in Uganda 568 Railway Schemes in Austria 251 Netherlands Railway Question 500 Railway Development in Russia 375 Northern Pacific stock corner 296 Northern Pacific strife, Settlement of. 425 Railroad consolidation i. 42, 114 Railway commission 119 Railwav bargain (Manitoba) 120 Reciprocity 18, 99, 409, 472, 608, 664, 678 Religion: American revision, The 569 Anglican ritual 195 Anglican ritual crisis 70 Awakening in Japan 567 Bible, A new version of the 445 Cardinal, The new 258 Christian Endeavor memorial 71 Christian Science, Beliefs of 383 Conventions 445 Conventions, Notable 628 Episcopal canons, Revision of 383 Islam, The spread of 445 Liberal Catholicism 195 Miscellaneous 320, 383, 570 Non-Conformist federation 259 Pope Lee XIII on socialism 137 Protestant Episcopal ritual 258 Presbyterian assembly, The 319 Religions of the world 196 Sundav observance 691 Tendencies 628 The temporal power 71 Y. M. C. Association 569 Y. M. C. A. Jubilee 382 Revision, Bible. See Religion. Rhodes letters 500 Rhodesia. See Africa. Riesco, Jerman 432 Roberts, Lord, Grant for 434 Roosevelt, President 538 Rosebery, Lord 434, 743 Russell, Earl 371, 435 Russia. See Europe. St. Paul's, Danger to 501 Samoa: \ New laws asked for V . . 28 Schools in Tutuila 28 Population statistics 227 Charges against Governor Tilley 596 Samson-Morgan controversy 110 Santos-Dumont's air-ship. See Science. Satow, Sir Ernest M 153 Schley court of inquiry. See Army and Navy. Science and Invention: Astronomy: Age of the earth 135 Invisible spectrum. The 255 Moon. and the Weather 313 New star in Perseus 133,752 Snow on the moon 313 Pag* Science and Invention. Astronomy.— Continued. Solar eclipse 313 Stellar heat 313 Sun's flight, The 134 Total solar eclipse 255 Yerkes reflector and Lick telescope. 752 Medicine and Surgery: Anti-Pneumonic Serum 69 Caldas yellow fever serum 507 Cancer, The cause of 313 Consumption cures 69 Cure for deformity 69 Koch question, The 507 Diseases and therapeutics 752 Oxygen and consumption 193 Tuberculosis conference. The 441 Yellow fever not contagious 193 Polar explorations: Antarctic expedition 506 Arctic expedition 379 Arctic exploration 68 Baldwin-Ziegler expedition 503, 568 Peary, Lieut 569 Test of open current theory 506 Artificial wood seasoning 256 Berliner patent decision 135 Criminal anthropology 627 Electricity and muscular action 751 Electricity as a weather factor 505 Exterminating of mosquitoes 443, 507 Gardner automatic signals 315 German lance boats 441 Hydrogen solidified.... 378 Light without wires 68 Long distance telephony 66 Meeting of the American Association 568 Miscellaneous 194. 315. 380, 443, 690 Murray page-printing telegraph 377 New animal, A (Okapi) 315 New chemical element 37s New Edison storage battery 256, 314 New species of giraffe 507 New psychology 627 Nobel prizes, Award of 625 Pictures by telegraph ...256,442 Printing without ink 135 Santos-Dumont airship. The 441, 506 Santos-Dumont wins Deutsch prize... 626 Sprinkling roads with oil 569 Sun motor, A 194 Submarine telephony 750 Virchow, Honor to 626 Wireless telegraphy 135, 194, 378, 443, 505. 690, 750 World's magnetic survey 690 Scotland. See Great Britain. Servla. See Europe. Slavism, Pan, decreed against 129 Smallpox: Fear in Canada 676 Smallpox 735, 752 Smallpox in London 744 Socialism, Pope Leo XIII on 137 Sociology : Mr. Schwab's testimony 318 Some additional dangers 313 Trusts, Mr. Bryan on 318 Trusts, The pros, and cons, of 257 Somaliland. See Africa. Soudan, The. See Africa. South, Needs of the 69 South African War: Afrikander congress 15 Attrition, A constant 273 Attrition, A slow 703 Barbarous warfare » — 276 Battle, A real 275 Blockhouse system, The 647, 703 Boer atrocities, Alleged 398, 462 Boer concessions 337 Boer forces 702 Boer forces concentrating 335 Boer emissary, A 710 Boer and British losses 275, 527 Boer forces and losses 397 Boer repulses 527 INDEX. Page South Af lean War.— Continued. Boer successes 520 Brakenlaagte fight 646 British Intentions. The 15 British losses. The total 704 British outrages 91 Burghers' peace committee 16 Campaign, Plan for a new 397 Camps, concentration 339, 529. 648, 706 Camps for the Veldt folk 90 Camps. Detention 400 Camps, Refugee 274 Cape Colony 13. 401. 462. 525 Concealment, A systematic 335 Conflict continued 459 Contradictory statements 707 Criticisms 461 Criticisms. An era of 219 De Wet, The chase of 13 De Wet, The fall of 15 De Wet's incursion 93 Dutch uprising possible 12 Earl Roberts, The return of 18 English feeling 527 English mood, The 273 English pride wounded 220 English Pro-Boer repulsed 710 Fights in Zululand 584 Fighting still continues 154 Fighting In the Transvaal 585 Futile peace negotiation , 154 General British plans 92 General military view 335 General situation 581, 702 General view 153, 221. 459 Intervention, A glance at 337 Intervention, A question of 92 Kruger in Europe 17 Lord Kitchener's proclamation 461 Lord Milner of Cape Town 276 Losses in three wars 528 Martial law in Cape Colony 585 Military affairs 92. 222, 275, 397, 525, 584. 647. 648 Military record 7" I Miscellaneous 222, 401, 529,650 Natal advancing 528 Official Statement •. 155, 708 On the wide field 89 Opposite judgments 90 Parallel, A 702 Parallel, Another 702 Policy, The government's 459 Predictions few 459 Present aspect 710 Pro-Boers In England 339 Prospect, The 583 Public awakenment 219 Remedial action 709 Report of buildings burned 275 Reports of mediation, arbitration, etc. 336 Statements In debate 459 Steyn's narrow escape 398 Success. A question of 90 Surrender. The hindrance to 527 Transvaal mines. Tax on *. 338 Utterances In various lands 707 Various conflicts 13 Various events 92 War. A new type of 459 War. A peculiar 626 War, A stimulus 220 War in parliament 95 South Carolina: Prison pens 173 Slavery revived 116 Charleston exposition. The 727 Spain. See Europe. Spectrum. The invisible 255 Sport : American cup 233, 294, 422, 486, 560 Athletic contest 651 "Canada's Cup" won back 487 Carelessness among huntsmen 670 Columbia, The defender of America's cup 486 Cresceus lowers his own record 487 XV. 8port.— Continued. Football contests , M9 Football, Move against , 970 Intercollegiate boat races 422 International bicycle race Tjo Miscellaneous 296, 423 Olympian games, The .' 971 Palma trophy 551 Prize fighting .' 970 Shamrock, The arrival of 486 Trotting record broken 423 Standard Oil Company's dividends 490 Statistics, Important: Agricultural population of the South... 116 Book production 199 Centre of population 72 Consumption of liquors 756 Immigration 75$ Imports and exports 71 Longevity 754 National treasury. The 804 Population 607 Religions of the World 19« Sugar consumed in this country 606 Stone, Miss Ellen. See European di- plomacy, &c. Strikes. See Labor interests. Subsidies: Ship subsidy bill 24.16 Prince Edward Island subsidy 101 French line subsidy 901 Ship subsidies. Failure of 109 Suffrage, Woman: Illinois, Woman suffrage In 235, 298 Massachusetts. Woman suffrage In 234 Surgery. See 8cience. Tariff questions. See Commerce. Telegraph companies and public Jour- nals, Legal decision affecting 259 Telegraphy. See 8cience. Telephony. See Selene*-. Temperance reform: Mrs. Nation's Crusade 41. 115. 172 Ontario, Temperance question In 430 Nation raids. Sequel of 224 Liquor Traffic at Manila 31 Prohibition law void : 121 Prohibition in Manitoba «7? Consumption of liquors 751 ( ianteen 367. 618 Texas: Homestead laws 489 Petroleum fields W Richness of oil fields 2W Thibet. See Asia. Toru. Assassin of. punished 587 Trade. See Commerce. Trans-Isthmian Canal. See Canals. Treaties. See also Reciprocity and Ar- bitration. Arbitration «J Abrogation of treaties 471 Morocco negotiation 474 Interoceanlc canals: new treaty drafted ** Revision of the Geneva treaty 40S Russia-Manchuria Compact 148. 590 The Hay-Pauncefote treaty 125. 182.999 Treaty rights Involved 457 Interoceanlc canal: treaty denounced. 614 Futile peace negotiations .... 154 Peace protocol 514. »77 Trusts: Mr. Bryan on trusts « The pros, and cons, of trusta » A salmon trust •• Tuberculosis. Se. Turbine steam power **• Turkey. See Europe. Uganda. See Africa. Utah: ,_ Polygamy bill vetoed '•* Venezuela: ., .._ __, Asphalt ssibly only rumor or conjectn-e; while selected Items of interest or im- |H)rtance not officially authenticated appear with some such cautionary phrase as "It is reported," or "a dis- patch announces." Movements of the Chinese. It was announced at the beginning of December that the native Chris- tians were returning to their former towns in Canton province under escort of French and Chinese troops, and that official proclamations were posted in the villages warning against further outrages. The Chinese authorities had been threatened by the French with severe penalty in case of further trouble. At Shanghai the Chinese officials were busily improving the defenses and sending munitions of war to the Kiang-Yin forts, in alarm at reiw>rts of an Intended expedi- tion of the allied forces Into the Yang-tse valley. At Tlent Tsin. the United States consul reported In- creased activity of the Boxers In the • vicinity. MASSACRE OF MISSIONARIES IN SHAN 81. In the province of Shan-ae the massacres of last June have been re- newed, according to dispatches In the Cologne "Volks Zeitung." The gov- ernor having invited to his bouse on promises of better protection a Roman Catholic bishop, his coadjutor, and four European priests, ordered their Copyright. 1901, by Current HIKorr Company. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 bands tied, then poniarded them. Af- terward he went with soldiers to the bishop's residence and seized six Mar- seilles sisters, promising them great rewards if they would renounce Chris- tianity. Upon their unanimous refusal the governor poniarded them. There were killed also several Chinese priests, thirty Chinese sisters, fifteen seminarists, and 200 orphans. VARIOUS CHINESE DOINGS. The Chinese ministers at Berlin showed to the officials at the Foreign Office a telegram from Li Hung-Chang announcing that the new governor of Shan-si had publicly executed more than eighty rebel leaders and was using the utmost severity in suppress- ing the Boxers and protecting the mis- sionaries. Captains Wingate and Ryder, re- turning from the expedition to Kal- gan, December 6, brought reports that twelve Swedish and Norwegian mis- sionaries, and many native Christians, had been massacred at Kwei-hua- cheng by order of the Taotai ; and that stations west of the Belgian mission station were still besieged by Boxers, and by Chinese troops under orders from the authorities. The city of Hong-Kong was placard- ed on December 13 with appeals to the secret societies and the people to rise unitedly during January and drive out all foreigners. There, and at other points not far from the coast, whence come alarming predictions of a bloody rising in the spring, little credence is given them by persons well informed; though there is ground for apprehen- sion regarding many mission and trad- ing stations in the interior. The Rus- sian officers do not expect any serious military movement by the Chinese during the winter, though local dis- turbances at many places may be ex- pected. GENERAL TUNG FUH-SIAXG. The foregoing brief record of Chinese doings is one mostly of local disturb- ance and massacre with little bearing on any great and final issue except as it sets in clear light some national peculiarities with which the diplomacy of the West must now deal. The well- known Chinese genius for delay and for making use of delays has been fully in evidence through recent months. As to military science, China has thus far shown little worthy of the name. It is possible, however, that one soldier may yet have to be dealt with in a combined military and political capacity, a soldier reputed to combine types of Chinese and un- Chinese. Dispatches of the middle of December, non-official yet with some aspect of prob- ability, declared that General Tung, who had been commander of the forces in and around Si-Ngan-fu, was practically in control of the court, overawing the Empress-Dowager, and in a position to decide the government's acceptance or refusal of the terms finally agreed on by the allies. In partial agreement with this dispatch is the report that the Chi- nese minister at Berlin said, December 1, that Prince Tuan and General Tung were, de facto, in control of the court. On the other hand, a report only a week earlier expressed the warm approval by the envoys of the removal of General Tung from command of the forces sur- rounding the court — a practical banish- ment. Unfortunately Tung's anti-foreign ac- tivity, achieving the only success — tran- sient and utterly fruitless — against the allies, gives reason to a suspicion of his course whether as dictator or as outright rebel. General Tung Fuh-Siang— regarded as far the most capable and resourceful of the Chinese generals — is not a Chinaman, nor a Manchu: he is of Mohammedan stock and was born in Central Asia. He served as brigadier-general in Kashgaria, but became conspicuous by his success in subduing the Tun-Gan rebellion in the province of Kiang-su. Shanghai reports of January 6 and 7 'somewhat questionable) state that Gen- eral Tung's 14,000 troops have mutinied at Ku-Yuen-chou in the province of Kan- su; and that the Empress-Dowager has ordered General Feng Tsc-Tsai's army from the province of Yun-nan to suppress the rebellion. Feng's army consists of 15,000 men armed with modern weapons. Evidently the military situation, espe- cially the relation between the army and TEE CRISIS IN , r.xx), reporti ■ t»-rri bie massacre of the Reform forces in tin' rang-tae valley in Central Chinu, and tin* beheading of twenty-seven of tin' loaders, followers of the reformer, Kang ftQ-Wel (Vol. 10, p. 882). The report is that some reform leaden with a badly armed rabble of 12,000 vil- lagers entered the town in which resided th<> governor of the district, who \v:is hdleved to be friendly to reform and who had at command 5,000 disciplined and well-armed troops. The villagers were persuaded to leave at the city gates all arms except their revolvers, while the loaders wire invited to an audience at the governor's palace, which was delayed for a day while other leader* were sent for. During the audience a disagreement arose, and by the treacherous governor's orders the leaders were seized, dragged into the courtyard, and beheaded. Mean- while, in obedience to a secret order, the imperial troops suddenly fell upon the rabble of reformers, who bravely fought their way out, but left 1,500 dead. A REFORMER'S ADVICE. Minister Conger and the other foreign envoys, December 7. received 8 letter signed by the Cantonese re farmer, Kang Yu-Wei, who was for merly an adviser of Emperor Kwang Su, and always favorable to foreign- ers. He attributes the great calamities thai have befallen China- to the Dowager Empress and her advisers. Prince Tuan, Prince Ching, Yung-Su, Yang-Yi, Ohao Slut-Cliiao, Muang Eta, Moyn Kueit, and Ilriong. He expresses thankfulness that the foreigners were enabled to hold out in the Peking legations, and then asks to offer suggestions which "will in- sure just punishment of the real culprits, satisfaction to the different countries, and a permanent settlement of the Inter- national relations of China." He nrges: 1. That the Empress and her advisers should not be allowed to negotiate the peace. 2. That the Emperor, a friend of for- eisners, should be restored. 8. That all reactionary officials should be arrested, and that a careful watch should be kept over the so-called friend- ly viceroys in the south. He contends that unless Yung-Sn. Prince Tuan, and the other guilty olfl- • i.ils an -evenly dealt with they will continue to assert that foreign nations are powerless against China. "The foreigners should Sot rely ,>n the viceroys. They *( ml men. money, and armaments to the Empress and bit bar obedient servants. Should the Emperor be restore.!, the empire would rejoice. The Emperor*! psrtj consists of the most enlightened men, who are friendly to foreigners and desire to Incorporate Western civilization ami culture In an ancient country.'' For this task he avers that he was un- pointed by the Emperor in a secret edict of 1S08. when be appealed to the foreign powers on behalf of the Emperor— "an appeal which, had they listened, would probably have prevented what has hap pened." THE IMPERIAL COUBT. It was announced at Peking, Decem- ber 1, that Earl LI bad been informed by a dispatch from Si-Ngan-fu that the court had resolved to behead or other- wise kill Vu-IIsien. former governor of Bhan-sl, who was guilty of massa- cring about fifty missionaries whom lie had invited to accept bis protection. Members of Li's staff siti.i that the Emperor would probably send Yu- llsien a silk cord the usual autbori tative Intimation to a criminal of rank that be must bang himself. A re|K>rt to the foreign' office at Paris, from Shanghai, January :s. reported his exe- cution. December 19, by order of the Dowager-Empress KWANO-8U A CHRISTIAN CONVEB1 In the session of the Reichstag in Berlin, December 18, Dr. Stoecker. former court chaplain, speaking of the situation In China, said that be bad received private letters asserting that the Empress-Dowager's antagonism to Kwang-Su was dm- to the fact that the Emperor bad actually become a Chris- tian, having been converted by the In- fluence of British and American mis- sionary books that had been brought to his attention. When the session had closed. Dr. 8toecker In an Inter- view gave a number of corroborative details. INTERNA TIONAL A FF. 1 Hi 8. March. 1901 'His informant is presumed to hare been his intimate friend, Field Marshal von Waldersee. It is of course possible for Christian people to be too eager in accepting such a gratifying conclusion. All that has been certainly known is, that in the period of Kwang-Su's full activity as Emperor he was an earnest student of the Christian Scriptures and other books procured through missionary agency, and that he issued edicts for educational and other reforms which in- dicated a purpose to make available for his people some of the public and social benefits which he deemed might be gained from a partially applied Chris- tianity. This violation of precedent — precedent being a large part of Chinese religion — would shock the narrow and ignorant mind of the Empress-Dowager as evidence of his conversion to a strange and abhorrent faith, which would nat- urally lead her to frame some legal de- vice for delivering China from his rule as Emperor. Dr. Stoecker's evidence, if made public, would be of great interest. RUMOR OF A NEW EMPEROR. A Shanghai report (dubious) in Lon- don states "that while the court was at Tai-Yuen-fu on the journey to Si- Ngan-fu, the Empress-Dowager se- cretly appointed a new Emperor with the title Tung-Su. He is a fifteen- year-old boy, who was taken to Si- Ngan-fu in the imperial yellow chair. Emperor Kwang-Su has notified the reform party that he is returning to the capital and will need their assist- ance." PLIGHT OF THE COURT. The movements of the Chinese court immediately after the capture of Pe- king at the middle of August (Vol. 10, pp. 698-700) were for a time unknown. Afterward it was ascertained that they had escaped in disguise and in panic from the palace, and (as is re- ported) a few hours later from the city, with an armed guard of a hun- dred eunuchs, who, to prevent delay at the gates by the fleeing throngs of Chinese, fired several volleys into the crowd and opened a passage. They were in rude carts, were without pro- visions, and so scantily supplied with clothing that at nightfall the Empress- Dowager, shivering with cold, begged a supply of garments from the magis- trate of a small town where they made a stop. Thence, with several so- journs on the route, they made their toilsome way about 000 miles into western China to Si-Ngan-fu, the ancient capital of the empire, in the valley of the Wel-ho, there walled with precipitous mountains. This metropolis, founded more than 1,000 years before Christ, repeatedly be« sieged, destroyed, and rebuilt, a point of conversance of the great trade routes between China and Central Asia, has always had great commer- cial and military importance. Its walls, strong and high, are about eight miles in circuit, and its population is reported to be about one million. EMPEROR'S BROTHER IN PEKING. Prince Chun, younger brother of the Emperor, at an interview in Peking about January 10, said that though he did not officially represent his brother, he knew his sentiment favoring a re- turn to Peking as shown in a recent letter. The prince, a youth of 17, made a favorable impression. He set forth the Chinese objection to the permanence of the foreign legation guard, regarding it unnecessary. He spoke of the Boxer moyement as a natural result of patriotic feeling under continued provocation: its purport was China for the Chinese. For years the nations had demanded and ob- tained by treaties trading privileges, which they continually aimed to extend by forcing on China undesirable treaties with threats of seizing the choicest parts of the country, making a slight riot an occasion for gaining large territorial eon- cessions. The prince declared that the people, though the most peaceable on earth, are liable, as are all Oriental na- tions, to periodical excitements; and that they had gradually been wrought up by seizure of important territory at Kiao- Chau, Port Arthur, Wei-Hai-Wei, and elsewhere, and by the grant from their rulers of the official prerogatives de- manded by Roman Catholic missionaries: yet they had misbehaved no worse than the French in their famous revolution, and the recent trouble was not likely to recur for centuries. He declared his belief that the Emperor is the friend of the foreigners who do not seek to dis- ////. CRISIS IS CHIXA. member the empire. His most enlight- ening utterance — though not reaching far into the durk— concerned the power of the Umperor and tin Bmprcss Dowagwr respectively: bo said it was a mistake to attribute to the Kinprcss-Howagcr an un- limited power, though she naturally has such induenee with the youthful Kin- perof as the Chinese always concede to their senior relatives and show by their worship of ancestors. Military Expeditions of the Allies. The military movements of the al- lies, though frequent in various direc- tions, have not been on a large seale and cannot be ranked as constituting a definite campaign. Usually they have been successful in achieving some local and limited purpose of quelling threatened outbreaks of Box- ers and other gangs of murderers or plunderers emboldened by the mani- fest imbecility or the secret connivance of the government. These expeditions are reported to have brought protec- tion to groups of foreigners and to lit- tle companies of native Christians who had escaped the massacres of last summer. The special work assigned them was to prevent the numerous bands of Chinese fighting men, driven and Mattered by the victorious inarch of the allies, from gradually regather- ing as a united force. Thus evidence was to be given to both the imperial government and the populace that the foreign powers were holding tirm con- trol of the capital and the whole sur- rounding region, and would insist on such outcome of the negotiations now being entered on as should fully en- sure the concessions demanded by them in the interest of peace and of the permanent recognition of interna- tional rights. While this desirable purpose has doubtless been to some extent served by the many expeditions of the foreign troops, there is much disagreeable evidence as to the proceedings of some of them; though among these —let It be noted— are scarcely if at all included those of Japan, the United States, and Great Britain. It has been much remarked i>y observen la iv king. that, while then- teemed f.-w occasions i<»r expeditions by the troopa of these three powers, the lermaa end French commanders found fre- quent causes for them. From many pens of correspondents Of European and American Journals have flowed detailed accounts of much looting of villages, with furious ravage and in many cases with violations «>f women and promiscuous slaughter even of little children, especially by the French ami Russian soldiery, it is vain to plead in excuse the fury of moral and even physical abhorrence roused to frenzy by the cold demoniac cruelty of the Chinese toward their multitude of helpless victims: such ex- cuse itself would be immoral, and has indeed been scarcely seen in print, as if it were felt that a Christian civilisation could not afford thus to unclvlllse it- self. Defense, however, in the form of a direct denial and disproval in whole or in large part, is looked for ami is awaited with some disquiet, If one may Judge from the tone of leading Jour- nals — some authoritative evidence that the occasional doings of such criminals as may lie found in an army as in every other large group of hu- man beings, have been mistaken for the customary doings of the army. Nearly all accounts praise without stint the behavior and discipline of the soldiers of Japan, and in good measure, of those of this country and Britain. A dispatch from Peking. I »■• cember 7, stated that Li Hung-Chang had informed General Chaffee that he and all the people of the province of re-chili are extremely gratified at the behavior of the American tr<> >\>- toward the Chinese. Inasmuch as orders from Washington had distinctly designated General Chaffee's trtM)p« aa guards for the legations there was some surprise at the press itpuru that American troops ha'd gone out In co- operation with I German ex|M*dltlon- ary force which had been charged with extensive looting. General Chaf- 8 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 fee's cable dispatch of January 2 cleared away ali such suspicion. His movement had been simply to verify a report of the murder of many na- tive Christians, and if the report were found true, to secure arrest of the guilty parties. His troops had at no time taken part in offensive opera- tions. It was announced in Paris, Decem- ber 18, that the government had de- cided that all objects, unless material of war, which had been seized or iuse regulars, commanded by two gen- erals, in wild flight from the province of Pe-chi-li to Shan-si. The Chinese evaded fighting, and their baggage was captured. In the latter part of December there were reports of irritation caused by the activity of the Grerman troops in districts assigned to British protec- tion. It is not strange that, from causes great or petty, discord should arise between troops of half a dozen nationalities operating in districts BARON VON R1CHTHOFEN, The New German Foreign Minister, Formerly Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. should be seized by the French expe- ditionary force in China should be re- stored, whether belonging to the Chi- nese government or to private indi- viduals. Early in December Count von Wal- dersee reported the hoisting of the German flag at the Ming Imperial tombs, and the punishing of natives in the neighborhood for murder of Christians. His dispatch reports nlso the success of the expedition to Kal- gan, about 120 miles northwest from Peking, driving several thousand Chi- whose assigned boundaries are neces- sarily somewhat indeterminate. The reports that fill the air in China, as they fill the columns of journals in several countries, tend to international friction, even though not credited in official quarters. An illustration is the following from a reputable London paper, Decern bev 20: "It is reported that five days ago the German troops visited Lung-ching and shot sixty imperial troops who were en- gaged in suppressing Boxers, and also killed thirty other Chinese, including three convert*. They took 200 prisoners. THE CRISIS I\ CHINA, including thirty natives attached to the Anglican mission. In consequence of an appeal from the magistrates, however, the prisoners were liberated in return for the payment of 20,000 taels. -This puni- tive expedition was in defiance of the un- derstanding that no such measures should be taken pending the negotiations. The Germans are said to haw looted the place." With this interesting report may be compared a statement that lias had corresponding publicity, which is from the German commander relative to the doings of the same period: Count von Waldersec's dispatch, dated at Peking, December 19, mentions an encounter with a force of Boxers at Yung-Ling, December 14, of whom fif- teen were killed; and the flight of 1,000 Chinese regulars to the mountains on the approach of the Germans. These two reports, differing as to facts, also belong to a different order of literature. On January 3 was credibly re ported the return to Tien-Tain of u German expedition to Lien-Cheng-Hsu which bad captured forty-three Krnpp guns and destroyed J,(mh> rides and great quantities of ammunition. A German column stormed a fortress about forty-two miles northeast of Po- king, the headquarters of newly organ- ized bands of Boxers numbering about 1.000. What may have been the same but appears another battle, was re ported about the same time: the Ger- main attacked a fortified village northeast of Peking, and captured it, losing three killed and four wounded: Chinese loss, 200 killed, 300 wounded. The Russian troops, except a limited force detained as legation and railway guards, were reported on January 14 as evacuating the province of Pe-ehi- li and entraining for Manchuria. Russia in Manchuria. That Russia is now in practical con- trol in the great northeastern portion of what Is known as the empire of China— the region between Biberia and Korea, and that where Russia is. there she holds, pro two statements which since 1898 present no novelty (Vol. 8. p. 40; Vol. 9, p. 784; Vol. 10. p. 7!)8>. Dispatches from Peking. De- cember 31, show, not the secret treaty which repeatedly has been rumored for a i -ess ion by China of He- Lung Tsian, known as Manchuria, but an open Russo-Chinese agreement for the Russian military occupation of Fung tien, the southern and most important province of Manchuria, and for early resumption of Chinese civil admlnls trntion under a Russian protectorate. The agreement is credibly reported as signed by representatives respectively of the Tartar general commanding at Muk- den, the old Manchu capital, and of the Russian commander-in-chief. Similar agreements in reference to the two other provinces will necessarily follow, where- upon Manchuria will become a Russian protectorate — the Russian political resi- dent at Mukden having general powers of control similar to those of the Russian resident at Bokhara or of the British residents in the native states of India. The Tartar general must disarm ami dis- band the Chinese soldiery, <1< livering to tho Russian military officials all muni- tions of war in ih< arsenals. All forts. defenses, and powder magazines not oc- cupied <>r required by the Russians must be dismantled in the presence of Russian officials. This now possession is of great im- portance to Russia for her railway and commercial development in Biberia, and for her military control on the Yellow Sea and the north Pacific coast, to which Manchuria opens her best approach, It gives her the true Inland base for her great new port and naval station at Port Arthur. This new advance has little relation to her trade with China, in which. figuring chiefly as a purchaser, Russia has an Interest of no Importance com- pared with that of other great na- tions; but it marks the century's end with one great step onward in her tor ritorinl advance— the lust preceding step having been the annexation to Siberia of what had been for years the adjoining province in China. Prince Uktomsky. special Russian nsrent at Peking, is credited with this recent Step bV which Russia restores and en- 8 IXTEBXA T10NAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 sures under her military occupation tranquillity in a great district in which China had granted Russia two years previously the right to build railways and to guard them with the requisite military force, but which China in her last summer's craze had ravaged in her vain effort to reconquer eastern Siberia. In this step Russia violates no treaty, nor even the well-under- stood engagement by all the powers that none of them should take occa- sion from China's outbreak to seize or annex territory, and so to open the empire to general partition. Russia has not annexed Manchuria: Chinese civil and local government remains there. Russia has merely, as is her standing custom, availed herself of two opportunities within three years for instituting a natural process by which Manchuria will in due season gravitate to inclusion in her vast mass. It illustrates the policy of the colossal Northern power— not to force issues irrespective of the tidal current of events, but to watch and to wait while constantly preparing for a move- ment at the instant when the tide shall serve (Vol. 10, p. 996), None of the governments has made public its surprise at Russia's proceed- ing in Manchuria: probably, while several of them are disgusted, none is surprised. It is not known that any of them purpose any protest. Indeed, this advance takes a form which ad- mits the Russian plea that it merely develops the concession made by China at the end of the Japanese war. When China in her insanity last sum- mer suddenly sent her wild troops into and across Manchuria, making a path marked by destruction of Russian prop- erty and life as far as to the Russian boundary along the A moor, and then crossed that river invading Siberia. Russia availed herself to the full of her Manchurian treaty rights, sending great armies, retaking her railway property, and, for the requisite protection against recurrence of such a sudden craze, as- sumed military possession and control of lnrge areas along the railways, naturally including the chief towns— much of norrhern Manchuria, being sparsely pop- ulated. This is the military possession and control which the recent agreement between China and Russia develops, or- ganizes, and continues indefinitely. It might be difficult for any of the powers to show precisely where, in terms, this movement violates the agreement by them all not to use their armed entrance into China for annexation of territory: Russia now makes no "annexation," though that may be prophesied as the ultimate result. Moreover, in the whole dealing with Manchuria the allied powers had no part: Russia was alone. The whole spirit and effect of this Russian advance bears distinctly against the recent international agree- ment formed at the instance of the United States, in which Russia joined with all the great powers in establish- ing the "open door" for China (Vol. 9, p. 834). Her really decisive step into Manchuria, however, preceded her "open door" agreement. Against her latest step there is much protest in the press of Britain and this country, but no government has made any sign of interference. It is reported on at least respectable authority that in Berlin the chancellor of the empire has given the Russian ambassador repeated as- surances that Germany considers Man- churia as lying outside of Germany's interest or commercial sphere, and that the recent Anglo-German agree- ment in no wise touches it Progress of Negotiations. Dispatches in London, November 29, reported the Russian minister at Peking as intimating to the Chinese envoys Russia's purpose to insist on amending the- terms of the death pen- alty clause in the joint note of the powers so that, either, the guilty should be punished by the Chinese in the manner acceptable to the powers, or that the terms should not be irre- vocable, as had been agreed, but might be modified by negotiations. On December 4, the ministers agreed to amendments proposed by the United States minister in the joint note— chang- ing the term "death penalty" for the guilty officials to "the most severe pun- ishment befitting their crimes," and THE CRISIS IN CHINA. changing the term "irrevocable" as ap- plied to the conditions, to "absolutely in- dispensable." Also, the names (twelve) of the guilty are not specified, the provi- sion being only that those princes and officials must be punished whom the Chi- nese government has recognized as guilty and who have received nominal punishment by imperial edicts, with the addition of others to be designated here- after by the ministers. This abatement of the proposed de- mands the correspondent of "The Times" (London) ascribes originally to Japan, whence being communicated to Washington It was found to coin- cide with the President's views, and was duly presented by the United States minister. Yet, all softening of the terms to uieet the approval of the Chinese is by them ascribed to the Russians. On December 11, it was announced that the ministers had finally agreed on the terms of the collective note. JOINT NOTE PRESENTED AND AC- CEPTED. On December 20 the ministers at Peking signed the collective note, ex- cept that Mr. Conger delayed for two days, under orders from Washington relative to one point, that of the in- demnities. The United States and Russia, it is stated (though not of- ficially) favored referring the whole indemnity question to the new court of arbitration at The Hague: the other powers would commit it to the peace plenipotentiaries. With Mr. Conger's signature he appended an explanation of the position of the United States government on the debated point, but entered no protest. On December 24, in a meeting of the ministers, the joint note was handed to Prince Ching. who forwarded it to the Emperor. Li Hung-Chang was ill, and sent apology for his absence. Dispatches from Peking, December 29 and 30. reported the acceptance by the Chinese government of all the con- ditions of the collective note, and that a formal edict of acceptance was be- ing sent by an envoy, who would also ask that negotiations for a definite settlement should begin forthwith, and that military operations, includ- ing punitive expeditions, should cease. While this edict, like all that pro- ceeded from the court, is ascribed to "the Emperor," it Is not known whether this is more than a figure of speech. Outside of official or fully authenti- cated statement, yet sufficiently credi- ble, is the report in a Peking telegram to New York that the Chinese pleni- potentiaries who had accepted the terms of the collective note were much surprised at the imperial edict to agree to its terms and to append their sig- natures with the imperial seal. The report was, further, that the Em- peror's instructions were to agree fully to the note; and then to endeavor to get the best terms, particularly as re- gards limiting as much as possible the number of foreign legation guards and of military posts along the railway to Peking, and as regards disarming in- stead of destroy Ing the forts between Taku and Peking. One correspondent claims to give the exact words of the imperial edict: "We have duly perused the telegram of Prince Ching and Li Hung-Chang, and it behooves us to agree to the whole twelve articles. But our commissioners shall devise a plan to discuss details of sections complacently with the ministers." At this hopeful stage a serious de- lay was suddenly threatened, as ap- pears in general from the accounts, which differ in some unimportant de- tails. On January 5, Viceroy Chang Chih-Tung telegraphed to the Chinese envoys in Peking, strenuously urging delay in their final signature of the note till modification had been ob- tained of Sections 5, 7, 8, 9 (see below), with the expunging of the sentences in the preamble attributing to the im- perial court the attacks on the lega- tions. He added that he had tele- graphed an urgent warning to the Em- I>eror and the Empress-Dowager not to return to Peking because of the danger to them from the clauses ob- jected to. An imperial decree soon ar- 10 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 rived showing similar alarm and for- bidding the envoys to affix their sig- nature till the clauses had been modi- fied. The envoys replied that the warning order had come too late, and that it was impossible now to recall the decisive assent which by imperial sanction they had already given. It is said that Li Hung-Chang took an unflinching lead in this entirely reasonable though not very Chinese decision— replying to the suggestion that his government might refuse to ratify the treaty after he had signed it: "The consequences would be with them and not with us. We have fulfilled our duty. We have warned our Emperor in our telegram yesterday that we should never again be offered such easy terms, and that hostilities would no doubt be resumed if the first edict were with- drawn." Further delay is said to have been occasioned by the difficulty which the envoys had in procuring the imperial seal, which was requisite to give au- thority to their signature, and which had been left in the Emperor's private apartments in the Forbidden City. On January IT Minister Conger re- ported to Washington that the Chi- nese had duly signed, sealed, and de- livered the peace protocol, thus intro- ducing the era of negotiations for a final treaty. The note which accompanied the de- livery of this ngreennnt by the Chi- nese plenipotentiaries reiterated the Chinese objections to portions of it; and it added to them a request for the immediate return of the govern- ment buildings, and for total cessation of military expeditions; also a desire for a definition of the limits of the legations, and a desire for removal of foreign troops as soon as possible. Following is a summary of its pream- ble and its twelve sections. Sections 5, 7, 8, and 9, were those in which modifications were urged by the belated and disregarded imperial edict. A reported prediction by Earl Li is, that "Sections 1, 2, 3. 4, and 10 will present no difficulties. But dis- cussion will take place over the other articles"— "rather to elucidate than to alter the original text." SUMMARY OF THE PEACE PROTOCOL. The preamble condemns the recent out- rages in China as crimes against the law of nations, civilization, and humanity. It recounts the chief of them — the assas- sination of Baron von Kettler by sol- diers of the regular army obeying orders of their officers; the siege of the legations by Boxers and imperial soldiers under orders from the court. It denounces the treachery of the government in declaring through its representatives abroad that it was protecting the legations while it was actually besieging them. It charges on imperial troops the murder of the Jap- anese chancellor, Sugiyama.aud on troops and Boxers the torture and assassination of foreigners in the capital and in many provinces, with the desecration of foreign cemeteries and the remains of the dead. It declares that the allied powers, having been compelled to come from far and t<> fitrht their way to Peking to end such horrors, now consent to accede to China's petition for peace on the following (irrevocable) conditions, considered abso- lutely indispensable in reparation for the crimes committed and for prevention of their recurrence: — 1. An imperial prince, heading an ex- traordinary embassy, is to convey to Berlin an expression of the Emperor's re- gret for the assassination of Baron von Ketteler; and a memorial monument is to be erected on the site of the murder, with an inscription, in Latin. German, and Chinese, expressing the regret of the Emperor and of the government. 2. The most severe punishment befit- ting their crimes is to be inflicted on the personages designated in the imperial de- cree of December 21 (whose names — not mentioned — are Princes Tuan and Chuanc: and two other princes, Duke Lan, Chao Shu-chiao, Yang-yi, Ying- hien), also others whom the foreign min- isters shall hereafter designate. Official examinations are to be suspended for five years in those cities where foreigners have been assassinated or cruelly treated. ?,. Honorable reparation is to be made to Japan for the murder of Chancellor Sugiyama. 4. Expiatory monuments are to be erected in all foreign cemeteries where tombs have been desecrated. 5. The import of arms or material used exclusively in making arms and am- munition is to be prohibited, under con- ditions to be communicated by the powers. rut: i 7.7.w.s in uhina. li G. An equitable indemnity is in be paid to st ties, and individuals, also to Chinese who have suffered injury because of their employment by foreign- ers. China is to adopt financial measures acceptable to the powers to guarantee pnyment of the aforesaid indemnities, and t<> provide security foe the loans. 7. The powers are to have authority to maintain permanent legation guards, and to plaee the legation quarter in a state of defense; and permission for Chi- nese to reside in this quarter is to be withdrawn. 8. The Taku forts and those which might interfere with free communication between Peking and the sea are to he razpd. 9. There is to be foreign military oc- cupation of points to be indicated by Sgm ment among the powers as neces- sary to ensure free communication between Peking and the sea. 10. Imperial edicts are to be posted during two years in all distriet cities threatening death to any person joining an anti-foreign society, and enumerating the punishments inflicted by China upon the guilty ringleaders of the recent out- rages. An imperial ediet is to be pro- mulgated ordering viceroys, governors, and local officials to be held responsible for anti-foreign outbreaks or violations of treaties within their jurisdiction- failure to suppress or immediately pun- ish same being visited by immediate removal of the officials responsible, who are never again to hold office or receive distinction. 11. China is to be under obligation to negotiate with the foreign governments regarding conditions deemed suitable b) them ftp trade and shipping regulations and for all matters affecting mercantile transactions, with a view to tacilitate the latter. r_\ The Foreign Office is to be re- formed; and the com t ceremonial for reception of foreign ministers is to be modified in the sense to be indicated l>\ tin- powers. Until china complies with the foregoing conditions, the powers can hold out no expectation of a limit of time for re- moval of the foreign troops now occupy- ing Peking and the province-. The provision with which Section 2 closes is regarded by persons a. qunlnted with Chinese customs as one whose wtdeuess of application will make it the severest penalty that could be inflicted on all classes of Chinamen. Tin- chief ambition of Chinamen is to gain a place in the office-holding class. and this can be obtained only by those who successfully pass the official ex- aminations In the Chinese classical literature. The laws require every candidate to pass these examinations at the place of his birth. Thus, for live years, till persons born at any of the multitude of places. Including great cities, where any of the outrages occurred, are shut out from almost the sole object of a Chinaman's ambi- tion. This provision has value also as striking at the higher classes. SECOND STAGE OK PEACE NEGOTIA- TIONS. A great effort is expected on the part of the Chinese to prolong the negotia- tions on the final treaty in the hopes of evading some of the concessions specified in the protocol. The debate now opening is tangled with many complications, of which the reaction- ary party headed by the Euipress- Dowager and including the two power- ful viceroys of the Yang-tse provinces, with Yung-Lu and a strong l>ody of mandarine, will doubtless seek to avail themselves. They may add a new difficulty to the situation by In- ducing the government to refuse or to delay to return to Peking. As for the poweia, they have yet to decide on the amount of the indemnities, on the ap- I»ortionmeiit of them, and on schemes to collect and pay them, on providing t<»r an international financial control, and on a general recasting of all the commercial treaties in accord with the new era. The Chinese obstruc- tionists are doubtless expecting dis- cord among the powers on the ques- tion of a continuance of the foreign forces in China. A proposal to refer all or any part of the case to The Hague tribunal Is beset with the danger of breaking the concert of the powers, inasmuch as that would be its effect unless all the powers agreed (with China) to such reference. LI Hung-Chang and Prince Chlng have, on their request, procured the appointment of two high officials. 12 INTERNA HON A L 1 1 F FAIRS. March. 1901 Sbeng, the taotai (mayor) of Shang- hai, and Chou-Fu, former Chinese minister to Korea, to aid in the nego- tiations. There are reports that Earl Li is again dangerously ill. The request of Prince Ching and Earl Li for transfer of the Forbidden City to the Chinese in order to pre- pare for the Emperor's return, was referred by the generals to the minis- ters. They replied that they saw no reason to alter their previous deter- mination that before any concessions could be granted, the Chinese govern- ment must show deeds proving their desire to comply with the demands of the protocol. Military arrangements would depend on the promptitude with which China executes her en- gagements. THE BOER WAR. The end of the first week in Decem- ber presented a continuance of the scene of preceding weeks— sudden dashes by bands of Boers on isolated posts, surprising the small garrisons and occasionally capturing cattle and military supplies. Such prisoners as were taken— no large number except in two or three instances— the Boers usually found it necessary to release after a few days, as they could not spare food for them or lacked the men requisite to guard them. Delarey was operating far to the north in the Vaal River Colony westward from Pretoria. At the south, De Wet, the dashing guerilla chief, was appearing and vanishing in the region of the Orange river, making occasional captures on a small scale, but chiefly causing dis- comfort by menacing an invasion of Cape Colony. This menace excited alarm in the towns of the north; and precautions of various kinds were taken even as far southward as Cape Town— the fear at that time being not so much the fighting which De Wet's roving bands might do, as what might be the effect of his bold movement in inspiriting to insurrection the large Dutch element in many parts of the colony. Lieutenant-General Lord Kitchener, who as acting general in South Africa had succeeded Field Marshal Earl Roberts as commander- in-chief, showed no apprehension of this kind, though the columns of several English papers were tremu- lous with alarm. Either he felt as- sured that the Cape Dutch would not rise, or he knew of adequate pro- visions already made for quelling such a rising. A Possible Dutch Uprising. The workings of the Boer mind, as recent events have shown, are not to be predicted according to standards customary in modern Europe; where- fore it must suffice here to say that, among those most conversant with present conditions in Cape Colony the expectation of a Dutch rising did not long prevail. The reasons for this judgment may be stated as follows. The British rule in Cape Colony, if ever deemed oppressive, is no longer deemed so even by those elements of the population whose radical sympa- thies are with the Boers, inasmuch as English laws in that colony have long upheld and guaranteed a liberty and a political equality which the burghers in the Transvaal steadily refused to other civilized inhabitants— even clos- ing all negotiations to that end with a sudden ultimatum threatening to open war with Britain at the end of twenty-four hours. While their friends in Cape Colony are to be respected in their natural sympathy with them, they cannot be expected to follow ihem into a war which at this stage retire. The British lost fourteen killed and 57:5 missing (wounded and prisoiiersi. also I con siderable amount of transport. The Boers reported their loss in killed as very heavy: later statements showed it as exceeding the British loss in killed. Two days afterward. ::15 sf the British prisoners came into camp. baTing I n released. The Boers cap- tured no trims or ammunition. A few days later. December P.t .1.1. tieiieral Clements and General French drove the enemy from all that region in a scries of attacks in which the reported losses were British, tWO killed, four- teen wounded; Boers, twenty killed, and total loss 180. On December i<» the Boers attacked Vryheid. and were repulsed with loss of about ion killed and wounded: British loss, six killed, nineteen wound- ed, thirty missing. Three days later, in the same region, the Boers suffered a heavy loss in men and supplies. De- cember 13, Lord Methuen attacked and captured the Boer position at Ottos hoop, taking fifteen wagons, 15,000 rounds of ammunition. 1,400 cattle, and 2.000 sheep. (See map. Vol. 10, p. 323.) CAPE COLONY INVADED. Lord Kitchener, December 22. re- ported an invasion of Cape Colony by two bands Of Boers— 500 to 800 cross- ing Oraug*1 river at Rhenoster Hoek. and another party westward. In a few days both forces were headed off and broken into small bands. There was no movement of the Cape Colony Dutch to join or to aid them. They captured several small posts, tore up railways, looted many farms, and dis- gusted the Dutch farmers and even the members of the Afrikander Bond, who judged them to be mere marau- ders. Martial law was declared in all the disturbed districts. Bands of Boers were roving also through the northwestern portions of Gape Colony near the border, around Vryburg: and for several days no mails reached Kimberley. A very valuable British convoy of twenty-six wagons with va- rious military supplies, which left Vryburg, was captured. December 23— a heavy loss for the British. Lord Kitchener, however, seems not to have permitted these annoying and rambling invasions to disarrange or change his general plan of cam- paign. The arrival of considerable British reinforcements was reported; and on .lanuary 28, Kitchener was said to be disposing large forces in a 14 INTERNA T10NAL AFFAIRS. March. i:hm semicircle, the columns moving simul- taneously to inclose the hostile forces, whose southward movement was gen- erally, but perhaps prematurely, con- sidered as checked. Early in Janu- ary, 6,500 South African irregulars had been reported as recruited in the pre- ceding eight weeks; and on January 3 an enrollment of volunteers for de- to the south having been frustrated. On December 29, the strong British posi- tion at Helvetia in the northeastern part of the Transvaal was surprised in a night attack, and lost eleven killed, twenty- two wounded. A British reinforce- ment reoccupied the post the next day, and the 200 prisoners were released five or six days afterward. On the night of January 7 there was a heavy attack sim- ultaneously on all British posts along a MAP OF DeWET'S ADVANCE. fense of the colony was started enthu- siastically. On December 13, a detached party, mostly raw recruits, of Brabant's Horse, in fighting a superior force near Zastron, Orange River Colony, lost four killed, sixteen wounded and 120 prisoners— the latter, however, reported as released not long afterward. On December 28, General De Wet was reported at Sene- kal, his attempt again to break through line of many miles on the railway from Fretoria to Lourenco Marques. After se- vere fighting, with losses probably nearly equal on both sides, the Boers were driven off at 3:40 A. M., leaving more dead on the field than the British loss m killed. , In the closing days of January, there were active operations against companies of Boers by General French in the Transvaal, and by General Knox in the Orange River Colony, against De Wet— run Hutu 1 1. iv.'. 15 the Boers retiring. The damage recently done by them to mines and machinery in the Rand was estimated at $1,500,000. Iu this general view of the military situation through January, many minor conflicts and movements arc not chronicled, and of those here noted scarcely any. even of those really grievous to the' English, had any bear- • ing on the result. The scene generally presented is flrst a series of harassing guerilla attacks aimed at the surprise or capture of small Isolated posts or detachments. These were attacked by roving bands led by daring and resourceful men who. where no armed force Is encountered, derail engines, destroy railway culverts and bridges, plunder trains, and loot farms and vil- lages whose people are not upholders of the Boer claims. Later, by reason of the development of General Kitch- ener's plans in certain districts for concentrating and feeding in greal ramps the sparse i>opulation, and for massing troops to control the more Important lines of communication, the Boon except the scattering and half- organized hands that by latest ac- counts are roaming somewhat aim- lessly iu the less populated regions have done some good lighting in at- tacks on fortified posts at the north. There is no sign thus far of any dis- arrangement of Kitchener's general plan: meanwhile the mounted force which he so greatly needs has been steadily In preparation to take Its place in the campaign. The Fall of DeWet. This active and able warrior, who has evaded either capture or defeat, and whose daring and resource have given him renown, has had a fall, in- asmuch as he has given the English nation a shock of disappointment sur- passing that occasioned by his success- fid raids. Ferhaps there Is no other people so prompt as the English to recognize and to admire intrepidity and tenacity in a man who is fight- ing them fairly; so for many weeks v..t. 11-2. the Englishman of average standing has been applauding De Wet: had that slippery Boer been caught and brought to London he might have been made the victim of a popular ovation. But he is no longer their hero, having broken the rules of the grant game of war, and Indeed shown himself a savage, to be hanged if caught. If credible accounts are true, including General Kitchener's dis- patches, three regularly appointed agents of the Burghers' Central Peace Committee who came to a Boer laager near Lindley, January lb, with appeals for ending the fighting, were by ids orders severely flogged, and one of them, named Morgan I>aal. a subject of Queen Victoria, after being flogged," was shot. Another pence envoy. Wessels. was by De Wet's orders shot at Klipfontein, January 28 The Afrikander Congress. This convention of men and women. I torn (or resident) in South Africa of European descent, favoring an inde- pendent nationality under Dutch or Boer rule (Vol. 9, p. 802), met in Wor- cester, Cape Colony. December 8. It adopted resolutions demanding ter- mination of the war, and "the retention by the republics of their Independence;" pledging "labor in a constitutional way" for these objects; and condemning "the policy and the attitude" of the British governor and high commissioner, Sir Al- fred Milner. A deputation conveyed their resolutions to the governor, who promised to send them to the home gov- ernment with an expression of his em- phatic dissent. This indicates the lib- city which obtains under English laws in South Africa. After a few days the municipalities throughout Cape Colony were heard from, repudiating the ct nsure passed on Sir Alfred Milner. The British Intentions. Noticeable as tending toward pacifi- cation was Mr. Chamberlain's state- ment in parliament, December 7, as to the government's proposals for the South African colonies. This state- 16 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 inent was in response to Lord Rose- bery's severe criticism of the methods of the government, and Lord Kimber- ley's demand for a definite pronounce- ment of policy. The plan outlined by the colonial secretary showed an un- expected moderation and liberality, and appears to have been cordially welcomed in parliament by even the Opposition members and by the people. A disclaimer of vindictiveness against the men in arms, he said, was to be made known by issue of proclamations in Eng- lish and in Dutch. The government's object was — first, to end the guerilla war: then, immediately to institute a crown MAJ.-GEN. SIR HENRY COLVILLE, Formerly Commanding the First (Guards) Bri- gade in the British South African Field Force. government; and ultimately to make the colonies self-governing. Regarding the proposed plan for a civil government, he declared that as soon as possible munici- palities with all municipal privileges would be created at such places as Pre- toria, Floemfontein, and Johannesburg. As far as practicable, Afrikanders would be made officials, and for every man, Roer or Britain, laws and privileges should be equal. Though this official announcement was not in terms a peace proposal, it was of peaceful tendency as contra- dicting the inflammatory declarations reported to have been widely circu- lated in South Africa by the Boer leaders, that the establishing of Brit- ish authority would bring to all who had upheld the burghers in their re- sistance— or at least to the hundreds of their leaders— imprisonment or ban- ishment, with confiscation of homes and property ; while the whole country would be subjected to degrading tyr- anny which would crush out all civil rights anc1 liberties. Burghers' Peace Committee. About December 15 several promi- nent burghers in the Pretoria district, including a number of former mem- bers of the Transvaal Volksraad, formed a peace committee which re- solved to attempt an opening of ne- gotiations. At their suggestion Lord Kitchener addressed a meeting of this committee, December 21, and showed a temperateness and a spirit of con- ciliation which had never before in South Africa or in the campaign in Egypt been supposed to have place in his character. He enlarged on Mr. Chamberlain's statements in parliament, declaring that while these showed the impossibility that the Boer government should ever be re- established, they clearly showed a pur- pose to avoid oppressing the burghers, and a plan to form in South Africa a government in which the burghers them- selves would have a prominent share, en- suring not only the rights of property and full civil liberty, but also preserva- tion of the ancient laws and customs of the country. He declared that the two Boer governments having been dis- integrated in the war which they began, the continuance of the present struggle was inhuman, being utterly hopeless. There was no longer the excuse that it might bring intervention: the powers had definitely refused Mr. Kruger's request for that. The burghers had made a strong fight, but they had been over- powered, and it would be no dishonor to the leaders to recognize that fact. Hosts of Boer prisoners were waiting to be restored to their families. He said" that in case of submission no one who had fought fairly should be banished from the country; moreover, all such, including the leaders, would receive the consideration due their rank. Lord Kitchener declared his Avish to finish the war by the most humane means possible, and promised that if he should be com- pelled to abandon conciliatory for harsher measures the committee should have notice from him. I Hi: BOER WAR. 17 The Central Pence Committee at Kiouiistiiil. ns repotted January 8, nd- dreeeed to '.hv i>eople of Cai>e Colony au open letter— called forth probably by apprehension of the Influence of the Afrikander congress at Worcester —stating that the time has come for the people of the Orange Ulver Colony to make every effort to save their country from further destruction. Portion? of the document are the fol- lowing:— "The country is literally one vast wil- derness. The farmers are obliged to go to the towns for protection, and huge refugee camps have been formed by the British for them and their families. These people have lost everything, and ruin and starvation stare them in the face. All this misery is caused by a •small and obstinate minority, who will not how to the inevitable and who make the majority suffer. Any encouragement to the men still on commando to continue the hoi>ele8s struggle can only injure us' and causes us further misery. We have done our best and fought to get Africa under one flag, and we have lost. Let there be no mistake about this. England has sp*»nt millions and sacrificed thou- sands of lives, and no reasonable being can believe for one moment that she M ill now give up the fruits of her vic- tory. . . . England has definitely an- nounced that she will not restore the in- dependence of the two republics. Let us, in the interests of lasting peace in South Africa, accept this announcement as final, and let us work for conciliation on that basis. "From the speeches made in the Brit- ish parliament and by Sir A. Milner and Lord Kitchener, we have learnt that the way in which the British government is willing to settle matters is not ungen- erous or humiliating to us." After naming "Mr. Steyn and Gen- eral De Wet" as "the only obstacles to peace." the appeal proceeds: "We ask you to believe us when we say that Mr. Kruger and the late Trans- vaal government have been willing twice already to accept British terms; but Mr. Steyn refused to have anything to do with surrender. He continued the war and encouraged the burghers in the hope that we should get European assistance. . . . We appeal to you to help us make an end to this unhappy state of affairs* which is plunging everybody into pov- erty and despair." The committee Issuing this letter In- cludes W. D. De Wet. late assistant chief commandant, three Volksraad members, and tw.> justices of the pence. Mr. Kruger in Europe. The German Emperor's refusal to receive Mr. Kruger (Vol. 10, p. 080) was recognized by the 3ermun jour- nals of the Liberal party as a political necessity. The Conservative. Agrari- an, and Anti-Semitic journals showed dissatisfaction, deeming the refusal likely to strengthen the suspicion that Germany has no longer a free hand as against England. The "Berliner Tageblatt" expressed fear lest Ger- many, "by following too closely in the wake of England, would again arouse the suspicion of the powers regarding the Anglo-German Yang-tse agree- ment." On Mr. Kruger's journey from the Netherlands frontier, immense crowds gathered at all the stations, the burgomasters made speeches, and the children sang. In several of his re- plies, he pictured the Transvaal as a little child whom a bad man wished to kill. He arrived at The Hague, De- cember G, and, after a greeting at the railway station by the town officials and a choir of GOO singing men and girls, was welcomed by the burgo- master and others with speeches eu- logizing his statesmanship, one of which strongly condemned England's "tyranny and injustice." In accord- ance with votes In both chambers of the States-Greneral, the two presidents sent him letters of welcome — the presi- dent of the lower house merely ex- pressing sympathy; the president of the senate expressing approval of his "noble purpose" to end the unjust war barbarously forced on him, and hoping for the Independence of the two re- publics. Three days afterward It was announced as to the latter epistle that the government had instructed the Dutch minister in London to disavow all responsibility for it On December 8, Queen Wilhe^lna received Mr. Kruger In audience at 18 1NTEMNA TWXAL AFFAWS. March, laol the palace. On the 11th he received from the Dutch government in an in- terview its definite refusal to take the initiative in behalf of the arbitration which he had demanded between the Transvaal and Great Britain— the ground taken being that the initiative belonged to the great powers. At the palace, December 14, the Queen en- tertained him at a private dinner. After a visit to Amsterdam, Decem- ber 19, where be was received by the municipal and commercial authorities, and applauded by great crowds, he left The Hague, December 22, for several weeks' stay in Utrecht. There also he was greeted by a great throng. Return of Earl Roberts. Field Marshal Roberts, with his wife and daughters, sailed from Cape Town for England, December 11. Immense crowds cheered his departing steamer. In a parting speech he gave an earnest tribute of gratitude to all who bad been working with him, and urged the friendly fusion of the Dutch and Eng- lish races in South Africa, who, he said, should try to forgive and forget all that tends to bitterness of feeling. Landing at Southampton, Jan. 3, after a warm official and popular reception, he passed on to London, approaching and entering the metropolis according to a program elaborately arranged both to gratify him with the highest manifesta- tion of regard and honor, and to gratify the greatest possible multitude of people with at least a passing glimpse of one whom a felicitous writer has described as "the most lovable if not the greatest soldier in the national history." To give him the first and a prompt welcome — a "royal" welcome indeed — there met him at Paddington on the station platform, the Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of York, the Duke of Con- naught, the Duke of Cambridge, and other royalties. The field marshal then passed in a royal carriage provided for him, along a route lined with a force of 14,000 troops and through streets dense- ly packed with continuously cheering crowds, to Buckingham Palace, where he was entertained at luneheo"n with the Prince and Princess of Wales as host and hostess. The Queen on January 2 bestowed on him an earldom, with spe- cial provision for passing of the title to his daughters— his son having been killed early in the war. He was also made a Knight of the Garter. In the afternoon Earl Roberts visited the War Office, and by 11 o'clock the next morning he had entered dili- gently on the duties of his new office as commander-in-chief of the British army. His brief addresses in the progress of this homecoming and reception showed in a felici- tous simplicity of phrase the generosity and modesty, the constant thoughtful- ness for others, and the moral candor, revealed in the direct force of his mental movement, which have won for "Bobs" the admiration and confidence of his Queen, his countrymen, and his army. THE RECIPROCITY POLICY. The German Tariff. The uncertainty continues in regard to Germany's action on the tariff and other matters affecting commercial reciprocity arrangements with this country (Vol. 10, p. 08-1). An im- portant element in the situation is said to be the growing fear in Ger- many lest American manufacturers flood the market in that country, and that unless watch be kept Gterman agricultural interests may in like man- ner be invaded. The Central Bureau for preparation of commercial treaties has addressed a circular to the press regarding recent American successes in obtaining foreign orders— instancing orders from the Dutch colonies for cast- iron piping at twenty-five per cent be- low the German bid, and from Calcutta for locomotives at prices lower, and on terms of delivery better, than the English. It predicts serious Ameri- can competition in China. In a speech in theReiehstag a tew weeks since. the secretary of the imperial treasury took a gloomy view of the economic prospect. All this tends to swell the#Agrarian outcry and demand. Their demand fully granted, e. g., a grain duty of 00 marks, would render impossible any policy of reciprocity in commercial EUROPE A \ DU'LUMA* ) 19 treaties, and In the view of the "Vossische Zeitnng" would cause a tariff war with the United States and Russia-heavy duties then being laid by the United States on German sugar, and by Russia on German iron. Still the Agrarians assert that the present United States tariff in its ex actions of dnty on German product! jnstiiies them in the reprisals which they propose. Chancellor von Bulow's position relative to the Agrarian pro- gram is not known, though the Con- servative leader in the Reichstag has recently announced that the chancel- EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY. Anglophobia Lessening. The year opened with a higher tone in European international relations. The menaces of the last two ye;irs •gainst England— not from France, but from certain powerful cliques of Kronen politicians and army men- have lessened in noise and presum ably also in the force of their popular appeal. The agreement in October be- tween Great Britain and GJermany 'regarding a mutual policy in China" THE TOWER OF LONDON. lor is willing to compromise with the Agrarians. There are Increasing signs, however, that the commercial • lasses are growing more united against their demands. An item amusing to Americana in the pork trade was reported in Janu- ary, one of the Agrarian arguments for exeiusion of American pork from the German market has been that there was reason to suspeet its purity and wholesomeness. The same fear recording Terman pork is shown in Russia's recent official prohibition of iraportinp into that country swine flesh from Germanv. (Vol. 10. pp. 884, 990) marks a feeling in both nations far more cordial than could have been anticipated from their attitude four years ago. This was strikingly evinced, and to an extraor- dinary degree, by Emperor William's instantly repairing to the Queen on tin- tkUnga of her approaching death. and by his whole bearing in England; and by King Edward's warm acknowl- edgment in return, in appointing him field marshal in the British army, and conferrine on his son. the Crown Prince, the blue ribbon of the Order of the Garter. Among the masses of the people the reciprocal regard of the 20 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March. 1901 two governments, increasing in very recent years, has been especially mani- fested by the English. For various well-known reasons, not all chargeable H. R. H. THE DUKE OF YORK, Heir Apparent to the British Throne. to Britain's fault, unless her successes also are to be counted among her faults, she has been the '•best-hated" of all the great nations; and, though not of a temper that warms instantly and runs fast and far to persuade an unwilling friendship, she is now find- ing it a luxury to be liked as well as to be watched with doubt from far. The death of the Queen, the most uni- versally honored and trusted sover- eign in modern times, has evidently called into warmer expression the friendliness that recent months had developed between the two cousinly countries. Indeed, it may be found that by this lamented removal into the unseen of the chief upholder of peace in Europe through more than a generation, peace itself becomes more sacred and august. Complications in Europe arising from South Africa are no longer feared, or, as Mr. Kruger might say, hoped. Only three European powers have interest there. Great Britain, Germany, Portugal; and these inter- ests are now in close agreement there, as they were not five years ago. Of the complications arising in the Ori* ent, nothing is here to be said except that none are now threatening there, though the equilibrium of the powers is uncertain, as is also the result of the negotiations. The Dual Alliance. Relations between France and Rus- sia have been brought unexpectedly into question in the last two months; but there is no reason yet shown to make credible the rumor that the Franco-Russian alliance has been or is soon to be dissolved. The rumor origi- nated in the anti-Republican, anti- Dreyfusard press of France, which, angered by the severe reforms made by General Andre, minister of war, after the shameful revelations in the Dreyfus trial— charged on Andre and on the premier, M. Waldeck-Rousseau. the ruin of the army of France. This anti-Republican cry was taken up by some Russian papers, notably the H. R. H. THE DUCHESS OF YORK, Formerly Princess May of Teck. "Xovoye Yremya" of St. Petersburg, Which also developed in plain terms the intimations from the French papers Shore referred to that the French al- THE COLOMAL PKOliLEM. 21 Han oo bad lost all its former value to Russia, si net- the army bad lost its former unity and discipline. This view seems prevalent in Russian military circles, and some recent ut- terances by officials are quoted as im- plying tbat tbis is tin- view of tbe Ku-.si.-iu government. At present it may be inferred that tbe alliance is not as firm as it was, but scarcely tbat it is immediately to be dissolved. The "Independanee Beige," Brussels, published an announcement from its St. Petersburg correspondent, January 12, tbat the Russian government had ordered the "Novoye Vremya" to cease its attacks on the French gov- ernment and General Andre. Holland and Portugal. The tension between the govern- ments of the Netherlands and Por- tugal in the early part of December seems to have subsided for tbe pres- ent The trouble is said to have origi- nated in the withdrawal by Portugal of the exequatur of the Dutch consul, who was consul also of tbe Trans- vaal, at I«ourenco Marques, because of a British protest against bis aid to tbe Boers. On December 7 it was an- nounced tbat tbe Dutch minister at Lisbon and the Portuguese minister at The Hague had left their wpoctlTe posts, and there was even beard some very wise talk of a war in which tbe Dutch navy would have bad great pre- ponderance of force. At this stage came the very unusual action of tbe British government in quietly order- ing the whole channel squadron to Lisbon— a visit which was made the occasion for a striking expression of friendship between Britain and Portu- gal. The trouble has not drawn at- tention since. Hffatrs in Hmerica, THE COLONIAL PROBLEM. Who Are Citizens? ABGUMBNT was commenced in the United States supreme court at Washington, Decem- ber 17, 1900, upon the case of John EL Coetze, with which is joined the case of Emil J. Pepke. both cases involving the civil rights of inhabitants of territories conquered by tbe United States ami tbe relation Of those territories to the government of the United States (Vol. 10. pp. *4S, fK)3>. Goetze had, under protest, paid duties on merchandise brought from Porto RlOO to New York, and brought suit to recover tbe money so paid on tbe ground that Porto Rico was not "a foreign country" within the purview of the Tariff act: Porto Rico was at the time within the United States; and to impose a duty on merchandise coin- ing thence was to violate Section 8 of Article I. of the Constitution. The lawyers for (Joet/.e state the main points of their argument in these four propositions: 1. The people of the United States, in organizing the govern ment of the Dttlted States, have established certain limits never and nowhere to be tran- scended, and that those limits may not be transcended the Constitution is written. Constitutional limitations are the nbicpiitons concomitants of eoostitu- tii'nal power. 22 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. March. 1901 2. The Treaty of Paris is not open to the construction that it provides for the governing of Porto Rico without regard to constitutional limitations and as a country foreign to the United States. If it were possible to place that con- struction upon the treaty, the provision would be void as contrary to the Con- stitution: but this would not in any way prevent or affect the accomplishment or the usual results of annexation. .'». If the Tariff act imposes a duty or tax upon goods brought from Porto Rico to a place elsewhere in the United States after the annexation, the imposi- tion is void as being in conflict with an express provision of the Constitution. HON. JOHN W. GRIGGS, of new jersey, I'nited States Attorney-General. 4. When the Treaty of Paris took ef- fect Porto Rico ceased to be "a foreign country" within the meaning of these words used in the Tariff act of 1897. Edward C. Perkins, one of the coun- sel for Goetze, maintained that the Constitution is in effect a power of at- torney, arid the question was as to what that power was. The prosecution of the war in Porto Rico or elsewhere, or the acquisition of territory, were acts that must be brought within the powers of the Con- stitution. The claim of unlimited power in new territories is opposed to our en- tiro theory of constitutional government. An unbroken line of judicial decisions establishes the doctrine that the prohibi- tory clauses of the Constitution apply in the government of the territory of the United States. On December 18 and 19 Attorney- General Griggs made an eloquent ar- gument for the government's right to levy duty on imports from Porto Rico and other newly acquired territories. He held that within the meaning of the Tariff act Porto Rico and the Philip- pines are to be regarded as foreign countries, belonging to, but not forming in a domestic sense a part of the United States. It is not necessary to invest such territory with the full status of an integral part of the Union: discretion to grant or to withhold such status is one of the ordinary and fundamental rights of an independent sovereign state. Nothing in the Constitution or in the principles underlying it denies to the nation a right to exercise fully this usual and common sovereign right. "The government contends, therefore, that in view of the fact that tariff laws are in rem, there is no principle of jus- tice, much less of constitutional restric- tion, which forbids Congress from tax- ing in this way the merchandise of out- lying possessions of the United States when brought into the ports of the Union; that the limitations of the Con- stitution as to customs, etc, were in- tended to secure equality between the states in the geographical sense, and not to forbid Congress from exercising the ordinary sovereign power of taxation as to the products of other sections of country not included within the geo- graphical boundaries of the states; for which we rely upon the opinion of this court in Knowlton vs. Moore as decisive and conclusive. "Why should this government be consid- ered to have less freedom of action in this matter than other nations? What clause of the Constitution so compels? Why are we so tied and bound that we are never to secure the fruits of victory, never to acquire an island of the sea, a belt across the isthmus, a station for a naval base, unless at the cost of admit- ting those inhabiting the soil to full rights as citizens of the United States, whether they be cannibals or savages, granting them the glorious potentiality of being a part of the people of the United States? Did our forefathers hamper us like that? If so, this Con- stitution is as misshapen as Richard the Hunchback: 'Sent into this world be- TEE CULuXlAL PROBLEM. 23 fan his time, scarce half made up. ami that s<> lamely ami unfashionable that nations laugh at us us wo halt by.' " lu the peroration Mr. Griggs Midi "I am here in I feeble and huuibh> way to Mipport the executive and legis- lative branches of the government in dealing with these momentous questions. Throughout I have felt a serene confi- dence that nothiug I have advised, noth- ing the government has done, has been without its precedents and forerunners from the most illustrious of our fore- fathers, from Jefferson, Jackson, Madi son, Gallatin, and from the great chief justices of the past; that nothing has been done but tended to the great exal- tation and extension of our country and the improvement of the people coming under our control." Instead of seeking strict and narrow constructions, he said, the powers of the executive and legislative branches had l>een so construed as to give them a wise and safe discretion, so that the day would be hastened when we might give to these new peoples self-government, and to some of them, perhaps, a place in the galaxy of states. On December 20 Charles H. Aldrich of Chicago, 111., formerly United Stiites solicitor-general, presented an argument in favor of the doctrine that the rights guaranteed by the Constitu- tion extend to all territory acquired by the United States— that "the Con- stitution follows the Flag." In his speech he showed the difference between the powers of the British parlia- ment and those of Congress. The parlia- ment is omnipotent, can decree anything that falls within the power of the British people; but the functions and powers of Congress are as strictly lim- ited as aro those of the executive de- partment. The Treaty of Paris trau- seends the Constitution in that it directs the President and Congress to do a thing which is clearly inhibited by the organic law of the United States: under th ■» Constitution it is not at the discretion of the President and Congress to extend the Constitution over the Phil- ippines or to withhold it: it is extended over them by the sole fact of their coming under the dominion of the United States. To the two cases already mentioned as coming before the court for final adjudication, seven others were added by consent. Another hearing was to be had on January 7. Among the new eases added was one involving the exaction of duties from importers of merchandise from Hawaii. m An- other was one In which the status of Porto Hico is involved. Karly In I'.hmi the New York and Porto Hico Steam ship Company refused to take pilots on their vessels when entering New York harbor, on the ground that they idled between domestic ports. The Pilots' Association took the ease into court, and in November Judge Brown decided against the pilots (Vol. 10, p. 903). It was now appealed to the supreme court. Final arguments in these cases were heard in court Janu- ary 8, 9, 10, and 11. Attorney-General GSriggs for the government, and John G. Carlisle, ex-secretary of the treas- ury, for the petitioners, made the final pleas January 11. Mr. Griggs, in con- tending for the right of the executive and legislative powers to a certain measure of discretion in extending to the island dependencies or withholding from them all the benefits of the Con- stitution, said: "There must be, in the nature of things, a time between the <\\.>vt\ of ac- quisition and the assumption by the United States of the full government of acquired territory when the relation be- tween the federal government and tin* acquired territory will be inchoate. In this particular case, when the treaty was ratified and the Hawaiian resolu- tion approved, there were no collection districts, no revenue officers, no provision for turning over the proceeds of the rev- enue to the general treasury, no means of enforcing the criminal laws passed to punish frauds upon the revenue, or any- thing, in fact, to enforce to the slightest extent the rights of the government, or the provisions of the law, which, it is contended nevertheless extended to the new possessions. Neither Porto Bico nor the Philippine Islands were pos- sessed, at the time of their acquisition, of any autonomous government of their own after the Spanish sovereignty was eliminated. They were incapable of levying or collecting taxes for their own support. "There might be cases of the acquisi- tion of territory which possesses no or- ganized form of government whatsoever, not even of a local or municipal kind. Whether such territory should have any 24 AFFAIRS IS AMERICA. March. l!«il local government would depend entirely upon the will of Congress; the contention of the appellants would create the ab- surd necessity of having acts., of Con- gress as to revenue and other matters extended in theory through tracts of country in which they were utterly in- capable of enforcement, all the agencies of government being absent. It could never have been contended that such a condition of theoretical law and practi- cal anarchy should arise. "We have been so long accustomed to regard the United States according to its old lines that it is almost a wrench to consider that there is now United States territory within the Arctic Circle and in the islands of many seas. This expan- HON. JOHN G. CARLISLE, Ex-Secretary of the Treasury. sion should result in a larger comprehen- sion of the duties and necessities; and the impossibility of enforcing an iron- clad rule of uniformity everywhere should be borne in mind." Mr. Carlisle's argument dealt espe- cially with the questions involved in the Porto Rico case before the court. Both direct and indirect taxes, he said, had been levied upon imports into territories as well as into states. Under the contention of the government that territories were not part of the United States, it might be taken that goods could go free from Porto Rico to Alaska, but this was not the case, for the same duties are charged on goods from a ter- ritory going to Porto Rico as from a state. That the tax levied is a local tax was denied, but it was called a tax for local purposes. Mr. Carlisle read the parts of the Porto Rican act establishing the rates of duty and disposition of the moneys col- lected, as a basis for his complete argu- ment; and said the court would see that on all goods from the United States to Porto Rico there should be levied 15 per cent of duties on foreign goods, with the internal revenue of Porto Rico add- ed, and that goods from Porto Rico to the United States enter on the payment of 15 per cent of customs, with the in- ternal revenue only added when the goods are of Porto Rican manufacture, while goods from other countries paying the Porto Rican internal revenue may come into this country without other in- ternal revenue tax. "We insist," he said, "that this is not an import duty. We object to the form under which the government seized our goods and held them on their arrival at Porto Rico until we paid them tribute in the form of a tax. An import is something." he continued, "coming from a foreign country. Porto Rico can- not be a foreign country, for its courts send appeals to this body. This is, therefore, not an import tax, but an ex- port tax upon goods sent out of these states, and there are two .specific prohi- bitions against such export duties." Opinions of the court were read to show that that tribunal had held that no duty might be laid on exports from one state to another as to a foreign country. Following this, Mr. Carlisle argued that there could be no export duty, and said that there must be fixed some time when Porto Rico ceased to be foreign territory, and even with that point he urged that the tax must be considered unconstitutional. If Congress could levy export duties, he said, there could be as many rates of duty as there are states or territories, for there is no provision for uniformity or export taxation. Cuban Extradition. The judgment of the United States supreme court in the Neely case (Vol. 10, p. 1000) was rendered January 14: it was that the order for Neely' s ex- tradition was proper and that no ground existed for his discharge on habeas corpus. In announcing the court's conclusions Justice Harlan said: "The facts above detailed make it clear that Cuba is foreign territory within the THE * 0L0S1AL rinniLEM. 25 meaning of the act of June (>, 1900. It cannot lie regarded in any constitutional, legal, or international MM us u part uf i in* territory of the United states. While by the uct of April _.'), 1898, de- I'luriug war between this country uud Spain, the President was -lircc'tt'd ami empowered to use our entire luml ami naval forces, as well as the militia of the several states, to such exteut as was necessary to carry the act into effect, that authorization was not for the pur- pose of making Cuha an integral part of the United States, hut for the purpose only of compelling the relinquishment hy Spain of its authority and govern- ment in that island and the withdrawal of its forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. The legislative and executive branches of the government, by the joint resolution of April 20, 1898, expressly disclaimed any purpose of exercising sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over Cuba, 'except for the pacification there- of,' and asserted the determination of the United States, that object being ac- complished, to leave the government and control of Cuba to its own people. All that has been done in relation to Cuba lias had that end in view, ami so far as the court is informed by the public his- tory of the relations of this country with that island nothing has been done inconsistent with the declared object of the war with Spain." The Cuban Constitution. Tljis Instrument consists of twenty- six sections: Its provisions are In nearly all respects the same as those of the Constitution of the United States; but there are differences, whether for better or for worse in all cases may be an open question. The first section merely declares the form of government — republican — the lioundaries of the republic, and its divi- sion into six provinces. The second defines the terms of citizen- ship and franchise. The third is a Bill of Rights in twenty- six paragraphs: the original United States Constitution has no provisions of the nature of a bill of rights; the omis- sion was carried by a majority vote, and the first ten amendments were drawn up expressly to make good the omission. Among the rights insured to Cuban citi- zens by this third section, are these: "No person shall be arrested, except by virtue of a warrant from a competent judge; the writ directing the issuance of i he warrant of arrest shall be ratified or amended after the accused shall have heeii given a hearing, within seventy- two hours following his imprisonment. "All persons arrested or in prison without due legal formalities, or in cases not provided for in the constitution ami the laws, shall be placed at liberty at their own request or at that of any citi- zen. The law shall determine the method of prompt action in such cases. "The expression of thought shall be free, he it either by word of mouth, by writing, by means of the public press, or by any other method whatsoever, without t>eing subject to any prior cen- sorship, and under the responsibility de- termined or specified by the laws." But provision is made for the suspen- sion of certain of the guarantees men- tioned in the first twenty-two para- graphs, among them the three given above: "The guarantees mentioned in para- graphs 5, 0, 7, 8, 9. 11. 12, 15, 18, 19 of this section cannot be suspended in any part of the republic except when the safety of the state requires this suspen sion, in case of the invasion of tin- state's territory or grave perturbations of order so as to threaten the public peace." Paragraph 25 defines the conditions of this suspension of guarantees: and they are further defined in the final para- graph: "The suspension of said guarantees can only be ordered by means of a law. or by means of a decree of the Presi- dent of the Republic if Congress be not sitting. Ihfc President cannot decree such suspension for more than thirty days, or for an indefinite space of time, without convoking Congress in the same decree, and in every case he must give an account to Congress of the suspen- sion ordered, in order that Congress may resolve what it thinks fit." Sections VI. and VII. vest the legisla- tive power in two elective bodies, a House of Representatives and a Senate: styled "Congress." Each province elects six senators. The senate is a court for trial of impeachment-: confirms certain appointments to office made by the Pres- ident. Section VIII. prescribes the qualifica- tions ami powers of representatives. Section XI. gives to the President a power of veto similar to that possessed by the President of the United States. Among the powers of the President, de- fined in Section XII.. are these: 26 AFFAWS IX AMERICA. March, 1901 "To suspend the sessions of Congress when, in the matter relating to their suspension, no agreement is possible be- tween the co-legislative bodies. '•To appoint, with the approval of the senate, the associate justices of the supreme court of justice, diplomatic rep- resentatives and consular agents of the republic, he having the right to make provisional appointments of said repre- sentatives and agents when the senate is not in session and when vacancies oc- cur." There are provisions regarding the functions of governors of provinces or departments, provincial legislative bod- ies, the administration of municipalities, etc. as to the payment of those which in ita judgment are legitimate." The Cardenas Strike. On the occasion of a strike of steve- dorea and sugar handlers at Cardenas, Cuba, the lirst days of January, Gov- ernor-Greneral Wood, having been ad- vised by the alcalde of the place that the situation was grave, sent this mes- sage in reply: "Unreasonable demands should not be acceded to. Acts of this kind are a serious menace to the commercial pros- perity of the country. Every effort STATE, NAVY, AND WAR DEPARTMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Section XXIII. has one paragraph only, viz.: "The Republic of Cuba does not recog- nize and will not recognize any debts or compromises contracted prior to the promulgation of the Constitution. From the said prohibition are excepted the debts and compromises legitimately con- tracted for in behalf of the revolution, from and after February 24, 1895, by corps commanders of the liberating army until , on which the Constitu- tion by Jimaguayi was promulgated, and those which the revolutionary gov- ernments contracted, either by them- selves or by their legitimate representa- tives in foreign countries, which debts and compromises shall be classified by Congress, and which body shall decide should be made to suppress demonstra- tions of this nature. If unable to handle the situation, yon will be given the nec- essary assistance. Make every effort to bring in outside labor and to resume business." The strike extended to all classes of ship laborers and to the men employed in lumber yards and mills. Upon General Wood's message the "Union Newsletter," of New York, an organ of the Printers' Union, remarks: "This is the second or third time that this has occurred under General Wood, and nothing has been done. There was a superstition extant that America went to Cuba to erect liberty. It was evi- ////•; COLONIAL PROBLEM. dently for the 'commercial prosperity' hunters ODly. Labor tin' re has qo rights wliicli they are hound to consider. But you can do everything with a sword ex- cept sit on it. ' Cuban War Claims. Claims of several subjects of the German Bmperor for damages in prop- erty sustained bjf tlit'in in the war with Spain and in the Insurrection before the war, were laid before the State Department at Washington. In- . •ember 24, 11Mm». Shall tlie United States government assume responsi- bility for the losses of these claim- ants'r The State Department decides that it shall not. Other governments bare similar claims to press on behalf of their subjects. But the claims will probably be held in suspense until the independence of the island, or its status whether as an autonomous state or as a territory of the United States, is decided. Distress in Porto Rico. Dr. A. D. Williams, an army sur- geon serving in Porto Rico, in a report to the adjutant-general of the Military Department of Porto Rico upon the conditions of the inhabitants of the island, states that hundreds of people are starving and that relief must be afforded immediately. la the course of a tour of observation he noted first at Las Marias the pres- ence of mis?ry: many were siek in the squalid little town, but there was no medical man. The American school- master there, being asked, Why so much siekness, so many deaths? answered promptly. '"For want of food." A few milts beyond Utuado, Dr. Williams found in a starving condition laboring families that he had known to be indus- trious. At Adjuntas the conditions were appalling. In the hospital were fourteeu patients and three nurses: for mainte- nance the steward received daily one dollar in municipal stamps, exchangeable for about fifty rents. The week before Dr. WUliama'l visit to Adjuntas. the deaths were fifty-two and the births four. The chief physician at Adjuntas defined the prime cause of the high death rate to lie "want of load, chronic star- vation." Porto Rican Labor. The labor unions of New York city which are affiliated to the American Federation of Labor were notified, December 28, from the headquarters of the Federation, that steps were to ho taken forthwith to organize" the workingnien of Porto EMco in branch unions. The sum of .$."),(hh» is avail able to cover the expenses of organi/.a t ion. Santiago Iglesias. w bo was a delegate to the Federation's congress at Louisville. Ky., is to accompany the organizing committee to Porto Rico and to assist in their work. The Federation asserts that workineu in Porto Rico are held subject to an- cient Spanish laws, which forbid union lodge meetings except coder a permit from the police for each meeting. The president of the Federation will, if nec- essary, appeal to Cong-ess to establish the workmen's light to hold meetings. Politics in Hawaii. A correspondent of the New York "Tribune," in accounting for the suc- cess of the Hawaiian Democratic party in the last election, gives as one of the factors of that success the scan- dalous disregard of justice and right by the board of commissioners ap- pointed to ascertain the amount of In- demnity to be paid to property owners for losses sustained in the burning of the Chinese quarter of Honolulu in January, 1000 (Vol. 10, pp. 54, 123). The board as it was constituted, says this correspondent, was strongly ob- noxious. It was argued that members of the building trades, merchants, and other experts competent to determine tin- value of the property destroyed should have been selected, lawyers only having been named. Public feeling ran so high that a mass meeting was called, and tin- appointments ami their manner of selec- tion were strongly condemned. Among other measures, that which at the very beginning shut out many a deserving man from all chance of ever recovering anything was bitterly inveighed against. This was the fee of twenty dollar! re- quired for the mere lodging of a claim, an impossible sum for hundreds to pro- cure who had lost everything they pot MOOOd. One of the most prominent 28 AFFAIBS LV AMERICA. March, 1901 speakers at this meeting was Cushmau Jones, who was one of the five commis- sioners sent to Washiagton jn 1893, ac- tive in the organization of the provision- al government, in the Constitutional con- vention of 1S94, and the institution of the republic which followed, a public spirit- ed, patriotic man, a supporter of the government, and up to that time a friend of the administration. The meeting rep- resented not the disgruntled office seek- ers and disaffected partisans, but the best men in Honolulu, those interested in educational affairs, bankers, ship- owners, merchants, and the pastors of several of the churches. Their protest was marked by moderation, justice, and intelligence; but it had little effect. The objectionable feature of the board — the membership and plan of action — re- mained, and the President announced his intention of not receding from the position which he had taken. The party in control of the islands was held responsible for all this, and the vote by which it was ejected from office expressed the dissatisfaction of the white no less than of the native inhabitants. Samoa. NEW LAWS ASKED FOR. Governor TUley made an official visitation of all the districts of Tu- tuila in November, and was every- where received with hearty expres- sions of praise and thanks by the na- tive chiefs and notables. Petitions were presented to the governor, ask- ing for the enactment of certain laws necessary for the wellbeing of the native people. They asked, first, for a law to tax the natives for the expenses of the local government; second, for a law to abol- ish the native custom of making costly gifts to the attendants at marriage fes- tivities and at funerals; third, for a law to prohibit the inhabitants of a whole village or district from making "malaga" (a journey) and billeting them- selves on the towDS or districts for an indefinite stay. SCHOOLS IN TUTUILA. Complaint having been made that no efforts were making to afford schooling to the natives of the Samoan islands which are under American control, an inquiry was addressed by the secretary of war to the governor, Commander Tilley. He made a report to the secretary, December 25, 1900, which was published at Washington January 10. All of Samoa, Commander Tilley af- firms, is now practically Christianized, through the labors of missionaries of the liondon Missionary Society. The Samo- ans have the Bible in their native tongue, also a hymn book in Samoan. The same society maintains a college at Malua, in the island of Upolu, to pro- vide native pastors and teachers: here about 200 young men are in constant at- tendance: the pupils are taught handi- crafts as well as the ordinary scholastic branches. Under American auspices there is a school for boys (about 100 at- tending) at Manua; there is a girls' school at Afao in Tutuila, pupils 100; for this school a large new building, to cost $1 0,000, is in process of construc- tion. Local inferior schools are spring- in? up in all the villages. There is a Catholic school for girls, with but few pupils. Nine young Americans, Mor- mons, are teachers of English in the island of Tutuila. Commander Tilley is of the opinion that the children to be educated must be separated from the mass of the natives, and taught by ex- ample as well as by precept the ways of civilized man: such has ever been the policy of the missionaries, and experience demonstrates the wisdom of it. The Philippines. THE CAMPAIGN. Advices from Manila, December 22, reported the capture of Bautista, chief of the Catipunan Society, in north- eastern Luzon, by a detachment of the 10th Infantry. About the same date a detachment of the 49th Infantry at- tacked a barrio on the Cagayan river and drove out the insurgents, of whom they killed many: 1000 rounds of am- munition were captured. Reports from Iloilo stated that the islands of Panay and Cebu were being rapidly cleared of the enemy: soon there would be no resistance save by la- drones. The campaign in •Panay was carried on by the 20th Infantry, and that in Cebu by the 44th. The rebel forces throughout Luzon were at this time reported to be greatly thinned THE COLOXIAL PISnlU.KM. 29 and scattered: supplies of ammunition were failing them, and many insur- gents were making submission daily. A lieutenant and sixty men of the Ninth Cavalry, Decemlwr 1'.'. attacked a large force of insurgents near Guiii" batan, province of Albay; forty-live in- SUIgestl were killed and mauy wounded: tbe Americans had one man, a sergeant, wounded. Advices from the island of Leyte, received December 24, told of con- siderable turmoil still persisting on the west coast; while on the east coast all was quiet, the insurgent leaders having retired to the mountains. On the west coast, near Ilongas, Lieutenant Frank K. Lynch and three men of the 44th Volun- teer Infantry were wounded. As a result of scouting through- out Luzon, many reports of cap- ture of iusurgents were received in Manila toward the end of December. A detachment of the Fourth Infantry cap- tured fifty insurgents in the province of Cavite. General Wheaton captured Gre- morio'8 camp near San Antonio. General Funston reported the killing of five in- surgents and capture of many more near Gaysau. About twelve insurgents were killed and eight wounded near Moriones. Captain Mendoza and thirty men of San- dieo's command surrendered at Aliaja. In the Camarines district twelve insur- gents were killed by detachments of the 11 th and 9th Cavalry. In the early days of January insurgents entered Gapan and San Isidro, in General Funston's dis- trict, and burned some twenty houses. January 9. Lieutenant Steele, with ten men of the 43d Infantry and seven native soldiers, had a sharp engagement with a large force of insurgents at Tenaguna. island of Leyte, and killed over 100 or them; American loss, one man killed. January 12, General Grant, operating in the southern end of Luzon, reported that district as "now fairly pacified," except the locality south of Buloc mountain; the whole province of Fampanga was ready for civil government. January 25, thirty men of General Funston's com- mand killed five insurgents near San Isidro; later the same detachment en- gaged thirty insurgents under Tagunton. a noted leader, and Tagunton was killed in trying to escape. Instances of the submission of insurgents were reported from Manila, January 22, viz., at Vigan. over 1,000 of them took the oath of alle- giance, and at Malahon about 400. January 7, Governor-General Ifac- Arthur issued an order for deportation Of Generals Riearte. del Pilar. IIiz«>n. Llanera, and Santos to the island of Guam; also of nine lower officers of the Filipino army and eight civilians, among these Trias, Tecson, and Mubiui. Gen- eral Delgado, commander of the Iloilo province. Fa nay, surrendered January 11. with twenty-one men, fourteen rifles. About the snnie date fifty-three armed bolomen surrendered at Kcnguct, and sixteen of Geronimo's men were cap- tured. A telegram from Iloilo in the island of Panay, dated January 20. reported the submission of 50,000 Filipinos in that province. Some time before this, 2,180 Katipunuus at Santa Maria renounced their connection with the insurrection and swore allegiance to the United States government. The oath was administered by the Cura in the parish church, and the ceremony was followed by the Te Deum and benediction. MBPBOBY. Appended to Governor MacArt bur's official review of the civil affairs of the Fbillppiues for tbe last fiscal year is a report by Major Guy L. Edie on the history of leprosy in the islands. Major Edie accepts the estimates of the Franciscan friars, according to which there are no less than 30,000 lepers in the archipelago, the greater portion of them in the Visayas. The disease was introduced in 1633, when the ruler of Japan sent to the Philippines a ship with 150 lepers on board, to be cared for by the missionaries there. A house to house inspection commenced in January, 1900, developed more than 100 eases "f leprosy which had l>een concealed in pri- vate houses: these were sent to the San Lararo hospital in Manila, but many others escaped into the surrounding coun- try. A commissioner has been appointed to select a suitable island or islands on which all the lepers in the archipelago may be isolated. CONTRACT LABOR. In a report made by General Mac Arthur to the secretary of war, and published at Washington, December 23, It is stated that the extension to tbe Philippines of the United States immigration laws without material change to meet the local conditions, had proved to be of doubtful expedi- ency, especially the laws regarding contract lalx>r. From this It would ap pear that the military government had proclaimed those laws in the islands. •It is essential.*' says the report, "for 30 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. March, 1901 the mercantile Interests to secure em- ployees from abroad under contract, else business will suffer." These laborers, it is asserted, do not come into competition with the native labor- ers. EFFORTS AT CONCILIATION. The new political association, styled the Federal party, published, Decem- ber 24, an address to the natives of the islands advising the people to seek HON. HENRY M. TELLER, of colorado, Independent United States Senator. peace by acceptance of the best terms obtainable from the American govern- ment. The number of Filipinos, says the ad- dress, who are convinced that the time for peace has come increases daily. The object of the Federal party is the re- union of all Filipinos who truly wish for peace and who are disposed to work for it. It appeals to those who will attempt to attain for the Philippines the greatest number of liberties under the application of the American Constitution. We call ourselves the Federal party because un- der American sovereignty the righteous aspirations of the Philippines will be to form a part of the American federation as states of the LTnion. FILIPINOS PETITION CONGRESS. A petition to "the Congress of the United States, "signed, by 2,000 natives of the Philippine islands, was pre- sented to the Senate January 10, by Senator Teller (Ind., Col.). The petitioners, of whom Mr. Teller said that they are "the leading people" of the islands, "lawyers, and bankers, and professional men generally," demand in- dependence for their country on the ground that (1) the war has proved the national aspiration to independence to be invincible; (2) that annexation to the United States is out of the question by reason of the great difference in race and the distance of the islands from America; (3) that such autonomous government as Canada and Australia possess is "not in accordance with the aspirations of the people;" (4) that the Filipinos have con- clusively proved their capacity for self- government. The conclusions of the petition are summed up in these terms: "We have therefore already proven: "1. That the revolution was the exclu- sive work of the public. "2. That in preparing it they were moved by a great ideal — the ideal of in- dependence. "3. That they are ready to sacrifice their whole existence in order to realize their just aspirations. "4. That, in spite of the serious diffi- culties through which they are passing, they still expect from America that, she will consider them with impartiality and justice, and will recognize what by right belongs to them, and thus give them an opportunity to show their boundless gratitude. "5. That the annexation of the Philip- pines to America is not feasible. "G. That the American sovereignty is not favored by the Philippine people. "7. That an ample autonomy cannot be imposed without violating the Filipino will. "8. That the Filipinos are firm for self-government." On these conclusions they base their demand, 1. That the independence of the Fili- pinos be recognized. 2. That all necessary information re- garding the events which are taking place, concerning the peaceful fowns and places which are supporting the arms of the revolution, be obtained from Fili- pinos who. by their antecedents and by their actual conduct, deserve the respect and confidence of the Filipino people. UNITED STATES POLITICS. 31 LlQl'Olt TRAFFIC AT MANILA. The secretary of war tail graphed 1<» .Judge Tuft, chairman of the Philip- pine Commission, .January 1.">, these questions: 1. What is present condition Manila as to use of intoxicating Minims, drunk- enness, ami disorder? 2. How does it compare with tin- prin cipal American cities? 3. Do natives frequent American sa- 1 is or drink American liquors? 4. How much drunkenness among American soldiers? .">. Arc houses of prostitution licensed, protected, or in any way encouraged hy authorities? The answer, signed "Commission," was dated January IT: "Root, Secretary of War- "With reference to your telegram of the 15th — first, very good; second, better than any American city of same size; third, practically not at all; fourth, con- siderable. Same much more conspicuous than at home, because several barracks near heart of city and frequented saloons on narrow thoroughfares. New license law passed banishes saloons to places less Accessible and annoying for general pub- lic. Informed by army authorities that actual drunkenness not much, if any, greater than at home. Absence of home influence and lack of usual amusements would increase it. Marked Improvement in this regard since Improved political condition in city has permitted more attention to the subject. Fifth — Xo. . . . General moral con- dition of city greatly maligned. Gambling greatly decreased. Native vino shops in Manila in August, 1K08, 4,000. now re- duced to 400; American saloons, indud ing hotels and restaurants, reduced from 224 in February, 1900, to 8S now. Of these only 48 licensed to sell spirituous liquors, UNITED STATES POLITICS. Ex-President Cleveland's Advice. In the Philadelphia "Saturday Even ing Tost." December 22, was published an article by Mr. Cleveland proposing a remedy for the ills of the Demo- cratic party. In 1S00 and again in 1000 it was dem- onstrated that the only forces that can u in Democratic success are adhesion to recognized Democratic principles and re- liance upon Democratic counsels and leadership. The Democrats fought the last two campaigns in alliance with un- Democratic (Populist) forces; that alli- ance was inuncii-. ly costly in defeat; even with success such an alliance would have been unprofitable and dangerous. There is much for the party to do, and the future is full of Democratic duty and opportunity. The party** lighting forces will be listless and faltering if summoned to n third defeat in an alien cause. Mr. Bryan's Future. William .f. Bryan was the guest of honor at the annual banquet of the Jefferson Club of Lincoln. Neb., <>u the night of December L'C. In his speech in reply to the toast. "Commercialism ■ Menace to Liberty." he adverted to his announced pnrposc "I" starting a weekly journal, '•The Com moner," and said: "I am sure that an editorial position will furnish as much intellectual enjoy- ment as I could have had in the White House." Then, in allusion to the result of the Presidential election: "Shall we whose cause is just lose faith in our prinicples because our opponents have von? The defenders of trusts did not lose heart when all parties denounced combination* in restraint of trade: shall we give up the tight because monopoly has triumphed? "Whether I shall ever be a candidate for office again is a question which must be determined by events. No one can apeak with certainty of the future, for one's destiny is not known until his life's work is complete. I shall be content if it is my lot to aid in the triumph of the principles, while others enjoy the honors and bear the responsibility of offlce. The holding of public offlce should be an in- cident, and not the extreme aim, of the citizen. It should not be an end, but tin- means for the accomplishment of a pur- pose. '"The principles for which we contended in the last campaign still live, and we who believe in them must continue to fight for them. An election does not change principles: it only determines what principles shall for the time being be applied. "If we are successful in diverting pres- ent tendencies and in carrying the gov- ernment to its old foundations, we shall rejoice in the victory and profit by the reforms secured. I am confident that 32 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. March, 1901 we shall ultimately win; but if the trend toward plutocracy cannot be checked, it is still better that we should be defeated in a righteous undertaking than that we should join hands with those who are ignoring the inalienable rights of man." THE FIFTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Army Reorganization Bill. When the Army bill was before the house, December 5, Mr. Shafroth (811., Col.) considered the proposed bill in connection with the Philippine policy of the government in its moral, legal, and practical aspects. Looking at it in its practical aspect, he found it to be inexpedient. The official statement of the imports to the Philip- pines from all the world amounted in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, to $30,- 152,597, of which $1,050,409 was from the United States. Thus the imports from this country were not one-twentieth of the whole. Besides, these imports were made on behalf of our soldiers. Sup- pose the American exporters of those goods made a profit of ten per cent.: that would be $1G5,040. But now, what is the cost of maintaining the commerce which yields that profit? There are in the Philippines 05,000 soldiers costing at the peace-time estimate $1,000 per capita per annum, or $05,000,000. "How long will the American people stand the expenditure of $05,000,000 a year out. of moneys collected from the people for the purpose of putting into the pockets of a few of the exporters and manufacturers of goods a profit of only $105,000 a year? "To a business man how preposterous does this proposition appear. How long would he be willing to spend $305 of his money for the purpose of putting into the pocket of some one else a profit of $1, and yet that is exactly what is being done in the Philippine islands. "The cost of imperialism is far greater than I have stated. It is shown in the appropriations, by Congress for this year as contrasted with the appropriations for the year prior to the Spanish war. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897, they were $409,499,010. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, the appropriations amounted to $710,150,802, a difference of nearly $250,000,000, and in addition con- tracts for the navy were authorized to the amount of $52,334,374. But greater than all cost is the loss in life of thous- ands of the flower and youth of our land from tropical diseases, which, even if we have peace, must continue as long as we hold the islands." There was a five hours' debate upon the bill in the seriate, January 4, in the course of which Senator Hoar (Rep., Mass.) offered an amendment relative to the employment of troops in the Philippine islands. He would have the Filipino leaders invited to Washington, there to plead their peo- ple's cause. "Let them state their case. They can come and go in peace and honor. If we say to the Filipinos that we will not con- sider their case until they go down on their knees, lay their hands upon their hips and their lips in the dust, this war will go on, if there is a spark of spirit and principle in their breasts, until every Filipino of one sex is exterminated and until the women among them take up the fight and are exterminated also." His amendment to the bill was: "Provided, That no further military force shall be used in the Philippine islands, except such as may be necessary to keep order in places there now actually under the peaceable control of the United States, and to protect persons or property to whom, in the judgment of the Presi- dent, protection may be due from the United States, until the President shall' have first proclaimed amnesty for all political offenses committed against the United States in the Philippines, and, if in his power, shall have agreed upon an armistice with persons now in hostility to the United States, and shall have in- vited such number— not less than ten— as he shall think desirable, of the leaders or representatives of the persons now hos- tile to the United States there, to come to the United States and state their wishes and the condition, character, and wishes of the people of the Philippine islands to the Executive and Congress, and shall have offered to secure to them safe conduct to come, abide, and return, and shall have provided at the public charge for the expenses of their trans- portation both ways and their stay in this country for a reasonable and suffi- cient time for such purposes." The amendment was rejected by a decisive vote. In the senate, January »7, Senator Lodge (Rep., Mass.). in defending the proposition to raise the strength of the army to 100,000 men, based his argu- ment not only upon the necessity of THE 111 I f-SIXTB ' ONOBESS, 33 our having always In readiness a suf- ficient force to maintain peace and order in our island i>ossession8, but also suHi'icnt to defend our own homes, our possessions, ami our com- merce against hostile aggression from any quarter. Regarding the peril of lnterf( rcnee bf foreign nations who are our commercial rivals, he said. "I am uo alarmist, nnd I have no fears that we are in danger of war with any- body, und I do not believe there is a na- tion on the face of the earth that has any desire to attack us. But no man can tell what may happen at any time. We have come in the process of our develop- ment until we have expanded far beyond our own markets commercially, and ire are breaking into every market of the world. "Here in the United States we are holding all the best part of the North American continent. Look at your map —a great symmetrical country, all under one flag, no separate government, your railroads running in steady connection"! and carrying freight from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Lakes to the Gulf. Europe cannot beat that. Every separate state system, every separate railroad she has, enhances the cost of her articles. We are beating her in iron and steel. We can turn them oat at a price Europe cannot meet. We are going to surpass her in other articles. She has to take coal from us. It is a mere ques- tion of time when her last stronghold, the carrying trade, will be invaded. . . . "Any one who has read the newspa- pers lately will have noticed there has been continual talk about economic fed- erations to shut out the United States from Europe. In other words, they feel the economic pressure that we are put- ting upon them. They will try to meet us, undoubtedly, in the great field of economic rivalr>. I believe that with our resources, with the character of our people, with our new country, with our grpat continent, the victory can only b<* with us, and that there can be but one end to that conflict of economic forces. We occupy a great position economical- ly. We nre marching on to a still greater one. You may impede it. perhaps, by legislation; you may cheek it; but yon cannot stop the work of the economic forces. We may blunder here in legisla- tion, but the American people and the economic forces which underlie all are carrying us forward to the economic su- premacj of tha world, it is a great po- sition, but, dazzled by its splendor, do not forget its perils. It carries its dan gers with it, and I want to see the United States always prepared to meet these dangers. We have no quarrel with any nation, and I heps we shall have none. I see none who would wish to attack us. I wish to see the Halted states so pre- pared that under these new conditions she always will be safe by sea and land." On January is, in the senate, the bill came up for a vote and was approved by a vote of 43 to 23. Eour Demo- crats voted with the majority, Messrs. Lindsay (Ky.K McLaurin (S. C). Mor- gan (Ala.), and Sullivan (Miss.). Sen- HON. WILLIAM LINDSAY, OF KENTUCKY, Democratic V. S. Senator. ator Hoar would have voted against the bill had he been present in the senate ball: being detained at home by illness, be was paired with Senator Spooner tltep.. Wis.). Senator Hale (Rep.. Me. i, before casting his vote for the bill, signified his opposition to the increase of the army to 100.000. say- ing: "If it were not for the fact that this army is to conduct this war in the Phil- ippines, i mmittee of this body would present here a proposition for the crea- tion of a permanent standing army of 100,000 men. But unless this bill was 1 there would 1k> in the Philippines :$4 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. -March, 1911 after July 1 next only 20,000 American soldiers. Pressed by the Filipino forces they would be 'hemmed in in Manila,' and would be 'lucky if they were not driven into the sea.' No senator could stand thai ! No man, no party could stand upon such a condition. Therefore I am constrained, as much as I am op- posed to it, to support this measure." Tbe matter was then referred to conference committees of senate and house; and on January 31, the report of the conferences was read in the sen- ate. The bill then came up for a final vote, and was accepted by a majority of eight, though seven Republicans voted against it— Hale (Me.), Chandler and Gallinger (N. II.), Hoar (Mass.), Penrose (Pa.), McComas (Md.), and McCumber (N. D.). But on the other hand three Democrats, Lindsay (Ky.), Morgan (Ala.), and McEnery (La.) voted with the majority. Both houses having now passed the bill, it went to the President, who gave it his approval February 2, mak- ing it a law. Thus the strength of the United States Army is fixed at 58,000 men as the minimum; but the Presi- dent is empowered to raise it to 100,- 000 should he deem it necessary. Shipping Subsidy Bill. The Shipping Subsidy Bill has been the occasion of many speeches and debates. The original intention of the bill was to give a bounty of $9,000,000 a year, under certain conditions, for twenty years, to American owners of ships engaged in foreign trade. Many amendments were offered and debated, one to substitute fifteen years in place of twenty; but at the end of January no vote had been taken on the bill as a whole, and its final form is matter of conjecture. The speech of Senator Depew (Rep., N. Y.), on January .25, favoring the passage of the measure for considerations both of patriotic sentiment and sound national econ- omy, was one of the most effective arguments advanced by the supporters of the measure. It proceeded on these lines: We have been so absorbed in produc- tion that we have quite overlooked an equally important matter — that of secur- ing our position on the ocean. The enor- mous output of our transportation sys- tems— by rail, by canal, by the lakes, by the rivers — must find a foreign market, else there is distress and stagnation. But when our products reach tho seaboard, for transportation to Europe, Asia, Af- rica, South America, Australia, they must pay toll to foreign shipowners, must come under the protection of for- eign flags, must be subjected to the haz- ards of foreign wars. The subsidy is $9,000,000 a year; but the subsidized ships must carry the mails free: so de- duct what is now paid for mail carriage, and the yearly subsidy is reduced to $7,- 750,000 a year. The bill grants no mon- opoly favors: it aids vessels of every class, steamships, sailing vessels, fishing craft. It has been said that the existing lines will get all the money. Not so: the most that can be given to the ships of the American line and all other 21- knot steamers hereafter built cannot ex- ceed $2,000,000 a year. Again, it is said that bounties to high-speed vessels are not needed: they are not built for com- merce proper but for the accommodation of tourists. Not so: in transportation speed is desired: it is the gauge by which people judge the maritime "skill, genius, and enterprise of the nations. The mari- time nations know that in such ships they have always at command a fleet of cruisers and transports in case of war. But. the bill does not give suffi- cient encouragement to the tramp steam- er, to the 10 or 11-knot steamer. Fig- ures show that the balance of compensa- tion over cost of operation is greater than in the case of high speed vessels. The subsidy under the bill covers only about one-fourth of the cost of mainte- nance and operation: therefore the ship which enjoys the subsidy must battle for cargoes, else it loses money. Ameri- can producers pay to foreign shipowners $175,000,000 a year: four per cent of that would give us an American merchant marine and the expenditure of the great- er part of the money in our own country. We are not interested as to who of our fellow citizens get subsidy money, if they earn it; but we are deeply concerned that somebody shall get it who will establish shipyards and build and navigate Ameri- can ships. PROTECTION FOR AGRICULTURISTS. A memorial by David Lubin, in be- half of the State Grangers of Califor- nia, Oregon, Illinois, Washington. Missouri. Virginia, and Pennsylvania, ////•: /•//••/• y-si x i ii < < > vu i: i: v v. Sfi demanding protection for agricultural staples l>y a bounty on exports as pari of an net for the protection of ship ping l>y subsidies, was presented In HON. MARION HITLER, OF NORTH CAROLINA. Popilist U. S. Senator. the senate by Mr. Butler (Top., N. C), December 17. In this document the arguments for the shipping bounty nre thus summed up: 1. That such bounty will protect American shipping against the competi- tion of foreign ships. 2. That this protection will give the foreipn carrying tram* to American ships. 3. That thus will be built Dp a greet American merchant marine. 4. That thus will be kept at bOBM large sums now paid to foreign shipown en; that American capital ami labor will thus find employment in the bnUding and manning of American ships; and that the strength of the navy will be supplement- ed liy a force of trained seamen and of ship* that can be of service in war. The memorial then proposes the question, What will be the effect of this law upon agriculture? It will be In the highest degree injurious: this judgment the memorialists enforce by argument thus: "A Liverpool buyer in our market de- sires, say, to land wheat in Liverpool at one dollar a bushel. Should the ocean freight lie one rent a bushel to Liverpool, t!." exporter will dedlH-t ope cent fl'olll the Liverpool price for freight. Should the freight be fire cents, or ten cents, or twenty cents :i bushel, the exporter will deduct five cents, or ten Bents, or twenty cents a bushel. Now, let it he observed that the more the exporter deducts the less the farmer will receive, not alone for the quantity which the farmer then sells, but for all the re- mainder which the farmer may then have on hand, whether it is to be exported or whether it is to be sold for home use. It follows, therefore, that no other in- dustry whatever can be so powerfully affected by the action of the proposed subsidy to shipping than can the staples of agriculture. A decline <»f five cents per hundred in the price of ocean freight means an advance to the farmer of five cents per hundred on all of his unsold products. An advance of five cents per hundred on ocean freight means a decline to the farmer of five cents per hundred on all his unsold products. -1 \ VIOR M. A. II ANNA, or ohio. "Now that the matter has been clearly defined, the question properly presents itself: Will the proposed subsidy t^. shipping tend to decrease the price of ocean freights, or will it tend to increase it V That this subsidy shipping measure 3G AFFAIRS I.Y AMERICA. March, 1901 is not intended to decrease ocean freight charges is evident, for its main purpose is not to do the foreign carrying trade at the "pauper" labor rates of foreign competition, but the driving away of these competitors so as to permit the protected shipowner to raise ocean freights high enough to enable them, as they claim, to pay their sailors 'protect- ed American wages,' and incidentally earn for themselves in increased profits, the reward of 'protected' American cap- ital "There is yet one other and very im- portant consideration which will no doubt be given this subsidy bill, and that is, What action will be possible by shipping men when once they succeed in driving away foreign competition to an extent which would place the price fixing for ocean freight into their own hands? "Granted that this is a possibility, and what must we further grant? This, that it would l»e the most dangerous power ever given by legislation into the hands of men eager for money. With power to raise and lower ocean freights at will, they would have the power to raise and lower the home price of several billion dollars' worth of agricultural staples at any and at all times. Such a power would impoverish the farmers of this na- tion and destroy the republic." SENATOR HANNA ON SHIP SUBSIDY BILL. In an article contributed to the New York "Independent," Senator Hanna (Rep., O.) makes a spirited defense of the policy of promoting American shipbuilding enterprise by public sub- sidies. Without government aid in one form or another American shipping can never rise to eminence. The question is, what form shall that aid assume? Shall it be that of discriminating duties and tonnage dues? But that has been fully consid- ered and rejected as impracticable: it would necessitate abrogation of many treaties, and it would invite retaliation by other nations. Shall we offer export bounties? But the same objections He against these. Or shall Ave grant subsi- dies to mail steamship owners and boun- ties to owners of cargo ships? That is the remedy proposed in the pending bill. It "eliminates the wont feature from the subsidy policy — that of selecting a single line on a certain route as the sole beneficiary of the measure — and extends the compensation to the ships of any American citizen on any route to a for- eign country. The plan of the bill is based upon a recognition of the fact that it costs more to build ships in the United States than it does to build them abroad; and that, if American capital is to be attracted into such ships, the United States, which will be the chief benefi- ciary of the investment, must make it safe and reasonably profitable. For the same reason it has been decided that, even witli the first cost of the vessel provided for, there yet remains the extra cost of operation under the American flag as compared with the cost under other flags. Here, too, it became neces- sary for the government, which was to bo benefited by the restoration of our ships to the sea, to make good that dif- ference of cost. And finally, as to the faster ships, it was found that they would nearly all come into competition with foreign ships enjoying not only the lower cost of construction and operation, but substantial subsidies from their gov- ernments as well. And, in order to in- duce Americans to invest in such ships under the American flag, it was found necessary for the government to offset that advantage by additional compensa- tion. I believe that the amount of com- pensation fixed in the bill is only barely sufficient to induce Americans to put their capital into ships." Congressional Reapportionment. When Congress reassembled, Janu- ary 3, after the Christmas recess, the question of reapportionment of rep- resentatives in Congress under the Census of 1900 was to have been taken up in the house in advance of all other measures; but a resolution of- fered by Mr. Olmsted (Rep., Pa.), of Elections Committee No. 2, introduced a new issue which threatened to make the solution of the main problem more difficult and to precipitate long and passionate debates. By Mr. Olmsted's resolution the com- mittee on census Mas directed to report to the house in what states, if in any, the right to vote for presidential electors, congressmen, or certain state officials had been denied to citizens of the United States, against the provisions of the Con- stitution. The resolution, after reciting the facts upon which it was based, e. g., that "since the last apportionment the states of Mississippi, South Carolina, and Louisiana have by changes in the consti- tution and statutes of said states, for reasons other than participation in rebel- lion and other crime, denied the right of suffrage to male inhabitants twenty-one THE Fill Y-SIX l ll CONGRESS. :«7 ffjNUf "1" Kge, citizens of the Dotted States. Mid SUCh "'filial iii MCI Of said stairs extendi tci more than one-half of these win> prior thereto were entitled to vote, ns appears from the following sta- tistics, published in the Congressional Directories of the .v_\i and r»< it li « *« ■ 1 1 gressm, viz.: in the setee «iistri«_-tB of M h r issippi the total vote east for all Gangrens candidates in 1890 was 62,662; in 1>9S 27,. In the seven districts of South Carolina the total vote in 1880 was 7::.. ".'_>•_». and 2S.8S1 in 1898. In the six districts of Louisiana, 74.542 in 1880 and 33,101 in 1898. One number of the present house, representing ten counties in Mississippi, with a population in 1880 of 1 94.297. received only 2,068 votes. One member of the present house, represent- isjg si\ counties in South Carolina, with a population in 1S90 of 158,851, received only 1,766 votes; and one member repre- senting thirteen counties in Louisiana, with a population of 206*802, received only 2,194 yotes," calls for an investiga- tion by the census committee. That committee was to "examine and report in what stales the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Con- gress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legisla- tures thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such states twenty- one years old and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, and the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in each such state." The resolution was defeated by a vote of 83 to 81— not a quorum. The yeas were all Republican, the nays all Democratic. The anticipation of delay in enacting the Apportionment bill was not realized. THE BURLEIGH BILL. By the Burleigh bill, passed by the bouse January 8, and by the senate without amendment January 11, the number of representatives is increased by 28, from 867 to 380. Twenty of the states gain representatives. Of these, Illinois, Texas, and New York make a gain of three each: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Minnesota, a gain of two each; Arkansas, California, Colo- rado. Connecticut. Florida. Louisiana. Massachusetts. Mississippi. Missouri. North Carolina, North Dakota, Wash- ington, Weal Virginia, and Wisconsin, one each. No state suffers a loss In the number of representatives In Con- gress. It is worthy of notice that tin- member- ship Of the house is much less numerous than that of many similar legislative bodies in other countries. Thus the Brit- ish bouse of commons, representing the United Kingdom's population of ■ little over 40,000,000, numbers 070 members; the French chamber of deputies has 5NJ members to represent a population of less than 40,000,000; the German Reichstag lias 397 members: German population over 52,000,000; the Italian chamber of deputies, representing less than 32,000,- 000, has 508 members. The new appor- tionment act contains a specific' provision designed to prevent gerrymandering, viz.. that members "shall be elected by dis- tricts composed of contiguous and com- pact territory and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of in- habitants." Before this it was the cus- tom of Congress to leave the states un- limited authority in making up the dis- tricts. Under the new apportionment the several states are entitled to send representatives to the lower house of Congress as follows: Alabama <» Arkansas . . ~ < California 8 Colorado 3 Connecticut 5 Delaware- 1 Florida 3 Georgia 11 Idaho 1 Illinois 25 Indiana 13 Iowa 11 Kansas 8 Kentucky H Louisiana 7 Maine •. 4 Maryland 0 Massachusetts 14 Michigan 12 Minnesota 9 Mississippi 8 Missouri If, Montana 1 Nebraska 8 Nevada 1 New Hampshire 2 New Jersey 10 New York 37 North Carolina 10 North Dakota 2 Ohio 21 Oregon 2 38 AFFAUIS IN AMERICA. March, 1901 Pennsylvania T>2 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina 7 South Dakota 2 Tennessee 10 Texas 16 Utah 1 Vermont 2 Virginia 10 Washington 3 West Virginia 5 Wisconsin 11 Wyoming 1 HAZING AT WEST POINT. Two investigations of the hazing at West Point (Vol. 10, p. 101S) were made, one by a military court ap- pointed by the secretary of war, the other by a committee of Congress. The military court, presided over by Major-General Brooke, held a sitting at Bristol, Pa., December 17, and took testimony as to the physical condition of Oscar L. Booz before and after his term at the Military Academy, his character for manliness and truthful- ness, and the complaints he had made of the hazing. William H. Booz, the youth's father, stated that a letter from Oscar told of his having been called out to fight, of his eyes having been blackened and some of his teeth loosened, of his suffering three or four weeks from a blow over the heart, and of his being dosed with ta- basco sauce. When Oscar resigned from the academy and came home he was in bad physical condition: his throat was so bad he could not swallow the juice of an orange. Passages from letters written by young Booz were read, in which he complained of inhuman usage, e. g., "The upper class men are tyrants, brutes, and bullies, and they have an eager desire to injure and pain some- body." The family physician testified that when Oscar came home from the acad- emy he was pale, thin, and dejected. On account of his throat affection, he ad- vised Oscar's parents to take him to Dr. S. Cohen of Philadelphia, a throat spe- cialist. Dr. Cohen testified that the youth suffered from tuberculosis of the larynx: a spoonful of tabasco sauce would be likely to scald the throat and produce the lesions which were found. The Investigation was continued at West Point, December 10. There the witnesses were chiefly cadets who had been fellow-students of Booz. With hardly an exception these wit- nesses testified that Booz was regarded with contempt, not only by the upper class men, but by the men of his own class, because of his cowardice when he was called out to fight. But Booz had not been used more roughly than other newcomers. They had never heard him complain of persecution. More than thirty students were examined; and, though every one of them had undergone the hazing, none had suffered physical injury. Among the cadet witnesses was a brother of Lieutenant Hobson of the navy, of "Merrimac" fame: he had been forced to stand on his head in a tub of water, to climb a tent pole, and to sing a comic song. But Cadet Hobson saw in this only innocent pleasantry. December 20, the court took cogniz- ance of certain allegations made by Mr. Broth, formerly mayor of Altoona, Pa., regarding the ill-usage to which his son, John Breth (deceased), was subjected while a cadet in the Military Academy: that he was forced to sit on the point of a bayonet: that he was made to swallow drugs of all kinds, to the ruin of his health, and to eat soap; that he was once confined in a straight jacket so tight that on release his arms seemed paralyzed. These charges were by Colonel Mills, su- perintendent of the Academy, declared to be untrue. Cadet Breth, Colonel 'Mills testified, was never subjected to such treatment. And similar testimony contradictory of the charges made by Mr. Breth was given by the Rev. Mr. O'Keefe, under whose pastoral care young Breth was while in the Academy. At this and at the other sessions of the court, the cadet witnesses almost with- out exception testified to the prevalence of hazing, which they called "exercising" at the Academy; but they all denied that it involved any acts of "brutality": the newcomers were "exercised" simply to "take the conceit out of them," and they were all the better for the lesson. One of these modes of abating self-conceit was to make the cadet stand on his head, and, while in that position, speak a piece and deliver a right-hand salute with the left foot. "If a cadet should refuse to go through the exercising, what then?" "He would be called out," was the re- ply of Cadet Smith of Maryland. "That means that he would have to fight?" "Yes, sir." The investigation made by the com- mittee of the house of representatives HAZINQ AT WEST I'OINT. developed numerous inslnnet s of haz- ing attended by brutal usage of the cadets under the "treatment." This invest igation, said the '•Triliune," New York, "iiimv than confirms the strong belief created by the military Inquiry that hazing as It is practiced there (West Point) Includes various MCti Of abominable measures and cru- elty." The committee hold numerous sessions at West Point, Bristol, Pa., and elsewhere, and the final Bitting was in Washington. The facts lirought out in that final session were typical of those developed in the whole course of the committee's investiga- tion: The witness in Ihis case was F. H. Cunningham, now a teacher in the Ham- ilton Institute, New York City, formerly a cadet at the Military Academy. There he was teut-mate of Cadet MacArthur, son of the general of that name. Mac- Arthur underwent hazing in July, 1898. After the ordeal he reeled into the tent and went into convulsions, writhing and moaning. The convulsion paroxysms continued for several minutes at a time. MacArthur was subjected to hazing twice: after the second "exercising" he was urged to go on sick report, but re- fused: for his "pluckiness" he was ex- empted from all further hazing. Mr. Cunningham testified as to the hazing of three other cadets — Hill, Haskell, and Kensel. Haskell, the witness heard, fell into convulsions: medical assistance was not invoked, but his fellows worked over him for some time. Hill "qualified on peach pio," and afterward had convul- sions, necessitating medical aid. Kensel also went into convulsions: the witness heard that a cadet had choked Kensel to repress his cries. Another cadet, Howse, was hazed into hysterics. A cadet, not named, had his 'jaw broken in a fisticuff with a senior. Cadet Crown "(pialified on prunes," of which he eat about 1 "■"., "breaking the record" and so earning ex- emption. General Dick, chairman of the investigating committee, handed to the witness a list of sixty-nine forms of haz- i it ir end :iskcd if he knew of any more: he added but one — that of compelling plel»es to write letters. He told of men hung on bars, feet up, so that when they dropped from exhaustion the knees ■track on the wood floor several feet be- low: the fainting man was again hotetod up and again repeatedly dropped from exhaustion. Mr. Cunningham said the object of 'calling out" was to place a trained upper class man against an un- trained lower cla-s man. The result was inevitable, in conducting a fight, the purpose was to cut up the face of the lower class man before knocking him out. An upper class man had said to the wit- ness that a certain fight was not correct because the lower TERRITORIES. 41 Mi. Cudahy in person took the gold to the spot Indicated in the letter, and there left it for the robbers: two or three hours afterward the boy was taken in a wagon to the neighborhood of his father's house and set free. Bosschieter Murder Case. Three of the men indicted for the ■Order of Jennie Bosschieter (Vol. 10, p. 880) were found guilty of murder in the second degree, January is, after ■ trial lasting on!}- four days: those three were McAllister, Death, and Campbell. Kerr, the fourth accom- plice, was accorded a separate trial, Which was had January 28: lie pleaded non vult contendere to the charge of criminal assault, which plea was ac- cepted. The four men were brought into court the following day for sen- tence. Addressing the three. Judge Dixon said: "You stand convicted of the crime of murder in the second degree. The crime of which the evidence proved you guilty was murder in the first degree, for you killed Jennie Bosscheiter by administer- ing poison to her for the purpose of pre- venting her resistance to attack. From time immemorial the legal penalty for a crime of that nature has been death, but the leniency of the jury in the exercise of their lawful authority has saved you from the gallows." They were condemned to thirty years' imprisonment in the state prison. Then addressing Kerr, the judge sa id: "The evidence adduced in this case did not warrant the conclusion that you were implicated in the administration of the drug, but it was convincing that you participated in the attack made upon Jennie Bosschieter; and in the commis- sion of that offense there is one aspect of the care that makes your conduct VMM than that of your associates: you are older and you have more obligations to virtue— a wife worthy of your highest and purest affection, children whose wel- fare should have been your constant con- cern." The sentence upon Kerr was impris- onment for fifteen years. In both the -extreme penalty of the law eras Imposed. VARIOUS STATES AND TERRI- TORIES. Forest Reserve in Arizona. By contract with the secretary of the Interior, the individual owners of about one million acres of timber land contiguous to similar lands owned by the government in northern Arizona, transfer to the United States their titles, receiving in return title to lands of the public domain elsewhere. Thus nearly L',(HM»,(MMt acres of magniilcent forest are made available for the San Francisco Mountain Reserve, and a vast system of irrigation works will be formed. There are in Arizona three other forest reserves— the Preseott, Black Mesa, and Grand Canyon; and these, with the San Francisco, have a total area of about 0.000,000 acres. Only two other West- ern states have a larger area of forest reserve than Arizona, viz., California. 9,000,000 acres; and Washington, about 7.(500,000 acres. The policy of establishing forest re- serves is not confined to the West. A bill has been introduced in the house of representative* authorizing the exj>endi- ture of $5,000,000 in purchasing two mil- lion acres in the Appalachian mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. Illinois. CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL. On January 28 the supreme court of the United States handed down an opinion overruling the demurrers filed in the case of the Drainage Canal by the state of Illinois and the Drainage Canal Board to the suit of the state of Missouri (Vol. 9, p. 0O2; Vol. 10, p. 740). On the part of the state of Mis- souri the contention was that the drinking water of the city of St. Louis is polluted by the sewage matters car- ried down by the canal. The case is now to be tried on its merits. Kansas. MRS. NATIONS CRUSADE. Kansas is a "prohibition" state, and there the retailing of intoxicants is a misdemeanor. But the state, county, and municipal powers seem unable or 42 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. March, 1901 unwilling to enforce the law. Mrs. Carrie Nation takes the law and its enforcement In her own hands: and at Wichita, on December 27, opened a campaign for suppression of the "joints," as the illegal saloons are called. First she visited every drinking place in the town and ordered the keepers of them to close their doors. As no heed was paid to the command, the following morning she entered the saloon of a ho- tel, carrying a sack of stone, ammunition for her warfare. Without waiting for parley she "opened fire" on the mirrors, the paintings, and other furniture of the place. Men who were in the saloon fled, the man behind the bar sought cover behind that breastwork. At last a po- liceman arrested Mrs. Nation, took her to his station and lodged her in a cell. Suit was brought against her for ma- licious mischief and destruction of prop- erty to the amount of $2,000, but at the; trial the county attorney asked that the case be dismissed on the ground that the prisoner was not responsible for her acts, her mind being impaired and subject to delusions. This was granted and the prisoner set free, January 19. She then resumed the campaign. At Enterprise, Kan., January 24, there was a street tight between a band of women led by Mrs. Nation and another band of women headed by a saloon-keeper's wife: this led to suit and counter-suit, each side procuring warrants of arrest against the other. Mrs. Nation was severely lashed with a horsewhip in the hands of one of the woman-champions of the saloon in- terest. At Topeka, the state capital, the sa- loon keepers, apprehending a visit from Mrs. Nation, erected barricades before their doors and engaged the services of watchmen. She arrived in the city Jan- nary 28, and, visiting Governor Stanley in the Central building, rebuked him for suffering saloons to remain open. Then she called on the attorney-general of the state, the county attorney, and the sher- iff, demanding closure of the dramshops. After this she made a like demand upon the legislature. With Governor Stanley Mrs. Nation had an exciting interview, in the course of which she said to him: "You can close every 'joint' in Kansas if you will. Governor Stanley. You can do it if you want to, but you won't. You are a lawbreaker yourself if you do not. You took your oath of office to keep the Constitution. You refuse my request. You are not only a lawbreaker but a perjurer." .Again she said to the governor: l,You come with me and help smash saloons." And then she added: "If you won't help us— if you won't help me, I'll go around and I'll smash, smash, smash! The devil seems to have a cinch on the men, but he hasn't a cinch on the hatchets and rocks." The war is now carried to the town of Anthony, but theie a subaltern is in command. On January 30 a band of women, headed by Mrs. Sheriff, wrecked four liquor shops, smashing plate-glass windows and mirrors, and other fixtures. The attack on the saloons was made at daybreak, the crusaders being armed with hatchets. In this case the raiders were protected by a guard of men, their husbands or other male relatives. At one of the scenes of demolition the pro- prietor of the place attempted to offer resistance, but a member of the body- guard felled him by a blow upon the head with a beer bottle. Meanwhile the commander-in-chief, Mrs. Nation, was busily organizing her forces at the state capital: a call for volunteers was answered by forty-five women, who pledged themselves to follow her whith- ersoever she might lead. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. Railroad Consolidation. In the beginning of January Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan purchased a con- trolling interest in the New Jersey Central Railroad Company, and trans- ferred it to the Reading Railroad Company. Upon the public announce- ment of this transaction, the "Rail- way World" declared that "to-day A. J. Cassatt, Mr. Yanderbilt, J. Pierpont Morgan, and James «J. Hill are re- garded as practically ruling all the great railways of this country." Thus is already very nearly fulfilled the prediction made by the Interstate Commerce Commission in its report published about the date of the New Jersey Central purchase, that soon "it will be within the power of two or three men, or at least a small group of men, to say what tax shall be imposed upon the vast traffic moving between the East and the West." The Com- mission adds a word of warning: "It is both human nature and the lesson of history that unlimited power in- ' .1 \.I/M. 4:1 duces misuse of that power. Rail- ways tie not combining for the pur pOM Of 'extortion and abuse.' hut noiu> tln> loss should the people provide ■MM protecton against that possible result of the combination." Mr. Leo ('unman, who is h high au- thority on railroad affairs, writing in the Chicago "Tribune," avers that in the new great consolidation of interests are comprised companies owning 7d,224 miles Of railway. But even this striking state- ment does not give the measure of this latest stride toward dominion over all the means of public transportation. This vast consolidation of railways will have, as an important part of its plans, control of ocean navigation between the United States and every region of earth— steam- ship lines across the Atlantic and the Pacific. Newspaper of the Future. Alfred Harmsworth. editor and pro- prietor of the London "Daily Mail." writes in the January "North Ameri- can Review" on "The Simultaneous Newspapers of the Twentieth Cen- tury." in which he criticizes the papers of the present day as "hopelessly clumsy in shape, verbose as to matter, and most Imperfect as a record," and indicates his idea of the "proper form" for a newspaper to be that of "a small. portable, and neatly indexed publica- tion of the size of 'The North Ameri- can Review,' and of the balk and ap- pearance of the New York 'Outlook.' " He predicts trust control of newspa- pen in the future, saying: "I feel certain that the newspaper of the twentieth century will be drawn into the vortex of combination and cen- tralization. In fact, given the man. the capital, the organization, and the occa- sion, there seems to lie no reason why one or two newspapers may not present- ly dominate great sections of the Doited States, or almost the whole of Great Britain. In other words, Where t Inn- are now a multitude of papers — good, had. and indifferent— -there will then be one or two greet journals. The method by which such journals would be estab- lished would be precisely those employed in the formation of the ordinary trust. Posseniag its own rabies, wires, dis- patch boats, and special trains, the simultaneous newspaper concern would soon have its own paper mills, printing ink factories, machinery shops, and the like." In order to demonstrate some of his ideas of improvement in size, shape, and arrangement, Mr. Harmswocth was authorized to edit one daily edi- tion of the New York "World" at the beginning of January. The feature of the edition which attracted most atten- tion and favorable comment was its reduced and more convenient size of page. Miscellaneous. A coroner's jury in the case of the loss of seven lives in the Tarrant drug store fire In the city of New York in October last (VoL K>, p. SMi.") rendered a verdict January 11. They find that the explosion "was occasioned by the storage of combustible chemicals in excess of the quantities permitted by law," and hold Tarrant &.- Co. crim- inally responsible. Cornelius L. Alvord, Jr.. guilty of defrauding the First National Bank of New York (Yol. 10, p. 820), was. having pleaded guilty, sentenced in the United States circuit court, Janu- ary 16, to thirteen years' imprison- ment in the Sing Sing prison. CANADA. The Queen's Death. Elsewhere in these pages the all- absorbing topic of the month— the death on January '22 of the aijgust and beloved sovereign of the Empire— will 1k» found treated with a fulness that renders unnecessary any repetition here. In no part of the British Em- pire was the person of Queen Victoria more dearly loved, or her sovereignty more gladly accepted or more pro- foundly re vote i iced, than in the I >« » minion. Her reign was almost coin- cident with the period of the growth of Canadian constitutional govern- ment; and her very name had become sacred by indissoluble assoriatioti with all that has Ihmmi great and good in the development of the country, its insti- 44 AFFAIItS IX AMERICA. March, 1901 tutions, and the social and moral wel- fare of its people. While her death is felt as a personal loss by all Cana- dians the world over, the bereavement is not Avithout consolation in the thought that her example and the tra- ditions of her rule will through all time perpetuate her beneficent influ- ence. The allegiance of the Canadian peo- ple passes unreservedly to her success- or, Edward VII., who will find no- where in his vast dominions a more 'loyal devotion than that of his Cana- dian subjects. The Laurier government decided not to accord state recognition to the ser- vices hold in the Anglican Cathedral at Ottawa in memory of Queen Victo- ria, lest such action should be con- strued as an acknowledgment of a state church in Canada. Public Finances. Fiscal operations for the six months ended December 31, 1900— the first half of the current fiscal year— show a surplus of $8,523,040, the following being a statement of revenue and ex- penditures for the last six months of 1900 as compared with 1899: REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. Revenue— 1899. 1900. Customs $14,145,113 $14,417,438 Excise 5,003,020 5,350,043 Postofbce f 1 ,405,000 1,594,237 Public Works and Railways 2,075,975 2,930.095 Miscellaneous. . 1,137,142 1,438.040 Total $24,480,552 $25,731,050 Expenditure. . $15,050,521 $1 7,208,010 Wealth of the Fisheries. In the extent of her fisheries Canada stands foremost among the nations. Her Eastern seaboard, including the coast of the Maritime Provinces from the Bny of Fundy to the Straits of Belle Isle, constitutes a line of 5.000 miles; while on the West, British Columbia adds 7,180 miles, or more than double the coastline of the United Kingdom. The salt water inshore area, not including minor indenta- tions, covers over 1,500 square miles; and the Canadian fresh water area on the Great Lakes is computed at 72,700 square miles; while Manitoba and the Territories include in addition innu- merable well-stocked lakes and rivers. In the season of 1899 nearly 80,000 men were employed in the industry, using gear representing a capital of $10,000,000. In the Maritime Provinces are 858 lobster canneries, valued at $1,- 334,180 and employing 18,708 hands. The salmon preserving industry of British Co- lumbia, comprising sixty-nine canneries, and representing a capital of $1,380,000, gives employment to 18,977 hands. The total value of the catch of fish in Canada for 1899 was $21,891,706. The Pacific Cable. It was announced in January, by the United States consul-general at Melbourne, that the postmaster-gen- eral of Victoria had accepted the bid for the laying of an all-British cable across the Pacific, at a cost of $8,735,- 307, the installation and surveying to cost $992,700 extra (Vol. 10, pp. 200, 1031). The cable is to be in working order by July 31, 1902. The route decided upon is from Vancouver, B. C. by way of Fanning or Palmyra island, Fiji, and Norfolk island, with branches from the last-named station to Auckland, New Zealand, and Queensland. The length of the cable over this route would be (a How- ling 10 per cent for "slack" actually used) 7,986 miles, as follows: Vancouver to Fanning island, 3,501 miles; Fanning island to Fiji, 2,093 miles; Fiji to Nor- folk island, 901 miles; Norfolk island to New Zealand, 537 miles; and Norfolk island to Queensland, 834 miles (see map, Vol. 10, p. 199). Great Britain and Can- ada have agreed to defray five-ninths of the total cost; New Zealand, one-ninth: and New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria have pledged themselves to con- tribute the remainder between them. As to the revenue to be derived from the cable, it is anticipated that the returns for the first year, on a tariff of forty-nine cents a word, will be $534,370; and that- by the fourth year of its working the. .lY.I/M. 45 cable will Itocome a paying concern. It has been prppo— d to Charge seventy- three cents a word for messages right through— that is, crossing Canada and the Atlantic, iii n.l.litimi to the Pacific— and ftirt v-iiiii*' a nts lor the Pacific ehM tion. Supplementary to the above an- nouncement there was published the first week in January a letter from Sir Sandford Fleming to the post- master-general. Hon. William Mulock, suggesting that steps should be taken to nationalize the cable and telegraph service of the empire. From an im- Ltd., was formally opened by Mayor Milligan of Midland in the presence of a distinguished company, including Hon. (J. W. Ross, premier of Ontario, and other officials. Its capacity Is 150 tons of pig iron a day. The establishment of the iron-smelting industry on the shores of Georgian Bay paves the way for the establishment of allied enterprises in that rich but com- paratively undeveloped portion of On- tario. In addition to the advantaue gained by being in close proximity to the ore deposits of Lake Superior, thus ad- mitting of raw material being delivered BA PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENT BUILDING, WINNIPEG. periallstic and strategic point of view, as well as commercially, such a project would be Of great moment as increasing facilities of intercommuni- cation while greatly lowering in all probability their cost. The Iron Industry. Probably no more important Inci- dent in the industrial history of Onta- rio has over taken place than was wit- nessed at Midland on December IS. when "Midland Furnace No. 1" ol the Canada Iron Furnace Company, at the minimum of cost, Midland has the great advantage of being almost in the heart of the largest iron-consuming section of Canada, namely, Ontario and Quebec. Daring the past season of nav- igation, four steamers of the Algoma Central Railway Company carried ore to Midland from the Helen mine nt Michi- picoten, the property of F. H. Clergue of Sault Bte. Marie, who is one of the directors of the Canada Iron Furnace Company. Mr. Edward Gurney of To- ronto secured for his foundry the first run of metal from the new furnace. The Canada Iron Furnace Company own the famous Radnor forges in the province of Quebec, which have been producing iron for 250 years. 4G AFFAIUS IN AMEUKA. March, 10O1 The Delpit Marriage Case. A delicate case involving the ques- tion of the relations of church and state in Canada has recently aroused unusual interest in social and religious GEORGE BELL REEVE, New General Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway. •ircles. It appears that Albert Delpit, now private secretary to Lieut.-Gov. Jette, was married in Montreal, May 2, 1803, to Miss Jeanne Cote. Both parties were of Roman Catholic an- cestry. The bride's father, however, had long ceased attendance at Catho- lic services, but had never taken any legal steps to declare himself a Protes- tant. Such a declaration is required by law to release a man brought up in the Roman Catholic Church from ec- clesiastical assessments; but the law requires it for no other purpose. The marriage ceremony was performed by a Unitarian minister, Rev. Wil- liam S. Barnes. The union turned out unhappily, and Mrs. Delpit applied to the court for a judicial separation, whereupon the husband pleaded that under the law of Quebec a marriage between two Catholics celebrated by a Protestant was no marriage at all. He denied that the woman was his wife, thereby illegitimatizing his three children. He then applied to the Church authori- ties for . a declaration of nullity of marriage, and the Court suspended ac- tion pending the decision of the ec- clesiastical authorities. The question which the Church had to consider -was whether both contracting parties were Catholics at the time of the marriage. It has decided that they were, although Mrs. Delpit asserted that she was at that time a Protestant. The de- cision has recently been confirmed at Rome, and so far as the Church is con- cerned the marriage has been invalidated. It yet remains to be determined whether the civil voiding of the union follows as a matter of course. It is as- serted on behalf of Delpit that by the organic law of the province, based upon the Treaty of Paris, marriage in Quebec is a sacrament first and a civil contract afterward. That is to say, it must bo acceptable to the Church authorities and executed in accordance with their regula- tions before it becomes valid in law. As Catholics are forbidden to be married by others than their own pastors, it follows, it is contended, that the Delpit marriage, assuming that the parties to it were members of that communion, was in- valid. A marriage between a Catholic and a CHARLES M. HAYS, Formerly General Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway, Now President of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Protestant, Celebrated by a Protestant clergyman, would be legal without ques- tion, and before the civil courts Mrs. Delpit will endeavor to prove her con- tention that at the time of the marriage she was a Protestant. Failing to prove that, the whole contention of the Cath- olic Church to invalidate such marriages will be challenged, and the case will be XBWFOVXDLA VD. 47 carried to the highest court. Witliin t lt«- prortaeo it is said thai there am hun- dreds of families vitally interested in the rase. the marriages of the parents hav- ing been celebrated by ProtcatantSj al- though the contracting parties were Catholics. Disastrous Fires. A tiro commencing In the factory of the Knechtel Furniture Company, in Hanover, Out., December 20, 1900, de- stroyed property valued at about $120,- • HHt; Insurance, about $00,000. On Christmas day, 1900, Calgary, in Alberta, was visited with the most de- structive fire in its history, several business structures being burned, with a loss of about $100,000. In the village of West Lome, Ont. December 30, 1900, fire destroyed a business block valued at $125,000. A blow to Ontario industry was the destruction by fire of the factory of the Canada Woollen Mills Company, nt Lambton Mills, January 19, 1901. Loss about $53,000; well covered by insurance. The city of Montreal, Que., was un- fortunate in January in being visited with a series of disastrous fires. On the night of the 18th the premises of Thomas May & Company, corner of McGill and St. James streets, were gutted, with a loss of alxmt $350,000. On the night of the 23d a still more de- structive fire broke out in the whole- sale clothing house of M. Saxe & Sons, corner of Lemoine and St. Peter streets. Panned by a north wind. the flames swept to the river front, burn- ing almost three entire blocks in the business heart of the city, Including the million dollar Board of Trade building on St. Sacrament street. Loss estimated from $3,000,000 to $0,000,000; insurance over two mil- lions. Personal Notes. Only two Canadians were listed among the recipients of New V.-ar im- perial honors. The decoration of C. M. J. (Companion Of the Order of St. Mi. had an-l St. QeOTfe) was Lest. .wed v»i. II— «. on Lieut. -Col. C. C. Kltson. formerly commandant of the Royal Military College at Kingston, and on Lieut- Col. Thomas Irwin, secretary of the Canadian Patriotic Fund Association, formerly inspector-general of artillery. Under the continued federal Liberal regime, it may be expected that the Conservative prei>ondorance in the Dominion senate will gradually be lessened as vacancies occur and are filled. Toward the end of January was announced the appointment of four Liberals to the upper house— Hon. Lyman Jones of Toronto, Ont.: A. T. Wood of Hamilton, Ont.; Robert afackay of Montreal, orarily the disputed question of French treaty rights on the west shore of Newfoundland, expired on the last day of Decenil>er, 1900. The failure, as yet, of the colonial government to renew for another year the arrange- ment, which for patriotic reasons they consented to extend ■ year ago (VoL 10. pp. 99. 204), has revived the whole question as a live issue calling for satisfactory settlement. To that end Premier Bond has been called to Kng- land by Mr. Chamberlain, the. colonial secretary, to confer with the British and French representatives. The BMdm vivendi, it will be remem- I . ! d, was originally fixed for an indefi- nite period of years in 1S9<>. in the hope that removal of the long -standing cause of friction would prescntlj be effected by diplomatic negotiation. It was renewed from time to time, the last occasion be ing shortly after the bursting of the war- cloud in South Africa a little over a year ago. when the colony refrained from pressing a claim which would have been 48 AFFAIRS IX AMEBIC A. March, 1901 an embarrassment to the homo govern- ment in the existing crisis. If the agree- ment be not renewed — at least condition- ally on certain assurances of speedy final settlement of the whole issue — the status of affairs as defined by the Treaty of Utrecht and subsequent treaties on the Newfoundland coast will revive in full force. The whole subject was investigated by a royal commission appointed in 1898 (Vol. 8, p. 695; Vol. 9, p. 439); but the report of the commission, though submit- ted to parliament in May, 1899, and said to favor the claims of the colony, has not yet been officially published. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 secured for Great Britain the absolute possession of the island of Newfoundland. This right was confirmed without qualification Seal* of Mile* ?. ,fl 2 £_ ^Wr**"8' Ctf) «_i^- Jt"*UIL07 ' I 'SAvy. MIQUBLONI.^ TheOvhm ■** ■■■■ «V^B * G Green /, ^fr > * , Si *&Celomiitrl. re r. io*S£'(F^»i^'> Lit m ST PIERRE MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF THE FRENCH ISLANDS OF ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON. by the Treaties of Paris in 1763 and of Versailles in 1783, and it has never been modified or challenged. At the same time, the French fishermen on a certain defined portion of the Newfoundland coast (see map, Vol. 10, p. 99) obtained rights in 1713, reaffirmed in 1783, which place them in a very peculiar position in regard to British territory. Within the limits fixed by treaty they are allowed to catch fish and to dry them on land without being subject to local restric- tions. On the other hand, they are pre- cluded from erecting fortifications, or, in- deed, any other buildings except wooden stages and huts for drying; they are for- bidden to winter in the island, and are enjoined to confine themselves during their stay to the business of fishing or drying fish or to the repairs necessary for their vessels. The British colonists are placed under an obligation not to mo- lest the French fishermen "during their fishing" or to injure their drying stages or scaffolds during their absence. In strictness nothing belongs to France un- der these treaties except the right to carry on the inshore cod fishery within certain narrow limits. In process of time, the value of this right has greatly fallen away. Commercial and social changes have reduced the importance of the inshore Newfoundland fishing to very small dimensions; and the process of shrinkage has been going on steadily even since the modus vivendi was intro- duced in 1890. Six or seven years ago the number of Frenchmen employed in all capacities on the "French shore" was less than 1,200, and it is now only a little over 500. The proceeds of the fishery have never, in recent years, ex- ceeded a few thousands of pounds. The main element of profit appears to be the lobster-canning industry, which is a para- sitic growth on the original conventional rights of France, and which, according to the strict provisions of the Treaties of Utrecht and Versailles, can hardly be maintained. The power to catch lobs- ters and to establish factories for "can- ning" them on the Newfoundland coast might be conceded as a matter of comity or indulgence, but it could hardly be ex- tracted by any fair process of interpreta- tion from the right to catch and dry cod- fish, to erect drying stages, and to repair fishing-boats. But in addition to this claim the French insist that the British colonists shall be forbidden to set up lobster-canning factories of their own on the "French shore." Though not a word can he found in support of this claim in the stipulations of 1713 and 1783, yet it has been provisionally recognized under the modus vivendi. The colonists of Newfoundland contend that, as the French interests under the treaties is ■ rapidly declining one, it is unnecessary to make any valuable concessions in order to extinguish it. From the imperial point of view, the reason why it is desirable to get rid in an amicable way of the rights of France on the "French shore" is that the protec- tion of the French fishermen, even though they are only a small and unpros- perous handful, is a perpetual source of danger. The claim to interfere with this object might at any moment bring the French government and the French navy into collision with the British colonists and with the imperial power. Though the "French shore" is of little economical importance to France, it is confused in the popular mind with the French interest in the sea-fishery on NEWFOUNDLAND. I.. the Great Banks, which is Dot only a valu«»blc i lid 11st i.v, encouraged by a high bounty system, but is regarded, rightly or wrongly, as | nursery for tin- seamen of tin- French navy. With the eod ti-li ing on the Great Banks neither the Im- perial government nor the people of Newfoundland ha\e the right, even if they had the desire, to interfere. But the latter feel very keenly that the bounty system in France subjects them to an unfair competition, which they consider on her rights under the Treaty of I ti ilit, while the colonists have sub- stantial reason to chafe under the en- forcement of those- rights. An amicable settlement ought to present no insuper- nble difficulties. For a full history of the case as out- lined in CURRENT HISTORY, see Vol. 1, pp. r>3. 167, 310. 430; Vol. :?. pp. 107. 327, 606, 780: Vol. 4. p. 181; Vol- 5, p. 673; Vol. 8, pp. 430, 605; R. G. REID, OF MONTREAL, QUE. Known as the " Czar " of Newfoundland, Whose Contract with the Colonial Government Formed the Chief Issue of the Recent Election in the Island. themselves justified in meeting with re- strictions on the supply of early bait to the French fishermen. Under the modus vivci.di the French sea fisheries obtained advantages in regard to the supply of bait, as well as in regard to the lobster- can'iiiik' l>ii>iiu-ss, which are not likely to be continued if the question of the "French shore" reverts to the original treaty rights. The real issues are not important enough to justify a quarrel be- tween two cre.it nations. France has practically nothing to gain by insisting Vol. 0, pp. 176. 430; Vol. 10, pp. 99. Jut. A New Governor. Toward the end of January was an- nounced the appointment of Sir Caven- dish Boyle. K. C. M. 3., government secretary of British Guiana since 1804, •vernor of Newfoundland, to sue <• 1 Sir II. E. McCallum. K. C. M. G.. recently made governor of Natal. f>0 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. March, tfloi THE WEST INDIES. The Danish Islands. It was announced the last of De- cember that practically all the neces- sary preliminaries for the purchase of the Danish West Indies by the United States (concerning which negotiations have been carried on for the last two years) had been satisfactorily com- pleted, except the appropriation by Congress of the necessary amount; and that a careful canvass of Congress by Mr. Lodge gives reasonable assur- ance of its approval of the transaction. The price named to the Danish gov- ernment by our minister to Denmark, Mr. Swenson, is 12,000,000 kroner (about $3,240,000). It is stated that, but for a change of ministry in Copenhagen, the transaction ENGLISH MILES Vr"-*£ [tjaguet CARIBBEAN OCrEAN?°*?n MAP SHOWING POSITION OF THE DANISH WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. would have been completed last spring. The islands have been a financial drag on the Danish exchequer for some time, and negotiations for their purchase were nearly completed by Secretary of State Seward in 18G7 for $7,500,000. The sen- ate, however, failed to ratify the treaty (Vol. 9, p. 027). Since our acquisition of Porto Rico with its good harbors, the maiu reason for acquiring these neigh- boring islands is to prevent their ac- quisition by any other power, as would likely be the case, did we not buy them. Statistics regarding the islands were given a year ago, when their purchase was much discussed (Vol. 10, p. 101). SOUTH AMERICA. Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. There have been two significant de- velopments since our last issue in the three-sided struggle on the western coast of South America, between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. It will be remembered that Chile's last move with regard to the dispute with Bolivia over the Bolivian littoral re- tained by Chile after the war of 1870-83 (Vol. 6, p. 415) was to submit an ulti- matum to Bolivia, in which she de- manded that Bolivia absolutely yield all claims to this littoral in return for cer- tain financial and commercial concessions that Chile would make. The rejection of this ultimatum by Bolivia toward the last of 1900 (Vol. 10, p. 1037) was fol- lowed, if we may believe dispatches of January 19 from Washington claiming to have official information, by an at- tempt on the part of Chile to secure the consent of four other South American governments to the partition of Bolivia among them, which would, of course, leave the disputed territory as it is now, in Chile's possession. This audacious proposition was promptly and emphati- cally rejected by Peru, Bolivia's friend and ally in the war with Chile, and its offensiveness emphasized by the request that Chile recall her minister from Peru. It is stated that the other countries ap- proached were Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay; but their answers to the proposition are not known". While Chile has been thus engaged in efforts to end in one way or another all claims on the part of Bolivia to the re- storation of the province of Tacna or any of its parts, she has also taken another step in the dispute with Peru, indicating her intention to defer at least as long as possible the restoration of Tacna and Arica to that countrv (Vol. 4, p. 112: Vol. 7, p. 956; Vol. 8. p. 432; Vol. 10, p. 482). January 1G, the Chilean cham- ber of deputies rejected the Billinghurst- Latorre protocol which provided for the arbitration of this matter. This protocol was ratified by Peru in 1890 (Vol. S, p. 432); but Chile has postponed action on the matter for over two years, and has now rejected the treaty. It is sug- gested that she was afraid to reject the protocol while her dispute overxboundar- ies with Argentina was going on, fearing a union of the two countries. This dis- pute has been referred to Queen Victoria' for arbitration, and Chile has now by her action regarding the protocol put the Tacna-Arica question where it was more than two years ago. • Venezuela. ASPHALT DISPUTK. Considerable excitement has been caused by a supposed attempt on the sol ill am hi; i' i. 51 part of President Castro of Venezuela to deprive an American company of its property illegally. The whole trouble is in connection with the as- phalt lakes in Venezuela, which arc the most valuable oues In the world. An American company under the title Of the American 4V National Asphalt Companies obtained from the Venezuelan government in 1883 a concession for working for 25 years the asphalt lakes in the province of Rermndez and the? neighboring island of Trinidad. The company, owned by the New York A: Rcruiudf*' Company, capitalized at $58,- HON. FRANCIS B. LOOMIS, OP OHIO, United States Minister to Vknezikla. 000.000, hcjjan to work its concession in 1888. Recently n rival American syndicate has been formed, known as the Warner- Quinlan-Sullivan syndicate from the names of its three members, or as the Warner syndicate simply. This syndicate purchased an asphalt concession known us "La Felicidad" for $40,000. It is the right of the Venezuelan government to ppll this territory that is in dispute. Th> New York M Rermndez Company claims that it purchased a monopoly of the as- phalt territory, and that "La Felicidad'' is a part of its concession. The Warner syndicate claims that "La Felicidad" is at least a mile from the boundary of the rival company's claim, and President Castro supports them. This is what gave rise to iuternationul complications. In mid-December the New York «,V Rcrinudez Company complained to the Government jit Washington that Presi- dent Castro was intending to expel then by force of arms from territory conceded to them by the Venezuelan government. The State Department instructed Min- ister Loomis to expostulate with Presi- dent Castro, and ordered the "Scorpion," which was at La Cnayra, to proceed to the scene of disturbance. Two other irunboats were ordered to Venezuela. Roth companies armed their followers; and bloodshed, even war, seemed im- minent. Ry the middle of January, it became clear that President Castro did not in- tend to interfere in the matter with force of nrms, but to leave it to the courts to settle, which was all that the United States desired in the beginning! and the orders to the "Scorpion" were recalled. Up to February 1 no outbreak had oc- curred. Rut the crisis will come if the Warner syndicate endeavors to take pos- session by military force of its conces- sion. MORE REBELLIONS. In addition to these international complications. Venezuela's short rest of six months from revolution has been broken again by several out- breaks. The last of December a re- bellion was started by General Per- azo. one of ex-President Andrade's generals, who assisted General Cas- tro in his successful relielliou against President Andrade (Vol. 9, p. ,.t:,,:,,; Vol. 10, pp. 106, 207, 297, :5,.M>. 482), and had been rewarded with the portfolio of secretary-general. Pemao seeiiM to bare bees defeated and driven west- ward toward Colombia. In mid- January, the seizure by the Venezuelan government of two trad- ing vessels belonging to the Orinoco Steamship & Trading Company, oper- ating between the Port of Spain on the island of Trinidad and points on the Orinoco river, was the first inti- mation to the outside world that a vigorous rebellion was in progress in eastern Venezuela. Since then there bate been report* of several severe engagements near Juirla and Garth pano in the eastern province of Rer- 52 AFFAIRS IX EUROPE. March, 1901 niudez, with varying success. .The seizure of these two boats may lead to complications, as it seems to be a question whether the company is an American or an English one. It has an English charter, but the investors are largely American. The capture by government forces of supposed filibusters on the little island of Pato. near Trinidad, may also cause trouble, as Great Britain and Venezuela both lay claim to the island. Hffatrs in Europe* GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Death of Queen Victoria. QUEEN VICTORIA died at Os- borne House, Isle of Wight, at 6:30 P. M., January 22, *in the 82d year of her life and the G4th of her reign. The first oflicial intimation that was given to the public of the Queen's last ill- ness was the announcement made in the Court Circular, January 18, by her of- ficial physicians, that she was not in her" usual health, and would be obliged to "abstain for the present from transacting business." The next day's bulletin showed the serious nature of her illness; and, on Sunday, January 20, she was not expected to live from hour to hour. With a final exhibition of the wonderful vigor of her superb constitution, however, she rallied again and lived two days longer than her physicians thought it possible. The official designation of her disease is given as cerebral failure due to senile de- cay. It is now known that she had been suf- fering for nearly a year from indigestion, nervousness, and insomnia; and it is gen- erally understood that she suffered a slight stroke of paralysis at the last. But, with her indomitable will-power, she refused to acknowledge that she was ill, and continued the careful perform- ance of her multitudinous duties until within a very short period of her death. As soon as the serious nature of the Queen's illness was realized, her children and grandchildren were notified; and they hastened to her bedside. Her eldest daughter, the Dowager-Empress Victoria of Germany, herself suffering from an incurable disease, was unable to go to her mother; but her son, Emperor Will- iam, left the celebrations in honor of the bi-centenary of Prussia at Berlin (see be- low) and hastened to Loudon, where he was met by the Prince of Wales on Saturday, the 19th, and conducted to Osborne House in time to receive the recognition of the Queen, who showed great pleasure at seeing him. The Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess Christian, and Princess Beatrice of Battenberg were with the Queen from the time her illness began; and the rest of her children and many of her grand- children gathered in time to receive her feeble farewells given during a most timely return of consciousness on the last morning of her life. They gathered again around her bedside later in the day, and sorrowfully watched her as she drew her last breaths, quietly and peacefully, surrounded, as she would have wished. by nearly 'all of the children and grand- children whom she loved so tenderly. Mourning for the Queen. The Queen's death was followed im- mediately by an avalanche of sym- pathetic messages of condolence from all parts of the Empire, and from nearly every other nation of the earth, including people of various races and religions, and even those countries whose attitude toward Great Britain as a nation has been one of bitterness and hostility. It was evident that these messages wore no mere com- (MEAT BltlTAlX Au\U MELASU. 53 HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. Kokn May U, 1819. SoCCMDBD tu the British Throne, Junk a), 1837. Died January 22, 1901. 54 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. March, 1901 pliance with official etiquette, but were the sincere expression of the great admiration and affection sin- cerely felt for the Queen by the civil- ized nations all over the world. Sel- dom, if ever, has the death of an in- dividual caused such genuine heart- felt sorrow to so many millions of people so widely scattered over the earth's surface. Two notable exceptions to the general evidences of grief were the opposition to messages of condolence in Dublin and the refusal of Mayor Van Wyck of New York to place the flag on the City Hall at half-mrfst. Mayor Van Wyck's action, however, was by no means representative of the feelings of his city or of the United States, for abundant tokens were visible on every hand throughout the country of the deep grief felt at the loss of the Queen. President McKinley's message to the Prince of Wales was especially sympathetic and appreciative; PRINCE ALBERT, The Late Prince Consort of England, Husband of Queen Victoria. numbers of public memorial services were spontaneously arranged in all the large cities; and emblems of mourning were displayed on public and private buildings in great abundance. In London, where the bulletins of the Qtfeen's condition had been watched li.v multitudes with the greatest anxiety and sorrow, "the great bell" of the Cathedral of St. Paul, the gift of William III., used only on exceptional occasions, was solemnly tolled as soon as the death of the Queen was announced. Within a few hours, long before the official orders for mourning were issued, great numbers of black robes and hatbands were seen on the streets, a remarkable exhibition of the deep sense of personal loss felt by the public. Even the joyous acclaim due to the proclamation of a new King (see below), who has long been the popular idol, was hushed instinctively by the feelings of reverence and sorrow for the solemn presence from which he had so recently come, while the miles of streets traversed by the impressive funeral pro- cession were lined on both sides with 'multitudes of people, very few of whom showed cheeks dry of tears. Countless funereal hangings were displayed on the buildings, and business and entertain- ments of all sorts were suspended. The court will probably remain in mourning for a year; but the consterna- tion this announcement created among the drapers, who had already laid in their stock of colored fabrics for spring and summer wear, led the King, with his characteristic consideration, to issue an order that the public will not be expected or desired to wear full mourning after March G, or half mourning after April 17. Most of the foreign courts have gone into mourning for a greater or less period. The German court will go into mourning for a month, and the entire Prussian army for a fortnight. This period was extended to three weeks for the 1st Dra- goon Guards, of which regiment Her Majesty was honorary chief. Accession of King Edward VTL In compliance with the inexorable necessities of affairs of state, the Queen's eldest son, no longer Prince of Wales, but now King of England, was obliged to leave Osborne in less than 24 hours after his mother's death, and journeyed to London to hold the first meeting of his Privy Council. He left Osborne at 9 o'clock Wednes- day morning, January 23, attended by his brother, the Duke of Connaught, his son, the Duke of York, Prince Christian, and the Duke of Argyll, and Mr. Bal- four, representing the cabinet. A large company of privy councillors, ministers, ex-ministers, civic dignitaries of London, arid other officials, assembled at the meeting of the Privy Council in St. QBEAT BRITAIN AND /HKL.l.VD. 60 Juim-s l'alaoe at 2 o'clock in the after- nutiii. The King presented himself to the Cooacfl, made a declaration, and took the tMth of allegiance. The privy coun- cillors then took the oath of allegiance, and signed tin* proclamation of fbx* Qneen'8 death and the King's accession. THE KINGS ADDRESS. The King's address, which he made without notes, was marked by the called upon to address you. My first and melancholy duty is to announce to you the death of my beloved mother, the Queen; and I know how deeply you and the whole nation, and, I think I may say, the whole world, sympathize with me in the irreparable loss we have all sus- tained. *'I need hardly say that my constant eiid.-.ivor will be always to walk in her footsteps. 1 .1 - M ■J. 'BB, " _ «■ • ^2 ■= - n w IllK!! '-•'' LI ■ I V- fags ■&■■■■■■? WW III - - a"i." "**T ST. JAMES PALACE, LONDON, Where the Accession of Kim. Edward VII. was First Proii.aimkd. plainness and simplicity of speech which have so effectively character- ized the Queen's public uttornii' "Your Royal Highnesses, My Lord* and Gentlemen: This is the most pain fill occasion on which I shnll ever bo "In undertaking the heavy load which now devolves upon me I am fully de- termined to be a constitutional sovereign in the strictest sense of the word, anil, so long as there is breath in my body, to work for the good and amelioration of my people. 56 AFFAIRS J.V EUlloi'i:. March, lftoi "I have resolved to be known by the name of Edward, which has been borne by six of my ancestors. In doing so I do not undervalue the name of Albert which I inherit from my ever to be lamented great and wise father, who by universal consent is, I think deservedly, known by the name of Albert the Good; and I de- sire that his name should stand alone. "In conclusion, I trust to parliament and the nation to support me in the arduous duties which now devolve upon me by inheritance, and to which I am determined to devote my whole strength during the remainder of my life." PROCLAMATION OF ACCESSION*. In accordance with the provisions of an act of parliament, both houses of parliament met that same afternoon at 4 o'clock to take the oath of al- legiance to the new King. The fol- lowing day, January 24, three public proclamations of the death of Queen Victoria and the accession of King Edward VII. as King of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, were made in Lon- don. The proclamation was read first at St. James Palace; but the King was not present. This was in accordance with the expressed views of Queen Victoria, who had felt it to be a great trial to her- self to be present at her own proclama- tion. The second proclamation was made at Temple Bar, after the ancient cere- mony of demanding and receiving from the Lord Mayor permission to enter the city bad been formally observed, a silken rope serving to represent the ancient Temple Bar which was removed some years ago for the convenience of traffic. The third reading was at the Royal Ex- change. The time of the proclamations had not been made known in advance, in order to avoid unmanageable crowds, so that the readings were not marked by great excitement, and the cheering was subdued by the mournful surroundings. The King's personal appearance, how- ever, was always loyally welcomed. His bearing was simple and dignified, and his gracious and tactful assumption of his new duties under such trying circum- stances met with cordial praise from all sides. Funeral of the Queen. The funeral services of the Queen were set for February 2, as consider- able time was necessary to perfect the arrangements for the progress from Cowes through London to Wind- sor, and to allow time for the large number of royal guests to arrive. It was decided that there should be no public lying in state, and, during the in- terval between the Queen's death and her funeral, the casket containing her body rested in her private dining room, which had been beautifully fitted up for the purpose under the personal superinten- dence of Queen Alexandria. Her per- sonal retainers were allowed to gaze upon the face of their beloved and honored mistress here for the last time; and the casket was then permanently sealed in the presence of the King. On Sun- day, January 27, memorial services were held in nearly all the churches and chapels in England. The Archbishop of Canterbury preached at St. Paul's Cathedral, London; and the services at Whippingham church, Cowes, were at- tended by the royal family and most of their royal guests, including the German Emperor. Services were held by Jewish synagogues on Saturday. The arrangements for the funeral prog- ress were carried out according to the Queen's provisions, which she had made in detail with characteristic foresight and precision. Up to this time, every- thing connected with the Queen's sick- ness and death had been characterized by the simplicity and naturalness of do- mestic life. But from this time, private sorrow must yield to the public claim to do homage to the great Queen: and ac- cordingly the funeral arrangements, while free from pomp or ostentation, gradually grew into a royal progress such as had never been witnessed by the >rld before. -In accordance with the Queen's wishes, it was decidedly military in character, rather than a state pageant. Friday, February 1, a day favored with "the Queen's own weather," the coffin of the Queen was carried on a gun- carriage from Osborne House to the pier at Cowes between lines of soldiers, and was followed by the King, Queen, Em- peror, and royal Princes and Princesses on foot, showing every sign of personal grief. It was placed on board the royal yacht "Alberta," underneath a canopy of ruby velvet. The progress of the "Al- berta" with its majestic burden, pre- ceded by a fleet of torpedo destroyers, and followed by the "Victoria and Al- bert" carrying the royal mourners, across the Solent from Cowes to Portsmouth, was an impressive naval pageant equalled only by the famous naval dis- play of the Diamond Jubilee. The entire pathway of eleven miles from shore to (4 RE AT UBITAIS A \h MELA \h. 57 shore was marked by British nnd foreign l..iitl«-hips and cruisers with flags at half-mast, whose minute guus kept up a continual mighty reverberation, and whose bands took up one after another the strains of Chopin's and Beethoven's funeral marches. The "Alberta" an- chored in Portsmouth harbor for the night, where it was met by government officials nnd members of parliament, who, together with a great assembly of i>eople, kept watch through the uight. ing alone. Then, borne by eight splendid cream horses, led by eight equt rri«--. came the khaki-colored gun-carriage with the coffin lifted high. On a mag- nificent white satin pall heavily em- broidered in gold that covered the coffin. rested the Queen's diamond crown and orb of empire. The coffin was followed by a large royal cavalcade of mourner", including: representatives of nearly every royal house of Europe, among them forty sov- HER MAJESTY QUEEN ALEXANDRA, QfKEN Consort of Edward VII. of England; Formerly Princess of Wales. Born December, 1, 1844. Married March 10, 1863. February 2, the coffin was borne by special train to London, where a long progress of three miles was made from Victoria Station to Paddington. Every branch of the military service was rep- resented in this great procession, while 2.r>,000 troops in addition were placed along the line of march to preserve order. After the military and naval represen- tation came the bodyguard of the Queen, foreign military attaches, and the head- quarter's staff, led by Earl Roberts ri«l- ereigns, heirs to thrones, and princes, all mounted and in military uniform. Prom- inent among them were the Germau Em- peror, the King of Portugal, the King of Greece, the Crown Prince of Denmark. Grand Duke Michael of Russia, and Archduke Francis FerJinand of Aus- tria. The King of Belgium rode in a carriaue with the Queen's daughters be- cause of his feebleness. Then followed Queen Alexandra and the royal prin- cesses in deepest mourning. The decora- -.8 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. March, WOl tions along the route wore purple and black according to the King's orders. Large wreaths of uniform size were tied on the lamp-posts. Thus did the great and good Queen make her last royal progress through London, the greatest progress of them all, far surpassing even the wonderful one in the Diamond Jubilee in dignity and impressiveness, and for the evidences it gave both of the universal admiration and love for the dead sovereign and of the strength and unity of the Empire. The body of the Queen was carried from London to Windsor, where th.> burial service of the Church of England was read by the Bishop of Winchester and the Dean of Windsor in St. George's Chapel. This service was largely at- tended by ambassadors and envoys from all the world. The coffin was removed to Albert Chapel at the close of the service, where it remained over Sunday, February 3; and on Monday, the 4th, it was placed reverently in the tomb at Frogmore which the Queen had prepared for herself by the side of her beloved hus- band. Prince Albert, whom she had so faithfully cherished in memory for forty years. Thus closed the stateliest funeral pageant the world has ever seen, a fitting close to a noble life and a glorious reign. Last Years of Victoria. A detailed account of the Queen's life up to the time of the Diamond Jubilee, and an estimate of her work and character have already appeared in CURRENT HISTORY (Vol. 7, pp. 1-16). The two years following the Diamond Jubilee were comparatively uneventful for the Queen. She made her usual visits to the South of France, going to Cimiez in 180S and to the Riviera in 1S99. In May of the latter year, she performed what proved to be her last ceremonial function in London, the laying of the foundation stone of the new building completing the South Kensington Museum, called the Victoria and Albert Museum (Vol. 9, p. 449). Her 80th birth- day was celebrated a week later with great rejoicing, but without much public display. The last year of the Queen's life was unusually clouded with sorrow from two causes that especially appealed to her sympathetic nature, the death of a num- ber of dear friends and relatives and the wnr in South Africa. There is reason to think that these griefs deeply felt, though nobly borne, were a great strain on her nervous vitality, and hastened the end of her life. Among those whose death was a severe loss to the Queen was her second son, the Duke of Edinburgh I Vol. 10, p. 690), who died quite suddenly of heart failure; Prince Christian Victor, her grandson, who was a victim to en- teric fever at Pretoria (Vol. 10, p. 967); and very recently Dowager Lady Church- ill, one of her oldest and most intimate friends, who died suddenly at Windsor Castle. The grave and peculiarly painful sickness of her eldest daughter, the Em- press Frederick, was also keenly felt by the Queen. In spite of these griefs, however, she found courage to plan and pay a visit to Dublin at a most opportune time (Vol. 10, pp. 210, 237, 297, 391), and to take a keen interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of her brave soldiers, to whom she gave a warm and motherly welcome on their return from South Africa. On January 2 she summoned Lord Roberts for an Interview and in- vested him with the Order of the Gaiter. She continued to transact the routine state business until within a few days of her death. Her life surpassed by a few- days that of the English monarch before her who had lived the longest, George III., as her reign had previously exceeded the longest reign. The two main points in the Queen's character and life-work most universally emphasized in the numerous tributes to her, are: first, her nobility of character as a woman in all the womanly spheres of life, as an obedient daughter, loving wife, tender mother, and devoted friend; second, the great influence she so wisely and often exerted in the maintenance of the peace of the world. While she can hardly be said to have been brilliant, she had a keen instinct for the right course in a doubtful matter, backed by a long life of widely extended experience, and could always be counted on to cast her influence where her judgment convinced her the fight lay. These two charac- teristics are felicitously phrased in Presi- dent McKinley's message; her "noble life and beneficent influence have promoted Jthe peace and won the affection of the world." With her passing ends an era to be known by her name in history as the Victorian Era, the most memorable the world has ever seen for advancement in science, literature, and all the arts of peace and war. No Queen could desire to bequeath a greater memory to pos- terity than that. No woman could wish for a finer memorial than the deep love and admiration for her that fill the hearts of millions upon millions of men and women who never looked upon her face. QBEA r BRITAIN -I V l> WELAXD, .v.» VIEW OF WINDSOR CASTLE, FROM HOME PARK. Biography of Edward VH. Albert Edward, eldest son of Queen Victoria, formerly Prince of Wales, now King Edward VII., was born November 9, 184 1. His education was carried on by tutors, under- the careful supervision of his father, Prince Albert, for a good many years, after which he spent some time at Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cam- bridge Universities. In his nineteenth year he paid a visit to Canada and tin* United States, where he was welcomed with great ovations. In 1S02 he made a tour through the East, including the Holy Land, accompanied by Rev. A. II. Stanley. The acquaintance of the Prince with his future wife, Princess Alexandra of Denmark, was begun and carried on in a most romantic fashion: and 1 li* - couple were married at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on March 10, 1868. The beau- tiful and gracious Princess soon won her way into the hearts of the English nation, and has been, for many years, second only to the Queen in popularity. The domestic life of the couple at their home in Sandringham has been a most happy one. In December, 1871, the Prince of Wales was seriously attacked by typhoid fever, and his life despaired of. Public petitions were offered for him in the churches; and on his recovery, a meal r ■•■ markable demonstration Of public thanks- giving was-- given on February 27. 1872. when the Prince attended service in St. Paul's. A trip to India in 1ST." and to Ireland in 1885 completed his acquaintance with a large part of his mother's dominions. In 1898 he met with an accident, which slightly crippled him (Vol. 8. pp. 717. 933); and in April, 1900. his life was at- tempted by a young Belgian anarchist as he was boarding a train in Brussels for Copenhagen (Vol. 10, p. 297). The Prince was very fond of out-door sports of all descriptions, and has owned several famous trotting horses. He has practically been the leader of social life in England for many years, and has held his difficult position as heir apparent for so many years with great tact and skill. German Royalties Honored. Amid all the sorrow occasioned by his mother's death, and the countless cares contingent on the preparation of the arrangements for her funeral and his own accession to the throne. King Edward did n6t forget to carry out a courteous attention planned by his mother for her grandson, the German Emperor. On the anniversary of the Emperor's birthday. January 27, the King appointed him a field marshal in the British army. Two days previ- ously the King had already invested the German Crown Prince with the Order of the 3arter— also in fulfill- ment of her late Majesty's wishes. New Year Honors. The long list of the Queen's New Year honors is less interesting than usual to the general public. 60 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. March, 1901 Among the best known names are those of Sir Hiram Maxim, the in- ventor of the Maxim gun, a native of Maine, who received knighthood; Sir Alfred Milner, Administrator of South Africa, who was made a G. C. B.; Mr. Edmund Barton, first premier of the new Australian Commonwealth, who was made a member of the Privy Council. A number of other Austral- ians prominent in federation received minor honors. No peers were created, and few baronets or knights. felt for him in the added grief which has come to him at a time when he was preparing to sail to South Africa to see his son, who was recently wounded at Glenfontein, while he still mourned the loss of his eldest son at Ladysmith a year ago. GERMANY. Prussian Bi-Centenary. The bi-centenary of the coronation of Frederick I. of Prussia on January 18, 1701, was celebrated with great ""V m ^ SETHIKX' g iJUL «r it I SANDRINGHAM HALL, Country Residence of the Former Prince and Princess of Wales. London and Globe Failure. The London & 3 lobe Finance Cor- poration, Limited, of London, sus- pended payment, December 29, 1900, and involved in its ruin thirteen other firms on the Stock Exchange. The real director of the company was Mr. Whitaker Wright, a well-known pro- moter. But the chairman of the con- cern was the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, formerly governor-general of Canada, viceroy of India, etc., and one of England's most distinguished diplomats. It is generally conceded that he was the victim of inexperi- ence, and much sympathy has been festivities lasting several days in Ber- lin, by the German Emperor and his court. Memorial wreaths were deposited on the coffins of King Frederick I. and Em- peror William L, the only Kings of Prussia who have actually gone through with the expensive ceremony of corona- tion. The present King and Emperor has never done so, and on the present oc- casion he contented himself with receiv- ing the homage and acclamation as Kaiser of all the fellow-sovereigns of the Empire, as this public recognition in- volved the previous acknowledgment of his royal Prussian rank, by virtue of which he becomes German Emperor, which is his correct title, and not the Emperor of Germany. n: a \< /.. 61 There was a long list of state banquets and receptions, during which 3,772 orders ami decoration! irara distributed in ad- dition to the 10,000 of Inst year. Fifteen new peers for the Prussian Herrenhans. or House of Lords wi-re appointed t>v the Emperor. The Emperor distributed $25,000 from his own purse in different stuns for deserving charities in honor of the festival. The tabling frigate "Gnelsouau." of the German naval service was lost in the Mediterranean, being driven ashore The bill passed the Chamber of Depu- ties at 2-30 A. M., December 19, 1900, hf a vote of 156 to 2, after a final pro- longed and violent effort of opposition. and that, too, In practically the form in which the cabinet desired it. This was due wholly to the splendid discipline maintained by the premier, a most en- couraging feature in French politics, as lack of discipline has been the con- spicuous weakness of French govern- ments. The bill was speedily passed in the senate by a vote of 201 to 11. Dccem- HON. GEORGE VON L. MEYER, op massachusetts, I'nitkd States Ambassador to Italy. in a gale near Malaga December Hi. I'.hmi. with a loss of al>out 130 lives. FRANCE. Amnesty Bill Passed. The Amnesty bill (Vol. 10, pp. 487, 1041) has at last passed l>oth bouses of the French parliament, and it Is hoped that the long and bitter strug- gle over revision of the Dreyfus case is at last ended, although those per- sonally Interacted In the matter still continue to clamor violently for their vindication by trial. her 24, in the same form in which it left the chamber of deputies. The Associations Bill. The next issue which the Waldeck- Uousseau ministry has to face prom- ises an even more severe struggle than the Amnesty affair. On January 8. the chamber, after re-electing M. Paul Deschanel as president, began Che debate of the Associations bill (Vol. 10. p. MS). While the religious orders are not men- tioned in this bill, it is clearly directed ■gainst them, and it is really the begin- 62 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. March, 1901 ning of a battle between church aud state. The bill declares a decree of the Council of State necessary for "any as- sociation of French and foreign mem- bers" or for "all such associations as have their headquarters out of France, and whose members live in community." This, of course, includes nearly all the religious orders, a large share of whose members are foreigners, and whose head- quarters are in Italy. Bequests are also forbidden to religious orders; and heavy penalties are affixed to any violation of the new laws, including fines, imprison- ment, and confiscation. There have been eloquent speeches on both sides of the question in the cham- ber; and the Pope has entered into the conflict in a letter to Cardinal Richard. Archbishop of Paris, in which he referred to the benefit France had derived in the East from her position as defender of the Roman Catholic missionaries, and the de- sire of other powers to oust her from this official position held by the Pope's favor. An attempt in the chamber on the part of the Opposition to involve the government in a dispute with the Pope over this letter, failed by a vote of 310 to 110, thus scoring a victory in the first test for M. Waldeck-Rousseau's skilful handling of the matter. His declaration that, if the bill were passed, the gorern- ment would tolerate no interference on the part of the Pope, elicited a vote of confidence of 429 to 95. ITALY. Closing of the Holy Door. On December 24, 1900, the Holy Door in St. Peter's Cathedral, which was opened a year previously (Vol. 9, p. 967), was closed with elaborate ceremonies by the Pope in person, ac- companied by a large company of bishops, archbishops, and cardinals. The ceremony, which lasted two hours, marked the closing of the Holy Year and was witnessed by a vast concourse of people. The Pope per- formed his part of the ceremony, in- cluding the intonations, with remark- able vigor and without showing signs of fatigue. It is calculated that the Holy Year has brought $3,000,000 to Rome in offerings. Hffaits in Hsia. AUSTRALASIA. The Commonwealth Inaugurated. THE first day of the new cen- tury was made memorable in the history of the British Empire and of the world in a peculiarly fitting way by the inau- guration of the new world power that has been created under the Southern Cross by the federation of the Aus- tralian colonies under the title of The Commonwealth of Australia. The ceremonies centred around the in- auguration in Sydney. N. S. W., of Lord Hopetoun as governor-general of the new Commonwealth, and were marked by a splendor and magnificence hither- to unknown in Australian experience. The First Federal Ministry. On his arrival in New South Wales, Lord Hopetoun found an anomalous state of affairs, in that the premier of that colony, upon whom he would be expected, by precedent in similar cases in British constitutional history, to call to form a federal ministry for his support, was Sir William Lyne, for- merly leader of the Opposition, and AUSTRALASIA. m i ! 1 it: 1 I i'M «4l rTc-— " r»»p3 ^mJ^HMMI Bti'"'"'M L 4-^^Bt_^flMRiH .f# *&• m msar m i ! r 1 * < * &» It' =aae- ' MELBOURNE EXHIBITION BUILDING, Which is Being Fitted Up for the Opening <>k the First Federal Parliament of the Commonwealth ok Australia. opposed to federation; whereas the nnin upon whom he would naturally call, Mr. Barton, a prime mover and zealous promoter of federation, often spoken of as the "Father of the Com- monwealth Bill," was holding no of- ficial rank. Lord Ilopetoun followed precedent, "and called upon Sir Will- iam Lyne to form the ministry. Sir William, ufter consulting with the premiers of the colonies and finding he could not secure the support of Vic- toria, generously surrendered his task in order that federation might start out with as strong a ministry as pos- sible, and recommended to Lord Hope- toun that he select Mr, Barton for the charge. Thus the matter was happily adjusted without friction; and, on December 30, Mr. Barton presented the following list of ministers to Lord Ilopetoun: Mr. Barton— Prime Minister and Min- ister for External Affair*. Mr. Dcakin— Attorney-General. Sir William Lyne— Minister for Home Affairs. Sir George Turner — Treasurer. Mr. Kingston— 'Minister of Trade and C. .tun- Mr. Dickson— Minister of Defense. Sir John Forrest — Postmaster-General. This enhinet is generally considered a strong and satisfactory combination, al- t lit ugh free traders and protectionists both agree that there is a preponderance of protection views in it. Considerable dissatisfaction was felt in Tasmania tlmt she had no representative on the list; and as the number or portfolios with salaries was limited by the constitution to seven. Mi. Barton added Mr. Lewis, the Tas- manian premier, as minister without portfolio. BARTON. RT. HON. EDMUND. P. C, Q. C, the first premier of United Australia, was born in Sydney, X. S. \\\. in 19.AU; elected to the legislative as- sembly of New South Wales in 1879: and from that time was conspicuous in the politics of that colony, and in the movement for federation from the begin- ning. Indeed, sinoe 1S07. lie has ben perhaps the foreasost FederatJoaist in Australia. LYNE. SIR W. J., a Tasmanian by birth, also represents New South Wales. He entered the assembly in 1880, became leader of the Opposition in 1804. and premier in 1800. He is an ardent sup- porter of free trade, and has opposed federation on that account, but has an- nounced his intention to heartilv support the federation now that it in an accom- plished fact. 04 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. March. 1901 TURNER, SIR GEORGE, was horn in Melbourne in 1857, represented Vic- toria at the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. DEAKIN. CUR. ALFRED, born in Melbourne in 1850, also represents Vic- toria in the cabinet. He represented Victoria at the Colonial Conference in 1887, when he declined knighthood. KINGSTON, MR. C. C, born at Ade- laide in 1850, represents South Aus- History of Federation. A brief sketch of the history of the federation movement is given here for the convenience of our readers, who may find a fuller account of its growth in the following past issues of CURRENT HISTORY: Vol. 1, pp. 23, 125, 271, 400; Vol. 3. pp. 163, 834 ; Vol. 4, pp. 439, 075; Vol. 5, pp. RIGHT HON. EDMUND BARTON, P.C., K.C., First Premier of the Commonwealth of Australia. tralia. He is one of the three original draftsmen of the original Commonwealth bill. FORREST. SIR JOHN, represents West Australia, where he was born in 1847. lie was the first premier and treasurer of West Australia under re- sponsible government. DICKSON. SIR JAMES, was lately premier of Queensland. He was edu- cated at Glasgow, and entered the Queensland assembly in 1S73. 203. 958; Vol. 0. pp. 198. 095, 940; Vol. 7, pp. 214. 478. 729; Vol. 8. pp. 200, 471, 958; Vol. 9, pp. 200. 405, 725; Vol. 10, pp. 302. 895, 4S9, 077, 858. The first attempt at federation dates back as far as the fifties, when a propo- sal was made for a general assembly to legislate on intercolonial matters. Noth- ing was actually done, however, until 18S3. Several federal conventions and councils then followed in rapid succes- sion in 1883. in 1885, 1880, and in 1890. This last one was the first in which all THE MOROCCO QUESTIOX. H the colonies were represented, Now South Wales having held aloof before. The following vear a convention of f.irty-tive delegates, appointed now for *he rirst time bf the colonial parliaments bwtaad of the governments. met in Syd- ney and drafted a bill which has been the basis of all subsequent operations. The matter dropped out of notice, how- ever, until a convention elected by pop- ular vote met in 1S0JS, and framed a bill which was submitted to the various par- liaments for suggestions. These amend- ments were then embodied in another bill, which had Wen, with a slight modi- fication regarding deadlocks, adopted by large majorities in a referendum vote in all the different colonies of Australia by January, 1S99. It then needed only tho sanction of the imperial government to Wcome law. After some discussion over the right of appeal to the Frivy Council, the Com- monwealth bill was passed by the im- perial parliament almost word for word as it had been submitted to them; and January 1, 1901, was assigned by royal proclamation as the day of establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia. The main features of the Common- wealth bill will Is? found in Vol. 0. p. 302. By it the six colonies of Australia proi»er. and Tasmania, but not New Zea- land, comprising a territory of nearly '.).- 000,000 square miles, which is nearly equal to the area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, with a white popu- lation of about 3.r»00,000, possessing enormous wealth and resources (Vol. 9. p. 95T>, are united into one strong, dem- ocratic Commonwealth owning loving al- legiance to the British Empire, and destined, undoubtedly, to play a highly important part in the future destinies of that empire and of the world at large. Hffatrs in Bfrica- THE MOROCCO QUESTION. IT has been the traditional policy of England to insist that Morocco, or at least that part of it adjacent to the strait of Gibraltor, must remain neutral. It seems now, however, not Im- probable that she will refrain from op- posing what amounts in Rome degree to a partition, Spain being allowed to acquire ■ slice of territory along the northern coast, while France con- tinues her forward movement in the hinterland, Of which one or two Inci- dent! have recently caused some ex- citement (Vol. lo. pp. 7i;j. Qgg), The French recently occupied Igll, on the border of Morocco and Algeria, and axe said to be maaatng troopa on the frontier—a prat seeding thai hi natu- rally exciting the Moors, who are fiercely jealous of their independence and not easily controlled by the gov- ernment. In any partition of Morocco the des- perate resistance of six million Moors, ALGERIA. SAHARA MAP SHOWING STRATEGIC POINTS IN NORTHWEST AFRICA. Arabs and Berbers would l.ave to 1k> reckoned with. 66 SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND MISCELLANY. March, 1901 Claims Settled. The United States consul at Tangier reported, December IS, the settlement by the Moorish government of the claim for $5,000 indemnity for the murder in Morocco of a United States citizen, Marcus Essagin (Vol. 10, p. 953). Morocco has agreed to pay Germany all her claims, amounting to about $46,270, for injuries done Germany. New President of Liberia. On December 11, 1900, President W\ D. Coleman of Liberia resigned owing to differences with the legislature aa to interior policy. Secretary of State Gr. W. Gibson was elected President by special legislation, Science, IReliaton, anb fllMscellan^- SCIENCE AND INVENTION. Long-Distance Telephony. WHAT is said to be the largest sum ever paid for an invention was an- nounced early in January as having been paid by the American Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company to Professor M. I. Pupin of Columbia University, New York City, for the patent rights in his device whereby the distance over which telephone mes- sages, and the rapidity with which electric telegraph messages, can be sent is vastly increased. A brief men- tion of Prof. Pupin's discovery was made in CURRENT HISTORY last year (Vol. 10, p. 572). The price paid is said to be between $400,000 and $500,000 in cash, and an annual roy- alty of $15,000 for seventeen years, the period of the life of the patents. Dr. Pupin's method of investigation was first to formulate a mathematical theory of electrical wave propagation in long wire conductors, then to construct an experimental cable that should verify the theory and open the way for the Construction of a cable suitable to com- mercial use. It took five years of hard work to overcome the difl5culties of the problem. When a steady current of electricity flows through a wire, a form of resist- ance is developed that corresponds to the friction of water in a pipe. But if the current is frequently interrupted, as in telegraphy or telephony, other phenom- ena arise. These occur in the insulating medium immediately surrounding the conductor. With a land wire, the dry air is the scene of this action; with a sub- marine cable it is the paper or gutta percba. The conductor not only conveys a current from one end to the other, but when the current starts it creates a "sphere of influence" just outside its sur- face along its full length. When the cur- rent stops, this envelope of energy is withdrawn. These operations involve a certain amount of work and require a little time: and if the current resumes its flow too soon after cessation, a blur- ring effect will be produced. Tin ap- pearance and disappearance of the elec- tricity at the terminus will not lie so sharply defined as it was at the start. This trouble puts a limit on the speed at which telegraphic messages can be sent by cable. Thirty words a minute i» the maximum, and twenty the ordinary rate. As there are about sevt-n letters to a word, and the operator's key is closed thre*> or four times to a letter, there are 000 or 800 waves a minute, or about ten or twelve a second. Faster sending than this results in a chaotic SCIENCE AS'D INVENTION, i details. \\'h:it Profe— or Popia has done is to Bad out a practical way of utilizing Hcavi- side's suggestion. This was like the con struct ion of a dynamo after Faraday had announced the principle Of induction. It called for profound mathematical knowl- edge, inventive ingenuity, and prolonged experiment. What Profeaaor Papia does is to (lit the wire 01 cable at certain in- tervals, determined by mathematical doctor to be reduced to the external di- mensions of aliout two inches by two inches by three inches. For submarine cables these coils would be placed at in- tervals of an eighth of a mile, and for land cables at intervals of two miles. The extreme distance over which the preaenl system of telephony will be fully available is :;.k England. such an institution as we need, $1,000,- 000 is a minimum sum. To maintain its work as it should be, an endowment of not less than $3,000,000 would be needed. . . ." Academic Freedom of Speech. Following the enforced resignation of Dr. Edward Ross, head of the de- partment of economical sociology at Lelnnd Stanford, Jr., University, last November (Vol. 10, p. 967), a commit- tee of the alumni of the institution was appointed to ascertain the reasons for the incident. According to its re- port, the action of Mrs. Stanford in asking the dismissal of Dr. Ross in- volved no principle infringing on the right of free speech. Professor Ross's strictures on corpor- ate managers and methods, delivered !>■•- fore a local labor association, had in- censed Mrs. Stanford, as they seemed to be plainly directed against her late husband, the founder of the university. After a vain effort to change her opinion, President Jordan called upon Dr. Ross to resign. Prof. George E. Howard, head of tin; department of history, criticized before his class President Jordan's action as hostile to academic freedom of speech; and, as he refused to retract or apolo- gize, was forced by President Jordan, for reasons of discipline, to resign. Professors W. II. Hudson of the English depart- ment, Charles O. Little, head of the de- partment of mathematics, and David" Spencer also handed in their resigna- tions. The ethics of the case are open to debate, as is evident from the variety of press comment which it has called forth, ranging from caustic commen- dation of the university authorities to warm defense of their action. RELIGION. Anglican Ritual Crisis. General interest has again been aroused in the long-standing contro- versy between the Evangelical and the Ritualistic or so-called "Catholic" parties in the Church of England, as a result of a Round-Table Conference recently held by representatives of both parties with a view to comprom- ise (Vol. 0. pp. 223, 447, 4S4, 743; Vol. 10. pi>. 404, ">70>. Discussion of the Eucharist chiefly oc- cupied the attention of the Conference. While wide divergencies of view were revealed as to the mode of Christ's pres- ence in the communion. Zwiuglianism, or the merely symbolic, commemorative view, had apparently no advocates; and the London "Guardian" (moderate High Church) remarks that "both sides appear to have apreed that in the Encharisl we partake of the body of .lesus Christ, crucified and glorified." No decisive re- sults were obtained; but the suggestion made in the conference by Lord Halifax, president of the English Church Union, that the "Catholic" party might be satis- fied to take the "First Prayer-Book of IMPORTAST STA TISTH v 71 Edward VI." as the mnximum of ritual liberty, ami then in return disband the English Church Union, has been widely received in England as an important contribution toward a satisfactory settle- ment of the Church problem. The Temporal Power. An address to Fope Leo XIII., de- livered in behalf of British Roman Catholic pilgrims to Rome, January 8, by the Duke of Norfolk, ox-postinas- ter-general of England, caused modi excitement In the political press of Italy, and called forth also in Eng- land various comment as to the wis- dom and tactf ulness of the utterance. The I>uke said: "We pray and trust that the new cen- tury mav witness the restoration of the Roman pontiff to that position of tem- poral independence which Your Holiness declared was necessary for the effective fulfillment of the duties of your world- wid ■ charge." The Italian press of all shades of po- litical opinion united in criticism of these words as a breach of international eti- quette, the British government and that of Italy as at present constituted being on most friendly terms. The subsequent action of the Duke in Inviting the Brit- ish ambassador, Lord Currie, to a recep- tion at winch the healths of the Queen Bad '>t the Pope were drunk, while that of the Italian king was omitted, is de- scribed by the London "Times" as a "tactless violation of all diplomatic eti- quette." The incident would not have aroused such rigorous comment and protest wore it not for the tension and extremely delicate balance of the forces that con- stitute the diplomatic nervous system of Europe. It is worthy of note that the Duke's utterances were not in any sense official. Christian Endeavor Memorial. The twentieth anniversary of the founding of the first Young People's Society of Christian Edeavor was cele- brated by the unveiling. February 2, of a bronze commemorative tablet on Wllliston church. Portland. .Me., the birthplace of the movement. The tab- let is after I design by 11. B. Pennell Of BoetOB, Mass.. one of the first lead- ers of the Christian Endeavor prayer- meetings in the parent church, and is a gift of Christian Endenvorers in America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. IMPORTANT STATISTICS. American Commercial Progress. The monthly reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Depart- ment teach in a very impressive way the lesson of this country's giant strides toward world supremacy in trade and manufacture. These ure figures that do not lie and that can not l>e interpreted in any other sense but that of portending an eurth-wide economic revolution. IMPOSTS AND EXPORTS. The grand total for the year 1900 was $2,307,102,070, which is more than 230 millions in excess of the total for 1803. And not less significant" is the ratio between import and export. There was an import of $820,052,110, and an ex- port of $1,478,050,804— a favorable bal- ance of nearly 019 millions. Nor is the importance of this balance diminished even though we regard the old theory of the balance of trade as exploded: from any |>oint of view considered, that favor- able balance is proof that not only is the United States capable of supplying the world's markets with products of manu- facture and agriculture, but that it can supply its home needs from its home resources. In passing we may compare the export of 1900 with that of previous years: it exceeds the import of 1899 by- more than 202 millions and that of 1891 by nearly 825 millions (see Vol. 10, p. 10R2). When the tables of import and export are studied in their details they are found to be still more significant. The report for the year 1900 shows a remarkable increase in the importation of raw ma- terials of manufacture and a still larger Increase in the exportation of manufac- tured Roods, over all preceding years: on the other hand it shows a decided in- crease in the importation of foreign manufactures.. Turning now to exports, the figures show that during the decade the growth of our exports to South America has been comparatively small; but to Asia, Oceania, and Africa phenomenally large. The following table shows the exports from the United States by countries in 72 SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND MISCELLANY. March, 1901 1890 and 1000, arranged in order of of Columbus, Ind. Thus the centra magnitude: still movos westWtml> 1)UC at „ V|1,.y UNITED STATES EXPORTS. slow pace DOW Compared with its move. Exported to 1S90. 1900. meat since the beginning of last cen- United King- tury. The following table shows the a°m $434,403,505 $002,221,375 proirre88lve western march of this In. Germany ... 91,321,210 197,003,400 * ,u>-lt/ ' ne western maun or tins m Canada 38,629,307 102,900,250 tereating spot upon the map by de- Netherlands . 25,541,189 83,721,501 cades during the last century: France 49,741,216 82,553,335 Decades Belgium 27.779,095 40,929,953 ' Distance Mexico 13,822,796 38,270,933 „ Westward. T«..,i„ l^979 8nr% Qfi7'«7ni lear. Approximate Location. (Miles.) »aly lo,2<2,S0y 36,731. < 04 1790, 23 miles E. of Baltimore British Aus- 1800, 18 miles W. of Baltimore 41 tralasia 11 651 398 28 163 72'' mo- 40 mile8 N- w- h* w- of Washington.. 36 p.,,,,. Wqoo'jqq OCOQl'noj. 1820, 16 miles N. of Woodstock. Va 50 inha 13,329,493 2b,934,.)24 1830, 19 miles S. W. of Moorefleld, W. Va... 39 Japan 5,072,038 20,492,111 1840, 16 miles S. of Clarksburg, W. Va 55 China and 1850> 23 m'les S. E. of Parkersburg, W. Va. 55 H^„l.«r,„ o far OAQ on Ana qo.i I860, 20 miles S. of Chillicothe, 0 81 Ollgkong . 9,080,248 20,459,38.) 1870, 48 miles N. E. of Cincinnati.... 42 Brit. Africa. 2,953,335 19, 190, 60S 1880, 8 miles s. w. of Cincinnati 58 Denmark... 4,825,351 15,499,371 im 20 miles E. of Columbus, ind 48 Spain 12,471,516 15,200,917 19W. 7 miles S. E. of Columbus. Ind 14 Sweden and The centre of population is not deter- Norway ... 4,479,253 11,520,574 mined merely by ascertaining the divid- Brazil .. ... 12,902,356 11.516,681 ing lines, east and west and north and Argentina .. 4,840,403 11,095,538 south, on each side of which half of the Russia in En- people of the United States live, and fix- rope 9,490,439 8,498,950 ing the centre of population at their in- British West tersection. If that method had been fol- Indies .... 9,094,474 8,630,347 lowed, the official balancing-point would Austria-Hun- always have been far east of the places gary 1.171,603 7,657,019 where it has been located; and the Portugal ... 4,79S,843 5,705,179 changes of the past ten years would ha v<- British East* resulted in an eastward, not a westward Indies .... 4,662.472 5,227,032 movement. More than half of the gain Chile 3,629,283 4,596.525 in population has been east of the point Hayti 5,907,514 3,720,279 taken as the centre of population in 1890. Phil i p p i n e The Census Bureau system is to take Islands . . . 153,904 3,523,140 account of distance as well as numbers. Total, includ- The centre of gravity, so to speak, is ing other located by counting every person living count r i e s, 2,000 miles away as equal to ten persons not herein only 200 miles distant. The gain of 100,- specified . ..$857,502,548 $1,477,949,170 000 population in Oregon or Washington may offset an increase of half a million The Centre Of Population. in New York. That is what keeps mov- _,, ~, .„ «j • 11 ing the official centre of population west- The Census Bureau officially an- w^r<3> and it is the onlv ,-UUn why there Bounces the centre of population to be has been ^^ a change in the past ten now at a point seven miles southeast ( years. PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The Public Debt. On January 1, 1901, the total public debt of the United States, less a cash balance in the treasury of $290,107,336.31, was $1,099,191,310.36, a decrease during the year 1900 of #35,108,696.79. Details of the debt, with assets and liabilities of the treasury are as follows : • PUBLIC DEBT, .IANIAKY 1, igoi. Interest bearingdebt .......... $1,001,499,770.00 Debt, interest ceased . . . . . . • • • • 2,654,070.26 Debt bearing no interest ......... 385,144306.41 Total gross debt .......... 81, 389,298,646.67 Cash balance in treasury 290,107,336.31 Total net debt $1,099,191,310.36 rruLJ' vis. 73 < ASM IN THE TREAS1 ttl Reserve f uud— Oold coin and bullion Trust funds— (iolil coin . Silver dollars Silver .1. .ll;n - of 1890 Silver bullion of 1890 I Hi ted St;ite> notes (ieneral fund— Oold coin unit bullion Oold certificate- Silver certificates Silver dollars Silver bullion United States notes Treasury notes of 1890 Currency certificates National bank notes Fractional silver coin Fractional currency Minor coin lloinls and interest paid, awaiting reimbursement In national bank depositaries — To credit of Treasurer of the United States To credit of United States disbursing officers $130,000,000 M» 427,426,000.00 4,409362.60 56337318/10 1360,000.00 DEMAND LIAIilLITIES. Gold certificates Silver certificates . Currency certificates Treasury notes of 1890 National bank 5 per cent fund . Outstanding checks and drafts Disbursing officers' balances Post Office Department at unt Miscellaneous items $203,629,379.00 427,4-26,000.00 1,560,000.(0 61,397,000.00 14,149,391.83 5,781,008.11 r.7.174,811.74 7,276,37941 2,770,245.72 Reserve fund Available cash balance Total 754,0i2.37y.Ol» •65,719,871.95 30,841,450.00 5326307.00 1,062,182.00 3,861,768.81 w,ffft.fmtt 166341.00 .ai.iMj.iM 7,952,*49.48 4,446,009.09 133.26 448,644.19 449310.39 89,909,74.rjtV.' 6,789,948.73 • 130.559,478.77 M 399394.36 227,259.173.12 1,131,271352.12 $754,012,379.00 87,151,83631 150,000,000.00 140,107,33631 •841,164.21541 - 290,107,336.31 $1,131,271,552.12 Monetary Circulation. The money in circulation in the United States, on January 1, 1901, including all coined or issued and not in the treasury, was as follows : MONETARY CIRCULATION, JANUARY 1, 1901 Gold coin and bullion . Gold certificates Silver dollars .... Silver certificates Subsidiary silver Treasury notes of 1890 United States notes Currency certificate* National bank notes Total •2,173,251379' Th«'s«' figures show an increase during the year 1900 of $192,853,709; and, on the basis of an estimated population of 77,080,000, indicate a per eapita circulation of $28.19, against $25.73 a year ago. •629,192378 232,787329 76,182,326 422399,403 83,123,463 61330,159 334387,495 1360309 312.188326 74 NECROLOGY. March, 1901 1FlecroIog\>- AMERICAN AND CANADIAN. ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH, head of the well known pork-packing and •dressed meat firm, of Chicago, 111.; born May 16, 1832, at Stockbridge, N. Y.; died in Chicago, 111., Jan. 6. Was educated in the common schools and at Oazenovia , publisher; born at Wapello, Iowa; died, in Rome," Italy, Dec. 23, 15)00, aged 38. Graduated from Knox College, Galesburg, 111., '82, in the same class with S. S. McClure and John S. Phillips, with whom he later combined in founding "McClure's Magazine." Mr. Brady was secretary of the company at. the time of his death. BROGDEN, CURTIS HOOKS, ex- governor of North Carolina; born in Wayne co., N. C, Dec. 6, 1816; died at Coldsboro, N. C.i Jan. 4. DONNELLY, IGNATIUS, author and politician, vice-presidential nominee of the Anti-Fusion wing of the People's party in 1900 (Vol. 10, p. 361); born at Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 3. 1831; died at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. 2. For bio- graphical sketch, see Vol. 10, p. 362. For portrait see Vol. 9, p. 120. FAIROHILD, GEN. HARRISON S.. Civil War veteran; died at Rochester. N. Y., Jan. 25, aged 80. Commanded a brigade in Burnside's 9th Army Corps, and was made brigadier-general for gal- lantry at Antietam. FEE, JOHN G., famous Abolitionist; born in Bracken co., Ky., Sept. 9, 1816; died at Berea, Ky., Jan. 11. Ed- ucated at Augusta (Ky.) College, Miami University (O.), and Lane Theological Seminary. The son of a slave owner, he became an ardent Abolitionist in a slave state. In 1853 he formed a church at Berea, the land being purchased by his friend, Gen. Cassius 'M. Clay. This later developed into Berea College, open to blacks and whites. FRAZAR, EVERETT, China mer- chant and consul-general for the King- dom of Korea in the United States; born at Duxbury, Mass., Oct. 4, 1834; Mied at Orange, N. J., Jan. 3. In 1858 he went to Shanghai, China, and established there the present firm of Frazar & Co., with branches at Nagasaki, Hong-Kong, and Yokohama, one of the few surviving old- NEVIiOLOVY. 75 established American houses still in ac- tive business in China. GRAHAM, BBV. DR. ROBERT, LL. D.. educator and minister; born at Liverpool, Eng., Aug. 14, 1822; died at Pittsburg, Pa., Jan. 2«». Graduated at Bethany College, W. Va., '47. He found- ed Arkansas College at Fa\etteville", Ark., and was its president, 1850-59. He was president of the College of Arts and later of the Bible College of Kentucky University, 1800-92; and president of Hamilton Female College, also at Lex- ington, Ky., 1892-98. GRAY, PROK. ELISIIA, inventor; bon at Barnesville, O., Aug. 2, 1835; died at Newtonville, Mass.. Dec. 31. Fallen ted at Oberlin (O.) College. In 1801 took out his first patent on tele- graphic apparatus. Was the manufac- turer of electrical instruments in Chi- cago. 111., 1809-73. In 1874 went abroad to study acoustics. Iti 1870 he filed an application for a patent on a telephone, the same day as Prof. Alexander Graham Bell. In the subsequent litiga- tion the "priority of invention" was ad- judged by the couits in Prof. Bell's fa- vor. Within a doien years after 1870 Prof. Gray took out nearly fifty patents on details of telepbony. He also invent- ed a great number of telegraphic instru- ments, among others the telautograph, which reproduces handwriting or draw- ings and designs in outline. During the la*t year or so he had been working on a system of submarine signalling. The financial icsults of his labor and genius were to him never very great. HALE, RT. REV. CHARLES REU- BEN, I). D.. LL. D., P. E. coadjutor bishop of (Springfield, in.; born at Lew- iston. Pa., in March, 1N">7: died at Cairo. 111., Dec. 20, 1900. Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, T.S; was ordained a priest in 1802, and was for a time chaplain in the uavy. Moved West in 1800, becoming curate at Davenport, Iowa. Was consecrated coadjutor bishop of Springfield, 111., in 1898. HITCHCOCK, HIRAM, hotel keeper and archaeologist; bom at Chuentoot, N. H.. Aug. 27. 1882; died in New York City Dec 90, 1900. In 1850. in partnership with Alfred B. Darling and Paran Stevens, he established th« Fifth Avenue Hotel. at the corner of Fifth \veiiue and 23rd Street, N'.-w York, n locality then considered on the outskirts of the city. In 1896, owing to ill-health, he went abroad., travelling in Egypt. Syria, Cyprus. Greece, and Italy. He panned extenrive studies nnd rebel in ancient art. Returning in lsTl. be attracted much attention among archaeologists by announcing, in a paper published iu "Harper's Magazine," tie- discoveries of General Di Cesnola iu Cyprus. In 1874 he was made a mem- ber of the British Society of Biblical Archaeology. LAUDER, VERY REV. JOHN STRUTT, M. A., D. C. L., Dean of Ot- tawa. Out.; l>orii at Monte, County West ineath, Ireland, March 21, 1820; died at Liverpool, Eug., Dec. 21, 1900. Removed to Canada in 1849 and graduated B. A. nt Trinity College, Toronto, '57: If. A.. '00; and D. C. L., honorary, '77. Was ordained deacon in 1853 and priest in 1851. Became dean of Ottawa in 1897. LUDLOW, GEORGE CRAIG. Demo- cratic ex-governor of New Jersey and justice of its supreme court since 1895; born nt Milford, N. J., April 0, 1830; died at New Brunswick, N. J.. Dec. 18, 1900. Graduated at Rutgers College, '50; ad- mitted to the bar, 1853. He became ac- tive in politics and was governor, 1881- 84. MONTFORT, DR. R. V. K., surgeon. Civil War veteran, superintendent of public schools of Newburg, N. Y., for fortv years: born at Fishkill Village, N. Y.. 1886; died at Newbnrg, Dec. 29. 1900. Graduated at Albany Medical College, •50. MOUNT, JAMES ATWELL, Repub- lican ex-governor of Indiana: born in Montgomery, Ind.. Mar. 23. 1843; died nt Indianapolis, Jan. 16. BervPo in the Civil War, afterward spent one year at Lebanon Academy. Was state senator, 1888-92, and governor, 1897-1901. MRAK, VERY REV. IGNATIUS, second bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Banlt Ste. Marie and Mar- quette, Mich.;- born in Carniola, Austria. Oct. 10, 1810, died at Marquette, Jan. 2. Was ordained a priest in 1837. Came to America in 1845 at the call of Bishop Baraga to take up missionary work among the Indians in northern Michigan. MFRPHY, REV. THOMAS. Pres- bvterian clergyman: born in County An- trim. Ireland, Feb. 0. 1823; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dee. 86, I860. Graduated at Princeton. '4"». Was author of "The Presbytery of the Log College," "The Seven Churches of A Ma." and "Pastoral Theology." MVFKS. (APT. L. D., Civil War vet- eran and for a time editor Of the Colum- bus (O.) "Dispatch;" died at Columbus, Jan. 12, aged 62. NFWCOMR. MAJOR SIMON D., Civil War veteran and employee ol the booae of repreeeatatlrea; died in Wash- ington. D. C. Dec. T,. 1900. 76 NECROLOGY. March. l!>oi XIXDE, VERY REV. WILLIAM XAVIER, D. I)., LL. I).. M. E. bishop; born at Cortland, N. Y., June 21, 1882; died in Detroit, Mich., Jan. 3. Gradu- ated at Wesleyan University, Conn.. '."». Became in 1873 professor of practical theology in Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111., and in 1879 its president. Was elected a bishop in 1884. OUIMET, HON. JOSEPH AL- PHOXSE, Canadian jurist; born at St. Eustace, Que., 1845: died in Montreal, Que., Dec. 18. PHELPS, REAR-ADMIRAL THOM- AS STOWELL, U. S. X., retired; born at Buckfield, Me., Xov. 2, 1822; died in New York City, Jan. 10. Was appoint- ed to the Naval Academy in 1840; be- came rear-admiral in 1882, retiring in 1884. Served in the Mexican and Civil Wars. POSTLEY, GEX. BROOKE, law- yer and Civil War veteran; born in New York City, Feb., 1815; died there Jan. 4. Educated at King's College (now Columbia University), and admitted to the bar about 1830. Was active in mu- nicipal politics- and in the state militia. REVELS. H. R., famous negro Methodist minister and reeonstruction- ist; died at Aberdeen, Miss.. Jan. 10. In 1870 he was elected to the U. S. Sen- ate from Mississippi, being the first colored man to take a seat in that body. BRIGGS, REV. DR. ELIAS. Pres- byterian missionary; born at Xew Provi- dence, N. J., Nov. 19, 1810; died at Constantinople, Turkey, Jan. 17, aged 90. He translated the Bible into Arme- nian, Bulgarian, and Turkish. SHAW, THOMAS, known as "The Edison of Pennsylvania;" died at Ham- monton, N. J., Jan. 19. Had taken out hundreds of patents covering ninety- one subjects in engineering — among them the mercury steam gauge, noiseless steam exhaust, Verona nut lock washer, dead strike hammer, and Shaw gas tester for testing presence and percent- age of fire damp in coal mines. SILLFMAN, BEX.IAMIX D., called the "Xestor" of the Xew York City bar; born at Newport. R. I., Sept. 14, 1805; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 24. Gradu- ated at Yale in 1820, and was the oldest living graduate of that institution. Was admitted to the bar in 1829. SIMS. JOTTN C, secretary of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company; born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1845; died there Jan. G. SLAUGHTER, GEX. JAMES E., Confederate major-general; died in the ( 'ity of Mexico, Jan. 1 He commanded the Confederate forces in the last fight of the Civil War at Bonas San Jago, Tex., after Lee's surrender. SMITH, SIR FRANK, Canadian senator; born at Richill, County Ar- magh, Ireland, March 13, 1822; died in Toronto, Out., Jan. 17. His family emigrated to Canada in 1832. In 1849 be started in business for himself as a grocer at London, Ont., and in 1867 re- moved to Toronto, where he continued in business until 1891, when he sold out his interest. Was mayor of London in 1866. Wras one of the originators of the Ontario Catholic League formed in 1871. In the same year he was sum- moned to the senate. In July, 1822. he was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council, and was a member of the Con- servative cabinets led successively by Sir John Macdonald, Sir John Abbott, Sir John Thompson, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, and Sir Charles Tupper. On May 24, 1894 he was knighted (Vol. 4. p. 388). For portrait, see Vol. 4, p. 387. TAFT, DR. CHARLES SABIN; born at Lyons, X. Y., 1835; died at Mt. Vernon, X. Y., Dec. 19, 1900. Wit- nessed the assassination of President Lincoln, and was in attendance on him after the fatal shot until the President died. TREXHOLM, WILLIAM LEE, con- troller of the currency in the first Cleve- land administration; born at Charles- Ion, S. C; died in New York City, Jan. 11, aged 65. Served as Confeder- ate colonel during the Civil War. Was U. S. civil service commissioner, 1885-86, and controller of the currency, 1886-89. TYLER, MOSES OOIT, LL. D., L. H. D., professor of American his- tory at Cornell University; born in Gris- wold. Conn., Aug. 2, 1835; died at Ithaca, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1900. Gradu- ated at Yale, '57; studied theology there and at Andover, and became a Congre- gational pastor. Was professor of Eng- lish at the University of Michigan. 1867-81, and since then had filled the chair of American history at Cor- nell. He was editor of the "Chris- tian Union" 1873-74. Was ordained a Protestant Episcopal deacon in 1881 and priest in 1883. Among his published works are a "History of American Literature (1870), a "Manual of English Literature" (1879), a "Life of Patrick Henry" (1888), and n "Lit- erary History of the American Revolu- tion." WEBSTER. NATHAN BURXHAM. educator; born at Unity, X. H., June NBCEOLOQ V. 77 18, 1821; wed at Vinelnnd. N. J.. Drc. MO, Pounded tin- Webster .Mili- tary Institute at Norfolk, Vn.. in 1848, and wav at its li< ad until 1885, WIGGER, BT. BBV. W1NAND MICHAEL. BOMB Catholic bishop of Newark. N. J.; horn in New York City, Dee. '■'. 1811; died in Newark, Jan. 8. Graduated j» t St. Francis Xavier < >i- lega, W. Studied theology at Betoa Hall. Orange, N. J., and at Genoa, Italy, 180 » i ..".. being ordained prleat in 1868. BeeeJM Bishop of Newark in 1NS1. WILLIAMS. PBOF. THOMAS A., botanist, chief of the Division of Agros- tology in tlu- r. s. Department of Agri- culture; born at Weeping Water, Neb.; died in Washington. I). C. Dec. 23, 1888, aged 35. WISE. RICHARD A., congreannan < I ><-m. > from Virginia; horn in Philadel- phia, Pa., 1843; died at Williamsburg, \ 'i.. Dec. 21. Served in the Confed- erate army through the Civil War: after- wards Studied medicine and hecame pro- fessor of physiology and chemistry at William and Mary College. WOLCOTT, ROGER, Republican ex- gOTemor of Massachusetts: horn ill Boston. July 13, 1847: died there Dee. 21, 1000. Graduated from Harvard College, TO, orator of his class. For biographical sketch and portrait see Vol. 10, pp. flfj2, ♦i.".3. WOOD, CLARENCE D.. anaiatant profewor of English at Brown Univer- sity: horn at Northampton, Mass.: com- mitted suicide in Brooklyn. N. \\. Jan. 7, aged 30. Graduated at Amherst, '93. Foreign. ARMSTRONG. LORD WILLIAM GEORGE, inventor; l>orn at Newcnstle- on-Tyne, Eng., Nov. 2* 5. 18*8; died at Rothburr, Northumberland, Eng., Dee. 27, 1900. Studied law for a time. While still a jroung man invented the hydro-electric machine, the hydraulie • lane, and extended the application of the hydraulic system to a variety of ma- chinery. At the Elswick works, near Newcastle, in 183d, he produced the first of the riled guns which have made him famous, and established the principle of making ordnance by shrinking on suc- ceaftirc rings of metal. He was knighted in 1 \" H and raised to the peerage in 1887. BERE8FORD, COL. LOUD WIL- I 1 AM LESLIE DE LA l'OEK. V. C. K 0. I. E., British army officer and sportsman; bora in 1847; died D> 19"00. Educated at Eton and at Bonn. Joined the 9th Lancers in 1H07. Saw much service in India and Africa, where he gained the Victoria Cross. He married the widow of the Duke of Marl- hoVOUgh, formerly Mis. Hainersley of New York, and became one of the most successful owners of racehorses in Eng- lan.l. B I. I* M E N T H A L. LEONARD. COUNT VON. Oldest lield marshal in the Gel man army; born at Schwt -hit on the Oder in 1810; died at Quellendorf, Duchy of Anhalt, Dec. 21, 1900. BKOGLIE, CHARLES JACQUES VICTOR ALBERT, DUC DE. French minister and .statesman: born June 13, 1881; died in Paris, Jan. 19. Eirst at- tracted attention by an 'article on the foreign policy of France, in the "Revue dea Deux Mondcs," when he was 17. Was «>le.000 young women from the congested districts of the west of Ire- land, and the building or furnishing of over 2.200 national schools in Ireland. OOURKO, COUNT JOSEPH, Rus- sian held marshal: horn of Lithuanian parents in 1828; died at BchUrOW, Rus- sia. Jan. 29. In 1877 he performed the remarkable military feat of traversing the Balkans in the middle of winter, and occupied Sofia, Philippopolis, and Adrianople. HAWEIS. REV. HUGH REGI- NALD. Anglican divine; born at Eg- ham. Surrey. Eng.. Apr. 3. 1838; died itt London. Jan. 20. Graduated at Tiinity College, Cambridge. 7,0. Be- came incumbent of St. James*! Maryle- b'.ne. London, in 1888, where he re- 78 NECROLOGY. March, 1901 mained until his death. He travelled over 100,000 miles outside of Europe between 1885 and 1895. Was a delegate to the Parliament of Religions at Chi- cago, 111., in 1893. Was author of "My Two Hundred Thousand Miles," "Music and Morals," "Speech in Season," etc., VERDI, Italian Composer. and also memoirs of Garibaldi and the Italian Revolution. HERMITE, CHARLES, French mathematician; born in 1822; died in Paris, Jan. 14. LAMBERT, GENERAL, French leader in the Franco-German war; died in Paris Jan. 11. He was the hero of the incident depicted in Alphonse de Neuville's famous painting, "Les Der- nkres Cartouches" ("The Last Cart- ridges"). ROTHSCHILD, BARON WIL- HELM VON, head of the Frankfort house of the famous banking firm; died at Frankfort, Germany, Jan. 25, aged 73. Was a grandson of Mai er Anselm, founder of the house. SAXE-WEIMAR, GRAND DUKE OF (Charles Alexander); born June 24, 1818; died Jan. 15. SERPA PINTO, MAJOR, Portu- guese politician and African explorer; born Apr. 20, 1840; died in Lisbon, Dec. 28, 1900. Led a scientific expedition across the African continent from An- gola to Pretoria, 1877-79; extended the Portuguese "sphere of influence" from Mozambique to Lake Nyassa, 1881-80. VERDI GIUSEPPE FORTUNINO FRANCESCO, famous composer; born at Roncole, Duchy of Parma, Italy, Oct. 10, 1813; died at Milan, Jan. 27. Re- ceived his musical education at Busseto and Milan, and was organist at Roncole when only ten years of age. Was mem- ber of parliament in 1800, and in 1S7S was elected senator, but never took his seat. His first opera was produced at La Scala, Milan, in 1839; the list of his musical works is a long one, coming down to "Falstaff." in 1893. His best period was 1851-55, within which ap- peared "Rigoletto," "U Trovatore," and "La Traviata." WrMPERIS, EDMUND MORRI- SON; vice-president of the Royal Insti- tute of Painters in Water Colors; born in 1835; died Dec. 25, 1900. HON. BENJAMIN HARRISON, of indiana. Born August 20, 1833. Twenty-Third President of the United States, 1889-1893. Died March 13, 1901. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW <>K Current History VOL. 11. APRIL, 1901. No. 2. International Hffaire. THE CRISIS IN CHINA. LONG-DRAWN deliberation lead- ing to endless negotiation seems to have been accounted through ages in China as wis- dom in all governmental affairs, and this wisdom has had admirable oppor- tunity as well as full test in the nego- tiation of the month (February) now under review. The delay has been galling to the powers in view of the heavy expense in keeping considerable military forces in a far-off and unde- veloped land, but far more in view of the danger of grave international com- plications arising suddenly out of Rome trivial incident. Yet the powers themselves must share responsibility for delay: they have had different ob- jects in view, or, those of them seek- ing the siune great ends have not agreed as to the most appropriate ways to those ends or as to the ■peed of the movement thereto. With the reasonable desire common to them all for increased commercial oppor- tunities in the huge Eastern empire, there is also ascribed to one or two a large appetite for territory, and to one or two— notably Russia— a diplo- matic purpose to gain such advantage In international politics as might ac- crue to a nation permanently engaged by China in the capacity of guide, philosopher, and friend. Progress of Negotiation. The foreign plenipotentiaries early saw need of some agreement on Im- portant issues among the powers in order to meet the Chinese plenipoten- tiaries with an unbroken front; while the latter, whenever any main point of difference in the ultimate settle- ment has been approached, have taken refuge after the fashion of Oriental diplomacy in a wilderness of talk. In- deed, the protocol to which they had given a hesitating assent (pp. 'J— ID left little function for them except evasion and remonstrance on details. On some occasions their rambling ar- gument and remark were so incessant that the envoys found it necessary to meet separately and communicate the results to them in writing. Only Kjiri Li and Prince Ching had plenipoten- tiary status—the other members of the Chinese commission being mere ad- visers. The agreement by all on both sides to maintain absolute secrecy has prevented a full and officially author ized publication of their proceedings; but the leakage through Journalistic channels and gradually authorized publication have l>een sufficient to in- dicate plainly the main drift. PUNISHMENTS DEBATED. At the first joint session. February 5. the foreign envoys submitted a list of twelve prominent Chinese officials as guilty of outrages against interna- tional law which China should punish with a commensurate severity. To two of the twelve, who it was ascer- tained were already dead, would apply tlie peculiar provision in Chinese law Copyright, 1»1. by Current llitfory Company. 80 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIIHS. April, 1901 for a posthumous penalty, a formal memorial degradation. The list in full contains the names following: Prince Chuang, commander-in-chief of the Boxers, largely responsible for the murder of foreigners. Prince Tuan, father of the imperial heir-apparent; president of the Tsung- li-Yamen; chief instigator of the out- rages and misleader of the government; responsible for the edicts against for- eigners, June 20 — August 16; mainly responsible for massacres in the prov- inces; who, against advice from high mandarins, ordered the troops to attack the legations; who caused execution of members of the Tsung-li-Yamen desir- ous to protect foreigners; recognized as author of the ultimatum of June 19 or- dering the dipp atic corps to leave Peking within twenty-four hours; and who, before expiration of this time, ordered the troops to fire on all foreign- ers found in the streets of Peking; prac- tically author of the assassination of Baron von Ketteler, German minister. Duke Lan, vice-president of police; accessory to crimes against foreigners; the first to open the city gates to the Boxers. Ying-Nien, criminal accomplice of Prince Chuang and Duke Lan. Kang-Yi, (dead); one of the chief of the instigators, counsellors, and official protectors of the Boxers in their work in Peking; preparer of the plan for an- nihilation of foreigners in the provinces. Chao Su-Chiao, member of the grand council, and minister of justice; great . eneourager of the Boxers; urgent in con- tinuing the attacks on the legations. Yu-Hsien; reorganizer of the Boxers; author of the massacres in Shan-si prov- ince; a governor noted for cruelty in his district, and who assassinated with his own hand missionaries and other for- eigners. General Tung Fu-Siang, commander- in-chief of the Chinese army; who with Prince Tuan carried out in Peking the plans against the foreigners; commander of the troops in the attacks on the lega- tions and in the murder of the Japan- ese chancellor. Li Ping-Heng, (deadl; upholder of the Boxers; who influenced the government to use them for extermination of for- eigners. Hsu-Tung, an official of influence with imperial dignitaries, being tutor to the heir-apparent, always most hostile to foreigners and an upholder of the Boxers. Hsu Cheng- Yu, son of the preceding and a similar offender. Chi-Hsin, former grand secretary; an official always most hostile to foreigners; officiating at the Boxers' strange and frantic rites of service. The foreign ministers at a meeting, February G, decided to demand imposi- tion of the death penalty on all in the foregoing list. The question of the death penalty for any official of im- perial blood, had been expected to be one of the two or three chief causes of delay in a final international arrange- ment. It had been expected that the Chinese negotiators would have orders from, the court to protest as long as was possible against the death penalty for any prince of imperial blood. But among the envoys themselves disa- greement might be caused if Prince Tuan were not sentenced to death: some envoys would then feel that the others, less criminal, ought to fare no worse than he. The decision stated above was "to de- mand" death penalty for all the twelve; and as reported by correspondents usu- ally well-informed, it was deemed possi- ble that an earnest and persistent pro- test by the Emperor regarding Prince Tuan and Duke Lan might obtain in those two cases a modification of the "demand" to a lifelong imprisonment or banishment to Turkestan. The exact personality to which edicts from "the court" are to be attributed is conjectured to be that of the Empress- Dowager. There are rumors of favor- able change in her views of reforms. Li Hung-Chang is reported to have said recently that never were her views and those of the Emperor more in accord than now. This must await proof.- The court at this stage seems to have been even more urgent to be a. ared from in- flicting death on General Tung than on Prince Tuan. A secret imperial edict reported to have been put in the hands of the foreign envoys, February 6, pleads especially against a demand for the death of Tung Fu-Siang (p. 2), urging that the turbulent population of the provinces of Shen-si and Kan-su are devoted to him and might rise with vio- lence against the missionaries and Chris- tian natives, an event which the court would greatly deplore. Already his Im- mediate army had been reduced to 5.000 and ordered to a distance from the court THE CIIISIS IX CHIKA. a in order to lessen his power, and with ilir object ultimately of his seven' pun- ishment, which the Emperor would de- ciilc on after Tung's deprivation of bis official rank. Public opinion in general was that Tung with Prince Tuan in dis- tant Kan su would be able to hold out indefinitely against capture. The reports of proposals niul counter- proposals which for many days ap- Hsien, but urged leniency for the others, begging that the court be not placed in I position too difficult. The foreign min- isters have agreed to demand capital sentences for Tuan and Lan, but with the expectation that it will be commuted to exile. They demand the death penalty for the others mentioned in the decree — Yu-Ilsicn. Chi-Hsin, and Hsu Cheng- Yu, the last two being now prisoners of the Japanese at Peking. MUMM von SCHWARZENSTEIN, Successor to the Latk Baron von Keitelhr as German Minister to China. peared in the journals of Europe and America are not here recorded. The following Is part of Minister Conger's report to the State Department con- cerning one of the earliest conferences: "The Chinese plenipotentiaries pre- sented the difficulties in the way of the execution of the three Chinese notables, Prince Tuan, Duke Lan. and General Tung Fu-Siang. They cave assurances of the execution of Chuang and Yn- "Posthumous honors are also de- mantled for the four members of the Tsung-li-Yamen executed last summer." The "posthumous honors." it Is said, will profoundly Impress the Chinese mind, more than fully reinstating in honor the four victim officials who had been put to death because of their enrnest picas in the council In behalf of the legation people and the mission- aries. 82 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 On the general question of the penal- ties, it is credibly reported that more than one of the foreign envoys plainly intimated to the Chinese commission- ers that no course was open to China but to agree to the conditions demand- ed and accept the unpleasant conse- quences; and that if the powers had been animated by vindictive motives they would have ordered their minis- ters to insist from first to last on the satisfy the envoys. It is to be borne in mind that in China no disgrace at- taches to suicide. A report of the same date, perhaps equally credible, but also without public official confirmation, was that the Emperor's message to the designated criminals had been followed by a dispatch from tae court (ascribed by some to the Empress-Dowager) to the same criminals or to some of them, notifying them of the previous dispatch concerning their doom, and suggesting that some pretext was to be availed of — through prolonging the negotiations with Ran MAP SHOWING THE VARIOUS RAILROAD CONCESSIONS IN CHINA. decapitation of both Prince Tuan and Duke Lan. Among reports which have credible seeming but lack definite authority was one, February 12, that Emperor Kwang- Hsu, in a dispatch to Earl Li and Prince Ching, had given an account of his send- ing a choice of methods of suicide to all those for whom the death penalty was persistently demanded by the foreign en- voys, to which account the Emperor added the inquiry whether the Chinese commissioners deemed that this would various confusing questions— for provid- ing mitigation of the sentence. The next day brought a report that three of the officials had declined to choose a method of suicide, whereupon the Em- peror had withdrawn his request there- for. Then the Emperor telegraphed to Prince Ching, that, when he.had agreed to the terms of the joint protocol (p. 8), they required for the guilty officials only "a punishment befitting their crimes;" and he urged that if the worst on the list deserved a disgraceful death, the others should only be banished. This rut: crisis ix cuix.\. plausible report ends with the con- clusive reply of the envoys that even those least guilty deserved death; and as there is no worse punishment, all must suffer the same. AN UNSATISFACTORY EDICT. On February 1G, a new edict was de- livered to the foreign envoys. It sentenced Prince Chuang to com- mit suicide, and Yu-Hsien to be executed — both in the presence of a high government otlicial. The cases of Chi- Ilsin and Hsu Cheng-Yu were to be in- vestigated by Li I lung-Chang and Prince Ching, who were to report to the Emperor before execution. General Tung F.i-Siang was immediately to be degraded from his rank, and later to re- ceive further punishment. Y'ing-Nien and Chao Su-Chiao were already im- prisoned. Two days later the envoys replied that the edict was unsatisfactory, and Insisted on compliance with their orig- inal demands. THK FINAL AGREEMENT. On February 20, however, the foreign envoys agreed to offer a com- promise. They proposed to permit the imperial court to commute the sentences of de- capitation in the cases of Prince Tuan, Duke Lau, and General Tung Fu- Siang, to life imprisonment; and to agree to the following punishments: Prince Chuang to be strangled, Yu- IIsien to lie decapitated, Chao Su-Chiao and Ying-Nien to be permitted to strangle themselves, I hi-Hsin and Hsu Cheng-Yu to l,e boh— deaee commissioners had informed the foreign envoys that the Emperor had given his assent to their demands and had issued an edict confirmatory thereof. The terms of the edict, though not exactly what the envoys had finally demanded, were judged acceptable, a*< all the lives demanded had been yielded except GSenernl Tung's, concerning whom at present the court was powerless. Privately it was understood that his life is forfeit- ed and will be taken when such action is possible. An Intimidating: Expedition. About the middle of I ebruary, Field Marshal von Waldersee notified the generals in command of the allied armies under his control to prepare all their uvuilable forces for an expe- dition of eighty days' continuance to start in two weeks. His invitation to General Chaffee (not an order), re- ceived February 17, began thus: "Owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the negotiations for peace, and also to circumstances rendering such a course desirable, it will probably be necessary to resume military operations on a large scale, especially toward the west." The foreign envoys inclined to the belief that an announcement woulu soon be made of Si-ngnu-fu, the tem- porary capital, as the destination of the expedition; and that its purpose was to bring pressure to bear on the court to end their dilatory negotiation by agreeing to the terms of the pow- ers. The State Department at Washing- ton had expressed some weeks previ- ously its general disapproval of the frequent military expeditions In a time of professed peace, and had re- duced the American force to dimen- sions appropriate for its share only in protecting foreign residents. General Chaffee, acting on his general instruc- tions (Vol. 10, pp. 430, 51(5, 606, 972K declined Count von Waldersee's Invi- tation, and was immediately notified of the entire approval of his govern- ment. Minister Conger was instruct- ed to inform the other ministers at Peking of the position taken by the United States. Russia also, acting probably for a different reason, for- bade its force to Join. From the Ger- man Foreign Office at Berlin came the report that the proposed expedition was to be limited to the province of Pe-chi-li. but could be extended if it were found necessary to bring pres- sure on the Chinese court for accept- 84 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 ing in due and final form the pro- visions of the joint note to which the court had given its consent. The Brit- ish government was not prompt in its decision concerning the expedition- Lord Lansdowne seeming to disap- prove but to be awaiting more definite information as to its object and its necessity. The general opinion seems to be that the threat of the expedition had brought the Chinese court to an im- mediate acceptance of the terms set forth in the joint note. This is quite headed in Peking, Chi-Hsin, the for- mer grand secretary, and Hsu Cheng- Yu. The two in their official costumes were taken in carts escorted by a company of Japanese infantry to the place of execution, which was guarded by American, German, and Frencn troops. Chi-Hsin was calm; Hsu Cheng-Yu was stupefied with opium. There were thousands of spectators. From Berlin, February 26, came a report (non-official) that the United States, Great Britain, and France are demanding the execution of a dozen SIR T. IT. SANDERSON, Permanent Unbkr-Secretary of the British Foreign Office. probable, though at present unproved. Since the yielding by the Chinese gov- ernment to all the punitive demands of the powers, there has been no re- port of further preparations for the expedition. In the last days of February consid- erable distrust was expressed in Peking in regard to the outcome of the negotiation for indemnities. The First of the Executions. On February 26, two of the notable official criminals were publicly be- prominent Chinamen in the provinces as murderers of missionaries— Ger- many taking no part in this demand, as no German missionaries had been killed. Mr. Conger on Furlough. The favorable close of the first stage in the negotiations for peace was marked by leave of absence* for a number of months variously stated, granted to Mr. Conger at his request. A visit at home had for some time been requisite for his wife and daugh- the cm si -a i\ CHINA. ter, Tor recovery from the terrible nervous strain of the prolonged lega- tion siege. On February 25 he sent his last message to Washington, and left the United States legation in charge of Mr. William Woodville Rockhill, the special United States envoy appointed last July (Vol. 10, p. 610). Mr. Rockbill's position is un- derstood to be not precisely that of minister, but of special commissioner with full power to act in the minis- ter's absence. Mr. Conger holds the unqualified approval of his govern- ment, and has won high repute as a diplomat and as an official who has shown marked administrative and executive capacity, courage, and fidelity in a diplomatic crisis historic for its difficulty, its delicacy, and its peril. General Chronicle. Reports early in February showed great confusion and misery in many parts of northeastern China where the presence of the allied armies has practically nullified the judicial func- tions of local governments, especially in the outlying villages, though this was contrary to the purpose and earn- est effort of at least some of the mili- tary commanders. Blackmail, oppres- sion, and rapine by the Chinese them- selves are reported as rampant; while children and women, terrified by foreign soldiers, were also in fear of prowling bands of Chinese ruffians. Count von Waldersee telegraphed to Berlin, February 11, that In the Ger- man "sphere" five chief places had now been occupied permanently by one company each for protection of the inhabitants from robbery. A num- ber of prominent Chinese have for- mally expressed to General Chaffee thanks for the unfailing considerate- ness shown by him and the United States force under his command. Investigation of charges in some prominent Journals last October that denarii Chaffee's troops were poorly supplied with commissary stores and transportation on the march to Peking, has shown those charges ut- terly without truth. The United States East Asiatic squadron ut Hong-Kong was joined, February 12, by the uew battleship "Kentucky." The total United States Asiatic squadron, March 7, was reported as comprising fifty-four vessels. In the region of Canton piracy has been largely increasing on the waterways — often a dozen outrages being reported from the river in one day. In the middle of February it was announced that officials under Chang Chi-Tuug, viceroy of Han- kow, had tried and decapitated eight Boxer leaders. About February 10 there w re state- ments of friction between the French and Germans. French troops had re- cently been attacked by Chinese regu- lars, and were understood to intend an expedition to take possession of Shan-si province: this, d their proceedings near Pao-ting-fu, where they "nipped an incipient rebellion in the bud," are said to have given great dissatisfaction to Field Marshal von Waldersee, whose staff officer was sent to investigate and found no evidence of the reported trouble. At the beginning of February a fam- ine of fearful proportions was reported in the province of Shen-si, in which the court has been sojourning. Later, the belief was gaining in Peking that the report was a great exaggeration in- tended to prevent the allies from march- ing on Si-ngan-fu. Authentic informa- tion is awaited. The Russian pupers of February 21 report renewal of trouble in southern Manchuria, with arrival of Boxer emis- saries, who have been joined by Chinese forces. A dispatch from New-ChwaTg to the Cologne "Volks-Zeituug" reports un attack by the Chinese military gov- ernor of Mukden u the Russian forces in Kaben-si. with heavy Russian loss. It was reported from Washington. February 21, that at the instance of the United States government the powers had reaffirmed the principle that inter- national assent should be requisite for any further concessions of territory in China to any one power. Rivalry has of late been shown in seeking large con- cessions for foreign settlements, as also for the legations. Sir Robert Hart's View. This high official of the Chinese gov- ernment has receutly expressed in two INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 articles in the "Fortnightly Review" discouraging views and anticipations. For many years of his forty years' residence in China he has been in- spector-general of Chinese customs, and by the vigor and skill of his re- forming administration has brought that great department up to a high degree of probity and efficiency. There is no superior authority on actual con- ditions in China. Sir Robert's testimony as an eye-wit- ness to the frightful abuses, the out- rages of plunder, slaughter, and rape, SIR ROBERT FINLAY, Q. C. Attorney-General of England. which have characterized in different de- grees the soldiery of some European nations in their military occupation of north China, must — as at last appears — be credited. He reports the troops of some of the Christian European nations as fully equalling the Boxers in bru- tality, cruelty, and rapiae. It is hoped, however, that this authoritative witness is not equally authoritative as a prophet; for he sees only an evil pros- pect for foreigners in the continuance of the Chinese government under such con- ditions of plunder and various outrage as the present foreign occupation in- volves in the view of the Chinese people. He sees only two ways out of the em- barrassing situation which has now been created: one way, the partition of the empire with all the perils of interna- tional entanglement; the other way, a sudden spread of Christianity in its pur- est form, a way which would border on the miraculous in view of the recent im- pression on the Chinese mind of plunder and revenge made by some so-called Christian governments and, as Sir Robert adds, by . "some missionaries" who spoiled the Egyptians. Here, note is to be made of the fact that the general testimony of credible witnesses is that no English-speaking or German-speaking soldiers were guilty of brutal or violent crime, except in the case of a very few criminals such as might be found in any community. An Industrial Obstacle. In connection with such forebodings of trouble in the immediate path of a pacific outcome from the present mili- tary occupation, trustworthy observ- ers are calling attention to the menace presented by the changes in recent years in the industrial life of large regions of the empire. Many millions of hard-working Chinese have already lost their scanty living and have pros- pect only of starvation, and many millions more see this doom impend- ing, through a foreign invasion not of troops but of manufactures and labor- saving machinery. The political economist may readily view such changes as but the first hopeful steps on the old empire's upward path; but this wise outlook will not feed the countless Chinamen starving in their hovels today because the product of their clumsy looms has been displaced by better cotton fabrics brought from lands afar or wrought by steam ma- chinery likewise brought and set up on their shores. The slow carriers of goods that formerly thronged the wretched roads see railways rapidly extending, on which rush the roaring fiery demons that not only disturb the earth-dragon, desecrating the tombs and breaking the hallowed rest of the ancestors that are the Chinaman's gods, but that also seem to have come to eat up all his and his children's the cit jam jx cjjjxa. 87 meagre sustenance. With similar feel- iugs of blended fear and hate for all foreigners aud all their doings, the multitudes of boatmen gaze at the swift steam-vessels that have begun to displace their clumsy junks, and that endanger the innumerable house- boats in the CfOWded harbors uud on the lower reaches of the great rivers. It is not at all attempted here to es- timate the effect oa the present pacific effort of this deepening of the aucient dislike for foreigners among the masses of the Chinese people. Here is merely indicated the general purport of recent statements from foreign residents in China of wide repute as profound and practical interpreters of Chinese charac- ter and popular feeling. They testify to a class of facts as an obstacle to im- mediate and permanent peace which must be added to the diplomatic and the military difficulties. They are not un- derstood as intimating that the way of peace cannot be found in spite of these and all other perplexities. Legation Grounds at Peking. Minister Conger, about February 15, reported to the State Department the proposed increase of the grounds of the foreign legations at Peking— a measure which the memorable siege of last summer showed indispensable for security. Following is part of his re- port: "It is proposed to designate the boun- daries of a legation quarter, which shall include all the legations, and then de- mand the right to put thut in a state of defense when necessary, and to prohibit the residence of Chinese there, except by permission of the ministers. If, there- fore, these ideas as to guards, defense, etc., are to be carried out, a larger lega- tion will be an absolute necessity. In fact, it is impossible now to accommo- date the legation and staff in our pres- ent quarters without most inconvenient crowding." For the requisite addition to the United States for the legation and a military guard, he proposes a plot of about the size of the premises now oc- cupied, nnd adjoining those premises on the east. This would be very much smaller than any of the areas already taken into possession for the same purpose by all the European powers, but would suffice for the comparative- ly simple scale which this government nnd people prefer. The other govern- ments have taken possession by right of conquest us far as is known, but the policy of the United States govern- ment would be either to pay private owners for the ground, or to credit the Chinese government for it on the in- demnity account. It is planned to combine all the foreign legation quarters in one forti- fied system with a 12-foot moat and glacis beyond. Each legation also will be fortified and defended by a heavy gun. Artillery on the outer wall will command the Tartar and Imperial cities, and the barracks will accom- modate 2,000 men, and if necessary can hold 5,000 men. Missionary Work in China. The events of the last few months have brought the character and the effects of Christian missions promi- nently into view. The massacres of not less than 200 missionaries, men and women, and of tens of thousands of their native converts— many dying when they could have saved their lives by a denial of faith in Christ- have been accepted mournfully yet hopefully by the general Church as au imperishable enrichment of its his- toric record of saints and martyrs be- ginning with the apostles and witli Christ Himself (Vol. 10, pp. 015. 707. 787, 909; Vol. 11, p. 1). Far different, however, has been the view expressed by a considerable portion— thougli Brack less than a majority— of the well-informed and thoughtful Euro- pean and American public. Some of these have set forth their view of mis- sionary effort as a doubtless well- meant but foolish and fruitless waste; others of them have declared it a reprehensible fanaticism for educated men from civilized lands to cross ten thousand miles of sea in order to dis- turb with strange doctrines and pre- cepts the foundations of a placid social 86 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIBS. April. 190 life that has contentedly watched thirty centuries waste and pass. The latter class of critics were quick to trace to missionary intrusion above all other causes the furious convulsion that for mouths made northeastern China a scene of horror, and they have expressed the hope that such dis- mal result might bring an end of such misapplied zeal. Nevertheless, the summons is now heard through all Christian lands, Protestant or Roman Catholic, for a great and immediate increase of mis- sion work in China. The theory is that the more furious the evil out- break the more desperate is the need of such work. Already the mission- aries that were driven out alive are returning to re-gather their scattered flocks; large funds are being con- tributed; and new volunteers, men and women, are offering themselves for the work. This, whether counted wise or unwise, is now as it has been through nineteen hundred years the sure result of such outbreaks. It is declared to be the natural result, un- avoidable until the Church ceases to exist on earth; for only as a purely missionary enterprise did the Church begin in this world, and when it finally ceases from its missions it will cease to live. Very noticeable has been a readiness to credit any accusation against mis- sionaries, Roman Catholic or Protest- ant. This had a curious illustration in a misfortune which in February be- fell a genial American humorist— conspicuously careful of others' rights in matters financial— who made him- self an object for compassion by in- stantly lending his credit to a news- paper dispatch by cable, which, by merely dropping a hyphen, represented a missionary, many years in the ser- vice of the American Board in China, as extorting money from several vil- lages in which church property had been destroyed and native converts slain. The dispatch represented him as "hav- ing collected 13 times the actual losses, using (the money) for propagating the gospel;" and on this showing, the man 12,000 miles away was pilloried with delicious humor in a magazine article. The facts as later revealed — for which the genial humorist, however, could not wait, though requested— were that the missionary had collected only one-third (1-3) of the amount of the losses inflict- ed on the widows and orphans of the converts who were slain — on which par- tial indemnity they were now supported; and that he had collected and paid over all the damages due to the Chinese Christians still living, and all with the approval and aid of the authorities of the villages who had been transiently terrorized by the fury of the Boxer up- rising. He had simply availed himself of a common Chinese custom, fearing that the sufferers might starve while waiting for an indemnity by governmen- tal action. He was not suspected l>y the "heathen Chinese," among whom he had lived and labored twenty-three years. A question much discussed has been whether missions were the cause of the Chinese outbreak. Consul-General Goodnow emphatically denies as ab- surd the statement that they were the cause in any important degree. The answer of many of those qualified to judge appears to class the mission work as one cause among various causes: only a very few still class it as the chief cause. Attention, how- ever, has been called to the peculiar privilege which in the last few years has been granted to many Roman Catholic missionaries in China, of act- ing in their respective villages some- what in the capacity of local magis- trates as regards the defense of their converts from persecution or from in- justice against which the mandarins would give such sufferers no protec- tion. It has been alleged that the con- verts sometimes abused this peculiar privilege to the detriment of their neighbors. This charge, even though it were false, is one that would naturally be made, and would excite a not unreasonable dislike* for all foreign control or Interference, in which dislike a share would be given also to Protestants, though they never have used or sought^ such a magis- THE in t Eli WAS. terlal privilege. And it is to be re- membered to the credit of the Itoinan < a i holies that in China they have shown great zeal and had great suc- i«'ss, having far surpassea the Pro- testants in the extent of their estab- lishments and the number of their mission workers. Therefore any In- trusive zeal on their part would -not fail to make a wide impression. MISSIONARIES INVITED TO RETURN. Frince Ching, January 24, assured a committee of missionaries that there was no intention or desire on the part of the Chinese government to place any restriction on Christian missions, and that the government itself never had in the past any objections to the missionaries or to their methods. This the prince also recounted the next day to Minister Conger, and spoke of the missionaries' work as often beneficial to the country. The governor of Shan-tung province has suggested the return of the missionaries to their stations, promising full protection. MISSIONARY VIEW OF THE PEACE TERMS. The missionaries in China of all de- nominations are reported as regretting that among the terms of peace pro- posed by the powers (pp. 10, 11) was not included some direct recognition of the rights of Chinese Christians to protection from outrage in persons and in property. In a meeting at Peking, with no suggestion of any re- ligious propagandise whatever, the missionaries publicly expressed their disappointment that the peace pro- tocol, while exacting in regard to vari- ous advantages to be gained or pre- served by the powers, and the indem- nities for their own citizens, had given little consideration to measures for the future welfare of China itself. The civilized world had failed to use a most fitting occasion in the interest of peace to advise and benefit China by even so little as a word o* regret for the frightful slaughter, sufferings, and Impoverishment of many tens of thousands of native Christians. The missionaries in that meeting could look back to another meeting, in company for weeks with the be- sieged ministers of the powers and their families, whose legation defenses were devised by an American mission- ary who had engineering skill, and were in part constructed with the aid of the hundreds of Chinese converts who had found refuge there. Minister Conger's testimony (Vol. 10, p. 699). which many witnesses have publicly and in large detail confirmed, is that without the missionaries it would have been Impossible to maintain the historic defense. THE BOER WAR. On the Wide Field. Through the earlier part of Febru- ary the contest in South Africa was a continuance of that of several weeks preceding. Of the whole active force of British soldiers usually estimated at nearly 220,000, all except about 20,000 were busied not so much in fighting as in guarding the hundreds of miles of railway communication. The Boer bands, frequently of several hundred men, sometimes supposedly of two or three thousand, ranged widely over the country, suddenly ap- pearing and disappearing on their hardy little horses, always ready to destroy a railway bridge, ambush a valuable military convoy, or surprise in a night attack some post held by a small garrison. The total Boer force was estimated at 18,000 or 19 000. The British necessity of protecting towns and detached posts has through weeks past reduced their force actively avail- able. The region more or less directly Included in Lord Kitchener's plan of campaign covers more than 450,000 square miles, an area greater than that of France and Germany com- bined, having a north and south ex- tent of 1,000 miles, and a breadth of 200 to 400 miles— a region in most 90 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 parts sparsely Inhabited, and excel- lently adapted to the burghers' style of warfare. Kitchener's force avail- able at any one point can scarcely have been larger than the total with which Lord Roberts entered Bloem- fontein— 27,000 men and 7,600 horses, or than his total at Pretoria— 24,000 men and 6,000 horses. Camps for the Veldt Folk. The guerilla phase into which the war has degenerated had compelled an entire change in the British plan. A regular military campaign would be futile against an enemy whose army had finally been broken into two or three bands of considerable size which, with a few smaller ones, all consisting only of mounted men not in uniform, were scouring the country in all directions, constantly finding op- portunities for great damage. The Boer bands needed no army train of provisions: they could pick up their supplies and fresh horses in any little village or in the scattered farm houses far apart on the veldt. To meet this style of irregular war- fare which threatened confusion with- out end— also to liberate his troops for active pursuit of the Boer forces— Greneral Kitchener has been gathering the scattered Boer population from some thinly settled regions into gar- risoned posts, into which the British troops also have driven all horses and cattle. The people who are brought in to these posts are housed and fed at British expense, being largely refugees who have made submission, and whom the British are bound to pro- tect from the vengeance which the Boer generals have threatened against those whom they deem traitors to their country. The effect is equivalent to capturing an enemy's supply train. The Boer chieftains thus are now missing their accustomed commis- sariat and relays of horses in the east- ern and western Transvaal and In the northern part of the Orange River Colony. The dwellers in these camps were reported, February 25, as num- bering about 15,000. Their administra- tion is in the hands of civilians. Opposite Judgments. The antagonist judgments pro- nounced early in this contest as to which was the side of right have as yet shown little modification. In the United States the same sympathies as before are evident on one or the other side, and the same arguments are still advanced (Vol. 10, pp. 25—27). The fervor of the Boer advocates, however, on both sides of the Atlantic, has in- creased in view of the slow progress of the British in either subjugation or pacification since the only formidable armies of the burghers were broken up and the governments of the two republics were disorganized. The Question of Success. Some prominent European journals, especially in Holland, Germany, and France, have shown some hope of ultimate Boer success through an ex- pected exhaustion of the British mili- tary resources available to meet the harassing modes of conflict which the Boers are declared able to prolong in- definitely. Not a few papers in the United States have been showing the same expectation, in effect, that even though Lord Kitchener may for many months keep up the fight and make occasional gains, the English and Scotch taxpayers will soon be heard demanding an end of such enormous and fruitless expenditure— the total British expenditure in the war being stated at more than £130,000,000. But though the Boers have in recent weeks succeeded in greatly annoying and mortifying their foe, it is now evident that the present style of war- fare must soon wear itself out. Their truest friends are now hoping that they will give their attention speedily to securing the best terms of peace. Their only conceivable Help would be through some scarcely conceivable in- tervention. THE BOEH WAR. HER MAJESTY QUEEN ALEXANDRA OF ENGLAND, With her Grandchildren, the Ladies Duff, Daughters of the Duke of Fife. The elder of these children was cut out of the direct limb of succession to the throne by the birth of the little Prince Edward of York, eldest child or the Duke of York. 92 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 It is to be noted also that the two Boer peoples, never having had a sea- port of their own, are now completely shut in from commercial access. Without a supply of various war ma- terial, war cannot long persist. More- over, Mr. Kruger's government is no longer collecting from the foreign owners and operators of the rich mines the heavy taxes which former- ly poured wealth into the public chest. Indeed, the two governments them- selves have ceased to be operative, so far as is known to the world. The Question of Intervention. While much of the Boer advocacy in America and in Europe is to be ascribed to a generous sympathy with the weaker side in a fight and to ad- miration for a brave and tenacious struggle for national independence, much of it, especially in Europe, is evidently due to a desire to see Eng- lish pride humbled and England's am- bition for international leadership and for commercial pre-eminence on all seas countervailed. This desire exists and has long existed, and has ex- pressed itself without qualification during the whole South African con- flict. It is known also, however, that this popular feeling has not had the slightest effect on the action or the at- titude of any of the great powers. The governments have seen strong reasons for refusing to bring from Af- rica a firebrand to kindle a general European war. It has become fully evident that intervention would be such a; firerrand, even though it were to appear first in the guise of an in- sistent' demand on Great Britain to ac- cept a mediation. A mediation whose proposal is not joined in by both par- ties in dispute is in reality an inter- vention, and, if persisted in, means war for all outside parties that thus persist. At the beginning the powers could not have failed to note that on twenty-four hours' notice — that notice a threat from the little South African republics— war had been opened on Great Britain with immediate inva- sion of her territory and capture of her unprepared towns; and the powers could not but see that whether Brit- ain's cause were just or unjust such a case was not in the least propitious for mediation. It Is no more propi- tious to-day. Military Movements. GENERAL BRITISH PLANS. At the beg'nning of February, four general British movements were in progress. One was near the eastern boundary of the Transvaal under General French, to disperse Botha's main force, which had threatened the communication to Lourenco Marques. The second, 300 miles away, was a small operation under General Cun- ningham against Delarey's 2,000 men in the southwestern part of the Trans- vaal. The third was an operation combining seven columns under Gen- erals Charles Knox, Bruce Hamilton, and Maxwell, Colonels W. L. White and Pilcher, and Major Crowe. They moved first southward, keeping in touch with DeWet's rearguard, aim- ing to drive him upon the Britisii corps at the Orange river. This con- centration the Boers evaded by divid- ing ani swinging westward. The fourth movement was for clearing Cape Colony, and was not as early de- veloped as the others. With these extended movements in view the War Oflice in London decided on a further reinforcement of 30,000 mounted troops. VARIOUS EVENTS. About February 1 a British outpost of 200 men at Modderfontein, about fifty miles southwest of Pretoria, was sud- denly attacked and captured in a pitch dark night during heavy rain, by about 1,400 Boers. The captured men were subsequently released. The British killed and wounded numbered twenty- eight. , In the southeast of the Transvaal, British columns February 5 were driv- ing eastward a force estimated at 7,000 under General Botha. The British at- tacked and occupied Ermelo. Fifty Boers surrendered. An unofficial report 77/ a: no hi: w.iii. 93 states the Boer loss at forty killed and 200 prisoners. About 800 wagons with families and very large quantities of stock, passed eastward. The Boers took with them a peace envoy sentenced to death. All accounts show the Boers ex- ceedingly bitter. Botha on February 0 Bade a night attack with 2,000 men on a British force at Bothwell, and after severe fighting was repulsed, losing one general and two field-cornets killed, one general severely wounded, and leaving on the field twenty dead and many wounded. The British casualties were twenty-four killed, fifty-three wounded. At Petrusburg, February 7, a British column destroyed Boer supplies and without casualty brought in 3,500 horses and cattle. Lord Methuen, east of Vry- burg, near the western boundary of the Transvaal, reported on February 7 that he had scattered the Boer force there, capturing 200 cattle. About 400 miles to the east, General French captured, about February 11, sixty-five wagons and carts and forty-five prisoners; one of his men was wounded. His columns were converging, forcing the enemy toward the southeastern corner of the Transvaal. On February 21 Lord Methuen's force reached Klerksdorp, having cleared the Boers out of the southwestern part of the Transvaal. The only severe fighting was in driving 1,400 Boers under two generals out of a strong position. On the same day a long and violent procla- mation "to all men" from Steyn and De Wet was made public, charging every kind of outrageous violence on the Brit- ish forces, declaring the Boers innocent of such offenses, and announcing that the war would go on. From Lydenburg was reported an address to the burghers by Acting-President Schalkburger. tell- ing them that their cause was hopeless and a prolongation of fighting quite fu- tile. While he would not take it on him- self to advocate surrender, he would siiy that if surrender was inevitable it would better be not by individuals but as a nation. From the southeastern Transvaal, General French reported, February 22, that his columns moving eastward were driving Botha's force to the number of four or five thousand in scattered and disorganized parties. French added that heavy rains were hindering him in the pursuit; and on February 25 it was re- ported at Cape Town that Botha with 2,000 of his men had made their way northward. Up to February 25, French ■Ad raptured three guns, a large quan- tity of war material, great droves of Vol. 11— T. cattle and horses, and 0,800 sheep; also 300 Boers had surrendered. From the most trustworthy reports. It is gathered that in the Cape Colony, though the Dutch farmers are submit- ting to the provisions of martial law mi. I are bringing in horses and rifles, there is no doubt that they still cherish a strong though latent spirit of rebellion. DE WETS INCURSION. At the end of January, General De- Wet's mobile force was In the vicinity of Thaba Nchu east of Bloemfonteln. He was attacked by General Charles MAJOR-GENERAL FRENCH, Commanding a Cavalry Division Undsr Lord Kitchener in South Africa, and one or the Most Successful of the British Generals throughout the War. Knox, and moved southward. He was reported, February 2, with 2,400 men, two fifteen-pounders, one Max- im gun, and a pom-pom, moving In the direction of Cape Colony; and the next day near Dewetsdorp, eighty miles north of the Orange river. On February 7, he was said to be north of Smithfield (forty miles from the river), moving east. Two days later, having failed to effect a crossing of the river near Bethulie, he appeared to be moving westward. His plan, 94 INTERNATIONAL AFP AIRS. April, 1901 doubtless, was to effect a junction with the parties of Boers that were in the western parts of Cape Colony. It had by this time become evident, however, that a Boer invasion was not likely to result in anything beyond local damage. Scattered commandos of Boers were reported during the next few days as having crossed at one place or another into the Coles- berg or other districts of Cape Colony. The mode of these small commandos was to live on the country, to avoid the troops, and not to attack any place prepared for resistance. De Wet, who appears to have crossed the Orange river about February 12, was closely followed and attacked on February 15, north of I)e Aar, by British forces under Plumer, but es- caped with the loss of more than twenty of his ammunition and other wagons, a Maxim gun, twenty prison- ers, and more than 100 horses. Colonel Plumer reports that Colonel Owen again attacked DeWet, February 23, capturing two guns, much ammuni- tion, and iifty-three prisoners; there were no British casualties. The Boers were in full retreat and dispersing, seeking to escape across the Orange river. DeWet and Steyn, and 1,400 of their men, succeeded in evading their pursuers, and on February 28 swam their horses across the Orange river north of Colesberg. Thus ended the Boer invasion of Cape Colony as a failure, but with a disappointment to the British in not capturing the two leaders. Soon, however, the pursuers were again close on the track of the fugitives. Other bands of Boers which entered the thinly settled western part of Cape Colony several weeks ago have shown great cruelty and brutality, especially toward the natives. The "British Outrages." Stories of frightful British outrages have had extensive circulation, and seem to have gained the considerable credence for which a widespread sym- pathy with the Boers prepares the way, notwithstanding the most un- qualified denial from British com- manders in the field and by the high- est officials both in the War Office and in parliament. The only basis for these stories seems to be in immensely exaggerated accounts of possible rare acts of violence, strictly forbidden by British army rules as in all armies of civilized nations, and sternly punished whenever discovered. Particular ac- counts of the violence of a few law- less men are sent to the news columns of such journals as welcome them in distant lands. Thus, General French, about tu- mid- dle of February, found the population in the southeastern districts of the Trans- vaal, which he had recently entered, stimulated to fierce resistance by the re- publication in a Dutch paper at Ermelo of frightful stories of customary British outrages of women, and of secret orders by some of their generals, notably Lord Kitchener, to "bring in no prisoners." These republished stories were traced back to some papers in England oi, posed to the war, as well as to some colonial Boer papers. General French declares them utterly false. At Pretoria, the Rev. Mr. Bosman, the leading Dutch minister at the Transvaal capital, felt it requisite to investigate the accusa- tions of rape and other brutalities as committed by British troops. As a re- sult he has made a report that there is in them no truth whatever. On a differ- ent line may be taken for what it is worth, whether less or more, an open letter in the Bloemfontein "Post," pub- lished February 6, by the Reverend Mr. Du Plessis, Dutch minister at Lindley, who seems to be literally "carrying the war into Africa," in declaring that war uncivilizes, and that the Boers have now become desperate and fanatical and are committing actions against the laws of Christianity and civilization. Following is the testimony of an ob- server in an official position who sympa- thizes with the Boer cause. The Swiss consul at Pretoria in a letter published in a Swiss journal, the "Gazette de Lausanne," deals thus with the charges circulated by De Wet and Steyn bf the constant misconduct of British soldiers, especially toward the Boer women: "I cannot express my indignation in strong enough terms when I see such base calumnies put into circulation in THE It <>K !i WAJi. M BRITISH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, FROM THE THAMES. my country, and I consider it my duty to make known the facts. Although we sympathize with the Boers, we must in "all justice render homage to English of- ficers and men for the humane manner in which they have conducted and are still carrying on this war." The War in Parliament. In the house of lords, February 14, Lord Kimberley, the Liberal leader, replying to the address from the throne, severely criticized the govern- ment as living In a fool's paradise. The conduct of the war and its pres- ent conditions filled him with appre- hension. Unless the government en- abled General Kitchener speedily to end the war the situation might be- come dangerous. The entire British military system needed to be put on a more satisfactory basis: if the govern- ment would do this, they would re- ceive every support from the Liberal party. Lord Salisbury, who next spoke, saw nothing unusual in the length of the campaign, nor any ground for the discontent or apprehension which Lord Kiniberlcy had expressed. He saw no hope for abiding peace unless the British were masters in South Africa Continual warfare would be the sure result of allowing the enemy to retain any independence as a na- tion. If Great Britain slackened her effort it would be an avowal to the world that her frontier could be in- vaded with impunity and that the empire was powerless for defense. In the house of commons, Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman, the Liberal lender, demanded that the gravity of the situation in South Africa be faced. He set forth the military miscalcula- tions of the government, but gave great praise to the army and deemed the generals in the field worthy of the fullest confidence. The Liberal party would uphold the government in promptly meeting all demands for the needed reinforcements, but deemed it even more efficient for desirable re- sults that definite proposals to the people of the two states should be made at the same time. Terms of settlement should be offered which would at once secure for the empire all that had been contended for, while assuaging their fears, saving their dig- nity, and restoring their personal rights. 96 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April 1901 Mr. A. J. Balfour, government lead- er, in his speech admitted that the government had not foreseen that the Boers would he so ill-advised in their cwn interest as to continue the hope- less struggle. He added that the Boer leaders "knew perfectly well that if they lay down their arms, their per- sons and property will he respected and equal rights granted to all. More than this, the Boer leaders know that as soon as it hecomes possible, free institutions will be adopted." "The JOHN DILLON, Irish Nationalist. war will continue until it comes to the only conclusion consistent with our honor." On February 18, the Liberals in the commons, watchful to gain a - point against the party in power, supported a motion by John Dillon, Irish Nation- alist, for an adjournment of the house in order to debate the propriety of the refusal by the under-secretary of state for foreign affairs to answer questions of which notice had not previously been given. The questions referred to concerned in part the alleged undue severity in the government's treat- ment of the Boers in warfare, and its refusal to make any concessions in its terms of peace, such as the offer of a free government. The speeches on both sides kept the well-worn track in this discussion, though with more than the usual inten- sity and bitterness. The vote — which was nominally on the motion as above stated, but involved also by implication a variety of questions concerning the po- sition of the government — was a sur- prise; for the adjournment 204; against, 24! ». Thus the government's normal ma- jority of 130 was cut down to forty-five, to the great delight of the Liberals. Conservative journals hint at misman- agement by the official leaders of their party in the house in allowing the main question of the war to be drawn into needless entanglement with other ques- tions in debate. Four days later, an amendment of- fered by John Dillon directly objecting to the severity allowed by the govern- ment in the war, was rejected by a Conservative majority of 119. ANGLO-GERMAN RELATIONS. The cordial sympathy and general friendliness for England shown by' Emperor William of Germany in his recent visit on the occasion of the death of the Queen, his grandmother, have reawakened discussion in some portions of the Gferman press on the relations between the two countries. For several months German criticism of England's ways had shown consid- erable reduction in volume and force; and the Anglo-German agreement in China, viewed at first regretfully or doubtfully, had come to be accepted as a probably unavoidable though lim- ited partnership. But the question could not be avoided concerning the Emperor's motives in taking a line so different from his cold, almost antag- onistic bearing toward Britain only five years ago. Had not inducements been offered him? What service in return was Britain to render to Ger- many in colonial or other interests? What would the new "alliance" be worth? Thus the Berlin "Vossische Zeitung," early in February, gave its T All IFF WAi; WITH RUSSIA. 97 opinion that the Emperor's visit to England could uot be divested of political importance, and that though treaties might not have been conclud- ed, many matters probably had beeu satisfactorily arranged. The opening of the British parliament caused unusual interest in Germany, with expectancy of some new revelation of policy explaining the new and closer Anglo-German relations. When it was found that no such relations were rec- ognized or alluded to either in the speech from the throne or in the debate on t lie reply, and that instead there was an in- terpellation from the floor relative to the rumored German seizure of some Belgian territory on the Kongo, Ger- many, whether with or without reason, imagined that it had met an English re- buff. And when, further, "The Times," with the truly English honesty, seemed to be at pains to deny in a tone as cold as it was courteous, that either nation could infer any close political relations from the cordiality shown by the two sovereigns in their common sorrow, an important portion of the German press showed vexation at Great Britain, and in some cases also at the Emperor for his too ready warmth of sympathy for cold, proud, selfish England. His ami- able attentions to Lora Roberts are said to have been specially objectionable to nearly all classes of the German people. The "Tageolatt" said: "The harmony between England and Germany is evi- dently largely overestimated." The "Lokal Anzeiger." "Hardly has par- liament opened when the accustomed spiteful anti-German hatred begins." The Conservative journals, usually as- suming to be the special advocates of loyalty, seem more ready than the Lib- eral or even the Socialist press to im- pugn the Emperor for his present pro- British attitude. A Conservative paper in Dresden says: "Since Prince Bis- marck's fall the relations between the Emperor and the nation were never worse." However, the Munich "Allge- meine Zeitung" (National Liberal) de- clares that Count von Bulow, the impe- rial chancellor, assumes full responsi bility for the Emperor's attitude of fa- vor toward Great Britain, and will soon find occasion to show the German peo- ple that their Emperor had sufficient reason for the course which he has taken. The last remark may suggest important international developments, but may more probably be merely a sol- emn assumption of knowing some gov- ernmental secret. With it may be classed the assertion that the Emperor's l>ioc lings in England have excited much suspicion in the mind of Crar Nicholas of Kussia. TARIFF WAR WITH RUSSIA. Though their politicul relations still continue most friendly, Russia and the I 'nitcd States have been brought to the verge of bitter tariff war as a re- sult of the action of Secretary of the Treasury Gage in mid-February in re- imposing a countervailing duty on im- ports of Russian sugar, offsetting the effect of the bounty which, in the opinion of the Treasury Department, Russian exports of sugar indirectly enjoy under the operation of the law of that country. This action was taken with the object of bringing be- fore the United States courts at the earliest opportunity a test case which will afford a judicial ruling on the disputed question of whether Russia does or does uot pay indirectly a bounty on her sugar exports. The action involves uo discrimination against Russia, inasmuch as under Section 5 of the DIngley Tariff law of July 24, 1897 (Vol. 7, pp. 305, 005), the secretary of the treasury is required to impose a countervailing duty on all bounty-fed sugars; and imports from Germany, France, Austria, Belgium, and other bounty-paying countries have long borne the additional im- post. The provisions of the law are designed simply to insure the entry into the United States of all foreign sugars on equal terms. It appears that* in Russia the law re- quires a definite portion of the sugar product to be set aside for home con- sumption: en this portion an internal revenue tax is levied. Another portion is bonded in warehouses, whence it is released for home consumption when de- mand increases, prices being thus main- tained at a steady level. A third por- tion— that intended for export — is ex- empted from paying an internal revenue tax. It is COnte&ded by the United States Treasury Department that the effect of this law is indirectly to grant a ln>unty to the exporter of Russian sugar. Being 98 INTERNA TIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1001 freed from any internal tax, the exporter is thereby enabled to undersell his com- petitors in foreign markets, just as truly as if the amount of the tax were paid to him directly in the shape of a bounty. This view of the case was upheld by a vote of delegates to a conference on the question of sugar bounties, held iu Brus- sels in June, 1898, at which almost all sugar-exporting countries were repre- sented. Russia, on the other hand, pro- tests that by no act of hers is any boun- ty or grant paid or bestowed on the ex- portation of sugar. In view of Russia's contention, and pending the negotiation of a treaty of M. deWITTE, Russian Minister of Finance. reciprocity, the United States govern- ment, in May, 1900, "had consented to suspend the collection or the addition- al duty which had been imposed by the requirements of the Diugley law. The treaty negotiations, however, bore no fruit; and when Attorney-General Griggs, whose opinion on the working of the Russian law had been asked by Secretary Gage, decided that the Russian government practically paid a bounty on exported sugar, the counter- vailing duty was again imposed. It amounts to sixty-four kopecks (about thirty-two cents) on every pood, a pood being a little over thirty-six pounds. In face of the countervailing duties levied upon imports from Germany, France, Belgium, and other bounty- paying countries, the continued ex- emption of Russian sugars would have been regarded by those countries as a discrimination against them; and the important and growing commerce of the United States with them, which far surpasses that with Russia, would accordingly have been jeopardized. Russia at once retaliated, alleging as her motive the necessary protection of her own interests. On February 10, M. de Witte, finance minister, issued a decree— to take effect March 1— withdrawing from the most important American imports into Russia the privileges of the "conventional tariff," to which the United States is entitled under the most-favored-nation clause in her treaty with Russia of 1832. The practical effect is to increase to fifty per cent— a rate considered prohibitive -the Russian duty on all sorts of iron and steel goods, with a few exceptions such as steam ploughs, fire engines, and traction threshers. Opinions differ as to the probable effects of this incipient tariff war. The Grerman press inclines to think that it will transfer American com- merce to Germany. In the United States some manufacturing interests whose trade with Russia may be affected, and some theoretical free traders, protest against the counter- vailing duty; but on the other hand it is pointed out that the volume of our com- merce with Russia is but a fraction of that with some other countries direct- ly concerned in the case, to whom the United States is bound to accord most-favored-nation treatment. In 1900 our trade with Germany, for example, aggregated $284,722,589, with imports amounting to $97,374,70r AimmiATiOX. m $17.73.1,500, imports being $7,240,981, mill exports $10,488,410, showing a bal- ance in favor of the United States of only $3.24 1,438. The following table shows our exports to and imports from Russia in recent years: 0OMMUM K WITH RUSSIA. Imports Exports into from Year. U. S. U. S. 1890 $3,409,897 $10,002,808 1891 4,833,345 7,985482 1892 5,240,797 0,819,0.4.". 1893 0,117,015 2,447,414 1894 3,200,740 0.991,330 1895 4,010,401 G.102,793 1890 3,973,583 8,084,052 1897 3,401,080 8,010,218 1898 4,050.739 7,954,097 1899 4.053,940 10.029.793 1900 7,240,981 10,488,419 These figures include those of Asiatic as well as European Russia. Those of Asiatic Russia are, however, for the most part inappreciable except in United States exports for the last two years, due in some degree to American railway contracts in Siberia, where there is small danger to be feared on this side of the water from European competi- tion. From 1890 to 1895 inclusive, American exports to Siberia averaged only about $150,000 annually; but since that time they have gradually increased, reaching $1,543,120 in 1899 and $3,050,- 102 last year. The imports from Asiatic Russia, never large, dwindled last year to a bare $1,100. Reciprocity Treaties Blocked. Not only are all negotiations for a treaty with Russia blocked for a time, but efforts to secure ratification of all the other pending reciprocity treaties during the 50th Congress were aban- doned February 27 by the senate com- mittee on Foreign Relations. THE COURT OF ARBITRATION. At the portal of the new century fifteen nations, among which are all the great powers of the world, also all the maritime nations, join in plac- ing an unostentatious memorial of the world's advance toward new and grander national Ideals. The com- monplace architectural and sculptural memorials of victory— each a monu- ment equally of defeat— see now a strange competitor rising, not in marble or bronze, but in a world-wide aspiration for peace, embodying Itself in the world's highest tribunal. It is ns yet a mere Ideal, but prophetic and graciously commanding in Its moral majesty. The Peace Conference of Nations at The Hague adopted on July 20, ]8*K>, a convention (Vol. 9, p. 581) whose re- sults are now announced, while to the fifteen associated nations is made a HON. MELVILLE W. FULLER, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. One of the American Members of the Permanent High Court of Arbi- tration at The Hague. proffer absolutely without precedent in human history. The announcement Is that the permanent International Court of Arbitration is now fully or- ganized: and the proffer is to the ef- fect that in the interest of peace the court is ready to consider any dispute lift ween or among the associated na- tions which the disputant nations may by their joint action present The first definite proposal by a na- tional government of the principle of ar- bitration for preventing war was made l»y the United States at the Geneva Convention, 1871. At the Conference at 100 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April 1901 The Hague twenty-eight years after- ward, convened in response to an appeal from the Czar of Russia, when days of fruitless discussions foreboded an ad- journment without any practical plan for the keeping of peace, the construc- tive and permanent action whose result is the present high court was initiated by the United States delegates with the earnest support of those of Great Brit- ain. This new international movement is not expected to abolish war; it is ex- pected greatly to increase the possibili- M. POBIEDONOSTZEFF, Procurator of the Most Holy Synod. One of the Russian Members of the International Court of Arbitration at The Hague. ties and the inducements for avoiding war. The Nations Represented. The nations which have now ap- pointed their representatives— accord- ing to an official list issued January 30 by the State Department at Wash- ington—are the following: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, Rouma- nia, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, United States. The Hi£h Court. The list of members shows that the nations have chosen many delegates from among their foremost men. Fol- lowing is the membership in full from this country and Great Britain: From the United States, Benjamin Harrison, ex-President, unfortunately cut off by death, March 13, before the first meeting of the court; Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; John W. Griggs, Attorney-Gen- eral; George Gray, United States Circuit Judge. From Great Britain, Lord Pauncefote, Privy Councillor, Ambassador at Wash- ington; Sir Edward Baldwin Malet, ex- Ambassador; Sir Edward Fry, Privy Councillor, K. C; Professor John West- lake, LL. D., Q. C. Germany sends the president of an imperial high court, and a professor of law at Gottingen University; France sends an ex-president of the cabinet council, an ex-ambassador, and two min- isters plenipotentiary; Austria-Hungary sends the presiding judge of its highest court; Russia sends its minister of jus- tice, and the well-known C. P. Pobiedo- nostzeff, Procurator of the Most Holy Synod. An administrative council, permanent at The Hague, comprises the Nether- lands minister of foreign affairs (presi- dent), and the diplomatic representa- tives of all the signatory powers at that capital. This council will have the func- tions of an international bureau as the medium of communication among all the powers, serving also in organizing the tribunal and employing the requisite minor officials. As headquarters of this bureau, a vacant palace has been pur- chased and fitted up in readiness for the judges. oil; mtW POSSSSSfOVS. 101 Hffairs in Hmedca, OUR NEW POSSESSIONS. THE i. this to be made with the Cuban nation and the meas- ures to be adopted for the government of the Philip- pines, were toward the end of the last session of the Fifty-sixth Congress in- serted in the Army hill, and thus be- came part of the laws of the United States. The provisions of these amend- ments of the Army bill will be found in the report of the proceedings of Con- gress in this number. The Cuban Constitution. The Cuban constitution was com- pleted February 21, when the mem- bers of the convention affixed their signatures to the document (p. 2.~>>. One of the most notable of their num- ber, Senor Cisneros. refuted to sign that copy or duplicate of the constitu- tion which was to be sent to the Presi- dent of the United States, saying: "Cuba is now independent, and I can see no reason for sending this constitu- tion to the United States for acceptance. The United States government has no right to pass upon it, for it is a distinctly Cuban document, and was drawn up by this convention, which has assumed the responsibility of establishing the repub- lic." His words caused a stir, and dele- gates earnestly besought him to sign, but in vain. As the delegates retired. Senor Tamayo exclaimed, "We are all Cubans. Senor," to which Cisneros re- plied, "Yes! When the time comes to fight the Americans we will fight them together." He expressed a willingness to sign the copy of the constitution contained In the records of the con von tion, but not till the other copy bad been sent to Washington. Though the constitution was signed February 21, the convention continued In session, and on February 27—28 adopted what are called "clauses of the constitution" of this tenor: "The government of Cuba will not make a treaty or agreement with any foreign power which may compromise or limit the independence of Cuba, or which may permit or authorize any power to obtain, by means of coloniza- tion or for military or naval purposes, or in any other manner, any foothold, or authority, or right over any portion of Cuba. "The government will not permit its territory to be used as a base of opera- tions for war against the United States, or against any foreign nation. "Tlie government of Cuba accepts in its entirety the Treaty of Paris, in which are affirmed the rights of Cuba, to the extent of the obligations which are explicitly indicated in these, and es- pecially those which the international law imposes for the protection of life and property, substituting itself for the United States in the pledge, which they assumed in that sense according to Ar- ticles 12 and 16 of the Treaty of Paris. "Cuba recognizes as legally valid all acts of the military government during the period of occupation, also the rights arising out of them, in conformity with the joint resolution and the Foraker amendment and the existing laws of the country. "The governments of the United States and Cuba ought to regulate their commercial relations by means of a treaty based on reciprocity, and with tendencies toward free trade in natural and manufactured products, mutually as- suring ample special advantages in their respective markets." Porto Rico. ENCOURAGING PROSPECTS. On February 2 was made public In the senate a report from 3overnor Allen, written January 20, in which the alleged destitution of the people (p. 27) is denied. "There has always been," he writes, "and probably always will be, poverty in the tropics; but, from a somewhat in- timate and personal acquaintance with every part of the island, I am confident that conditions here are very much im- proved, that there were never so many people employed or as good wages as at present, and that the condition of the masses was never better, nor were they ever so contented. The future of the 102 AFFAIRS J.V AMEBIC A. April, 1901 island is very encouraging. The crops are very abundant and of excellent qual- ity; and there is a certainty of large public improvements here from outside capital, of great benefit to the island and incidentally likely to give further improvement." February 1 the insular legislature adjourned after a session of sixty dajrs, during which many important bills were enacted, among them one providing for trial by jury. Important tax bills regarding property, licenses, franchises, etc., were also enacted, which insure ample revenue for the next fiscal year. The Philippines. FILlPIiNO FEDERAL PARTY. Sanguine hopes are entertained of good to be effected through the newly formed Federal party, which is said to comprise "the very best Filipino element— all those who have the true interests of the country at stake." The platform of the party was formally adopted and proclaimed on the morn- ing of Sunday, December 23, 1900. An executive committee was chosen, con- sisting of Dr. Pardo de Tavero; Caye- tano S. Arellano, chief justice of the supreme court; D. F. Bourns; Am- brosio Flores; Tomas G. del Rosario; .lose Ner; and Florentine Torres, at- torney-general. The platform recognizes: 1. The sovereignty of the United States, as represented in these islands by a government liberal, democratic, and representative. 2. Individual rights, ^liberties, and the guarantee of the rights of property and home, and the right of religious meet- ings, and the complete separation of the Church and the State. 3. Without the benefit of peace and order it is not possible to possess those rights and liberties; and the motives of the persons who formed this party are to co-operate with the constituted govern- ment; to use every means to pacify the country and to resist inroads of the law- less element, as it causes the discredit- ing of the Filipino national culture and the perpetrating of many crimes. 4. Municipal self-government, with provincial governments, with depart- ments under the supervision of the cen- tral government. 5. Instruction, primary, liberal, and gratuitous, under the direction of the territorial government, in conformity with the laws of the legislative body, which is represented at this time by the Civil Commission, and will afterward be represented by a House and Senate. It is the desire of the party to advocate compulsory education of both sexes in schools, public and private, and to en- courage higher education. 6. The creation of militia to preserve order. 7. That the civil employees of the government must be competent and learned, and required to be of a high moral character, under laws that will enforce that condition. A LEAGUE OF PEACE. The Women's Peace League was or- ganized at Manila, February 9, at a meeting of fifty American and 200 Filipino women, held in the Libertad theatre. The League favors American sovereignty. A Filipino presided at the meeting. A resolution was adopt- ed in the words following and handed to the correspondent of the Associated Press : "The Filipino and American women of the Philippines who have organized a league for the purpose of aiding in bringing about peace, unite in saluting President McKinley, and a-sk His Ex- cellency's co-operation." MANY NATIVES SUBMITTING. Nowhere in the islands did the in- surgents show so strong a determina- tion to resist American rule as in Panay. But that island is now re- ported to be thoroughly pacified. This intelligence is not conveyed in the scanty telegraph reports day by day from Manila, but comes in a private letter from an army officer dated toward the end of December, extracts from which were published February 11. The credit of bringing about pacifica- tion, after months of futile effort, is given to Lieutenant G. R. D. Macgregor, aide to Col. Rice of the 20th Volunteers, the district commander. The lieutenant had won the friendship of the most in- fluential clique in the island, men of OUIi SEW PO88EB8I0N8. 103 wealth and education, who had posed as "neutrals," and prevailed on them to declare for the Americans. One after another these men decided to take the oath of allegiance; district after district was won, the natives coming forward in great numbers to swear fealty to the United States. In one month— Novem- ber 21 to December 21, 1900— the record of oaths reached a total of 25.8S4. The letter goes on: "This absolute change of front has n made. Up to June 30 only 5,000 per- sons in the archipelago had taken the oath of amnesty, and here over 25,000 have taken the oath of allegiance in less than a month, and they are coming in at the rate of about 1,500 a day, faster than they can be accommodated. • • • "With the island of Panay becoming Americanized at the rate of 1,500 a day, the end is in sight. Divested of the support from the towns, the bands of insurgents that still exist must lau- JUDGE WILLIAM H. TAFT, OK MOO. Head of the Civil Commission to the Phii.ii-i-inks, ani> Practically Civil Governor of the Archipelago. deep significance to a soldier who for two years has closely studied these peo- ple, their customs, and their mode of thought. They have prated about their former government, have resisted all pressure, and have kept a good front; but now they are coming over to the Americans with a rush; and they are warm, too, in their enthusiasm. It is believed that nowhere ttM in the Mills archipelago has such a record been guish and disintegrate; and when they can no longer operate, the native scouts and police can soon (and with much de- light) wipe out the other bane — the la- drones, or robbers. Then the few re- maining problems will rapidly solve themselves." Another private letter of ai.ont the same date, from the same b'and. Pnnny. written by a meml>er cl the 104 AFFAIliS LV AMERICA. April, 1901 Signal Corps serving at Iloilo, capital of the island, makes no mention of these cheering signs of pacification. This letter, received in Boston, Mass., tells of the "fine work" doing by United States troops — "burning and destroying everything that might contain an insur- ecto": "there will be a good many dead insurectos, as they are completely sur- rounded." The letter is dated from Jaro — the town at the head of the list of well-affected towns; but it tells of active work of insurectos there and in the neighborhood, for example, total de- struction of the neighboring town of Cabatuan, including the barracks and hospital. The presidente of Cabatuan was proved to have given the marauders native police uniforms: "another hang- ing is due." The letter concludes: "You cannot trust any native; and whenever one goes out after dark he takes a re- volver or a rifle, as any clump of bushes or bamboo is likely to secrete an assas- sin." CIVIL RULE. A civil government was instituted in the province of Pampanga, Luzon, February 13. Officials were the same day installed, viz:— Governor, Secrina Joven, salary $1,<300; secretary, Mari- ano Cunanan, $1,000; treasurer, Lieu- tenant Win, A. Goodale, $2,400; su- pervisor, Lieutenant Lawrence P. But- ler, $1,800; fiscal, Juan Garcia, $1,350. General Grant, called "the father of the Pampangans," in an address to the assembled natives, expressed his pleasure on seeing that his children were large enough to take care of themselves, and added: "We Pam- pangans are as patriotic as any Amer- icans." Pampanga is the first Philip- pine province to be organized under American rule. Civil government was also set up in the province of Pangasinan. The gov- ernor of this province is Perfecto Sison, salary $2,000; secretary, Ramon Baclet, $1,500; treasurer, Captain Hardeman of the 39th Infantry, $2,- 500; supervisor, Captain Maloney, same regiment, $2,000; fiscal, Ignacio Villamor, $1,500. A telegram from Manila, February 9, announced that the province of Tayabas was ripe for civil govern- ment, and that Colonel Gfardener of the 30th Regiment was to be appoint- ed governor. A telegram from Ba- langa, in the province of Bataan, Luzon, reports General Grant as hav- ing expressed the judgment that "no civil government ought to oe organ- ized until the insurgents were either captured or conquered;" but he looked with some favor on the provincial system of government "as an experi- ment;" some of them might be success- ful, "especially since the provincial system rests little real authority or self-government in the people them- selves." AIDING THE INSURGENTS. Proofs have accumulated that mer- chants In Manila have been aiding the insurgents with supplies. On Feb- ruary 8 there were already under ar- rest on this charge two merchants, one of them, D. M. Carman, a Cali- fornian. On that day three natives were brought prisoners to Manila, on whose persons were found papers in- criminating Carman and many others. For inciting to sedition and otherwise giving aid and comfort to the insur- gents, George T. Rice, editor of the Manila "Daily Bulletin," was ordered to be banished, and January 28 was put on board an army transport bound for San Francisco. Rice had published charges of mal- feasance against the port officials of Manila, and, the charges having been found groundless on investigation, was required to give bonds not to repeat the offense. This he refused, and accord- ingly he was deported as "a dangerous incendiary and a menace to the military situation." Other arrests followed, including two agents of the Tabacaleria Company, the richest corporation in the islands; all the accused are men of note, and the ev- idence against them of furnishing sup- plies to the insurgents is strong. A Bel- gian, Brix Hoelterman, was also ar- rested; and the Belgian consul at Ma- nila, Edouard Andre, absconded to avoid arrest. Hilario Rubio was lodged in jail in Manila, February 20, charged with be- I Hi: inauguration. 105 lug nn agent of tho insurgents, and re- ceiving consignments of copra from the provinces, selling it, and applying the money to tho promotion of the insurgent cause. Arrests were made daily; and the agents of the government were un- earthing facts tending to inculpate Fran- cisco Keyes, Italian consul, and Manuel Peypoch, Uruguayan consul. Reyes is a prominent hanker, broker, and mer- chant, and principal stockholder of the Manila Street Railroad Company. WORK OF THE ARMY. A detachment of thirty men of the 44th Regiment, commanded by Lieu- tenant Hicken, was surprised by In- surgents near Fiesta San Lucia, island of Cebu, January 29. The enemy num- bered 100 men armed with rifles, with a still larger number of bolouien. Five Americans were killed, four wounded, and two were missing. In the southern district of Marin- duque, early in February, the camp of the insurgent Greneral Trias, occu- pied by 250 men with 130 rifles, was captured and destroyed by a detach- ment of the 46th Regiment. The in- surgents escaped, all but one man killed and two wounded. About the same date a company of the 47th Volunteer Infantry captured in the Isluud of Catanduanes the insurgent Governor Bustos; and February 1? the Insurgent leaders Villamor and Alejandris wen captured near Pape- ria, Luzon. At Haganoy. province of Bulucau. Mujor Maximo Angeles surrendered 112 rifles, February 13. About the same date Colonel Simon Tecson, seven officers, and seventy -one soldiers surrendered at San Miguel de May- unio. Luzon, giving up 2,000 rounds of ammunition and tifty-nino guns. Thus disappears the last formidable organ- ized force of the insurgents in north- ern Luzon, the flrst district excepted. Toward the end of February seventy armed insurgents entered the town of Suog in South Ilocos, Luzon, and killed one native and abducted live: the same night the band attacked and burned the town of Santa 'Maria. The porta "f Inahaugo and Quindiilman. island of Bohol, had to be closed to commerce witli the interior, for lack of American troops to protect merchandise in transit. While the Federalists of the town of Catabalogau, Sainar, were celebrating Washington's birthday, insurgents at- tacked the place in force, but were re- pulsed by the troop*. Insurgents were reported to Ik ucciitrating in Samar, coining from the neighboring islands. In the island of Lcyte, Lieut. Steele, with twenty men of the 43d Regiment, had a hot engagement with insurgents, forty-two riflemen and 100 holomen, strongly entrenched, and defeated them. The American casualties were one pri- vate soldier and two scouts killed. TERMS OF SUBMISSION. Senor Sixto Lopez, speaking for his countrymen, in a letter to Robert Treat Paine, president of the Ameri- can Peace Society, declares that the Filipinos will never accept American sovereignty as that word is generally understood. Whether they would ac- cept suzerainty would depend on the interpretation of that word. What the Filipinos demand is "one un- alienable right," namely, "independence or the right to 'institute a government deriving its just powers from the con- sent' not of any foreign nation, but of 'the governed.' Only by the exercise of this right will the Filipinos l»e able to secure equitable laws, insure just admin- istration, and prevent the exploitation of their country and its resources." That one demand of right conceded, the war will end on the instant. "If the admin- istration will say to the Filipinos: 'We will not deny you the one right which you claim and which we enjoy. We will grant you your independence, but we re- serve tile light to take such steps as are necessary to enable us to fulfil our obli- gations and conserve our rights' — the Fil- ipinos will lay down their arms at once. "If the acceptance of this offer en- tailed some definitely defined form of suzerainty, or if it necessitated joint ac- tion in foreign affairs, the retention of American troops, or the appointment of a customs commissioner, the Filipinos would raise no objection, provided that these conditions were not to be made perpetual. These and all such questions are matters of detail, and could he in- cluded in a treaty." THE INAUGURATION. President McKinley. on Indng In- ducted into the office of chief magis- 106 AFFAI11S IN AME11WA. April, 1901 trate for a second term on March 4, made, as customary, an address which opened with a review of the financial and economic situation of the country after four years of his administration. "The national verdict of 189G has for the most part been executed. Whatever remains unfulfilled is a continuing obli- gation resting with undiminished force upon the Executive and the Congress. But fortunate as our condition is, its permanence can only be assured by sound business methods and strict econ- omy in national administration and leg- islation. We should not permit our great prosperity to lead us to reckless ventures in business or profligacy in public expenditures " Regarding our relations to Cuba he said: "We face at this moment a most im- something has been accomplished in this direction. The government's represen- tatives, civil and military, are doing faithful and noble work in their mission of emancipation, and merit the approval and support of their countrymen. The most liberal terms of amnesty have al- ready been communicated to the insur- gents, and the way is still open for those who have raised their arms against the government for honorable submission to its authority. "Our countrymen should not be de- ceived. We are not waging war against the inhabitants of the Philippine islands. A portion of them are making war against the United States. By far the greater part of the inhabitants rec- ognize American sovereignty, and wel- come it as a guarantee of order and se- curity for life, property, liberty, freedom of conscience and the pursuit of happi- ness. To them full protection will be THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C. portant question — that of the future re- lations of the United States and Cuba. With our near neighbors we must re- main close friends. The declaration of the purpose of this government in the resolution of April 20, 1898, must be made good. Ever since the evacuation of the island by the army of Spain, the Executive with all practicable speed has been assisting its people in the succes- sive steps necessary to the establishing of a free and independent government prepared to assume and perform the ob- ligations of international law, which now rest upon the United States under the Treaty of Paris " And regarding the Philippines: "The settled purpose, long ago pro- claimed, to afford the inhabitants of the islands self-government as fast as they were ready for it, will be pursued with earnestness and fidelity. Already given. They shall not be abandoned. We will not leave the destiny of the loyal millions in the islands to the dis- loyal thousands who are in rebellion against the United States." THE WORK OF CONGRESS. Cuba and the Philippines. The question of the status of Cuba and its relations to the United States, together with the parallel question of the status and government of the Philippine islands, was brought up and discussed almost daily in one or other of the two houses of Congress. At one time the calling of an extra session seemed unavoidable; but be- fore adjournment, a way out was dis- THE WUliK OF VONUMSSS. 107 covered, und tlie Insertion in the Army Appropriation bill of clauses El luting to the question provided I means of deferring till December definite aetlou upon these perplexing questions. When tlit" Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation bill was under consider- ation in the house, February 9, Hon. Seth W. Brown (Hep., O.) made a speech condemning the colonial policy of the administration, and urging Con- gress to give to the Filipinos assur- ance that their Independence would be recognized. He offered for adop- tion a resolution that: "It is the purpose of the United States in retaining possession of the Philippine islands to uid their inhabi- tants, when they submit to the authority of the United States, in establishing a capable and stable free government; and when this purpose shall be fully accomplished the United States, under such reservation and conditions as may be wise and just, will relinquish authori- ty in those islands." Such a declaration as that, he said, would be opportune — a wise act, and one that will not be misunderstood even by the most strenuous Filipino autonomist. "Why not proclaim this to the inhabi- tants of the Philippine islands, and why not proclaim it now? It may be an- swered that this is about what we really intend to do. It may be Hearted that as we are now going, and without a pledge of a word from us. the ultimate end of our occupation of the Filipino territory will be Filipino freedom and Filipino government. But we have not said this to the Filipinos. We have carefully nnd studiously refused to say this to them." Then, turning to the question of Cuba. Mr. BrOWU adverted to the changed attitude of public men toward Cuban independence: "Men assert without any apparent HIM <>f shame, that while it was all well enough for us to go to war for the sake of humanity we should have left ourselves free to bring the Cuban people into subjection to ns, and free to take their island into our keeping and hold it as our property. . . . The man who says we should have resorted to this double dealing in April, 189S, now very logically and very naturally goes a step further, and says we ought to violate the pledge we then made and take Cuba, whether she wants to come to us or not. What more miserable, more inhuman, more Unpatriotic COnrafl COUld be advo- cated? It is the climux of greed, with- out one spark of conscience. It is the acme of avarice, without a single re- deeming feature. It is the doctrine of a freebooter of the world. It is the code of a pirate of all the seas." A M K.N DM KNT8 ADOPTKD. There are two amendments to the Army Appropriation bill, relating to the Philippines, one offered by Sena- tor J. C. Spooner (Uep., Wis.), viz:— "All military, civil, and judicial pow- ers necessary to govern the Philippine islands, acquired from Spain by the treaties concluded at Paris on Decem- ber 10, 1898, and at Washington on No- vember 7, 1900, shall, until otherwise provided by Congress, be vested in such person and persons and shall be exer- cised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct, for the establishment of civil government and for maintaining and protecting the inhabitants of said islands in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion; provided, that all fran- chises granted under the authority here- of shall contain a reservation of the right to alter, amend, or repeal the same. "Until a permanent government shall have been established in said archi- pelago, full reports shall be made to Congress, on or before the first day of each regular session, of all legislative acts and proceedings of the temporary government instituted under the pro- visions hereof; and full reports of the acts and doings of said government and as to the condition of the archipelago and its people shall be made to the President, including all information which may be useful to the Congress in providing for a more permanent govern- ment." The other Philippine amendment Is that of Senator Hoar (Rep., Mnss.i. nnd reads: "Provided, that no sale, or lease, or other disposition of the public land, or the timber thereon, or the mining rights therein, shall be made; and, provided, further, that no franchise shall be granted which is not approved by the President of the United States, and is not in his judgment clearly necessary for the immediate government of the islands and indispensable for the in- 108 AFFAIRS LV AMERICA. April, 1901 terest of the people thereof, and which cannot, without great public mischief, be postponed until the establishment of permanent civil government; and all such franchises shall terminate one year HON. JOHN C. SPOONER, of wisconsin. Republican United States Senator. after the establishment of such perma- nent civil government." The Cuban amendment to the bill, proposed by the committee on Rela- tions with Cuba, passed the senate on the night of February 27, by a vote of forty-three to twenty, practically a strict party vote; and for the Philip- pine amendments, which were adopt- ed by a vote of forty-five to twenty- seven, Republican senators voted unanimously, save that Senator Hoar (Rep., Mass.) voted with the Demo- crats; but Senator McLaurin (Dem., S. C.) voted with the. Republicans. The bill as amended was approved by the house March 1 and received the President's signature the following day. The text of the Cuban amend- ment is as follows: "That in fulfilment of the declara- tion contained in the joint resolution approved April 20, 1898, entitled 'For the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain relinquish its au- thority and government in the island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, aud directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect,' the Presi- dent is hereby authorized to leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people so soon as a govern- ment shall have been established in said island . under a constitution which, either as a part thereof or in any ordi- nance appended thereto, shall define the future relations of the United States with Cuba substantially as follows: "1. That the government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or pow- ers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any mariner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by coloniza- tion or for military or naval purposes or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island. HON. AUGUSTUS O. BACON, of georgia. Democratic United States Senator. "2. That said government shall not assume or contract any public debt, to pay the interest upon which and to make reasonable sinking fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which the ordinary revenues of the island after THE WORK OF co.ytfittss. 109 defraying tin' current expenses of gov- «i iniM-iit shall 1h> inadequate. "3. Thut the government of Cuba consents that the Uaiteer- manent treaty with the United States." Appropriations. The appropriations of the 50th Con- gress in Its two sessions amount to If 1,440,002.54."). viz:— in the first ses- sion, $710,150,802; utid in the second, $720.01 U583. The appropriations of the 55th Congress were $1,508,212,037, and of the 54th Congress $1,044,580,- 273. War Taxes Reduced. The reduction of "war taxes" In the coming fiscal year will be al»otit $41,- 000,000, as estimated by Mr. Cannon (Rep.. 111.), chairman of the house Vol. ll-«. committee ou Appropriations; and he estluiutes the total revenue of that year at $075,033,042, postal revenue In- cluded. I "ml. r tlie Tax Reduction bill, the • axes ou tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, are reduced. The tax ou beer is fixed at $1.00 a barrel. Tuxes on the following articles and documents are abolished: Medicinal proprietary articles and preparations, chewing gum, bank checks, promissory notes, money orders, export bills of lading, express receipts, tele- phone messages, telegraph messages, charter parties, leases, custom house en- try manifests, mortgages, powers of at- torney, protests, warehouse receipts, cer- tificates of deposit, commercial brokers. These changes become effective July 1. Failure of Ship Supsidies. Owing to the determination of the opposition senators not to allow the Ship Subsidy bill (p. 34) to come to a vote in the closing days of the session, that measure was defeated, Its sup- IM)rters seeing that its cause was hope- less. Senator Teller (Ind., Col.) de- clared that certain features of the bill would nfford matter for a month's de- bate, and debated they would be to the last minute of the session, to the exclusion of all other bills, unless the Subsidy bill was withdrawn. There- u pon the bill was set back on the sen- ate calendar by a vote of forty-five to two. River and Harbor Bill. In the last hours of the session, Sen- ator Carter (Rep., Mont), by holding the floor of the senate for thirteen continuous hours, hindered the pas- sage of the River and Harbor bill, which carried appropriations of nearly $50,000,000. It was openly charged that the Democratic senators who were expected to oppose to the last extremity the riders or amendments to the Army hill had been placated by promises of liberal appropriations for government work in their states, and that these promises had been written Into the River and Harbor bill: so the riders were passed In the senate without a breath of opposition. But when the time came to fulfil the prom- 110 AFFAIUS IS AMERICA. April, 1901 ise of appropriations for rivers and harbors in those senators' states, Mr. Carter blocked up the way. But not alone were these appropriations an- nulled, but all appropriations for river and harbor improvements everywhere were also defeated. Other Gems of Legislation. Among the bills which became laws was one appropriating $5,000,000 in aid of the celebration at St. Louis, Mo., in 1903, by an international ex- position, of the centennial anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Ter- ritory. But the bills in aid of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, N. Y., and the Charleston, S. C... Ex- position, failed to become laws. The senate was summoned to a special executive session by the Presi- dent in a proclamation made February 23. THE ARMY. Hazing Abolished. When the Deficiency Appropriation bill, having attached a clause designed to abolish hazing in the Military Acad- emy at West Foint (p. 38) was before the house, February 21, Mr. Hepburn (Rep., Iowa) charged that the habits of tyranny and oppression formed by officers of the army and navy in the Academies — habits inculcated in the' hazing exercises— Were responsible for the unwillingness of sailors to enlist in the navy and for the numerous de- sertions from the army. He added that officers stood by one another when in trouble, and declared that twenty-five vessels of the navy had been lost since the Civil War through incompetence of their officers; and that the commanders, with one excep- tion, had escaped with but light pun- ishment. The clause or amendment was rejected. Afterward, an amendment to the Military Academy bill was adopted by both houses ar.d became law. It is made the duty of the Superin- tendent to suppress "challenge fighting and every form of hazing in the Acade- my." The law also provides for dismis- sal of cadets in any way connected with rights or challenges to fight; also of any cadet "who shall direct, invite, or re- quest any candidate or cadet to eat or drink anything for the purpose of pun- ishing, annoying, or harassing him, or who shall without lawful authority di- rect or require any candidate or cadet to 'brace' or engage in any form of physi- cal exercise." A cadet dismissed for cither of these causes is incapable of be- ing reinstated or reappointed to the Academy. Cadets refusing to reply to lawful questions regarding infractions of the laws are subject to dismissal. Cost of the Army. Under the provisions of the new Army bill passed by Congress, the cost of the regular army of 100,000 men will this year be $150,000,0u0: this for pay of officers and men, ra- tions, war material, etc., but not in- cluding the cost of constructing and maintaining forts and their guns, the cost of the Department, the Military Academy, nor many other expendi- tures on account of the national de- fense. THE NAVY. Sampson-Morgan Controversy. When the Naval Appropriation bill was up in the senate, February 25, the question of promoting warrant of- ficers in the service to commissioned rank was brought into debate by the reading of the indorsement made by Rear-Admiral Sampson upon Gunner Charles Morgan's application to the secretary of the navy, in which the gunner asked to be afforded oppor- tunity to stand examination for pro- motion to the rank of ensign. Rear- Admiral Sampson, the form of appli- cation having been presented to him by Morgan for his approval, wrote upon it this indorsement: "It is earnestly hoped, however, that the secretary of the navy will not find it necessary to take advantage of the authority which I understand is* to be granted him to appoint a certain num- ber of warrant officers to the "grade of ensigns. THE NAVY. Ill "While It is trtio that these men are selected from ■ large class of men of very unusual ubility, wliicli distinguishes them as perhaps the professional equals of their officers as far as their technical education stands, it is also true that they are recruited from a class of men who have not had the social advantages that are requisite for a commissioned officer. "Once they are commissioned they will among the crew, and not as representa- tives of the country in the wardroom and steerage." An amendment to the bill was ac- tually before the senate, providing for such promotion of deserving and capa- ble warrant officers: and Morgan's purpose was to l>e in readiness to avail himself of the new opportunity GEORGE E. BELKNAP, Rear-Adkiral, United States Navy, Retired. have the same social Rtanding as other officers, and no distinction properly could be ninth- in extending general invi- tations. The consequences that would arise from their acceptance might not redound to the credit of the country which the navy represents. "I do not mean to detract from the sterling worth of the warrant officers of the navy: I merely mean to surest to the department that, unfortunately for them, they have been deprived of certain natural advantages; and in consequence their proper place is that of leading men when the amendment should become law. The Indorsement was condemned by several senators as un-American, un- repiiMican, insulting to the common people, to Congress, and to the secre- tary of the navy; and the amendment was enacted into law by Congress. It reads; "Whenever, in view of the vacancies in the grade of ensign on July 30 of any 112 AFFAIRS AV AMERICA. April, 1901 year unfilled by graduates of the Naval Academy, the secretary of the navy shall so recommend, the President may ap- point to that grade as of July 30 from among the boatswains, guuners, or war- rant machinists, not exceeding six in any one calendar year. Wo person shall be appointed who is over thirty-five years of age, who has served less than six years as a warrant officer, who is not recommended by a commanding of- ficer under whom he has served, nor un- til he shall have passed such competitive examination as may be prescribed by the Navy Department." The President's nomination of Sampson and Schley to be vice-admir- als failed to be approved by the sen- ate, mainly because of this incident. The "Literary Digest" (New York) col- lects and condenses as follows the press opinions of the country upon Admiral Sampson's indiscreet indorse- ment: "The great majority of the newspa- pers, without regard to politics, disagree with the admiral and consider his pro- posal a bad blunder. The Philadelphia 'Press' (Rep.) thinks that 'Admiral Sampson has made a blunder of tact and a blunder of fact;' and the Phila- delphia 'Ledger' (Rep.) thinks that his contention 'scarcely admits of any seri- ous defense.' The Philadelphia 'Times' (Dem.) calls it 'the worst exhibition of snobbery that has ever been publicly presented in official life under our gov- ernment;' and the Chicago 'Record' (Ind.) says that his position is 'distinctly offensive to American ideas.' 'Indeed,' remarks the Chicago 'Journal' (Ind.), 'our navy will be all the better for the infusion of blood that has not had so many "social advantages." ' The 'tea- cup admiral' is the term the New York 'Journal' (Dem.) applies to Admiral Sampson; and the Washington 'Times' (Dem.) refers to him a.3 'the Man behind the Horizon,' while the Philadelphia •North American' (Rep.) speaks of him as a 'gent.' 'Sampson Shorn of His Strength' is the more or less pungent caption of the Brooklyn 'Eagle's' (Ind.) remarks on the topic." The New York "Sun," on the other hand, defends the admiral, and quotes from a letter of Paul Jones the pas- sages in which that naval hero ex- presses opinions fully in accord with Sampson's: "In old-established navies, like, for ex- ample, those of Britain and France, generations are bred and specially edu- cated to the duties and responsibilities of officers. In the land forces, generals may and sometimes do rise from the ranks; but I have not yet heard of an admiral coming aft from the forecastle. "In all my wide acquaintance with the merchant service, I can now think of but three competent master mariners who made their first appearance on board ship 'through the hawse-hole,' as" the saying is. "The navy is essentially and necessa- rily aristocratic. True as may be the political principles for which we are now contending, they can never be prac- tically applied or even admitted on board ship." The New York "Times" also sus- tains the admiral's position: "The papers and politicians that aim at popularity with the unthinking and unintelligent are indulging in frenzied denunciation of the officer who dared to speak of refinement and social graces as necessary qualifications for the holding of naval commissions; while calmer crit- ics admit the general truth of what the admiral said, and object chiefly to his failure to recognize the fact that there are exceptions to every rule, and that the innovation he opposes was designed to turn one class of exceptions to good account." THE WORLD OF LABOR. The Eight-Hour Movement. After the workers in the planing mills of San Francisco, Cal., had been locked out for six months, to the hin- dering of building operations, the men were taken back February 23. The quarrel was over the demand of the men for a work-day of eight hours, which the mill-owners refused. The men's Building Trades Council then set up a mill of its own, and the product of the mills working more than eight hours was boycotted. At last the matter was made a subject of arbitration, and the work-day was fixed at eight and one-half hours till June 1, and thereafter at eight hours— another triumph for the principle of arbitration. Trade-Unions in Porto Rico. President Samuel Gompers, on be- half of the American Federation of GSEAT STEEL C'OMBIXE. 113 I.aiitir, addressed to the workingmen of Porto Uieo, February 23, a letter inviting them to form unions and ni- ter tbnt organization as a means of forwarding their interests as wage- earners. All the unions comprised in the Federation are to have transla- tions into the Spanish language made of their constitutions; and so trans- lated, the history and the laws of such unions will !><■ distributed among the Porto Hicans. "The workers of America," writes President (rompers, "no matter where they may be located, should unite and federate their interests, and thus make common cause for the abolition of such wrongs as may exist and the attainment of such rights as we are all entitled to." It was decided by vote of the Fed- eration's executive council, that Mr. (•ompers shall visit Porto Rico, make an investigation, and report on the labor conditions found there, and that he be empowered to appoint an or- ganizer to accompany him who. If necessary, shall remain In the island. Chicago Building Trades. The strike of 30,000 men of the building trades in Chicago, 111., after continuing for twelve months (Vol. 10, p. 190), was ended in the middle of February. In the meantime, besides the 30.000 men in the strike, 20,000 others, of the trades manufacturing building material, lay idle. Contracts to the amount of $50,000,000 were sus- pended, awaiting a settlement. The terms of the agreement reached in February are: 1. Saturday half holiday. 2. Eight- hour day. 3. Forty-two and a half cents an hour, ami time and a half for overtime. 4. Piece work prohibited. .r>. Non-union men not to work below union wage scale. 6. Need not work with non-union carpenters. 7. Weekly pay >l:i\ ^. The carpenters, on their part, grant to the contractors the following terms: 1. Union to withdraw from the Building Trades Couneil. 2. Sympathetic strike abolished. 3. All disputes settled by arl.it ration without stoppage of work. 4. Use of apprentices not prohibited. 5. No limitation of the amount of work to l»e done in a day, and no restriction of use of machinery or tools or of any manufactured material, except prison- made. 6. Foreman not to be subject to rules of his union while acting as fore- man. The "Sun" Boycott. The boycott of the New York "Sun" by the printers' unions, which began in August. 1K!«» (Vol. 0, p. 045), was officially dissolved by Tyi»ographical I n ion No. (J in the beginning of Feb- ruary. , GREAT STEEL COMBINE. The articles of corporation of the United States Steel Company were HENRY CLAY FRICK, OF PITTSBURG, PA. Huui or New Steel Combine. Long Asso- ciated with Andrew Carnegie in the Management of the Carnegie Steel Company. bled in the office of the New Jersey secretary of state, February •_'."». The companies consolidated in the new corporation are the Carnegie Company, the Federal Steel A: Wire Company, the National Steel Company, the Ameri- can Tin-Plate Company, the American Sheet Steel Company, the American Steel Hoop Company, and the National Tube Company. The capital stock, as stated in the articles of corporation, is $3,000— a legal fiction. The total capi- talization will be not far from $1,100.- 000,000, viz.: $300,000,000 in five per cent general mortgage bonds; $400,000,- 114 AFFAIRS AV AMERICA. April, 1901 000 in seven per cent cumulative pre- ferred stock; and $400,000,000 in com- mon stock. RAILROAD CONSOLIDATION. On February 1, public announce- ment was made at New York of the interests of the Pacific Railroad Com- pany having passed under the control of the Union Pacific Company inter- ests. This operation does not involve any lease to or ownership of the Southern Pacific by the Union Pacific; Railway. And the Southern Pacific Company owns the controlling interest in the Galveston, Harrisburg & San An- tonio, the Texas & New Orleans, the New York, Texas & Mexican, the Hous- ton & Texas Central, the Austin & Northwestern, the Central Texas & Northwestern, and the Fort Worth & New Orleans railways. The Oregon & California Railroad is leased and operated by the Southern Pacific, and the Southern Pacific controls the Gulf, Western Texas & Pacific Railroad. Opinions of reputable organs of pub- lic opinion with regard to these gi- J. PIERPONT MORGAN, of new york city. Probably the Greatest Financial Organizer the World Has Ever Sben. the relation established between them is that of a community of ownership. The Southern Pacific owns 9,600 miles of line, and its stock is $198,000,000; the Union Pacific has $195,000,000 stock and 5,400 miles of track. The first fruits of this combination of interest are that the Union Pacific can now dictate the policy and control the operation of a vast system of railroad and steamship lines. The Southern Pacific system comprises, besides 3,565 miles of steam- ship lines, these lines of railway: Cen- tral Pacific, Louisiana Western, South- ern Pacific of California, Southern Pa- cific of Arizona, Southern Pacific of New Mexico, and Southern Pacific Coast gantic combinations are such as these. Of Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, organizer of the United States Steel Company, says one: "He holds stock-tickers and speculat- ors in contempt, and prefers to amass his millions by organizing. Finance to him is a science, and to this is due his success, for he long since mastered the science. He is practically the Ameri- can representative of the English and European millions seeking investments in this country." Another: "After a while, governments will be operated, congresses and legislatures AFFAIRS IX VARIOUS 8TATB8. li:. will be maintained and continued for the express purpose of legislating for .hi. I settling the controversies of these mighty financial, commercial, and indus- trial corporations; ami individuals, save where they appear in the criminal courts as prisoners and defendants, will . mm to be considered." A third sees in this unification the shadow of coming socialism: "If the consolidation movement should coutinue further, it will ultimately be an easy proposition for the government to assume control of every railroad and manufacturing plant in the country, and to realize the cherished dreams of the followers of Marx, Lassalle, and Bel- lamy." NOTABLE CRIMES. A Lynching in the North. George Ward, negro, confessed mur- derer of Ida Finkelstein, a school teacher, was taken by a mob out of the county jail at Terre Haute, Ind., and bunged, and the body then burned, February 28. Shooting of Rev. Mr. Keller. On February 8, at Arlington, N. J., Uev. John Keller, pastor of an Epis- copal mission, was shot and danger- ously wounded by Thomas (J. Barker, in revenge, as Barker alleged, for in- dignities offered by the minister to Barker's wife. For a time it was be- lieved tlmt the wounds must prove fatal; but after two or three weeks the crisis bad passed, and Barker was lilxiuted from prison on bail. Mr. Keller will be for life almost totally blind, AFFAIRS IN VARIOUS STATES. Negro Conference in Alabama. For ten years annual conferences have been held at Tuskegee, Ala., for deliberation upon matters that con- cern the welfare of the negro popula- tion of the United States. This year the conference opened Its sessions February 90, and the number of dele- gates present was larger than ever. The conference adopted a form of ad- dress to the ce responsible for any deficit resulting from the failure of earnings to meet ex- penditures. This enables the govern- ment to dictate a reduction of rates to ten cents on grain and fifteen per cent on the present rates of the Canadian Pacific without incurring any obligation. PROHIBITION LAW VOID. On February 23, the Prohibition law of July 3, 1900, absolutely suppressing the liquor traffic in Manitoba except HON. DANIEL HUNTER McMILLAN, LlElTKNANT-GoVERNOR OK MANITOBA. for medicinal, sacramental, and scien- tific purposes (Vol. 10. pp. 476, 551, 1027), was unanimously declared ultra vires of the provincial legislature, and therefore unconstitutional and void, by the full court of King's Bench, con- sisting of Chief Justice Killatn and Justices Bain and Richards. In the opinion of the court, the law dealt with the matter of trade and com- merce, a subject specially assigned by the British North America Act to the Dominion, and was not a matter coming within property and civil rights; nor merely a matter of a local or private nature within the jurisdiction of pro- 122 AFFAIRS IX AMEIilGA. April, mm vinciul legislatures. Their Lordships did not think it necessary to consider whether or not the Hudson Bay Com- pany has any special rights or privileges under their deed of surrender, except to express the opinion that as the act is unconstitutional and invalid as against the public generally, it would, of course, be equally so as against the Hudson Bay Company. An appeal from this decision will be taken to the Privy Council of Eng- land; and the ultimate result will probably be the enactment of legisla- tion strictly intra vires of the prov- ince. An incidental effect of the decision will be a suspension of the operation of the Prohibition law of Prince Ed- ward Island (Vol. 10, p. 477). falls of Niagara, is twenty-seven miles long, with a total rise of 327 feet. Of the St. Lawrence canals, the largest is the Soulanges, 14 miles long, overcom- ing by means of four locks the differ- ence of 82 feet between the levels of Lakes St. Francis and St. Louis. The second most important is the Cornwall canal, eleven and one-half miles long, with a lift of 48 feet. The vessels best adapted for traffic on the St. Lawrence route are each capable of carrying on a trip about 68,000 bushels of wheat or 3,000 tons of iron ore. Efforts are being made with some success to develop the use of this important water route for commerce; and an incidental effect has been a stimulus to ship-building on the Great Lakes. Personal Notes. Owing to pressure of public busi- ness requiring the attention of the "1^ Courtesy of the " Scientific American," N. T. MAP SHOWING THE CANADIAN SYSTEM OF CANALS ON THE GREAT LAKES AND THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. The St. Lawrence Canals. The Welland and the St. Lawrence canals, in conjunction with natural watercourses of the Great Lakes, their connecting rivers, and the un- obstructed portions of the St. Law- rence river, give to Canada the most remarkable highway of inland water navigation in the world— an uninter- rupted stretch of almost 2,400 miles, extending from the strait of Belle Isle to the ports at the head of Lake Superior. Between Lake Erie and the ocean are seven canals, with an aggregate length of over 70 miles. The system includes 6fty-three locks (each 270 feet by 45 feet), overcoming a height of 533 feet. The Welland canal, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, overcoming the rapids and premier during the remainder of the parliamentary session, it was decided March 21 that Hon. William Mulock, postmaster-general, instead of Sir W. Laurier, should represent Canada at the opening of the first federal parlia- ment of the Commonwealth of Aus- tralia on May G. Mr. Mulock took a prominent part in securing imperial penny postage, and the agreement for construction of an all-British Pacific cable. The vacancy on the bench of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice for Ontario, caused by the death of Justice J. E. Rose, was filled about February 1 by the ap- pointment of William Lount, K. O, of Toronto. \i:\YF()CSDLA\l>. 123 On February 14, at a conference In Ottawa, summoned by the governor- K»iural, the Earl of Mluto, and at- tended by over 100 medical men and others, the Canadian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis was permanently organized, with the Earl of Mlnto as honorary president; Sir James Grant as president; Dr. H. B. Small. Ottawa, as treasurer; and other officers. NEWFOUNDLAND. Modus Vivendi Renewed. The oldest of the British colonies has again repeated its example of a year ago of loyalty and forbearance, by renewing for another year the modus vivendi or provisional arrange- ment regarding the French treaty shore (p. 47). The legislative council assented to the renewal, February 27. MAP SHOWING ROUTE OF THE NEWFOUNDLAND TRANS-INSULAR RAILROAD, WHOSE CONSTRUCTION INVOLVED THE COLONY IN GREAT FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES. Disasters. An explosion at the Union Mines of the Welling Colliery Company at Cum- berland, B. C, February 15, entombed sixty miners, most or all of whom are supposed to have perished. The Presbyterian Church at 3eorge- town, Ont., was burned down, Feb- ruary if>; loss, about $7,.~>. insured. in view of the unexpectedly protract- ed drain upon the resources of the empire through continuation of the war in South Africa, and in view of the negotiations now pending in Lon- don for n settlement of the differences with Fram ■■•. Three of the members, however— M< *ara. Baird, Bowriag, and Blandfonl — declared that they would never again 124 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. April 1901 Courtfi of the "(hutook," N. T. MAP SHOWING ROUTE OF THE NICARAGUA CANAL RECOMMENDED BY THE WALKER COMMISSION. vote for a renewal; but at the end of 1901, if a settlement had not been by that time effected, would throw upon the imperial government the onus of further legislation at the risk of a gen- eral convulsion in the colony. Their at- titude seems to have met with general approval. The Island Railway System. The people of Newfoundland have always been essentially a maritime people. Though the island has an area of 42,000 square miles— being the tenth largest in the world— and has a population of 200,000, the whole in- terior is practically unsettled, and the editor of the St. John's "Evening Her- ald" is authority for the statement that "there are not to-day three set- tlements in the island lacking an out- let by sea." But with the growth in population and the relative decline in supporting power of the fisheries, thought has turned to the develop- ment of the agricultural, forest, and mineral resources of the interior. Hence the railroad across the island. The construction of this road, after various earlier attempts had ended in failure, was finally completed by an out- sider, Mr. R. G. Reid, of Montreal, Que., whose contract with the colonial govern- ment, entered into by the latter owing to financial embarrassment, is still a subject of negotiation and political con- troversy (Vol. 8. p. 173; Vol. 10, pp. 846, 934). MEXICO. Population. The results of the census taken Octo- ber 28, 1900, show the total population of Mexico to be 13,570,545, a gain of 938,118, or 7.43 per cent, since 1895, when it was 12,632,427. The gain, however, is doubtless partly due to in- creased accuracy in the enumeration. The City of Mexico has increased about 20,000 in the five years, having 357,000 inhabitants. The central and southern states are the most populous; but the greatest percentage of increase is in the northern states, owing largely to the rapid development of mineral wealth in those districts. THE WEST INDIES. New Steamship Service. The new fruit and passenger %team- ship line that has been subsidized by the British government to revive the trade of its West Indian colonies (Vol. 9, pp. 694, 927), was inaugurated Feb- ruary 16, when the first of the new GliEAT BRITAHt AND TMiLAHD. m steamers, the "I'..rt Monuit," left Bris tol, England. She has a capacity of 61,000 cubic feet of refrigerated Bpace for fruit. The other three steamers of tLe line are larger still. The four vessels will main- tain a fortnightly service, will carry gen- eral freight as well as fruit, passengers, and the mail. This scheme for a direct West Indian route is regarded as the most promising solution yet devised for the vexations problem of saving the British West Indies from financial ruin. THE TRANS-ISTHMIAN CANALS. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty Expires. March 4, the Hay-Pauncefote treaty expired by limitation (Vol. 10, p. 380). as the British government had not sig- nified Its acceptance of the amend- ments made by the senate to the origi- nal draft (Vol. 10, p. 1036). The form- al reply of the British government re- jecting the amendment was handed by Lord Pnuncefote to Secretary Hay March 11. The document has not been made public as yet. The expiration of the treaty leaves the matter in statu quo, with the Clayton-Bulwer treaty still in force. The Morgan Resolutions. On February 20, a resolution Intro- duced by Senator Morgan (Dem., Ala.) declaring the right of the United States to proceed with the construction of a Nicaraguan canal without regard to the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, was killed in the senate committee on For- eign Relations. LATIN-AMERICAN COMMERCE. Statistics regarding the trade in the United States with the Latin-American countries included in the International Union of American Republics show an encouraging increase over last year of over ten and two-thirds per cent In im- ports and over twenty-one and one- half per cent in exports. British Honduras, Cuba, and Porto Rico, and the other Antilles except lla.vti. and the Guianas, are not includ- ed in these figures. The total volume of trade increased from $197,861,943 in 1899 to $227,023,184 in 1900. There is still a great discrepancy, however, in the value of the imports from Latin America, which exceed the exports by over $49,- 300,000. Mexico and Brazil are by far the largest importers and exporters. Hffaits in Europe, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. F 1801. King Opens Parliament. EBRUARY 14. King Edward VII., opened his first parlia- ment with a degree of state ceremonial unknown since King Edward and Queen Alexandra rode in state from Buckingham Palace t>. Wi'stininstfr in the famous golden coach built in 1701 for George III. at a Vol u-». cost of $35,000, which was regilded and relined for the occasion, and drawn by eight of the royal cream-colored Hano- verian horses gorgeously caparisoned and ridden by postillions in magnificent scarlet liveries. Their Majesties were heartily cheered along the entire route, which was lined by 5,000 Foot Guards. They were received at Victoria Tower by the great officers of state and con- ducted to the robing room, where the royal robes of crimson velvet lined with ermine were put upon them. The Qneen's gown of heavy crepe was plain- ly visible under the royal robe, and upon 126 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. April, 1901 it the Order of the Garter, which the King has recently bestowed upon her. The scene in the house of lords when the royal procession entered, was bril- liant in the extreme. The peers in their scarlet robes, the officials in court dress, the ambassadors in full uniform, and the judges in wigs and gowns, were well set off by the black evening gowns covered with glittering jewels of the peeresses, who had been allowed precedence over the peers, who were thus sadly crowded; while almost no room was left for the commoners, among whom there was a most disorderly scramble to get the few places left, when they were summoned by the speaker to hear the King's speech. The King, after taking the oath of office in the usual form, read his speech King's intention to maintain a more elaborate observance of the ceremonial functions of the Crown than was his mother's custom during the years of her widowhood. PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS. The first division of the new parlia- ment resulted in lowering the govern- ment majority from 134 to 45. The division occurred February 18, on the sudden motion of Mr. Dillon to ad- journ on the refusal of Lord Cranborne, Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, to answer questions concerning which previous notice had not been given (p. 90). The Irish members have withdrawn their "boycott" (Vol. 10, p. 1039), and OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT. Royal Palace in Which Queen Victoria Died. from the throne with great clearness and dignity. Contrary to the usual cus- tom, no forecast of the speech had been allowed to get out, but it contained nothing startling. After reviewing the general situation in Africa and China, he announced his intention to carry out the Queen's wishes regarding the visit of the Duke of Cornwall and York to open the first parliament of the Austra- lian Commonwealth (Vol. 10, p. 859), and placed the hereditary revenues of the crown at the disposal of parliament, with the request for a new provision for the civil list, concluding with outlines of proposed legislation on lines of do- mestic reform. This ceremonial was really the official inauguration of the new reign rather than the earlier meeting of the Privy Council, and was significant of the new swarmed to Westminster eighty strong in a united effort to carry on a more de- termined course of obstruction than has yet been witnessed. They began pro- ceedings February 18, when Mr. Dillon brought on a closure unexpectedly with the result given above. On February 19, Mr. Thomas O'Donnell, member for West Kerry, began to address the House in the Irish language, and insisted on so doing in spite of the rebukes of the chair, until he was summarily stopped. Two days later, Mr. Redmond moved an amendment to the speech from the throne favoring a system of compulsory sale of lands in Ireland. The amend- ment was rejected by a vote of 235 to 140; but it is significant that it was sec- onded by the Liberal-Unionist, Thomas W. Russell, who has been one of the government's most faithful supporters, GREAT BRITAIN I \7> IRELAND. vi- and has held the office of secretary to the English Government Board for five years. He has sacrificed this post, and refused offers of a better position of a non-political character, in order to de- vote himself to the land question and to temperance. The King's Oath. The onth which the King took In opening Parliament was drawn up in peers, and a general communion of "reparation" for "the injuries thus com- mitted (by the oath) against the Divine Majesty" was ordered for the second Sunday in Lent by Cardinal Vaughan throughout his diocese. Similar difficul- ties have long since been removed from oaths taken by private persons, and the only offices from which Roman Catholics are now excluded by a religious test are those of lord lieutenant of Ireland and lord chancellor. THE COUNTESS OF WARWICK (LADY BROOKE). Loni; a Prominent Member ok the " Marlborough Hoisk Set." the time of Charles II., and contained several statements Intensely offensive to Roman Catholics, such as a denial of the doctrine of trans-substantiation and n declaration that certain Catholic practices are "superstitious and idola- trous." A protest against the use of this oath, which is offensive to millions of the Kind's subjects, has been laid before the Lord Chancellor by the Roman Catholic King's Visit to Empress Frederick. On February 25, King Edward paid a brief visit to his sister, the Dowager Empress Frederick, at her residence In Cronberg, Germany. The occasion of the visit was to convey to his sister, whose illness prevented her making the journey to Osborne, the last mes- sages of her mother. Queen Victoria. The Emperor William escorted th« 128 AFFAIRS IX EUROPE. April, 1901 King to Cronberg; but there was no formal visitation, as the King wished to keep his visit strictly a family mat- ter. Miscellaneous. Lord Roberts's title (p. 18) is gazetted as "Earl of Candahar and Pretoria and Viscount de St. Pierre." Colonel E. W. D. Ward, C. B., Army Service Corps, has been appointed permanent under-secretary of war to succeed Sir R. H. Knox, who retires in April on account of the age limit. ITALY. Another Cabinet Crisis. The Saracco cabinet, which was formed last summer (Vol. 10. p. 501), handed in its resignations to the young King February 7, owing to an adverse vote of ai8 to 102 in the chamber of deputies the day before.. Curiously enough, friends and foes of the government united to defeat it and for opposite reasons. The matter in question was connected with a strike in Genoa, which was brought on for polit- ical reasons by the Socialist members of the Genoa Board of Labor. The gov- ernment authorized the dissolution of the board, but when another board of sim- ilar character was elected by the Gen- oese, allowed the matter to stand. The extreme Left voted against the govern- ment on account of its dissolution of the first board. The extreme Right voted against it for its failure to dissolve the second board. The coalition of the two extremes was merely temporary, and was dissolved coincidently with the dis- solution of the cabinet. After a search in which nine promi- nent members of parliament were approached in vain, the King secured the services of Signor Zanardelli to form a new cabinet. He spent six days in negotiations, and presented the following composite cabinet: Signor Zanardelli, President of the Cabinet, without portfolio; Signor Gio- litti, Minister of the Interior; Signor Prinetti, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Count Ponza di San Martino, Minister of War; Admiral Morin, Minister of Marine; Signor Vollemborg (a Giolit- tian), Minister of Finance; Signor di Broglio, Minister of the Treasury; Sig- nor Cocco-Ortu (a Zanardellian), Minis- ter of Justice; Signor Giusso, Minister of Public Works; Signor Picardi (a Zan- ardellian), Minister of Agriculture; Sig- nor Nasi, Minister of Public Instruction; Signor Calimberti (a Giolittian), Minis- ter of Posts and Telegraphs. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. The Election. The result of the elections for a new Reichsrath, which were completed the middle of January, was a great sur- prise. The Clericals who have swept all be- fore them at previous parliamentary, provincial, and municipal elections, and who were expecting a greater triumph than ever, met with a series of signal defeats, which have reduced their strength by a third. This is the first de- feat Clericalism has met since the es- tablishment of the state under a consti- tutional government. The rout was all the more significant from the fact that it was due to the working classes, whose support has heretofore been considered assured to the Clericals. The defeat of both of the Clerical parties (the Cath- olic People's party and the Anti-Semites) has strengthened the other extremists and made the radical divisions more pronounced. The result is that no party and no probable combination of parties can secure a majority, so that the par- liament will hardly be more harmonious than the last one. The party that has made the greatest gain is the Pan-Ger- manic, which openly advocates incorpor- ation with the German Empire. Its strength is increased from five to twenty- one. An alliance between this party and the new German People's party of only less radical ideas, which is under consideration, would give a formidable array of sixty extremists. The New Reichsrath. The new Reichrath which supersedes the one dissolved by the Emperor Francis Joseph last September on ac- count of its failure to transact busi- ness (Vol. 10, p. 853), assembled in Vienna February 4. The composition of the house, includ- ing, as it does, representatives of twen- ty-six parties, did not promise very great improvement in legislative pro- ceedings; and the Reichsrath has re- SPAIN. 129 newed the beer-garden tactics of its pri-ili-cessor. The same discussions over the language question in different as- pects, the same obstructionist tactics, 11 ml the same disorderly scenes, some- times culminating in free fights between the Radical Germans and Radical Czechs, have characterired its proceed- ings during the first month's session, in spite of the Emperor's earnest plea in his first speech from the throne for a cessation of hostilities. The effort to govern the empire under the provisions of the constitution seems more difficult than ever. RUSSIA. Decree against Pan-Slavism. The Russian Minister of the Interior hns issued a decree declaring null and void all resolutions and transactions a total failure, and that the case in six other important wheat-growing provinces is nearly as bad. Kherson in the southwest of European Russia, together with Smolensk and Tomsk in western Siberia, have an area seven and one-half times as great as that of the state of New York and a population of about 7,000,000. The six semi-destitute provinces are four of them in the immediate neighborhood of Kherson, namely Bessarabia, Kief, Pq- dolia, and Taurida, and two of them in Siberia, Tobolsk and Transbaikalia. They have a population of 11,000,000 or 12,000,000 scattered over an area nearly equal to a third of the United States. The government expects to raise a re- lief fund of about $2,500,000, of which it already has disbursed $750,000, and asks for private aid in addition. HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, VIENNA. of the Pan-Slav Committee since Feb- ruary, 1809. This ig a deadly blow to Pan-Slavism, which has been in a moribund condition for some time, due to the determined and fearless opposition of the young Kinperor. The fact that Austria has consented to the establishment of a Rus- sian consulate-general at Prague and vice-consulates in other important towns of Bohemia, is an indication that the Austrian government, to which Pan- Slavism has been a constant menace, is convinced of the failure of the move- ment. Famine Again Threatened. The government has announced that the crops in the three great provinces of Kherson, Smolensk, and Tomsk are SPAIN. Serious Disturbances. The month of February has wit- nessed ■ number of serious popular outbreaks in Madrid and in the prov- inces that have given rise to the usual prophecies of an approaching revolu- tion, though possibly with more justifi- cation than usual. Jesuits were stoned in the streets, monasteries attacked and more or less seriously injured, and mobs and riots followed one another iu swift succession. At last the dis- turbances in Madrid became so great that fears were entertained that the royal wedding would be Interfered 130 AFFAIRS IX EUROPE. April. 1901 with, and General Weyler declared martial law in the city February 13. Three events that occurred at about the same time combined to bring to a head the already deeply aroused political and religious antipathies of the people. The production in Madrid, early in Feb- ruary, by the popular novelist, Don Galdos, of a play called "Electra," which was a powerful presentation of the political and religious life of the cap- ital from a Liberal point of view, aroused the people to enthusiastic dem- onstrations of anti-Clericalism. About the same time the attention of the peo- ple was called to several cases in which the Jesuits were alleged to have clan- destinely taken away youug heiresses from their homes, by an appeal to the high court of the mother of one of these young ladies. Senora Ubao pled for the release of her daughter, who, it was charged, had been induced to enter a convent as a nun without the knowl- edge of her family. The mother's ap- peal had been denied by the lower court, and was brought before the high court. On Feb. 7 the great Republican lawyer and ex-president, Salmerson, defended the case before the high court and was escorted home by thousands, who kept up continual cries of "Down with the Jesuits!" and were dispersed by the po- lice only to meet in the next square and continue their shouts. The third event that inflamed the wrath of the people was the approaching marriage of the eldest sister of the King, the Princess of the Asturias, to Don Car- los de Bourbon (Vol. 10, p. 760), and the anticipation of the presence at the wed- ding of his father, the Count of Caserta. The Count is not only the Legitimist claimant to the throne of Naples, but is a supporter of Don Carlos, the claimant to the Spanish throne, and fought against Alfonso XII., and is, therefore, bitterly hated by the people. A special dispensation by the Queen was necessary to allow him to enter the country; and he was roundly hissed and even spit upon whenever he made his appearance. It is because of the bridegroom's Bour- bon blood, and his consequently (as it is thought) reactionary tendencies, rather than for any personal unpopularity, that the marriage is so displeasing to the people, for, if the young King, Alfonso XIII., should die witnout issue, the Princess of the Asturias would come to the throne. The Royal Wedding:. The outbreaks became so serious that all public fetes planned in connection with the marriage were given up, and the day before the wedding martial law was declared. Though thousands as- sembled outside the palace during the ceremony, no disorder occurred. Doubt- less the announcement the night before of the unanimous decision of the judges in favor of the mother in the Ubao case materially contributed to this effect. The wedding ceremony was celebrated very quietly in the chapel of the Royal Pal- ace the morning of February 14. A civil ceremony preceded the religious ceremony. A New Cabinet. As a result of the persistence of the anti-Clerical demonstrations, which have been continued in the provinces, though held in check in Madrid by martial law, a cabinet crisis was pre- cipitated; and on February 26, General Azcarraga handed in the resignation of the cabinet that he had formed only last October (Vol. 10, p. 945). A vain attempt was made by Senor Villaverde, Minister of Finance in Sil- vela's cabinet, to form a ministry, and the task was then handed over to Senor Sagasta, who brought in the following list March 6:— - * Premier, Senor" JSagasta; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Senor Almodovar; Min- ister of Finance, Senor Urzaiz; Minister of War, General Weyler; Minister of the Interior, Senor Moret; Minister of Marine, The Duke of Veragua; Minister of Public Works, Senor Villanueva; Minister of Public Instruction, Senor Romanones. The portfolio of Minister of Justice has not yet been allotted. HOLLAND. The Queen's Wedding. On February 7, at The Hague, Queen Wilhelmina and Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Vol. 10, p. 856) were united in marriage amid great demonstrations of national rejoicing. The match was not very popular at first, partly because the young man is rather brusque in his manners and part- ly because of dread that it would form an opening wedge for German .interfer- ence. But as it became clear that it was a genuine love match, the popular fancy changed, and every opportunity was taken by the people in connection .SAT? 17.1. 131 ROYAL PALACE, MADRID. with the wedding festivities to show their ardent love and devotion to their girl Queen. The civil ceremony was performed shortly before noon in the palace, and was followed by the religious ceremony according to the rights of the Dutch Re- formed Church in the (Iroote Kerk. By special enactment, the ritual was changed so that the Queen should not promise to obey her husband, or "to dwell with him wherever he deems it best to live." He is recognized in the contract, however, as the head of the matrimonial union, and husband and wife promise to provide for and educate any children that may result from the union. The position of the young husband will In similar to that of the late Prince Con- sort of England. Parliament has made him a Prince of the Dutch nation and an admiral in tin- navy, and given him a seat in the State Council. It has also provided an annuity for him, in case of the Queen's demise, as long as he con- tinues unmarried. But during her life- time he will he dependent upon her financially, as his private income is not adequate to his position as Prince Con- sort. Queen Wilhelmina Is now the only actually ruling queen in any civilized country. SERVIA. Death of Ex-King Milan. Milan, who abdicated the Servian throne In February, 1809, died Febru- ary 11, in Vienna. The funeral cere- monies In the Austrian capital and the burial in a Servian monastery in Hun- gary, were arranged by the Emperor Francis Joseph, in accordance with the dead King's wishes, and were at- tended by all the high officials of the Austrian Empire. His son. King Al- exander, refused to attend the funeral, alleging that state business prevented him from leaving his capital. The King was 47 years old, and had long been notorious throughout Europe for his scandalous immorality. He had opposed his son's wedding to Madame Draga Maschin (Vol. 10, p. 673), and had been forbidden to enter his former kingdom. 132 AFFAIJtS LV AFRICA. April, 1901 Hffatrs in Hsia* INDIA. A New Province Created. LORD CURZON, the viceroy, has decided, with the unanimous consent of his council, to cre- ate a new province on the northwestern frontier. Peshawer, Kohat, Bannu, and Dera Ismail Khan, four trans-Indus districts of the Punjab, with the adjoining tribal country of Dir, Swat, Chitral, and Khy- ber, constitute the new province, which will have one-fourteenth of the area of the Punjab and one-eighteenth of its population. The province will be under an agent of the supreme government, whose status will be similar to that of the agent in Baluchistan. This change of administration was contemplated in Lord Lytton's viceroyalty, but was de- ferred at the outbreak of the Afghan war. It is expected that this new ar- rangement will materially strengthen the government in its management of the unruly tribes that have caused so much trouble. Hffatrs in Hfdca- THE NILE UNDER CONTROL. The Dam at Assouan. MODERN engineering skill has solved a problem which confounded the builders of the Pyramids and the con- structive geniuses of imperial Rome —namely, control of the Nile floods, regulation of the rise and fall of the ancient river so as to insure constancy of supplies in grain and other prod- ucts of the soil of Egypt. The closing of the last channel (the western) at Assouan, announced early in February, marks the advance of construction work on the great dam at the First Cataract, to a point which gives practical control of the flow of the river. The building of this dam, it will be remembered, was decided upon about six years ago (Vol. 5, p. 207; Vol. 8, p. 209). Two years ago the Duke of Connaught laid the foundation stone; and the work has rapidly advanced under su- pervision of Sir John Aird and Sir Benjamin Baker. The total length of the dam is one mile and a quarter, about 6,000 feet, of which one mile and an eighth of the founda- tion is finished. It is built of ashlar granite and connects the rocks that form the dangerous First Cataract. There are 180 openings, each twenty-three feet high and seven feet wide, controlled by steel sluices. The dam will raise the river about sixty-six feet above its usual previous level, and will create practically a lake 144 miles long, impounding more than one billion tons of water. When the Nile is in flood its waters will pour through the sluices at the rate of 900,- 000 tons a minute. In the autumn the sluice gates will be closed until the res- ervoir thus formed is full and ready to be distributed by channels over the land on either side. When the water is most wanted, in August and April, for the crops of corn, sugar, cotton, and rice, the supply in the lower river will be in- creased from the reservoir, ana" thus a fairly even supply of water afforded throughout the year. A canal, with numerous locks, is to be constructed to s< IE \'< K AND IS'VES II" V. 133 give passage to the Nile steamers and other traffic. Commercially, the value of the dam to Egypt in the future can hardly be esti- mated. Its immediute effect, however, will, according to the Egyptian govern- ment's engineer, bring under cultivation another 600,000 acres of land. This is in addition to putting certain districts and levels beyond the ordinary risks of flood and drought. An area of 5,000,000 acres, now in fair cultivation, will be converted into land of the first efficiency in crop producing qualities. Over the whole area the value of summer crops will lx> increased by as much as $30 an acre. Egypt's resources for growing corn and cotton will thus be immensely enhanced, and are likely to bring her for- ward as a competitor in the world's markets. Science, IRelioion, anb fllMscellan^ SCIENCE AND INVENTION. Astronomy. NEW STAR IN PERSEUS. GREAT interest, both scientific and popular, attaches to the discovery made February 21. by Dr. T. D. Anderson, an amateur observer, of Edinburgh. Scot- land, of a new stnr of the first magni- tude in the constellation Perseus. The newcomer is said to have been simultaneously observed by Professor Grimmler at the Erlanger Observatory in Bavaria. Professor Rees of Colum- bia describes it as "the most magnificent temporary star since that seen in 1572 by Tycho Bra he and others, which ap- peared in the constellation Cassiopeia, not more than 20 or 25 degrees from where this star is seen." At its maxi- mum it exceeded Capella in brilliancy and almost rivaled Sirins; but it has diminished in splendor since February lit. It was Dr. Anderson, by the way. who discovered also, in 1802. the new star in Auriga (Vol. 2, p. 100). The distance of the new star from the earth cannot as yet be guessed. The "Scientific American" outlines as follows the various theories as to the nature of these new and variable stars: "It has been suggested, for instance, that chemical combinations might occur in the atmosphere of an orb which had cooled down from incandescence to a barely luminous condition, and that these combinations would evolve enough heat to produce a vivid light for a short time. Zollner conceived that a star with a thin crust over its molten mass might meet with an accident that would rup- ture the covering and liberate an im- mense quantity of glowing material. Iiockyer's notion has l>een that two vast swarms of meteoric particles, dying in different directions, meet in space, and are made to glow by friction. Others have believed that two suns or stars, once hot and brilliant but since grown cold and dark, come" into collision. Should such a thing happen the energy of motion would be converted into thermal energy, and the two bodies might be set on fire. "A theory somewhat akin to these last two was proposed by Wilsing a few years ago. Klinkerfues had previously tried to account for the flash of a certain class of variable stars on the hypothesis that the rotation of a satellite around its primary raised an immense tidal wave of obscuring atmosphere, sweeping it to one side and more fully revealing the partially hidden luminous surface below. Wilsing fitted this theory to temporary stars by supposing that some huge wanderer in space* like a dark sun, passed near enough to another body to produce similar effects, but on a larger scale. Seeliger has shown that tidal ac- tion could hardly last more than a few hours, but Scheiner remarks that it might serve as a trigger to liberate 134 SCIENCE AND INVENTION. April, 1901 forces that would not exhaust them- selves for a long time. *\An hypothesis advanced by Seeliger soon after the appearance of Nova Aurigae has met with more favor, as it can be better reconciled with observed SIR J. NORMAN LOCKYER, K. C. B. Noted English Astronomer. phenomena. According to this author- ity, only one solid body is concerned in the business, and this encounters a nebula. Now a nebula is supposed to be an exceedingly attenuated collection of matter, either gaseous or dust-like. Yet when one reflects on the almost incon- ceivable velocities at which the cloud and dark orb come together he can understand that a good deal of heat must be developed. The friction might be of short duration, and the effect on the invading body would not extend to any greait depth, yet for the time being the result might be eminently pyro- technic. The surface of the dead star would become incandescent, and possi- bly some of its material be vaporized. At the same time parts of the nebula would also be heated and caused to glow. Thus there would be two sources of light, though the latter would be temporary. There are strong reasons for suspecting that the recent outburst in Perseus represents an occurrence of this sort, and that the star and nebula will disappear from view after a few weeks or months. "The evidence on which this supposi- tion is based is supplied by the spectro- scope. That instrument showed con- clusively that in Nova Aurigae at least two objects were concerned, because there were two different spectra, one superposed on the other. There was the characteristic spectrum of a nebula, and the spectrum of an incandescent solid over which some incandescent metallic vapors floated. The same state of things was also indicated, but less distinctly, in the case of the temporary stars in the Northern Crown (I860) and the Swan (1876)." The combined motion toward each other of the two objects involved in the production of Nova Persei, is estimated by Lockyer at 700 miles a second. THE SUN'S FLICS HT. By means of numerous photographs of the varying spectra of about 280 stars, gathered during the past five years, Director W. W. Campbell of the Lick Observatory has computed the rate of the onward motion of the sun and solar system through space to be ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, Inventor of the Telephone. 19.9 kilometres (about 12 miles) a sec- ond—a little faster than the earth's progress along its orbit, but slower than the average motion of other stars, which is about 21 miles a second. Mrr. 135 The basis of calculation in the shifting of linos in the spectra to the right or left of their usual position as the motion of tht star is toward or awny from the observer. Other observers have based their calculations en what may be termed the "crosswise" motion of stars, i. r.. their apparent closing in behind, and openiug apart ahead of, the earth, just as street lamps do behind and ahead of a man walking at night. AGE OF THE EARTH. Professor Eugene Dubois, of Amster- dam. Holland, has devised a method of estmnting the age of the earth from the amount of lime contained in the ocean, which, he says, is now satu rated with that substance. Estimating from the amount annually carried to the ocean, he figures that the time elapsed since the formation of the solid crust and the appearance of life on the globe may exceed 1,000,000,000 years. Berliner Patent Decision. The famous Berliner microphone patent owned by the American Bell Telephone Company, which was de- clared valid by the United States cir- cuit court of appeal at Boston, Mass., in 1S05 (Vol. 5, p. 475), the decision be- ing later confirmed by theUnited States supreme court, thus extending the company's monopoly to November 17. 1008, has now been decided to be void and to have been anticipated by the Edison and Bell inventions, as a result of a decision rendered February '11, by Judge Brown, of the United States cir- cuit court at Boston, in a suit brought by the American Bell Telephone Com- pany praying for injunctions restrain- ing the National Telephone Manufac- turing Company and the Century Tele- phone Company from manufacturing. using, or selling instruments covered by tin- patent in question. The In- junctions were denied. An appeal will be made to the federal supreme court. Wireless Telegraphy. On the opening dny of the reign of King Edward VII., Signor Marconi ac- complished the feat of sending wire- ICM messages (Vol. 0, pp. -"> Jt;vi between St. Catherine's Point, Isle of Wight, and the Lizard, Cornwall, a distance of 200 miles. Mr. Cecil Varlcas. a young English electrician, is said to have succeeded In applying the Marconi wireless telegraphic system to the steering of torpedoes and other light craft. s I.AMY DUPLEX SYSTEM. Professor Slaby of Charlottenburg. Prussia, is said to have devised a sys- tem of wireless telegraphy which over- comes the defect hitherto existing In other systems, due to the Impossibility of secretly transmitting a message to one station alone. The most important part of Slaby's device is the "auxiliary wire," by means of which the capacity of the receiving wire can be regulated to respond to varying wave-lengths, and the receiver be thus affected only by certain waves. By means of this system, also, two messages may be received simultaneous- ly at a single station. Printing: Without Ink. A device for printing by means of an electric current is reported as the In- vention of an Englishman, F. Greene, of London. Certain chemicals which are instantly decomposed by an electrical current, producing an indelible mark, are min- gled with the pulp during the process of manufacturing the paper which is used in the printing process. An ordinary press, divested of the inking mechanism can be used. One wire of an electric circuit is attached to the type or stereo- type plate and the other to the cylinder that presses the paper against the type. When the current passes through, every spot in relief on the type touching the paper prints its form indelibly on the paper, almost exactly as if ink were useil. except that there is no dampen- ing and no smearing. The current passing through an ordi- nary incandescent light is sufficient to do all the printing on a large press. In a recent test the press was run at the rate of 100 impressions a minute, and the work was declared perfect in every way. ART. A Velasquez in Boston. A fine example of the work of the great Spanish master. Velasquez, from 136 AUCIIAEOLOG Y. April, 1001 the private collection of the Earl of Carlisle, has been purchased by the trustees of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The price paid, as usual, is not divulged: rumor says $80,000. The work, entitled "The Frince Bal- thazar Carlos and His Dwarf," be- longs to Velasquez's second or inter- mediate period, and was painted soon after his return to Madrid, from his first visit to Italy, when the Frince Balthazar Carlos was almost if not quite three years old. EDUCATION. Academic Freedom of Speech. During the recent session of the American Economic Association held in Detroit, Mich., a committee, con- sisting of Professors E. R. A. Seligman of Columbia, Henry W. Farnam of Yale, and H. B. Gardner of Brown, was appointed to investigate the inci- dent at Leland Stanford, Jr., Univer- sity arising out of the recent dismissal of Frofessor Edward Ross (p. 70). Its report, dated February 20, which cites amongst the evidence gathered the recent report of the Alumni committee of the university, which report has the indorsement of the authorities of the in- stitution, declares that resignation was practically forced upon Professor Ross. It acquits Professor Ross of "any defect in moral character," or of having given "occasion for his dismissal by incompe- tence" or "by any unfaithfulness ia the discharge of his duties," or by having "violated any confidence reposed in him." On these heads it quotes to the contrary from letters in President Jor- dan's own hand. It holds that the charge of defaming the late Senator Stanford, if true, was not a motive for the dismissal, again quoting President Jordan. In short, Mrs. Stanford was the promoter of the action which Presi- dent Jordan could not prevail with her to stave off, and the determining consid- eration with her was Professor Ross's public utterances on silver, coolie immi- gration, and municipal ownership. The conclusions of the committee are indorsed after examination of the evi- dence, by the following men of high au- thority and academic standing: Horace White, editor New York "Evening Post;" Professors J. B. Clark, R. Mayo-Smith, and F. H. Giddings of Columbia; Professors F. W. Taussig and W. J. Ashley of Harvard; Profes- sors J. C. Schwab and H. C. Emery of Yale; Professors S. N. Patten and H. R. Seager of Pennsylvania, and Profes- sors R. T. Ely of Wisconsin, H. C. Adams of Michigan, C. H. Hull of Cor- nell, S. Sherwood of Johns Hopkins, and D. R. Dewey of the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology. ARCHAEOLOGY. Oldest Gospel Papyrus. A large number of papyri discovered in 1897 at Oxyrhynchus, 140 miles south of Cairo, Egypt, by Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt, have been received by Rev. Dr. William C. Winslow, of Boston, Mass., vice-president of the Egyptian Exploration Fund, for distri- bution among American universities. One of these papyri, sent to the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, contains a large part of the first chapter of the Gospel of St. Matthew, and is said by some ex- perts to date back to 150 A. D., by others to 200 A. D., and to be, therefore, the oldest fragment of the Gospels in the world. It belongs to the same class as the famous Sinaitic and Vatican codices, and is a remarkable corrobora- tion of those texts and the accepted ver- sion. Other interesting manuscripts cover parts of St. Paul's Epistle to the Ro- mans (presented to Harvard), parts of Chapters I. and XX. of the Gospel of St. John, and especially valuable frag- ments of Chapters X. and XI. of the Gospel of St. Mark, containing specific facts of the life of Jesus and dating to between 400 A. D. and 500 A. D. Greek Statues Recovered. Numerous ancient Greek statues in marble and bronze, some of which have since been recovered, were re- cently found by a sponge-diver, lying at the bottom of the Mediterranean near the island of Anticythera. One of the most interesting and beau- tiful specimens recovered is the life-size bronze figure of a youth, apparently Hermes. It was at first conjectured that the statues were those which the conqueror Sulla, 2,000 years ago, had placed on board a ship for transporta- tion to Rome, which vessel, according DISASTKi;^. 137 to Lucian, was lout somewhere off Cape Maleu; but it seems more probable tli.it the treasures were part of a collection of Greek works of art made by Lord Elgin, which in 1802 were being sent to England in a small coasting vessel that was wrecked off the island of Cerigo. The Oldest Mummy. What is said to be the most ancient mummy yet discovered, has recently been placed In the British Museum, en- cased in an artificial reproduction of its original grave. It was found in Egypt, lying sur- rounded with the usual flints and earth- enware pottery, in a neolithic grave con- sisting of an oval cavity in a sandstone rock, covered with large slabs of stone. The mummy is the body of a man about five feet nine inches in height. Upon the scalp is a remaining lock of hair which suggests that it was originally of a fair color. The hands and feet are small, and from the intellectual forma- tion of his head it is conceded that he must have belonged to a superior race. The result of Egyptological investiga- tions declares that the mummy is that of an aborigine of Egypt, which was conquered by an Asiatic invasion about 8000 B. C, and which afterward inter- mingled with the conquering race, thus constituting the foundation of the race known as Egyptians. RELIGION. Pope Leo XIII. on Socialism. On January 20, Pope Leo XIII. is- sued an encyclical on Socialism, sup- plementing his two previous letters on the same subject of December 28, 1878, and May 15, 1891 (Vol. 1, p. 325). It Is a document of more than ordlnnry Importance on account of Its inherent bearing on the practical present-day problems of Church and State. Space forbids here more than a brief sum- mary of Its important points. His Holiness recites, as a sequel of the previous letters, the earnest devo- tion <»f Catholics to social works in or- der to help the working classes. He re- views all that has been done in this di- rection, the foundation of labor bureaus, fuiiils established for the benefit of the rural classes, ami workingmt u's associa- tions of all kinds. He considers the ap- pellation "Christian Socialism" incor- rect, ami MJ| Catholics who occupy themselves with social questions arc sometimes also called "Christian Dem- ocrats." But even this qualification is attacked by some people as being ill sounding. Divergences having arisen therefrom, the Pope ardently desires to eliminate them. A careful distinction must be drawn between Socialism and Christian Democracy. The first con- cerns itself solely with material posses- sions, always seeking to establish per- fect equality and a common holding of goods. Christian Democracy, on the contrary, respects the principles of di- vine law; and, while seeking mat' rial amelioration, has in view the spiritual welfare of the people. Christian De- mocracy, moreover, must not be con- founded with Political Democracy, for the first can and ought to subsist, as does the Church herself, under the most varied political regimes. Christian De- mocracy ought also to respect the laws of legitimate civil authority. The ap- pellation Christian Democracy, there- fore, contains nothing which might of- fend any one. These divergences hav- ing now been dispelled. Catholics should continue to devote their cares to social questions and the amelioration of the lot of the working classes. The encyclical eulogizes the giving of alms, which the Socialists wrongly re- gard as insulting to the poor. Alms, on the contrary, serve to tighten the ties of social charity. It matters little whether this action of Catholics in favor of the working classes is called the social action of Catholics or Christian Democracy. The essential point is that Catholics should act together to pre- serve the community of effort and senti- ment. Idle, useless questions ought therefore never to be brought up in the press or public assemblies. Catholics must act so as not to engage in disputes. The Pope concludes by exhorting Catholics to inspire themselves with these principles and to inculcate them. They must urge the people and workmen to shun everything invested with a sedi- tious or revolutionary character, respect the rights of others, be respectful to their masters, and observe sobriety and religious practices. Thus will social peace again become flourishing through- out the world. DISASTERS. Loss of the "McPherson." The United States transport steam- ship "MclMicrsoti" struck a reef eight miles west of Mantnuzns. Cuba. I-Vbru- 138 XECROLOQY. April, 1901 ary 4. All on board were saved; but the vessel was a total loss. Loss of the "Rio Janeiro." The Pacific Mail steamship "Rio Janeiro, Captain William Ward, while steaming through a dense fog just out- side the Golden Gate of the Bay of San Francisco, Cal., struck on Fort Point ledge in the early morning of February 22, and within a quarter of an hour went to the bottom. There were on board, passengers and ship's crew, 209 souls, of whom 128, including the captain and most of the officers, were drowned. Among the twenty-four cabin passengers lost was Rounseville Wildman, Americau consul- general at Hong-Kong, with wife and two children. Great Petroleum Fire. At Baku, in Asiatic Russia, February 6, a fire broke out in the storage houses of the Caspian & Black Sea Company, which spread to other neighboring oil depots till 500,000 tons of petroleum was on fire and the quarters of the working men submerged and con- sumed. The loss of life was reported as 500. 1Recrolo0\>- AMERICAN AND CANADIAN. ALEXANDER, REV. ROBERT, Presbyterian clergyman: born in Bel- mont, Ohio, 1837; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 27. Edited "The Presbyte- rian" since 1899. ALMON, DR. WILLIAM JOHN- STOXE, Canadian senator: born at Halifax, N. S.; died there Feb. 18, aged 85. BULMER, JOHN T., lawyer: born at Nappan, N. S., 1847; died at Halifax, N. S., Feb. 9. Educated at Amherst Acad- emy and admitted to the bar in 1875. Was the Prohibitionist leader of the Maritime Provinces, and was well known also as an antiquarian and as an active member of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. BURR, FRANKLIN L., editor of the Hartford (Conn.) "Times" since 1850: died at Hartford, Feb. 5, aged 73. CROZIER, MAJOR L. N. F., Indian fighter: died at Guthrie, Okla., Feb. 25, aged 55. Was a judge at Guthrie at the time of his death. Formerly superintend- ent of the Canadian Northwest Mounted Police. Captured the famous chief, Sit- tng Bull, single-handed, and fought in the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. ESTABROOK, CHARLES, librarian of the Newburg (N. Y.) Free Library since 1877: born at Rochester, N. Y., 1823; died at Newburg, Feb. 23. EVARTS, WILLIAM MAXWELL, lawyer, statesman, and orator: born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 6, 1818; died in New York City, Feb. 28. Was gradu- ated at Yale, '37, and studied law at the Harvard Law School, 1838-39. He be- gan the practice of law in New York in 1841, in the office of Daniel Lord. Was assistant U. S. district attorney, 1849-53; attorney-general of the U. S., July, 1868, to March, 1869; secretary of state, 1877-81, and TT. S. senator from N. Y., 1885-91. Was a Republican in politics. Mr. Evarts was widely known for the famous cases he had been con- nected with. He gained a wide reputa- tion in the Lemmon slave case, which reached the court of appeals in 1861. Was counsel for President Johnson at his impeachment trial, and for the United States before the tribunal of ar- bitration on the Alabama claims, and for the Republican party in the Ha*yes-Til- den contest before the Electoral Com- mission in 1877. The eyes of the en- tire country were bent upon him for six months in 1874, when he was chief coun- S'ECROLOti Y. 130 sol for Henry Ward Reecher in his con- test with Theodore Tiltou. As a lawyer Mr. Evarts held the foremost place In this country for a third of a century. He was equally proiuiueut as an orator, and besides taking an active part in the muoicipnl political campaigns of fifty \c.ir», he delivered orations and ad- drMMi on innumerable occasions of note and before many prominent socie- ties. PARREL. JOHN HfBNRY, editor and proprietor of the Albany "Times- Union;" horn near Albany, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1830; died there, Feb. 2. HOWARD, MAJOR A. L., serving with the "Canadian scouts" in South Af- rica; killed in battle Feb. 17. He was known us "Gatling Gun" Howard, from having had charge of the Gatling guns in General Middleton's column in the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. HURI>MAN. WILLIAM H.. Cana- dian lumberman: died at Ottawa, Ont., Feb. 20, aged 82. IRWIN. CAPTAIN I. S., commandant of Orchard Lake Military Academy, near Pontine, Mich.: died there Feb. US, aged 01. McKINDSEY, GEORGE CRAW- FORD, Conservative Canadian senator; bo in at Trafalgar, Ont., March 29, 1829; died at Milton. Out., Pep. 12. Was sheriff of the county of Halton, 1858-82, and was called to the senate, Jan. 12, 1884. MAULING. REV. DR. FRANCIS HENRY, Presbyterian minister: born at Stroud. Gloucestershire, England, 1825; died at Port Chester, N. Y.. Feb. 8, Was educated at the University of To- ronto and McGill University, and pur- sued his theological studies at the Con- gregational College of Canada, Montreal. MICHIE, COL. PETER SMITH, professor of natural and experimental philosophy at the U. S. Military Acad- emy: born at Brechin, Scotland, Mar. 24, 1839; died at West Point, N. Y., Feb. n;. NEVIN, ETHELBERT, musician and smi;: writer: l>orn at Edgeworth, Pa., Nov. 25, 1862; died at New Haven, Conn.. Feb. 17. Studied music with Karl Klindworth, at Berlin. His most populnr compositions are: "Narcissus.'' "Oh, That We Two Were Maying," "The Rosnry," and "Good Night, Be- loved." OSLER. BRITTON BATH. K. C. Canadian lawyer: born in Simcoe. Onta- rio. June 10. 1830: died at Atlantic Pity. N. .1.. F.-i>. 5. Took the degree of LL. B. at Toronto University in 1808, and was admitted to the bar in the sanie year. Became successful in his profes- sion, first at Dundas, Ont., then at Hani ilton, whence he removed to Toronto in 1880. He was appointed Q. C, in 1870. PHILLIPS. JUDGE JESSE J., law- yer: born in Montgomery. 111., 1837; died at Hillsboro. III., Feb. 10. Graduated from Hillsboro Academy in 1857; ad- mitted to the bar hi 1801. Served with HON. WILLIAM M. EVARTS, of new york. Secretary ok State in the Cabinet of President Hayes. distinction through the Civil War, being brevetted colonel and brigadier general. Was elected to the circuit court of Illi- nois in 1879, remaining until 1893. when he was elected to the supreme court. PIERCE, GILBERT ASHVILLE. ex-U. S. senator and journalist: born at East Otto. N. Y., Jan., 1841; died in Chicago, 111., Feb. 15. Graduated from the law school of the Uuiversity of Chi- cago, and rose to the rank of colonel in the Civil War. Was a member of the lower house of the Indiana legislature. 1808-9; associate and managing editor of the Chicago "Inter-Ocean." 1871-83. territorial governor of Dakota, 1KS4-0; U. S. senator from North Dakota. 1880- 01; editor of the Minneapolis "Tribune," ivl '.» and U. S. minister to Portugal. ls:r.'-3. 140 NECROLOGY April, 1901 PRENTISS, GEN. B. M., the "hero of Shiloh:" died at Bethany, Me., Feb. 8, aged 81. On the first day of the battle of Shiloh he was assigned to a position by Gen. Grant, and, having no orders to retreat, he stubbornly stood his ground until completely surrounded and captured. RUGGLES, GEN. JAMES M., Civil War veteran and politician: born Mar. 7, 1818, in Richland Co., ().; died at Ha- vana, 111., Feb. 9. He drafted the plat- form on which the Republican party was organized in 185G, Abraham Lincoln and Ebenezer Peck, who formed with him a committee for this purpose, being otherwise engaged at the time. SALISBURY, EDWARD EL- BRIDGE, formerly professor of San- skrit and comparative philology at Yale; born in Boston, Mass., Apr. G, 1814; died at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 5. Graduated from Yale, '32, studied theology there for three years, and for three years more studied Oriental lan- guages in Paris and Berlin. A profes- sorship of Arabic and Sanskrit was cre- ated for him at Yale in 1851. In 1854 he gave up his chair to William D. Whitney, providing the endowment and subsequently giving to the university his Oriental library. He then became inter- ested in the American Oriental Society, and for several years conducted its "Journal," becoming its president in 18G3. SHAW, COL. ALBERT DUANE. Republican congressman from New York: born at Lyme, N. Y., Dec. 27, 1841; died in Washington, D. C, Feb. 10. For biography see Vol. 9, p. 638. THOMPSON, MAURICE, author: born at Fairfield, Ind., Sept. 9, 1844; died at Crawfordsville, Ind., Feb. 15. His early life was spent on his father's plantation in Georgia. Served in the ■ Confederate army, and after the war be- came chief engineer of a railroad in In- diana; was member of the legislature, 1878; state geologist, 1885-9, and then became a successful lawyer. He made a number of ornithological trips in Mich- igan and the Southern states. Had for many years been on the staff of the New York "Independent." Was a prolific writer of poems, sketches, and novels. His "Witchery of Archery" revived in 1878 a craze for that sport, and his "A Tallahassee Girl" created a popular water resort. "Alice of Old Vincennes," the latest on the long list of his writ- ings, is also considered his best work* WALSH. VERY REV. THOMAS E., Roman Catholic prelate: died at Platts- burg, N. Y.. Feb. 5, aged 5S. He was vicar-general of the Diocese of Ogdens- burg. WHITE, STEPHEN MALLORY, ex-U. S. senator and lawyer: born in San Francisco, Cal., Jan. 19, 1853; died at Los Angeles, Cal., Feb. 21. Gradu- ated from Santa Clara College, '71; was admitted to the bar in 1874; was U. S. senator (Dem.) 1893-99. For portrait, see Vol. G, p. 847. WHITING, DR. HENRY CLAY, for twenty-one years professor of Latin in Dickinson College: died at Carlisle, Pa., Feb. 2, aged 5G. Foreign. CAMPOAMOR, DON RAMON DE, poet, philosopher, and statesman: born at Novia, Spain, 1817; died Feb. 12. FUKUZAWA, YUKICHI, Japanase educationist, philanthropist, and philoso- pher, known as "the Sage of Mka;" born at Dojima, Osaka, 1834; died at Mita, Feb. 4. He founded the Univer- sity of Keio Gijuku in 1858, and was, the owner of an extremely influential Japanese newspaper, the "Jiji Shimpo," started in 1882. It is largely owing to his ceaseless exertions in translating foreign works that Japan has come to know and benefit by Occidental learn- ing. He was a voluminous writer his works comprising 105 volumes. GRAMME, ZENOBE T., French elec- trician: born in Belgium, 1826; died in Paris, Jan. 20. His invention in 1870 of the uniformly-wound ring armature machine (the Gramme ring) with which his name is associated, was what made the modern dynamo possible. MILAN. EX-KING OF SERVIA: born at Jassy, Servia, 1854; died at Vi- enna, Austria, Feb. 11 (p. 131). While pursuing his studies at Paris in 1860 his father was assassinated and Milan was proclaimed Prince of Servia. He was twice beaten by Turkey in attempts to gain Servia's independence; but, after the Russo-Turkish war, having taken the side of Russia, Servia was made in- dependent. In consequence of quarrels with his wife he abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Alexander I., March 6. 1889. MYOSHI. REAR-ADMIRAL, one of the ablest officers of the Japanese navy: lately in command of the Yokosuka Port Admiralty's squadron; died Feb. 7, aged 48. SILVESTRE, PAUL ARMAND, French poet and critic: born in Paris, April 18, 1837; died at Toulouse, Feb. 20. Vol. n_ ia LIEUTENANT-GENERAL NELSON A MILES, COMMANDING THE UNITED STATES ARMY THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW Current history VOL. 11. RECORD OF MARCH, 1901. No. 3. International Hffairs. THE CRISIS IN CHINA. THE prospect in the aged em- pire dependa largely »>n the theories of the observer. Thus the prospects are many and differ widely. Their details have DO place here. A few prominent points that have drawn some public atten- tion may he indicated. Internal Reform Needed. During the month of March the ex- pectation of a pacific settlement near, complete, and permanent, was les- sened, though such settlement is still hoped for. An internal reform, at least the beginning or the promise of it, is increasingly seen to be essential to China if she is to keep any place among real nations. Its obstacles which can be seen at a glance have long been known to be multifarious, immense, and inextricably entwined with the roots and organized in the history and habits of the nation. Still there has been and is the hope that the united Christendom of to-day, with the heightened moral endowment and the amazing increase of material power which the last half-century has given it. might avail itself of the nt crisis to aid the better ele- ments in China in hading their na- tion to enter an upward path. THK 1 >n«. T8H VICEROYS. Not utterly unreasonable is inch ;> hope. The governor of Shantung nas shown welcome to reformatory influ- There are men in power, such as the two viceroys who rule the five great central provinces in the lower Vang-tse Kiang region, who, though not coveting the character of reform- ers, hare shown loyalty to treaties, and were stigmatized as "friends of foreigners" because they stemmed the bloody tide of anti-foreign fury whicli in the last summer swept over the capital and its wliole surrounding re- gion under the special influence of the Empress-Dowager and the blind reac- tionaries of her court. The issue of edicts which had been prepared for removal of both viceroys was post- poned by representations then made by Great Britain and Japan. The vice roys saw the result of their courage- ous stand— which till so recently as in January endangered the head of at least one of them, and except for the resistless foreign seizure of Peking and the flight of the court would doubt- less have brought death to both— when they saw their two vlceroyalties with a popnlat ion exceeding 1 -20,000,000 free from the invasion which had swept with such frightful ravage through the north. These two great viceroys, Liu Kun- Vi at Nanking, and Chang Chih-Tung at Wu-chang, are understood by many observers who have looked beneath the surface of events to be representa- tives of a not numerous but strong company Of leaders who expected and desired the allied powers to insist on at least some preliminary steps of in- ternal reform in the government. No reference to this subject is found in the peace protocol. Copyright. ISM. hr ("urn-nt Hirtnrv (Vimnmnr. 142 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No., 1901 The singularly well informed corre- spondent in China of the London "Times" speaks of "the insidious in- fluence of Li Hung-Chang" in oppos- ing any genuine internal reform; and he criticizes the powers for their strengthening of the earl's hopelessly conservative influence instead of that of the more enlightened Yang-tse vice- roys. A recent interview with the last-mentioned officials is reported by Dr. Morrison in the London "Times." From such dignitaries— men invested civil service; the creation of an army by conscription; the adoption of a syste- matic scheme of finance; the establish- ment of an imperial bank empowered to issue notes that shall be current through- out China; the framing of laws to en- courage the establishment of newspa- pers; and the removal of the present dis- tinction between Chinese and Manchus." Both these viceroys are said to have shown signs of disappointment that in the Peking negotiations even the powers most considerate of China's in- terests occupied themselves far more ADMIRAL TOTTIER, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OK THE FRENCH FORCES IN CHINA. with a share of the absolute power in- herent in the central government— the manifestation is startling. Both vice- roys attached far more importance to reform in governmental administra- tion than to the details of the peace negotiation. "An article in the 'China Gazette,' Shanghai, March 8. says that Viceroy Liu Kun-Yi has submitted a memorial to the throne in favor of reform on the following basis: The establishment of a permanent constitution; a complete change in the educational system; the selection of only qualified men for the with the past than with the future— the threatening future of decay on which, as some tell us, Russia's policy counts as bringing the empire by nat- ural process under her control. Both seemed apprehensive of a gradual re- lapse into the previous governmental system which tends toward ultimate ruin. Both have incurred the malig- nant hate of the ruling Manc^iu clique. All POLICY AT THE COURT. signs show that the general policy of the court, especially in all THE CRISIS IX CHINA. 143 foreign relations, has boon really de- cided by U Hung-Chang, who is occa- sionally repotted at the iH)int of death Of the three members of the grand eounell now practically constituting the central govern mcnt at Si-Ngan-fu, one member feebly progressive is com- pletely overl>orne by his two uncompro- misingly reactionary a: soeiates. The i ii 1 1 u Tin 1 powar at present is shadowy and fitful. Earl Li's present predomi- nance seems due largely to the im- pression that only he has the personal influence with Russia which can main- tain her good will, and that the whole situation in the Far East is sure to be controlled by Russia. The statement would certainly be too sweeping, yet not without a measure of truth, thai the Chinese empire at tue present juncture is not an empire, but a heter- ogeneous aggregation of provinces, Manchu and Chinese, under an in- choate Russian protectorate. Military Notes. On March IB, an order was sent from Washington for evacuation of China by American troops at the end of April. A legation guard of ISO is to remain. The main force will be sent to Manila. The government will be pleased when the last semblance of military occupation of China by Amer- icans has disappeared. It was report- ed that the Japanese troops, also to be Withdrawn, WOnkl be replaced by 2,000 fresh soldiers, of whom :», that the United States. Jreat Britain, and France were demanding the execu- tion of a dozen prominent Chinamen in various provinces as murderers of missionaries, Is not verified by later reports. At Paris. M. I>clcasse an- nounced, March ."".. that all mandarins guilty of crime at Peking would be punished. A week later at a meeting of the foreign ministers in Peking, there was strenuous opposition to "de- manding many more heads" of the men connected with the Boxers. Mr. Rockhill, United States sj>ecial com- missioner, was one id' those opposed, inasmuch as official announcement lias been made of his instructions from President McKinley to Inform the foreign ministers that the Presi- 14fl INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No., 1901 dent strongly deprecates any action which might delay the present negoti- ations, and is especially desirous that there be no further unnecessary bloodshed. With this, as with nearly every other principle of the United States policy in China, the native Japanese papers are thoroughly in ac- cord. The envoys finally prepared for presentation to Prince Ching and Earl Li a list of 96 (a London report says 140) minor officials, with urgent de- mand that they be tried by the Chi- nese authorities for complicity in the outrages, and if found guilty be pun- ished in such manner as the Chinese themselves see fit, except that six (or eleven) men are named who, the min- isters judge, should suffer death. Investigation had shown the murder of 240 persons connected with mission- ary work, and "at the lowest calcula- tion" 30,000 Chinese converts. Of the foreign victims, men, women, and chil- dren, there were of Protestants, British 113; Americans, with a few Scandinavi- an helpers, 78: of Roman Catholics, French, Italian, Belgian, Dutch, and Germans, 49. Indemnities. Little has been made public regard- ing the discussion in the plenipoten- tiaries' conferences at Peking of the public and private indemnities to be paid by China for destruction of life and property. The United States government early took its stand open- ly against making the amount so large as to exceed China's ability to pay. This lenient course is " politic as it is compassionate; inasmuch as an agreement by the powers on a de- mand beyond China's ability would result in her yielding, or in the sev- eral powers seizing, territory adequate to meet the combined values required. In other words, it would be surely the beginning, and it might be also the consummation, of the partition of the Chinese empire, which for various reasons this country ana several others strongly deprecate. The Russian view of the indemnities to be demanded tends toward the view held at Washington, but for a far different reason it may be sup- posed. St. Petersburg strongly- op- poses partition among various powers, inasmuch as, expecting to take— rather to receive — China to itself in some fu- ture near or remote, it prefers to have it whole. The proposal of a moderate indem- nity seems to be gaining support. The original plan of a separate sum to be fixed by each country a its particular due, thus arriving at the total amount by adding all the demands, is gradu- ally giving place to a plan proposed by the United States, and said to have been opposed especially by Russia, to decide on a total amount not beyond China's ability to pay, and then to assign that amount in due portions among the powers. This negotiating of all the demands in one sum would offer no facilities for the covert bar- gainings for territorial or commercial concessions which would find en- trance into separate and therefore to some extent secret treaties. As a mere conjecture at an early stage, the sum frequently mentioned as a total was $200,000,000. This was said also to be the sum mentioned by Chinese officials six months ago. In view of the pos- sibility that China may be unable to pay the cash indemnities rquisite for all parties aggrieved, President Mc- Kinley in his message in December suggested acceptance of some portion of the payment in the form of in- creased guarantees of security for for- eigners, and specially an opening of the empire to the commerce of all the nations on terms of equality. If a diplomatic apportionment of indemni- ties be not easily reached, the United States government would consent to a settlement arranged by the Hague tribunal. The characteristically Chinese pro- posal by Prince Ching and Earl Li in January to create the additional rev- enue necessary to meet the indemnity THE CRISIS IX C1I1S A. 147 by introducing stamp duties and iu- •teasing the customs tariff, amounted practically to a scheme for raising the necessary sum by taxation levied on foreigners. A special committee of the foreign mlntoten at Tcking, which has been thoroughly investigating the whole question of Chinese revenue and finance as related to the amount to be fixed for indemnity, reported in the latter part of March that the whole annual revenue amounted to about .*«;:,.( hio.OOO gold— the largest two of the six main sources being the land tax, $14,000,000, and foreign customs duties, $12,000,000. All the foreign examiners think that the land tax could easily l>e more than doubled, and the salt tax (salt being a government monopoly) might well be raised from $6,000,000 to $20,000,000. They con- sider that the payment of the indem- nity would be possible in twenty years. On the question of private indemni- ties the committee recommended ap- plying the general principles of the Roman and English systems. The claims on private or corporate account by American citizens are re- puted to amount to about $800,000. Of this amount $300,000 is the claim for damage to business establish- ments, and $500,000 to mission prop- erties. General Chaffee has made known to the American missionaries his views in favor of settlement of all private indemnities by official diplomatic ac- tion and not by private arrangement. This admirable principle and practice, however, can have fitting application only in the case of injury done to American citizens. The foreign minis- ters in framing the peace protocol saw fit to make no reference to the sad case of tens of thousands of Chi- nese Christians, for the relief of whose distress missionaries have successful- ly availed themselves of a customary Chinese method with the entire ap- proval of the authorities in many vil- lages. Indeed, objection was made by Chinese officials to the presentation of claims for losses by their own i>eople through the imperial government. They preferred the procedure taken uy the missionaries. Losses to American Trade. The State Department at Washing- ton received about the middle of March from Consuls Fowler at Chee- foo (Chi-fu) and Uagsdale at Tien- Tsln, reports showing almost com- plete annihilation of this country's trade with North China. COUNT ALBERT dk APPONYI, MEMBER OF THE CHAMBER OK MAGNATES AND CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES IN THE HUNGARIAN PARLIAMENT. ALSO MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF AR- BITRATION AT THE HAGUE. The scene of the strife, which opened with the Boxer outbreak, covered prac- tically the whole American field of trade in China, and Consul Fowler judges that probably no country in the world suf- fered as great a trade loss as the United States. Statistics are yet far from com- plete; but losses in the cotton trade alone, largely piece goods, are estimated at over $3,000,000. Enormous losses were incurred by ships arriving at Taku with Oregon lumber, which could not land their cargoes. Immense quantities 148 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No., 1901 of merchandise piled up in various ports must be worked off before importations will be resumed. The heaviest losses were at Tien-Tain, where disturbance began earliest. Consul Ragsdale states that the whole country north of Tien- Tsin, where the principal articles of ex- port from China are produced, is deso- lated by war or overrun by bandits, so that there will be great difficulty in mov- ing goods either to or from the interior. Mr. Ragsdale reports that the supplies arriving at Tien-Tsin for the United States soldiers in China attracted the envy of all the other nationalities. Russia in Manchuria. A MILITARY COMPACT. The agreement between the local military officials of the Chinese and of the Russians at Mukden, which was made public in the last days of 1900 (pp. 7, 8), provided for resump- tion of Chinese civil government in P'eng-Tien (Fung-Tien, or Fenting) un- der what would be practically a Rus- sian protectorate with full military occupation. It was evident that the Tseng-Alexieff agreement, so called from the names of the Chinese and Russian generals who entered into it, would naturally be followed by a sim- ilar agreement concerning the two other Manchurian provinces; and the prospect was that this would be the beginning not only of a Russian pro- tectorate of Manchuria, but ultimately also of a full Russian annexation of that great region, with the addition of the still vaster Mongolia, Sungaria, ' and Eastern Turkestan— advancing the Russian boundary along its whole eastward stretch of more than 2,500 miles to a southward distance of about 800 miles into China. Thus the Rus- sian empire would extend to the bor- ders of Thibet and British India on the Yellow river. Though the Chinese imperial government was understood to declare that it would not set its final authenticating signature to the local Tseng-Alexieff agreement, it was not doubtful that Russia— being in full military occupation of the Feng-Tien region— could easily enforce compli- ance. But as no formal annexation had yet been declared at St. Peters- burg—and as such a procedure had even been disclaimed as impossible — the time seemed not to have come for a formal protest to Russia by any government. A FURT1IEK TREATY. In the latter part of February re- ports were heard of a further and more important treaty or agreement proposed by Russia to Yang-Yu, Chi- nese plenipotentiary at St. Petersburg. A draft of the terms of this conven- tion, sent from Feking, was published in the London "Times," February 22. This draft is here given with the re- visions of three sections, which the correspondent in Peking who had sent the draft added ten days afterward- declaring that the suostautial accu- racy of the whole was conceded by Russian authorities in Peking. While the form here given cannot (on March 31) claim official authentication, scarcely credible is the suggestion that it was an air-balloon sent up to test the set of the wind. 1. The Russian Emperor, willing to forget the recent hostilities in Manchu- ria, consents to allow China to resume the entire civil government of Manchu- ria as before. 2. Owing to the present unsettled state of the country the number of Rus- sian soldiers policing the railway shall be augmented until the pacification of the country is complete and the last four clauses of the present convention are in operation. 3. In the event of disturbances, the Russian garrisons will assist China in quelling them. 4. China having attacked Russia and the Chinese troops having dispersed, China undertakes to station no soldiers in any place in Manchuria before the completion of the Trans-Manchurian railway. (This ingeniously prevents China from stationing troops anywhere in Manchuria.) Russia will determine the number of Chinese police patrols to be employed; the importation of arms into Manchuria is forbidden. 5. The high officials implicated in the recent disturbances are to be degraded: Russia will furnish the names. Russia will determine what arms the police THE CRISIS IS CHINA. 149 shall carry. Artillery is forbidden. No nationals of any other country can re- siiiiii' official duties in Manchuria. 6. No nationals of any other country except Russia can be employed for drill- ing Chinese soldiers or sailors in North China (literally in the northern places of China ». 7. Referring to Article 5 of the Port Arthur convention, local oflicials shall draft the necessary rules as soon as pos- sible. (This sentence — with its correc- tions seems to be not precisely under- stood: it is held to mean that, while Chinese officials shall be appointed in Manchuria, including the Leao-tong pe- ninsula, no Chinese troops shall enter. Certain prohibitions regarding food and water are not believed — their publica- tion being thought to have been ordered by the court to frighten off the threat- ened international expedition.) The Chi- nese jurisdiction at Kin-chau eMUMt. 8. In all places adjoining the Russian frontier— namely, Manchuria, Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan, Kashgaria, Yar- kand, Khotan, and other places, no rail- way, mining, or other concessions shall be granted to the nationals of any other power; nor can China herself construct any railroad without the previous Meant of Russia. Excepting Niu-chwaug, it is not permitted to lease land to foreign- ers, 9. As regards payment of an indem- nity for her military expenditure. Rus- sia shall act in conformity and be paid in conjunction with the other powers, the terms and conditions to be subse- quently determined. 10. As regards payment of the indem- nity for the destruction of the Trans- QUITE AT HOME. British and German Alliks— Hi! What are you doing there? Russian Cossack.— I'm the man in possession! Are you going to turn me oat? Both (hesitating).— N-n-no. No. We only asked. Russian Cossack.— Then now you know. (Goes on smoking).— Punch. 150 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No., 1901 Manchurian railway, China shall ar- range with the railway company itself. (That is, with the Russian govern- ment.) 11. The railway indemnity shall be paid in full or a commercial concession accepted in part payment. 12. China, having assented to Rus- sia's expressed intention of constructing a railroad direct from Manchuria to Pe- king, herewith confirms her assent. THE POWERS DISTURBED. A notable international disturbance was created when on various testi- mony a convention of this sort be- came known. The separate negotia- tion of China with St. Petersburg, whatever might be its aim or out- come, was severely censured in the leading papers of several countries as a breach of good faith wit the other powers, with which Russia professed to be negotiating in concert for the settlement of all foreign claims aris- ing out of the recent tumult. The aims and terms of the negotiation drew a condemnation equally forcible, as making Manchuria and ultimately the vast northwest of the Chinese em- pire a series of Russian provinces— their military, their police, their rail- ways, their commerce and industry, all under Russia's control. In the United States the discontent with these anticipated results found em- phatic expression in view of the fact that In Manchuria the commercial in- terests of this country have become larger than in any other part of China. The fruits of much enterprise and pa- tience were to be plucked by an in- trusive hand. The powers took no joint action on the new phase. Six of them— the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, Austria, Italy— are reported separately to have presented to China their remon- strances against her signing the new compact. It is said that Prince Ching and Earl IJ on March 1 admitted that they would regret to comply with Rus- sia's demand, which meant the loss of a great province and trouble with other powers, yet feared to refuse. No inti- mation by any power has been made public that from any one of them China would receive material aid to uphold her refusal. The air became alive with rumors; but there were neither the secret negotiations nor open agree- ments that were reported between the United States and Great Brit- ain or any other power. The United States on February 10 addressed through Minister Conger and Prince Ching and Earl Li, strong representa- tions to China declaring that whde the peace negotiations were pending this government could not approve any se- cret arrangement by China with any separate power looking to cession of ter- ritory. The note declared further that such concession of territory, to be valid at such a period as the present, should have the consent of all the powers con- cerned in the negotiations pending; and still further, that the United States re- garded the present juncture as inoppor- tune for negotiating such concessions of territory. Early in March the State De- partment acquainted all the govern- ments concerned with the instructions sent to Mr. Conger. DISCLAIMER BY RUSSIA. Near the end of the first week in March the British government made public by special permission of Count Lamsdorff, minister of foreign affairs at St. Petersburg, assurances regard- ing Manchuria which the Count had given to Sir Charles Scott, the British ambassador at St. Petersburg, Feb- ruary 6. The main drift of Count Lamsdorffs statement is an earnest denial of the published allegations that Russia was concluding an engagement with China which would give Russia "a virtual pro- tectorate over southern Manchuria." The rumor, he thought, arose from a modus vivendi which the Russian mili- tary authorities had been directed to arrange with the Chinese local civil au- thorities in order to provide for "the simultaneous presence of Russians and Chinese in southern Manchuria" without a "recurrence of disturbances in the vi- cinity of the Russian frontier;" also in order to protect the railway to Fort Arthur. "No arrangement with the central government of China or of a per- manent character had been concluded with regard to Manchuria." # The Czar had no intention "of departing in any way from the assurances that he had publicly given that Manchuria would be entirely restored to its former condition in the Chinese empire as soon as circum- stances admitted." Russia could no THE (HI SIS IS C11IXA. 151 raore tix the final date for evacuating Manchuria thau could the allies fur cvat uatini; the capital and the province of IV-chi-li. Hussia would fust "obtain from tin' central government of China an effective guarantee against rceur- rence of the recent attack on her fron- tier and the destruction of her railway; hut she had no intention of seeking this guarantee in any acquisition of terri- tory or an actual or virtual protectorate of Manchuria." THE DISCLAIMER INTKRPKETEI). An unfortunate element of the situ- ation was revealed by the surprisingly small effect of this official disclaimer. cent years been imposed by Russia upon China, to which this latest treaty gives the natural conclusion. Also, attention was called to Count Lams- dorff's assurance of Russia's restora- tion of Manchuria to china "as soon as circumstances admitted." The only judge of the "circumstances"— the only doorkeeper for tneir admis- sion—is to be Hussia. The General Situation. The impressiort cau scarcely be avoided that the powers are in gen- COUNT LAMSDORFF, RUSSIAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. Diplomatic rules of interpretation were instantly applied to it, and it mm, a sank into the general mass of argu incuts and assertions. It was pointed out that u mere military ar- rangement for "a modus vivendl In Manchuria" could have no occasion to stipulate for excluding non Russian railway, mining, and other conces- sions in Yarknnd and Khotan, 2.000 miles west from the Manchuria boun- dary. Moreover, the belief is general that secret engagements have in re end somewhat disconcerted. There is, however, a hopeful element in the 'evident endeavor to avoid acknowledg- ing any great degree of the dishar- mony which pet is quite audible. The general endeavor is to ward off the rapid partitioning of China which is generally seen to impend, with its tin known consequences of war, should Russia's vast seizure of territory be accomplished. On this unwelcome topic— partitioning— very little is said. The United States and Great Britain 152 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No., idol are really in earnest also to keep the "open door" of trade, olermany, as Count von Bulow announced on March 19 in the Reichstag, has no political, pecuniary, or missionary interests whatever in Manchuria, and, on prin- ciples inherited from Bismarck's theory of European diplomacy, deems Russia's friendship important. Ger- many, therefore, is not likely to go be- yond a mild protest in preventing Rus- sia's absorption of all northern China: it is nothing to her that Russia there- by gains a new point of attack on the boundary of British India in western Thibet or Kashmir. France, Russia's ally, has not joined with the six pow- ers which have strongly advised China not to sign the new Manchurian con- vention. Japan, nursing an indignant remembrance of Russia's grasping the Leao-tong peninsula, which Japan had conquered, sees Korea now menaced by a Russian occupation of Man- churia, and through Korea Japan her- self also endangered; wherefore Japan is now mobilizing her fleet, the strong- est in eastern Asia, whether for battle or for moral effect is not known. The month ended in a cloud of ru- mors shifting daily: China had signed the concession of Manchuria to Rus- sia; China had not signed; China would soon sign; China would delay, hoping for help; and finally, an edict from the Emperor was officially re- ported as definitely forbidding the plenipotentiaries to sign the treaty— a report which received credence, though details were not made known. A Few Personalities. EDWIN HUNT CONGER, United States Minister at Peking, was born in Knox county, 111., Mar. 7, 1843. At the age of fifteen he entered Lombard Uni- versity, Galesbnrg, graduating in 1862, and very soon enlisting as a private in the 102d Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he served till the end of the rebel- lion, being promoted to captain and brevetted by President Lincoln major "for gallant and meritorious conduct in the field." In 1806 he was graduated at the Albany Law School, and began his professional life at Galesburg, 111., but soon removed to Dexter, Dallas county, Iowa, where he became engaged in farming, stock-raising, and banking. He was elected treasurer of the county in 1877 and 1879. Was state treasurer 1882-85. In 1885 he was sent to Con- gress as a Republican, serving until 1891, and being chairman of the com- mittee on Coinage, Weights, and Meas- ures. Mr. McKinley was at that period a representative from Ohio, and the two men formed a friendship which has ever since continued. In 1889 Mr. Conger's diplomatic career began on President Harrison's appointing him minister to Brazil — a post of unusual difficulty and delicacy by reason of the unrest caused by the recent change from a monarchy to a re- public. So well did Mr. Conger acquit himself in this office that on the acces- sion of President McKinley, 1897, he was again appointed to the post (Vol. 7, pp. 409, 411). In 1898 the situation in the Far East began to assume an aspect betokening unknown but serious compli- cations, and demanding that this coun- try should be represented in China by a diplomatist of proved sagacity and reso- luteness: and the President transferred Mr. Conger to Peking (Vol. 8, p. 151). His work at that post of unexpected and unprecedented dangers and compli- cations has taken a place of prominence in international records. It needs nei- ther report nor characterization here, further than to say that it has in all re- spects fulfilled the highest predictions of the government and people of this country, while Mr. Conger has also maintained cordial relations with all his colleagues in the diplomatic corps. He and his wife and daughter at the end of March were on their homeward way, having been granted a period of rest from the prolonged responsibilities which have followed the terrific strain of last summer's siege. For portrait of Mr. Conger, see Vol 9, p. 334. ADNA ROMANZA CHAFFEE, major-general commanding the United States military force in China, was born in Orwell. Ohio, April 14, 1842. In July, 1861, he enlisted in the regular army as a private in the 6th Cavalry. He was soon made first sergeant of his troop: was commissioned second lieuten- ant, May 12, 1863: was promoted first lieutenant, Feb. 22, 1865; and was pro- moted captain. Oct. 12, 1867. Soon after the war his regiment was ordered to the southwest, where for years he did arduous duty as a fighter of insubor- dinate and murderous Indian tribes; and THE BOER WAR. 153 in March, 1868, be was brevetted major for his bravery in a battle with the Comanches on Paint Tree Creek, Tex. In August, 1874. desperate bravery was shown by iiis cavalry charge ilrtflflglat the Indians from their strongholds among the precipitous bluffs on the Red River, Tex.; also in .Inly. 1X82, in his fight with Apaches in Ari- zona. He was brevetted lieutenant- colonel. February 27, 1890. On July 7. 1888. he received promo- tion in actual rank from captain to ma- jor, and was assigned to the 9th Cavalry, one of the two colored cavalry regiments in the regular army. After six years in this ser- vice, he was during two years in- structor in cavalry tactics at Fort Leavenworth (Kan.) school for officers. In June, 1897, he was promoted lieuten- ant-colonel of the 3d Cavalry, and from that date till the beginning of the war with Spain he was commandant of the school of cavalry instruction at Fort Riley. On May 4. 1898, he was ap- pointed brigadier-general, U. S. V., and served in the Santiago campaign, being promoted major-general, U. S. V., July, 1898. For several months from De- cember, 1898, he was chief of staff to the military governor of Cuba. General Chaffee won special distinction at the capture of El Caney, the decisive action of the Santiago campaign. In the latter part of June, 1900, Gen- eral Chaffee was appointed to command the United States expeditionary relief force for rescue and protection of American officials and their families be- sieged in the legation at Peking and of other Americans in China. Starting from San Francisco. July 1, he reached Taku after a three weeks' voyage, and immediately took command of nil Doited States forces in China, compris- ing about 2,400 cavalry and artillery, besides an auxiliary force of nearly 800 marines, including the detachment at the Peking legation. His duty was mo- mentous and difficult. Besides com- manding his troops, it was requisite. t>y reason of Minister Conger's enforced de- tention at Peking, that the general should in some degree represent the Piesident and the government in the delicate relations which arose through the joint military and naval action of the allied powers. The President's ex- plicit instructions that the military ac- tivity of the United States in the concert of the powers was to be limited to the immediate demands for rescue and pro- tection, were admirably fulfilled by General Chaffee, and his present promo- tion to major-general in the regular army was universally recognised as most fitting. The gallantry of his troops on their march to Peking \v;is equalled by his thorough discipline. It was not their path which was marked by pro- miscuous ravage and slaughter of the defenseless. Admired for their dashing courage, the American soldiers have also won thanks from the Chinese for their humaneness. For portrait of General Chaffee, see Vol. 9, p. 512. SIR BBNB8T MASON SATOW, K. C. M. G., British minister at Peking, appointed in September. 1900, as suc- cessor of Sir Claude Macdonald In that office, was born June 30. 1843. He took his degree at London University, and some years later was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. At the age of eighteen he was connected with the British lega- tion in Japan as student interpreter, and in 1871! he was second secretary to the legation. In 188i he was promoted to be agent and consul-general at Bangkok. Siam; where the next year he became minister-resident and consul-general. Three years afterward he was trans- ferred to Montevideo as minister to Uru- guay. In 1893 he was appointed minis- ter to Morocco, and in 1895 to the same diplomatic position in Japan with the added office of consul-general in resi- dence at Tokio. For portrait, see Vol. 10, p. 877. THE BOER WAR. General Aspect. Through the month of March the contest in South Africa presented the features, now familiar, of a war in its final stage. How long this guerilla stage could be continued, still re- mained a questiou (pp. 89, 90>. Later reports of De Wet's February incur- sion into the northwest of Cape Col- ony showed more clearly his total failure except as his escape and re- crossing of the Orange river !.; to be counted a success, as it certainly was a British disappointment. His escape was with heavy losses In men. guns, and ammunition; and on March 10 he was reported more than 150 miles to the northward with only 400 men— his command having broken up into small companies, doubtless soon to regather as usual. DeWeffl Incursion had made clear 154 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No.. 1901 that the Boer cause had largely lost Its former support among the Cape Colony Dutch. There were no signs of the expected uprising to welcome him; indeed, the farmers are reported to have shown disgust at the brutal methods to which he and Steyn, his companion, are said to have resorted. Northward in Orange River Colony the Brandford, Kroonstad, and Bloem- fontein burgher companies were actu- al)} in arms on the British side, not for active operations against their for- VES, THE END OF THE WAR IS IN SIGHT. — Minneapolis Journal. mer comrades, but for defense of their homes and property against maraud- ing bands. Notwithstanding the peace negotia- tions in progress in the first weeks in March, the war secretary presented his estimates to cover at least four months' maintenance of the present great force in South Africa. Fighting Still Continues. Of the frequent skirmishes and sharp fights with small bands of Boers no record is here requisite. In the eastern Transvaal General French has continued his dispersing of Boer bands, capturing large amounts of ammunition and supplies. The only important battle of the month was near Ventersdorp in the southwestern Transvaal where on March 23 General Babington attacked General Delarey, whose men numbered 1,500, and with great dash defeated him, following him up rapidly, with the result that the Boer rear guard was driven in on both flanks, and their convoy and guns and 140 prisoners were captured at Vaalbank, twenty miles west of Ventersdorp. Besides the nine guns, of which six were Maxims, there were taken 320 rounds of big ammunition and 15,000 rounds of small, besides seventy-seven wagons and carts. The British casualties were two killed and seven wounded: as the pursuit was rapid the Boer casualties were not known. For some time Delarey had been harassing convoys in this dis- trict. From Standerton, March 31, were reported the capture of Commandant Prinsloo with a convoy of twenty- eight wagons, and the surrender of Commandant Englebrecht. The correspondents of the London "Times" in South Africa do not report favorably as to the working of Lord Kitchener's recent policy for gather- ing the population of sparsely settled districts in garrisoned refugee camps. They predict a return to the usual method of numerous military posts, each commanding its district. Futile Peace Negotiations. AN ERA OF RUMOR. For three or four days early in March vague rumors of peace negoti- ations had been in the air in London. These grew definite enough to cause, on March 5, a question to be pro- pounded in the house of commons to the war secretary, whether Gteneral Botha, Boer commander-in-chief, had intimated to General Kitchener his willingness to surrender on certain terms. Mr. Brodrick's declining to make any statement on the subject seemed to corroborate the report. On March 7 it was announced in parlia- ment by Mr. Balfour that General Botha was personally or by letter in THE liOKlt m.i/.-. ISfi communication with Lord Kitchener mid Sir Alfred Mtlner at Pretoria: ami in succeeding days the expectation was strengthened that the negotia- tion would eventuate in the surrender hy Botha of the force under his im- mediate command, though probably not of the forces directly controlled or influenced by De Wet. Delarey, and Steyn. While this conclusion was generally welcomed, there was quite noticeable a haunting fear lest the ue- the peace terms offered him. It Is re- ported that the announcement was re- ceived by the public with a general disappointment mitigated by a feeling of relief. One inquiry in the press- not exactly true to the mark but ■bowing the general aim— was. Why was Lord Kitchener instructed to sue for peace after Boer generals had murdered the pence envoys? The parliamentary papen detailing the negotiations were issued March GENERAL CHRISTIAN DeWET, THE BOER LEADER WHO HAS SHOWN CONSUMMATE MUX AS A GtBRILLA FIC.HTER. gotiators in their earnest and praise- worthy desire for peace had commit- ted the British govern nient to an offer of "terms of surrender" to ■ people who, having begun the war by an un- conditional declaration, should end their war by an unconditional sur- render. OFFICIAL STATEMENT. Peace rumors of various forms and colors fare place to official statement, March l'». when Mr. Chamberlain, co- lonial secretary, informed the com- mons that GJeueral Botha had rejected voi 11-n 22; they show the following main facts: A dispatch from Sir Alfred Milner, governor of the two new colonies, to Mr. Chamberlain, dated Pretoria. February 122. shows that Sir Alfred had sent by Mrs. Botha a merely verbal message to her husband offering to meet the gen- eral with a view to ending the war, but with the express statement that he would not discuss the subject of the In- dependence Of the two former republics Mrs. Hot ha. returning from a meeting with her husband, bromrht his reply in a letter which, she assured Sir Alfred, was written with clear understanding as to exclusion of the topic indicated. General Botha had referred to his gen- 156 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No., 1901 erals the suggestion of a meeting with Kitchener, and the meeting was spoken of as likely to take place at Middleburg. Mr. Chamberlain replying to this dis- patch expressed pleasure at General Botha's willingness to treat, which, he hoped, would be found genuine. Lord Kitchener reported from Preto- ria on February 28 a long interview at Middleburg with General Botha, who seemed anxious for peace and asked for information which he would submit to the Transvaal government and people. If they agreed to terms he would seek to bring in the Orange River Colony also. But he was doubtful of his ability to bring about peace without inde- pendence. "I declined to discuss such a point," said Lord Kitchener, "and said a modi- fied form of independence would be most dangerous and would lead to war in fu- ture. Replying to General Botha's in- quiries, I informed him that when hos- tilities ceased the military would be re- placed by a crown colony administra- tion, consisting of a nominated execu- tive and an elected assembly to advise him, followed after a period by a rep- resentative government. The Boers would be licensed to have rifles to pro- tect themselves against the natives; the Dutch and English languages were to have equal rights; Kaffirs (South Afri- can negroes) would not have the fran- chise until after representative govern- ment had been granted; the Orange Free State laws for Kaffirs would be considered good: church property, pub- lic trusts, and orphan funds would not A QUICK FINISH NEEDED. John Bull: "I 'ope I'll get there soon or my blasted machine will give out.— Minnea- polis Journal. be touched; no war tax would be im- posed on farmers; assistance would be given to repair the burned farms and to enable the farmers to start afresh; and colonists who had joined the republics should be disfranchised. General Botha seemed satisfied with these conditions." Statements are not reported from Lord Kitchener as to the time for return of the war prisoners, nor as to Britain's assuming the debt of the two republics including those contracted since their declaration " of war — points to which Botha is said to have attached impor- tance, referring to notes issued amount- ing to less than £1,000,000. On March 3 Sir Alfred Milner tele- graphed to Kitchener suggesting replies to Botha as follows: 'I beg to inform you that on the cessa- tion of hostilities and the complete sur- render of arms, ammunition, cannon, and munitions in the hands of the burghers in the field at government depots or else- where, His Majesty's government is pre- pared at once to grant amnesty in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony for all bona fide acts of war during the hos- tilities, as well as to move the govern- ments of Cape Colony and Natal to simi- lar action, qualified by the disfranchise- ment of any British subjects implicated in the war. The military prisoners in St. Helena, Ceylon, and elsewhere, on com- plete surrender, shall be brought back to their country. Military law shall at once be replaced by a civil administra- tion; but it is the desire of His Majes- ty's government, as soon as circum- stances will permit, to establish a repre- sentative government. On the cessation of hostilities, a high court, independent of the executive, shall be established to administer the laws. Land, church property, trusts, and orphan funds shall be respected. The English and Dutch languages shall be taught in the public schools and allowed in the law courts. The legal debts of the state to the amount of £1,000,000 shall be paid, even if contracted during hostilities, to the extent a creditor proves he has given value. The government does not intend to extend the franchise to Kaffirs in the Transvaal and Orange River Colony be- fore a representative government is granted." The inclusion in the offer of*amnesty of those British subjects in Cape Colony and Natal who had become rebels by joining the armies of the republics dur- ing the war, appears to have formed part of Botha's demands. Concerning the BOBB WAR. 157 the liability of those rebels, if they re- turn to those colonics, to l>e dealt with under the laws thereof, which arc re- puted to be unusually lenient, Sir Alfred said: "While I am willing to concede much in order to strengthen General Botha in inducing the people to submit, amnesty for the rebels is not, in my opinion, a point which His Majesty's government can afford to concede. I think it would have a deplorable effect upon Cape Col- ony and Natal to obtain peace by such a concession." Under orders from Mr. Chamberlain, March (5. the terms previously suggested were modified in the particulars here shown : "The government cannot undertake any liabilities regarding the debts of the late republics; but is prepared, as an act of grace, to set aside £1,000,000 to re- pay the inhabitants for goods requisi- tioned bv the republican governments. If the claims after adjustment exceed £1,000,000 they are liable to reduction pro rata. The Kaffir franchise when given shall be so limited as to secure a just predominance of the white race. The legal position of the colored inhabi- tants will be similar to that now held by them in Cape Colony." TiOrd Kitchener reported to the War Office, March 20. that having communi- cated to General Botha in writing the terms which the British government was prepared to adopt, he had received from General Botha, March lt», the fol- lowing reply: "I had advised my government of Your Excellency's letter; but after the mutual exchange of views in our inter- view at Middleburg, February 28, it will certainly not surprise Your Excellency to know that I do not feel disposed to recommend the terms of said letter: but they shall have the earnest consideration of my government. I may add that my government and my chief officers here entirely agree with my views." In the house of commons Mr. Cham- berlain, replying to n question from a Liberal member, said that he was un- able to inform the house what were the reasons of the Boers for rejecting the peace terms. By some the rejec- tion Is attributed to the determination of the Boers to refuse peace on any condition other than that of absolute independence— their consent to negoti- ate being merely iu the hope of gain- ing time for some military movement, or of bringing out before the world some tyrannous British demands. Two other of the terms offered huve been assigned as reasons for their refusal of the whole: one, the ultimate ad- mission of suitably qualified negroes to the franchise, as for years past under British law in Cape Colony— a hateful reversal of all Boer traditions and enactments: the other, the refusal of the Boer demand of amnesty for those British subjects who had joined the Boer army— a demand which would have had more basis for accep- tance as a condition of peace if the Boers had captured or destroyed the British armies. So, to the regret of the civilized world, the war goes on. While this regret is quite evident In England, an even more evident result of the Boer refusal is to deepen the national sentiment demanding that the present struggle shall end only with an establishment of imperial authority that shall be complete and final. LOUIS BOTHA, commandant-sreneral of the Boer forces, successor to General .Toubert, is of an age between thirty- eight and forty-one years, of Natal Dutch descent. Before the war he was known as a member of the Transvaal Yolksraad. in which, though seldom speaking, he used English and Dutch equally well and always in behalf of progressive measures. His entrance into the Kaad was through his defeat of a Krugerite reactionary candidate. As a strong opposer of the dynamite and other concessions he has never worked in har- mony with President Kruger's general policy. Always noted as energetic and attractive, he had never been supposed to possess the qualities of a military leader until his capacities in this line were made known nineteen days after the war began by his plan for enticing the British in the L.-id.vsmith sortie, n - sultinc in their loss at Nicholson's Nek of ten infantry companies captured, be- sides 284 men killed and wounded (YoL 0. pp. 781,782). Among the Boers he has repute for both caution and daring. * INTER XATIOXAL AFFAIRS. May No., 1901 EUROPEAN POLITICS. Anglophobia. The Anglophobia long a prominent feature in continental Europe, but which in the last few months seemed to have lessened, is again fully in evi- dence there. There are some reasons for deeming it not very deep, though prodigiously widespread and always ready for utterance. In the present condition two ele- ments are on the surface. One of these is the present friendly attitude of all the responsible governments toward Britain— somewhat beyond the demands of a coldly correct diplomatic bearing. The governments of Ger- many and of France have used effort to counteract the rough outcries of their streets and even of their parlia- mentary halls against English perfidy, English greed of other people's lands, English oppression of the weak. The other element on the surface is the peculiar state of mind in which Brit- ain hears the whole outcry. There is no response of anger or hate: people have right to their own opinions. There is little alarm: the foes of Eng- land cannot readily combine to any dangerous extent. There is a mild, pensive regret for the all-round lack of friendship, which regret, moved by a faint surprise, introduces a cool, philosophic inquiry— the problem be- ing, Why do people insist on hating us so? One London periodical points out that England, which has been hated for four hundred years— first for its Protestantism or its early colonial enterprise, then for its practice of con- stitutional government— has in the last generation been more hated for its immense success in extending its colonies and for the accompanying commercial rivalry in which till now it has had unequalled prosperity. An- other cause instanced is the general growth of political reaction in the last quarter-century. In nearly every Eu- ropean country the old Liberal parties have developed radical tendencies which have driven the Moderates into the Conservative ranks; and those parties in many countries are now tilled with reactionaries in whose view English influence is a terror. THE FORTRESS OF MALTA. A BRITISH STRONGHOLD IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. EUROPEAN POLITICS. 159 Meanwhile the radleal theorists In all lands arc disgusted with England's stability. Another London periodical answers the question by actually taking the anti-English side. The continent is hostile to England becMM "from the European point of view it is the special vice of our politics that we refuse to be assimilated to the European system. . . . We have a habit of lecturing other people about their business, and we take little pains to understand their point of view. . . . Though we are liberal in matters of commerce, W9 are in the political sense uuneighborly." The Harbor of Gibraltar. British military authorities are not at ease regarding conditions at Gib- raltar. Until recent years this mighty fortress was in no true sense a naval base. It had no dry dock for repairs of vessels, and its open harbor gave little protection from torpedo attack. Bia/tALTAH ^i BAY 2E3^ v , HLri»A 3^ tm ^*^_^ **SB.¥« ImM, rrrjr*! *r^^ **» Bf •***"•■»» . /--.JC-tm/* K*~J* y \ \ Wm&\. ' <■*"■ * # ♦ t _J- -■*. GIBRALTAR BAY PLAN OF GIBRALTAR, SHOWING THE NEW DOCKS AND HAEBOE. In 1894 a scheme was adopted for large dry docks and for a system of breakwaters enclosing the anchorage, and an immense sum has been ex- pended to make the place not only a naval base of the first rank, but also a convenient commercial and coaling port. Military experts now point out that the recent great Increase In the power and range of ordnance has made the town, the dockyard, and ships in the harbor— ill necessarily concentrated in a small area— open to a deadly converging fire from a semi- circle of Spanish territory not more than 9,500 yards away. In 1899, when— as is asserted by those who claim knowledge from the inmost circle — Frauce and Russia were ar- ranging an attack on England, Frauce was to attack Malta, Russia was to take possession of Egypt, while Spain was to open fire on Gibraltar's harbor and docks. Though this story is greatly lacking in proof, the danger of Gibraltar has become evident, and the British government has suspended Its dock construction, while a new har- bor location Is being considered on the eastern side of the Rock. 160 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. May No., l!»i SIR H. MORTIMER DURAND, BRITISH AMBASSADOR AT MADRID. NEGOTIATOR OF THE FAMOUS AGREEMENT OF 189:1, AFFECTING THE NORTHWESTERN INDIAN-AFGHAN FRONTIER. Anglo-German Relations. Little account need be made here of the flood of conjectures, prophecies, and assertions on this subject which was started by the Kaiser's memor- able visit at the time of Queen Vic- toria's last illness (pp. 52, 96). It suf- fices to say that the English utter- ances in general show a much warm- er feeling toward Germany than the German press reciprocates. English utterances, however, avoid any specific claim of an alliance, and they leave an impression that the English doubt Germany's readiness in that di- rection. Utterances in the German press leave little reason for doubt on this point. There is considerable veiled disapproval, and some open criticism, of the Emperor's visit and of its most significant features. There is fear lest Germany drift unwittingly into too close relations with tne great op- pressor of the Boers and the chief foe of Russia, though these two precious objects do not find place in the same paragraph. Evidently, in spite of the Franco-Russian alliance, Bismarck's standard theory, that jermany should keep friendship with mighty Russia, still holds In many German minds. In the Reichstag, March 5, a mem- ber of the Centre questioned thfe gov- ernment on the political significance of the Emperor's visit to England, say- ing that dissatisfaction was rife in Germany, and that the Emperor's EUROPE A V POLtTK v 161 decoration of Lord Roberts with the Order of the Bluck Eagle bad 611— d wide discontent. There was fear that too much friendship lot Britain would cause loss of friends on the continent. The imperial Chancellor, Count von Bulow, replied at considerable length. He said in effect, that the Emperor's visit was neither politieal nor courtly, out humanly sympathetic Naturally it had awakened in Great Britain grateful sentiments, with a wiah for relations of peace and friendliness. In such a wish Germany shares "on the basis of mutual consideration and absolute etpiality " That the Emperor had by his presence and demeanor in England opened the way for continuance of such normal good relations, was advantageous to both countries. The chancellor said that to cultivate the most friendly and the most neighborly relations with Rus- sia, is one of the foremost endeavors of German policy. The decorating of Field-Marshal Roberts with the Order of the Black Eagle was solely a matter PRINCESS BEATRICE OF BATTENBERG, FIFTH DAl-f.HTKt AND YOl NC.KST CHIlll OF THK LATE QIEEN VICTORIA. foi the King of Prussia to decide. It belonged M the constitutional preroga- tive of the crown. Lord Roberta it said to have returned the decorations on account of the tumult which their bestowal aroused in Ger- many. Italy and the Dreibund. Italy, long regarded as the power chiefly in need of whatever upholding the Triple Alliance could give, seems inclined to separate from It. King SIGNOR RUBINI, EX-MINISTER OF THK ITALIAN TRKAM KV. Victor's call of Signor Zanardelli to form a new cabinet, and some of the members chosen for it, are considered to indicate his tendency to favor the republican and "Irridentist" opposers of the German and Austrian alliance, which has now endured through about eighteen years. These years, when public works requisite for internal development were precluded by the extravagant naval and military ex- penditure which the alliance called for, have not been years of Italian advancement. There are recent signs of an economic reform and an indus- trial awakening, though whether these will be furthered by the closer association of Italy with France and Russia, which some observers predict, may Ik* questioned. Crete and Greece. Prince George of Greece, commis- sioner-general of the European pow- ers in the government of Crete, re- 162 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. May No., 1901 ceived from the consuls of the powers in Crete near the end of February the decision of their governments re- jecting his proposals to annex Crete to Greece and to supersede the inter- national troops by 3 reek iroops. ••>*>®-^®H<«- Hffairs in Hmedca. PROBLEMS OF GREATER AMERICA Cuba. THE CUBAN CONSTITUTION. A SECRET session was held March 7, in which a large ma- jority of the delegates to the constitutional convention ar- gued against acceptance of the condi- tions laid down in the amendment to the Army bill (p. 108). It was decided to continue the sessions of the con- vention and to refer the matter to a special committee on Relations, be- fore this decision was reached, Gen- eral Sanguily urged the convention to adjourn sine die and reject the condi- tions without discussion. The ques- tion was debated whether the con- vention had authority to adopt a scheme of relations that would be binding on the republic when all was settled. Senor Nunez argued that the delegates were empowered in the call fo- the convention to establish perma- nent relations with the United States. General Sanguily contended that the intention of the original call was an- nulled by Governor-General Wood's instructions at the opening of the con- vention, when the delegates were asked to give only an opinion. Mean while to the delegates came hundreds of telegrams from all over the island, exhorting them to stand firm and not surrender Cuban independence; and similar counsel was given by a por- tion of the press— the "radical press." On March 10, in all public places in Havana, was posted a placard with this inscription: "To the People of the United States: "Do not make any promises that you are not sure to keep, and never go back oa the word you have given. "GEORGE WASHINGTON." The only conservative among the members of the constitutional conven- tion, Senor Giberga, published March 30 a lengthy statement of his views upon the clause in the Army bill re- lating to Cuba. He would reject the demands of the Piatt amendment for coaling stations, right of intervention, and concession of the Isle of Pines to the United States. He would make the compliance of Cuba with any demands of the United States whatever dependent upon special tariff concessions in favor of Cuban products. At the same date opinion in the con- vention seemed decidedly opposed to acceptance of any part of the terms formulated in the Piatt amendment. YELLOW FEVER CONTROLLED. For the first time in the history of Havana the month of April opened this year without a single case of yel- low fever. The Marine Hospital Ser- vice is taking precautions against the introduction of the fever from Mexi- can and other tropical ports: quaran- tine was ordered to be enforced against such ports from April 15. Major W. C. Gorgas, chief sanitary officer, ex- pressed himself as confident that this summer there would be few cases of yellow fever in Havana or in the island. PROBLEMS OF GREATER AMERICA. Utf Porto Rico. SERIOUS RIOTING. There was a scri.nis riot at San Juan March 7. At 0 o'clock P. M., six artillerymen, one of thein a corporal, issued from post quarters without or- ders, charged across tlic plan into ■ street in which a mob had assembled and was besieging Mr. Armstrong, school superintendent, whom they charged with undue severity to school children. The soldiers, by tiring a vol- ley into the air, dispersed the mob, and Mr. Armstrong was rescued. For hours the mob had beset the house iu which Mr. Armstrong was, shooting "Down with the Americans!" 3ov- ernor Allen at T> o'clock had ordered the mayor to disperse the mob, and offered the aid of the army, should it be needed; but the mayor did noth- ing, The insular police excited the derision of the mob. Several Ameri- cans were hit with stones thrown from roofs and balconies. The action of Corporal Hisoock and his live com- rades was condemned by jovernor Allen: the corporal was liable to trial by court-martial for his unauthorized sally. INHABITANTS EMIGRATING. More than 1,800 persons of all ages have emigrated from the island to Ha- waii within the past few months; and in the beginning of March agents of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Associ- ation wen- expecting to enlist several thousand more. Naturally the indige- nous Inhabitant! of the better class are alarmed at this depletion of the labor resources of tin' island; and the local press protests against the scheme of "selling the people into slavery."' On March '1 a shipload of emigrants was detained by the authorities upon complaints made by parents and wives that their children or their husbands were being taken away unlawfully: many passengers were taken out of the ship before she was allowed to sail. There are also runners in the island employed to induce emigration to the Cuba mines, and to Ecuador to work on McDonald's railroad iu that country. HOLLANDER REVENUE LAW. On March 11 President McKinley gave audience to a committee sent to Washington to protest against the act passed by the Island legislature, known as the Hollander law, winch provides for the raising of revenue by taxes on property and by excise du- ties. The committee comnlained that in Porto Rico there are three taxes levied for the same purpose, namely, these Hollander tuxes, the old insular and municipal taxes, and the customs duties: any of these, it urged, meet the require- ments of the budget. Under the Hol- lander law $500,000 or more will he col- leetei] semi-annually in advance, thus lessening the money in circulation (which is less than $2,000,000). Two of the chief products of the island, rum and to- bacco, are so heavily taxed as practically to prohibit the industries connected with them. Besides, the only standard of valuation of property will be the per- sonal opinion of the assessors appointed by political favor. The people of Porto Rico, the protest sets forth, are ready and willing to meet all taxes necessary for the maintenance of order, justice, and good government: but they strenuously object to a tax the amount of which is uncertain, since no valuation of prop- erty has ever been made in the island. and which has been imposed on them without due regard to the actual condi- tions of the country or the necessities of the taxpayers, and iu a manner which severely oppresses the wealth producers of Porto Rico when the islami has not yet recovered from the ruinous effect of the hurricane and from the forty per cent reduction of its circulating medium by the exchange of the provincial money for United States currency, still further reduced by the excess of imports over ex- ports. The commissioners ask the President that (Jovernor Allen be directed to call I special session of the legislature to amend the law in a manner winch will relieve the people of tlie burdens com- plained of, and that the governor be di- rected to exercise care in the appoint- ment of assessors. The President said that he did not feel like exercising his authority for 164 AFFAIRS 7Y AMERICA. May No., luoi calling an extra session of the house of delegates, but would recommend that the executive council use the ut- most leniency in enforcing the tax law. Hawaii. SESSION OF THE LEGISLATURE. On March 1 was held the first ses- sion of the territorial legislature. J. A. Akiua (Ind.), of mixed Hawaiian and Chinese blood, was chosen speak- er of the house; and Dr. Nicholas ence on the floor to be a violation of the rule that the three departments of gov- ernment—executive, legislative, judicial — must be kept separate. Those who advocated exclusion of the secretary said that Governor Dole had put Cooper where he was with a view to intimidate members. Those who opposed the reso- lution held that Mr. Cooper was in the house as a representative of President Melvinley, to whom he was to transmit a report. He was excluded by a vote of twenty to nine: nine expresses the total strength of the Republican party in the house. In the senate, March 5, Cecil Brown, EXECUTIVE BUILDING, HONOLULU, HAWAII. FORMERLY THE PALACE OF KING KALAKAUA. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THIS BUILDING AT A COST OF $350,000 WAS A PIECE OF EXTRAVAGANCE THAT SERIOUSLY DISORDERED THE FINANCES OF THE KINGDOM. Russell, white, was elected president of the senate. On the third day of the sessions the secretary of the terri- tory, Mr. Cooper, was ordered to re- tire from the house, and was escorted to the door by the sergeant-at-arms. He was in the house in accordance with a provision of the Territorial act, which requires him to "record and preserve the laws and proceedings of the legislature." "The resolution requiring him with his stenographer to leave declares his pres- senator from Honolulu, called for a vote on a motion to table a resolution asking for statehood. When the vote was announced it was found that Mr. Russell, president of the senate, had voted for the motion, thus defeating the resolution for statehood. There- upon Mr. Brown accused the presi- dent of acting in an arbitrary manner by voting. He was called to order, but refused to surrender the floor. The two were about to come to blows when a motion to adjourn prevailed. PB0BLSM8 or OBSATSR AMERICA, I-,:. LEPKK HOM1 BULK The Home Rule party having prom- ised to the lepers of Molokui island that the right of home rule should he granted them, the legislature has made good the promise. The lepers are empowered to elect a hoard of aldermen, a mayor, and other municipal ofiicers. The general super- vision of tlic settlement will Wlh under the control of the Board of Health. The legislature proposes to establish an experimental station, at a cost of $25,000. whore a system of study of the disease can he made. Several supposed lepers were examined and found to be without the slightest evidence of the dis- ease, and if they are able to stand a bac- teriological examination they will be dis- missed from the settlement as cured. The Philippines. CONTINUED SKIRMISHING. In Marlnduque island, about March 10, Lieutenant John L. Hines,' com- manding a company of the Second In- fantry, had a conflict near Buenavista with a body of insurgents, of wham six were killed and thirteen wounded: the American loss was one killed and three wounded. About the same date, in the province of South Uocos, Lieu- tenant Thomas L. Sherburne, .i-'ld Vol- unteers, commanding a company of native scouts, defeated forty insur- gents. While Major Pickett, paymaster. With |7S,000 gold, was on the road be- tween Bayombong and Echague, in Nueva Viscaya. escorted by ten mounted men, he was attacked by bandits and had a sharp tight. The robbers were driven off, one man of the escort being killed and one wounded. Advices from Manila March 14 reported a complete suppns sion of trading operations with the insurgents In the Viscayau islands. Lieutenant Frederick It. Faytie, com- manding the "Pampangn" gunbo.it. had seized and destroyed 800 vessels of various sizes which had been trading with the insurgents. The vessels were mostly small native craft, but there wen several eoMtfng vessels belongs ing to mercantile Arms in Manila. With the vessels was captured a quantity of war material and supplies shipped to the insurgent commander in the Island of Samar by the native governor of Leyte. CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO. By far the most important event in the history of this insurrection for months was the capture, on March 23, at Palatum, province of Isabela, of Etnilio Aguinaldo, president of the na- tive republic. This was effected by- General Frederick Funston, aided by a few American officers and a band of native scouts. General Funston had under his com- mand in the expedition Captain Russell T. Hnzzard of the 11th Cavalry; Captain Harry W. Newton, 34th Infantry: Lieu- tenant Oliver P. M. Hazzard. 11th Vol- unteer Cavalry; Lieutenant Burton J. Mitchell, 40th Volunteer Infantry; also four quondam insurgent officers and seventy eight Macabebe scouts armed with Mausers and Remingtons: these Macabebes spoke the Tagalo language. General Funston and the other Ameri- cans were dressed in khaki without any insignia of rank: they passed for pris- oners to be taken before Aguinaldo by the Macabebes, who themselves passed for insurgent Tagalo soldiers. The stratagem grew out of the coming into General Fnnston's possession, of letters from Emilio Aguinaldo to Baldomero, ordering him to supplant General Ale- jandrino as commander in control of Luzon: the letters appeared to have been given up to General Funston by Aguin- aldo's agent and messenger. February 28, at Pantabangan in Nuevn Ecija. In them Aguinaldo ordered 400 soldiers to be sent to him immediately: the messen- ger would guide them to Aguinaldos headquarters. It happened that some months previously General Funston had captured the insurgent general. Lacuna, and with him much official corre- spondence and his seal. Two letters were now written in the name of Lacuna purporting to report to Aguinaldo the fortunes of the insurgents since the pre- vious report, and advising him of the dispatch to him of the writer's best company of armed men. General Fun- ston then organized his expedition in Manila, where he picked out seventy- eight Ifaeabehea who spoke the Tagalo language fluently: with them he t.»,.k three Tagalo officers and one Spaniard. 166 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. May No., 1001 BRIGADIER-GENERAL FREDERICK FUNSTON, U.S.A. CREATED A BRIGADIER-GENERAL IN THE REGULAR ARMY AS A REWARD FOR HIS CAFTURE OF AGUINALDO ON MARCH Si. all of whom had been in the insurgent; army. A warship took the party to a point in the province of Principe, whence they marched to Casiguran: there the ex-insurgent officers assured the insur- gent presidente that the Americans in • the party were prisoners, and the forged letters were forwarded by him to Aguin- aldo at Palanan in Isabela province. In the morning of March 17 the party set out for Palanan, ninety miles distant, marching over a most difficult country for seven days and nights. When within eight miles of their destination they were on the verge of starvation, and they sent word of their destitution to Aguin- aldo: he promptly dispatched supplies to them and gave orders tnat the pris- oners should be treated kindly. Arrived at Palanan. the pretended Ta- gnlos entered the house in which Aguin- aldo waited to receive the party in state. Then the Spanish officer, perceiving that one of Aguinaldo's aides was closely studying the Americans, exclaimed, "Now, Macabebes, go for them!" The Macabebes opened fire and three of Aguinaldo's men were hilled. Aguiu- aldo, hearing the firing, and thinking the fusillade was the act of his own men, ex- pressing their joy over the arrival of the captive Americans and of the reinforce- ment, shouted, "Stop that foolishness! Quit wasting ammunition!" Then Hdario Placido, one of the Tagalo of- ficers, threw his arms around Aguinaldo, saying, "You are a prisoner of the Americans." Colonel Simeon Villia, Aguinaldo's chief of staff, Major Alam- bra, and others attacked the men who were holding Aguinaldo. Placido shot Villia in the shoulder. Alambra jumped out of the window and attempted to cross the river. It is supposed that he was drowned. Five other insurgent of- ficers fought for a few tninntes and then fled, making their escape. When the firing began. General Fun- ston assumed command and directed the attack on the house, personally assist- ing in the capture of Aguinaldo. The in- surgent bodyguard tied, leaving twenty rifles. Santiago Barcelona, the insurgent treasurer, surrendered without resist- ance. None of the Macabebes was wounded. When captured, Aguinaldo was vio- lently excited; but he calmed down under General Funston's assurance that he would be well treated. General Fnnston secured all of Aguinaldo's corre- spondence, showing that he had kept in close touch with the sub-chiefs of the insurrection in all parts of the archipel- ago. It was also discovered that Aguinaldo on January 28 had proclaimed himself dictator. He had been living at Pala- nan for seven months undisturbed, ex- cept when a detachment of the lGth In- PJtOBLBMS OF OS EATEN AMERICA. 167 fantry visited the town. On that occa- siou the entire population took to the mountains ami remained there until the troops retired. Aguimtldo admitted that he had come mar to bring captured before, but he as- serted that he had never been wounded, adding: "1 should never have been taken except by a stratagem. I was completely deceived by Lacuna's forged signature." He feared he might be sent to (Juam. and he was glad to come to Manila, whither he was conveyed in the tfunhoat. "Vicksburg," arriving March 28. In recognition of his sagacity, cour- age, and enterprise in the capture of the chief of the insurrection, President McKlnley appointed General Funston a brigadier-general in the regular army. PI MSIIMKNT OF REBELS. Among cases of punishment inflicted on insurgents, General MacArthur, in a communication to the secretary of war, mentions that of Lucino Almeida, convicted by a military tribunal of flagrant violations of the laws of war and condemned to twenty years hard labor and to pay a fine of 20,000 pesos; these penalties were commuted to de- portation to Juam. Almeida, when he was president of La Union, affected to be very loyal to the United States, and was believed to be laboring to bring Ids coun'ry'iien over to the same dis- position; but all the while lie and the subordinate officers were promoting in every way the interests of the insur- gents: for every peso of tax collected for lawful purpose! they exacted a peso for the insurgents. Another pris- oner deported to (Juam is Catalino Lnndayan. presidents of the pueblo of Oulguinto by the grace of Aguimildo. while the office was already tilled by a prosidente appointed by authority of the United States; meanwhile I.amlayan wore the cloak of great friendship for Americans. Bui be kept the Insurgent commander in those parts fully advised of the strength and resources of the American garri- son. The policy of deportation was put in force in the beginning of January; and between that date and March 1, a num- ber of insurgent agents, sympathizers, and agitators were transported, among them these general officers of the insur- gents: Artemio Hicarte, Pio del Pilar, Maximo Hir.on. Mariano Llanera, Fran- cisco de los Santos. Another batch of ill-affected Filipinos was deported a day or two latpr, all being members of the Katipunan So- ciety who had taken the oath of al- legiance simply for the purpose of pro- moting the insurgent cause in the prov- ince of I locos Norte. In the trial of nine natives charged with murdering Quisinibiug, presl- dente of Calamba, March 11, facts were developed showing how the in- surgents terrorized the peaceful in- habitants even in territory occupied by the Americans. Members of a secret society known as that of the mandoducata systematically abducted and killed Filipinos that favored American rule. In two months the Mandoducata of Calamba killed 49 natives, the victims being usually buried alive. These Mandoducata were led by an officer of the insurgent general Cailles's staff. THE WORK OF PACIFICATION. The surrender of twenty-one officers and 120 bolomen to Lieutenant Desque of the 47th Volunteers at Irsein, prov- ince of Albay, Southern Luzon, was announced March 1. The same dis- patch reported numerous accessions to the Federalist party in Laguna prov- ince. An Associated Press dispatch of March 4 makes a forecast of "the virtual establishment of peace in the near future," and cites as the ground of this expectation the fact that for months there had been no attacks made by the insurgents, except Iso- lated cases of volleys being fired into towns by marauders, who always ran away at top speed; also the fact that peace sentiments were spreading rapidly in all directions, and that greater numbers were daily surrender- ing to the army and taking the oath 168 AFFAIltS IN AMERICA. May No., 1901 of allegiance. From the island of Panay at the same date came a dis- patch stating that fifteen former lead- ers of insurgents, with 500 of their followers, had taken the oath at Con- cepcion, and that two hundred more were soon to follow their example. "This," said the telegram, "extin- guishes the rebellion in that district." A telegraphic report of March 6 from Mr. Taft, head of the President's commission, is of like tenor: Between January 1 and the date of the report 1,127 firearms were captured and 1,3(38 were surrendered: both the cap- tures and surrenders were due to the co-operation of natives. Since November 5,000 bolomen had surrendered in Ilocos, 1,000 in Albay and Camarines. In Panay 00,000 persons had taken the oath of al- legiance. The Federal party, which Judge Taft declares to be "the avowed and direct outgrowth of the election" (i. e., the November election in the United States), had spread with wonder- ful rapidity everywhere: It was active and urgent in advocacy of peace and in arguing the advantage of civil liberty under American rule. Within three weeks five provincial governments had been organized — Pampanga, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Bataan. The people's desire for prn«tacial government was everywhere apparent, and there was manifest satisfaction with the form adopted. Judge Taft, in compliance with urgent invitation of natives, was to leave Manila, March 11, to organize the provinces of Tayabas, Romblon, Iloilo, Capiz, Zamboango, Zambales, Union, Cayagan, and Ilocos Norte. In the conclusion of the report Judge Taft says: "Fragmentary cable dispatches detail- ing small engagements, which are only the result increased activity army after close wet season and efficient policing country, made possible by active native co-operation, create wrong impression on mind of public as to probable continu- ance of war and as to conditions, which have, in fact, never been so favorable to restoration of complete peace and ac- complishment of declared purposes of President." General MacArthur, in the first week of March, issued an order to all de- partment commanders empowering them to release one insurgent prisoner for every rifle surrendered. The in- surgent who gives up a rifle is per- mitted to name the prisoner to be re- leased. In the island of Leyte, March 8, forty-four insurgents, officers and men, surrendered to Colonel Murray of the 43d Volunteers; about the same date Captain GSulick of the 47th Volun- teers received the submission of forty insurgent officers and 200 men. Ba- tangas province was at the same date rapidly becoming pacified; once it was a stronghold of insurgency. March 11 Seneral MacArthur reported the sur- render at Naio, province of Cavite, of General Mariano de Dios, four officers, and fifty-seven men uniformed and armed. About the same date was re- ported from Gubat, Albay province, the surrender of the insurgent Major Pulay with forty-nine officers and 240 men. The government of Tayabas prov- ince was organized March 12. Colonel hardener, late of the 30th Volunteers, was made governor. A very significant act of surrender was that of General Mariano Trias with nine officers and 109 well-armed men at San Francisco de Malabon on March 15. General Trias, who held the rank of lieutenant-general, took the oath of allegiance to the United States. General MacArthur viewed this as "a most auspicious event, in- dicating the final stage of armed in- surrection. The prestige of Trias," he added, "in Southern Luzon, was equal to that of Aguinaldo." In the island of Marinduque in the middle of March insurgency was at an end except that 300 insurgents still held out in the mountains; the people were anxious for pacification and American rule. Major Smith, com- manding the garrison in the island, had issued an order requiring all the natives to live in the five principal towns; those who should remain out- side would be treated as rebels. Diocino, insurgent general, tvas cap- tured March 18, after being wounded three times. He had long been the chief obstacle to the pacification of the island of Panay; his capture, it was 1'ltoliLEMs of QRBATSB AMBBWA. 169 bettered by (Jeueral MaeArthur, would end hostilities in that islund; this fore- cast was verified, for on March -2 the Insi InsOfgenl bend in I'anay, com- manded bf Fullon. surrendered to General Hughes. THK COMMIMABT FRAUDS. A telegram from Manila March 31 reported interest in the capture of Aguinaldo as being "well-nigh over- shadowed" by the sensation produced by revelations of great Hands in the Commissary Department. Numerous arrests were made of army officers, soldiers, and civilians Captain Fred- erick J. Barrows of the .*{»)th Volunteer Infantry, quartermaster-general of the department of Southern Luzon, seven commissary sergeants, several civilian clerks, one prominent contractor, pro- prietors of bakerfee, and storekeepers. Though the investigation of the frauds had hardly begun, thousands of Racks of flour, a quantity of bacon, and wagonloads of other goods, property of the government, were found in the posscssinn of unauthorized persons. The government contractor arrested had been for some time doing a busi- ness of nearly $PH),000 a month and had shown lavish hospitality to offi- cers. A prominent commissary officer, not named, had been leading a scan- dalously immoral life. Other arrests were expected to follow. PUBLIC EDUCATION. The commission lias instituted a Department of Public Instruction, with central office in Manila. The department is to be directed by a general superintendent, salary, $<»,000. Schools are to be established in every puehlo. The English language will lw» made, as soon as practicable, the basis of instruction; soldiers may be detailed as JOHN OVU-Sty, JomtMsm, Kt4 me yew 6c rtmum twmtt, I acetf Urn It my 172 AFFAIRS m AMEBIC A. May No., 1001 98 per cent. The city of Nome has 12,486 inhabitants, and Skaguay 3,117. Kansas. MRS. NATION'S CRUSADE. The month of March saw the cru- saders' ardor greatly cooled, and in fact raiding was practically suspend- Christian Advocate" of Kansas City, Mo., and there ought not be any need for her personally to carry the war any farther. "Whatever may have been the value of her work, such work is no longer neces- sary, since those who wish the saloon destroyed in their community have in their own hands the full, plenary power Copyright, 1U01, by Nichols & Davidson, Topeka. MRS. CARRIE NATION, THE PROHIBITION CRUSADER OF KANSAS. WHOS°E VIOLENT METHODS HAVE ATTRACTED TOE WORLD'S ATTENTION. ed (p. 115). Four of Mrs. Nation's followers, when on trial at Wichita for joint wrecking, or rather for dis- orderly conduct, were discharged from custody, the jury declaring their in- ability to come to agreement. Mrs. Nation was tried with them, but did not appear in court, being at the time in jail at Topeka. Mrs. Nation's work is done, declares the "Central to destroy the saloon; and it is a weak- ness, a lack of moral courage, to seek the presence and violence of any outside their community. Mrs. Nation's influ- ence, short-lived as it may have been, was opportune. Doubtless it wakened the civic conscience, and doubtless also it helped in the creation of the robust statutes which render the destruction of the sale of liquor in Kansas henceforth so easy. The character of the mission of any reformer is not to be measured by its duration." Ah'FMltS I.V VARIOUS STATES. 173 Kentucky. The Kentucky court of appeals, March 28, set aside the judgments of the trial courts in the cases of Caleb Towers and James Howard, implicat- ed in the assassination of Governor Goebel (Vol. 10, pp. 049, 830). The two men were serving a life sen- tence of imprisonment. The judgment of the court of :i ppcals was unanimous in the case of Howard; in that of I'nw- ers the three Republican justices were for reversal and a new trial; but the two Democrats dissented. The ground of reversal in the Powers case was er- roneous instructions given to the jury and admission of incompetent testimony; in the Howard case, the same and other minor irregularities. South Carolina. PRISON PENS. The grand jury of Anderson county reported upon the treatment of con- victs in the contractors' stockades, March 7: On the plantations of Elias Magee, A. T. Newell, J. P. Miller, W. Q. Ham- mond, and J. S. Fowler, an "iniquitous state of affairs" was found to exist. All these men had stockades, and three of them employed convicts from the state penitentiary. They all used "free" labor, "if we may use the word 'free' :u de- scribing people working under these men and receiving the treatment they do." These contract laborers are worked un- der guard, kept locked up at night and all Sunday, and are whipped freely. Several guards are presented for whip- ping these laborers cruelly, one man hav- ing received one hundred lashes with ■ rawhide. Some of the contracts were in blank as to time of service and rate of pay. although signed by the negroes: this left them indefinitely in the power of the contractor and without any pay. Two cases of kidnapping were devel- oped. In one case a man was arrested in another county and taken to Miller's farm, where he was worked for months. Another ease was that of a weak-minded negro arrested in Georgia on the charge that he was a runaway from Ham- mond's stockade: he had never been in that stockade, nor had he ever been charged with crime. One method of getting hold of negroes was to take them out of jail on bond and work them In the stockade till trial: in Fowler's stockade were confined six men who had been jailed in October on the charge of playing craps. Utah. POLYGAMY BILL VETOED. A bill which was designed to ob- struct prosecutions for polygamy, hav- ing passed in both houses of the legis- lature, was vetoed by Governor Heber M. Wells, himself a Mormon, on March 14. In his message to the leg- islature Governor Wells says: "No official act of my life has been approached by me with a seute of re- sponsibility so profound as is involved in the consideration of this bill. It is a ANDREW CARNEGIE, OF riTTSBURG, PA.,~THK RETIRED STEEL KING. measure of the supremest importance. ami in its consequences for good or ill easily sin-passes any other proposition that ever came before this Common- wealth for legislative and executive de- termination." Were he to approve the bill he fore- sees that there would arise a general demand upon Congress for a constitu- tional amendment directed against what he euphemistically styles "cer- tain social conditions here," and that such nn nmendment would surely be adopted. He continues: "I yield to no one in affection for tho«e, my people, who. from the highest mo- tives, and because they believed It a 174 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. May No., 1901 divine command, entered into the rela- tions of plural marriage. Born and reared in Utah, myself a product of that marriage system, taught from infancy to regard my lineage as approved of the Almighty, and proud to-day, as I have ever been, of my heritage, it will be granted, 1 trust, that every instinct of my nature reaches out to shield my friends from harm and to protect them from unjust attack. "Their cause is my cause, and when they are hurt I am hurt, for I am part of them. But in that same heart which is filled with sympathy for thi-m, I found also the solemn feeling that this bill holds out only a false hope of protec- tion, and that in offering a phantom of relief to a few, it in reality invites a deluge of discord and disaster upon all."' PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. Mr. Carnegie's Gifts. THE NEW YORK LIBRARY. Mr. Andrew Carnegie, in a letter ad- dressed to Dr. John S. Billings, direc- tor of the New York Public Library, made the offer, March 12, of $5,200,000 to aid in establishing in the city sixty- five libraries, to be branches of the central Public Library. The cost of these branch libraries, for building, furnishing, and equipment, is esti- mated to be on the average $80,000 for each; but that estimate does not take into account the cost of the sites. The city or private munificence must pro- vide the sites, and the city must "agree in satisfactory form to provide for the maintenance of the libraries as built." The state legislature promptly passed an act to enable the city to comply with the conditions of Mr. Carnegie's munificent gift. The main- tenance of these libraries will require an annual outlay of $520,000 by the city. THE CARNEGIE EMPLOYEES. The day following, another gift of $5,000,000 by Mr. Carnegie was an- nounced. Of this sum $4,000,000 is in- tended to constitute a fund from which pensions are to be paid to su- perannuated employees of the Carne- gie Company; and $1,000,000 is appro- priated to the maintenance of the Car- negie libraries at Braddock, Home- stead, and Duquesne. Mr. Carnegie, in the letter "to the good people of Pittsburg," which announced this dis- position of a portion of his wealth, writes: "An opportunity to retire from business came to me unsought, which I consid- ered it my duty to accept. My resolve was made in youth to retire before old age. From what I have seen around me, I cannot doubt the wisdom of this course, although the change is great, even serious, and seldom brings the hap- piness expected. But this is because so many, having abundance to retire upon, have so little to retire to "But the separation even from a busi- ness point of view is not absolute, since my capital remains in Pittsburg as be- fore, and indeed I am now interested in more mills there than ever, and depend upon Pittsburg as hitherto for my rev- enue. "I shall have more time now to de- vote to the institute and to the technical school, which are in the higher domain of Pittsburg's life, and these I have long seen to be my chief work — the field in which I can do the greatest, because the highest, good for Pittsburg. The share which I have had in the material de- velopment of our city may be considered only the foundation on which the things of the spirit are built; and in taking the proceeds of the material to develop the things of the spiritual world, I feel that I am pursuing the ideal path of life and duty." Upon these generous gifts and the graceful manner of their bestowal, the Boston "Transcript" remarks: "The example is worth as much as the gifts. There are many other men gath- ering in enormous fortunes. Mr. Car- negie is setting up measurements by which the public will henceforth esti- mate the possessors of those fortunes. That standard will be Carnegie's match- less monument. A new rule of moral responsibility is being established in the modern world to meet its new condi- tions, and the man of wealth must here* after be a philanthropic and p*ublic-spir- ited man, else the only effect of his rich- es will be to prejudice him in the public eye. This is a contribution to the twen- tieth century not to be measured in mil- lions or billions. It is simply incalcu- lable." A. 175 Frauds on Postal Paper. Mr. Silus C. Parker, lawyer, of Mansfield, O., has recently written u treatise relating to the important sub- ject of "thefts and counterfeiting of postage stamps, stamped envelopes, and postal cards, and to other wrongs against the postal service," in which he outlines plans for prevention of such frauds. The matter Is now be- fore the Postal Department for con- sideration and, In view of its national importance, is well worthy of general attention and study. Among the author's ingenious sugges- tions are: To require indorsement on postal paper by local postmaster and mailer; to limit territory in which par- ticular issues of stamped paper shall be mailable, so that, for example, stamps bought or stolen in New York could not be used in Omaha; to prohibit use of postage stamps as currency, etc. Strength Record Broken. On March 30 all intercollegiate strength records were broken by Roy Wirt Allis, a sophomore of the Uni- versity of Minnesota. The total record made by Allis, on trial under the Sargent system, was 1,885 kilograms (about 4,200 pounds). The best previous record was 1,800 kilo- grams, by C. J. Herbert, of Harvard. Allis is twenty-five years old; weight 15S pounds; height 5 feet 5 inches; and has been exercising systematically only a year and a-half. Miscellaneous. The University School of Education lately organized by the affiliation of the Chicago Institute with the Univer- sity of Chicago, has received from Mrs. Emmons Blaine (founder of the Chicago Institute) a gift of $1,000,000. CANADA. The Dominion Parliament. The most significant feature of this year's budget debate In the commons was the unequivocal definition of the Conservative attitude on the crucial question of British trade preference and the general fiscal policy of the government. The Conservatives favor high protection, and hope for preferen- tial trade within the empire based upon reciprocal concessions. The Lib- eral ideal, on the other hand, is free trade; but in practice the party ac- cepts for the present the principle of a revenue tariff incidentally protective, and looks toward an ultimate imperial commercial union, or Zollvereln, based on free trade principles. THE BUDGET. It was on March 14 that the finance minister, Hon. W. S. Fielding, brought down the budget— a most encouraging one. Its chief features are briefly as follows: There are to be no changes in tariff rates or schedules, save that all ma- chinery for beet sugar factories is to be admitted free of duty for one year; at present such machinery is free only when it is of a class not made in Can- ada. Total revenue last fiscal year: — $51,- 029,094. Total expenditure last year: — $42,- 975,279. Surplus (largest in Canada's history) last year:— $8,054,715. Reduction of public debt :— $779,639. Estimated revenue for year ending 30th of June:— $52,750,000. Estimated expenditure for year end- ing 30th of June:— $46,400,000. Estimated surplus for year ending 30th of June:— $6,350,000. Increase in aggregate foreign trade, 1900:-$59,856,023. Iron and steel bounties to cease in six years from July next. THE CONSERVATIVE POLICY. The debate on the budget continued for two weeks. Its chief interest cen- tring In an amendment offered March 18 by the leader of the Conservative Opposition, Mr. R. L. Borden, to the motion to go Into Committee of Ways and Means, as follows: "That in the opinion of this house the welfare of this country requires a pro- nounced policy of adequate protection and encouragement at all times to the labor, agricultural, manufacturing, min- ing, and other industrial interests of Canada. 176 AFFAIRS m AMEHICA. May No., 1901 "That in the opinion of this house the adoption of a policy of mutual trade preference within the empire would prove of great benefit to the mother country, and to the colonies, and would greatly promote the prosperity, unity, and progress of the empire as a whole; and that the present time, when the Commonwealth of Australia is laying the foundation of its fiscal system, is particularly opportune for taking prompt and energetic steps towards the further- ance of this object. "This house is further of opinion that equivalent or adequate duties should be imposed by Canada upon the products HON. W S. FIELDING, CANADIAN MINISTER OF FINANCE. and manufactures of countries not with- in the empire, in all cases where such countries fail to admit Canadian pro- ducts and manufactures upon fair terms, and that the government should take for this purpose all such available meas- ures as may be found necessary." In speaking to this amendment, Mr. Borden forcibly outlined the fiscal policy of the Conservative party. Unlike a few of his supporters — such as W. F. Maclean of East York. Ont., and A. C. Bell of Pictou, N. S.— who condemn in toto the idea of any Cana- dian trade preference to Britain, Mr. Borden disavowed such an attitude as this toward the concessions which the L»aurier government had granted to Brit- ish trade, saying. "The Conservative party have never said that they proposed to repeal that preference; but they have said that they would never rest satisfied until, in addi- tion to that and as compensation for that, we had obtained a preference in the British markets." As to political relations with the em- pire, the Conservative party, as indeed the Liberal party, stands as it has al- ways stood for continued and even closer union, and for loyalty to the Crown. Said Mr. Borden: "I don't want any misunderstanding, so far as the Conservative party is con- cerned. I am prepared to stand for the unity of the empire, f r the integrity of the empire, as strongly as any member of this house. I am prepared for that purpose to advocate and support the claims of any government that will spend its last dollar and send its last man in support of the integrity of the empire against any foe that may threaten dis- ruption." As to relations with the United States, the Conservative leader showed a spirit of conciliation, contrasting with that of some of the members of his party in recent years. Said he: "So far as our trade relations with the United States are concerned, I do not desire to say much. I entirely concur with what was said, and very wisely said, by Sir Richard Cartwright, that so far as our trade relations with the United States are concerned we must use every possible effort to maintain friendly and cordial relations with that country. ... I do most heartily con- cur with the view that so far as the great country to the south of us is con- cerned we should not do anything which might be misunderstood by that republic and which might provoke a breach of the very cordial relations which at pres- ent exist between the two countries." On the great question of tariff policy, Mr. Borden reverts to the protectionist ideals of the old Macdonald regime. It will be remembered that under Sir John Thompson and his successors the high protective tariff of the old National Pol- icy was moderated so as to approximate to the mere requirements of revenue (Vol. 3, pp. 97, 777; Vol. 4, pp. 162, 382). Under Mr. Borden's leadership, however, the party now countermarches to the old ground. THE LIBERAL POLICY. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the premier, re- plied to the Conservative leader, clear- I .1 \ADA. 177 ly depicting the policy of the Liberal party. Tin- Liberal ideal is that of free trade au they hare it in England, that is. a purely revenue tariff suited to the pe- culiar needs of the nation. But the im- mediate realization of this ideal would violently disturb commercial and indus- trial interests; so the ideal is to be ap- proached gradually. Toward this end, Sir Wilfrid contended, the preferential tariff in favor of Britain was a great step. A still larger step, he said, was checked by the recent failure of the rec- iprocity negotiations with the United States, which the government, however, will still try to carry through. As to commercial relations with the rest of the empire, the premier looked forward ultimately to intra-imperial free trade. He said: "The moment we are ready — it may take a long time, but I hope that some day it shall come — to discard our tariff, the moment we come to the doctrine of free trade, then it will be possible to have a commercial mutual preference based on free trade in the empire. There is free trade to-day between 75,000,000 people in the United States, there is free trade between 40.000,000 people in Ger- many, there is free trade between 30,- 000,000 Frenchmen; and if.it is possible to have free trade between 300,000,000 of British subjects, you would have the greatest commercial policy the world has ever seen." The debate ended March 20, when Mr. Borden's amendment was defeated by 118 to- 04 votes, a government ma- jority of 54. As one Conservative (f'nlvln of Frontenne) voted with the ministry, the normal Lilwral majority. Including the Independents, but not In- cluding the . speaker, is 52, as was shown on the challenging of a second division on the notion to go Into Com- mittee of Ways and Means. TH1 HKITISH POLICY. Regarding the possibility of securing In the United Kingdom reciprocal con- cessions In favor of Canada, a signifi- cant incident occurred in the British house of commons, March 28, when the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Sir M. Hicks-Beach, Teplylng to a question, pointed out that reciprocity would In- volve the Imposition of duties on goods from other countries for the benefit of Canada. He was not prepared, he said, to pro- pose this, and was certain Canada did not expect it. Great Britain had al- ready shown her appreciation of Can- ada's preferential treatment by assist- ing the steamship service between Can- ada and Japan and by the assistanee promised in the case of the Pacific cable. rilKXCII CANADIAN LOYALTY. The loyalty of the French Canadian element in Canada (Vol. 9, p. 910; Vol. 10, pp. 91, 197, 473, 057) was again demonstrated on March 12, when the bouse rejected by a vote of 144 to 3 an amendment to a motion to go into sup- ply offered by M. Bourassa, Liberal member for Labelle. M. Bourassa was supported by only two other mem- bers—MM. C. Angers 'Charlevoix) and D. Monet (Laprairie and Naplerville) The amendment was as follows: "That whilst strictly adhering to the fundamental principles of Canadian au- tonomy, and refusing to admit that the intervention of Canada in South Africa has committed this country to any fu- ture participation in the wars and policy of Great Britain, this house thinks that the contribution of Canada in the South African war, both in armed help and public expenditure, entitles the Cana- dian people to express an opinion on the matter. This house, therefore, humbly reminds His Majesty King Edward VII. that the glorious reign of his august mother, Queen Victoria, whose memory shall ever be cherished by Canadians of all origins and creeds, was inaugurated in bloodshed and rebellion in this part of her dominions; that peace and pros- perity were subsequently restored, and forever Her Majesty's advisers under- stood, as Lord Grey told in his instruc- tions to Lord Elgin, Governor of Can- ada, that it was neither possible nor de- sirable to carry on the government of any of the British provinces in North America in opposition to the opinions of its inhabitants; that since that time Her Majesty has found in no portion of her empire a more faithful, devoted, and con- tented people than her French Canadian subjects. This house, therefore, ex- presses the hope and desire that His Majesty's government will endeavor to conclude in South Africa an honorable peace, founded upon the law of nations, which guarantees independence to all 178 AFFAIBS IN AMERICA. May No., 1901 MAP SHOWING RAILROADS TO AND FROM THE CROW'S NEST COAL FIELD. The coal area is shaded. The railroads at present operating are indicated by heavy black continuous lines. The two broken lines running south from the coal area into the United States, t now the possible routes of the direct branch for whose construction permission is now sought. Everett, Anaconda, Butte, Helena, and Great Fan's, the points on the Great Northern system at which its smelters are at work, are also marked. Sand Coulee and Livingstone, where the Great Northern coal mines are situated, are shown. civilized peoples, and upon the true Brit- ish traditions of respect to all national and religious convictions, and to the spirit of colonial autonomy. This house further declares that there is no neces- sity for sending any more Canadian troops to South Africa, and the enlist- ment of recruits for the South African constabulary should not be allowed to take place in Canada." THE CROW'S NEST QUESTION. A bill for the granting of a charter to the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company for a railway from its coal fields at Fernie (see map, p. 178) to the United States boundary, there to connect with a branch of the Great Northern Rail- way, has aroused much discussion. The Crow's Nest coal deposits cover over 250,000 acres, with an average thickness of 100 to 150 feet. Engineers estimate that a seam of coal a foot thick covering an acre contains 1,000 tons; the fields at Fernie, therefore, contain a supply practically inexhaustible. At present this coal can reach the American market either by going east to Leth- bridge and thence south, or by going west to Nelson and thence down to the boun- dary. The proposed new direct route will run from the coal area at Elko southward to either Jennings or Kalis- pell on the main line of the Great North- ern, and is both shorter and cheaper than the others. The Canadian Pacific Railway has strongly opposed the bill, arguing that with easier access to the United States and the prospect of better profits there than can be expected from the sale of coke and coal in Canada, the Canadian smelting industries may be starved through want of fuel and transferred across the line; the United States de- mand will be supplied, the Canadian de- mand neglected; also the Great North- ern Railway and the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company would virtually monopo- lize the whole Canadian coal area in that region The C. P. R. professes to have no ob- jection to the bill provided the Coal Company will guarantee to deliver a steady supply of coal and coke to the British Columbia smelters at the same price as elsewhere. The Coal ^Company, on the other hand, while professing wil- lingness to protect as far as it is able the province in the matter of supplies of fuel, "wishes to be left unhampered in the legitimate extension of its business at far distant points where keen compe- tition would have to be met." CAXADA. 179 In view of the opposition to the bill. Mr. Blair, minister of railways, de- cided, alwut the end of March, to hold It over for further scrutiny. TIIK COOF CHARGES. On March 13 the senate, on motion of Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Conservative lr:uVr. ;ii»i>. The Ontario Assembly. The provincial legislature was still In session at the end of March, but neariug the end of its labors. The normal majority of the Ross govern- ment is ten, as was shown by the first division of the session, March 12, on nn amendment offered by Mr. W. H. Hoyle (Cons., North Ontario), depre- cating the failure of the government to probe the theft of the ballots and other papers relating to the West El- gin election. The vote stood 34 to 44, with seven pairs. LAW REFORM. A very important measure of reform In legal procedure was introduced March 15 by the attorney-general, Hon. J. M. Gibson. Briefly summarized, the measure dou- bles the jurisdiction of the county courts, combines general sessions and the assizes when business is light, and does away with the summoning of juries when, within a reasonable time before- hand, it is apparent there will he no business for them to attend to; simplifies the procedure of interlocutory motions; abolishes the writ of summons; and ef- fects other changes. The bill passed Its second reading without a division, March 29. IMPROVED HIGHWAYS. The premier's bill for Improved highways (p. 120) was read a second time. March 14. Important changes from the original draft have been made. The appropriation of $1,000,000 is to be set apart at once and paid over as soon as earned, instead of being spread over a period of ten years in equal an- nual installments. The control of the rounty councils is enlarged, though the rights of the townships where there is opposition to county roads is safeguard- ed by provisions for arbitration. Muni- cipal or township councils taking advan- tage of the act may raise by debentures payable in twenty years their proportion of the money to be expended on improv- ing the roads. The clauses of the orig- inal measure providing that the whole or part of municipal shares of the appro- priation may be expended on roadmaking 110 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. May No., 1901 machinery, do not appear in the bill as revised. It is provided that the road mileage to be designated and assumed under the act shall be as nearly as prac- ticable in proportion to the assessed area of each township and county. BKET-SUGAR INDUSTRY. Mr. Dryden's bill for encouragement of the beet-sugar industry (p. 120) passed its second reading without dis- cussion, March 20. In committee were added some amend- ments, among them one providing that for the first and second years a bonus of HON. WILLIAM LOUNT, NEW JUDGE OF THE COMMON I'LEAS DIVISION OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE FOR ONTARIO. one-half cent a pound on refined sugar will be paid to the factories, and during the third jear one-quarter of a cent. AID TO TORONTO UNIVERSITY. On March 21 the minister of educa- tion, Hon. R. Harcourt, introduced a measure providing for aid to the Uni- versity of Toronto (Vol. 10, p. 1030). I The scientific and technical depart- ments will be the chief beneficiaries. For the purpose of encouraging a study of the mineral, forest, and other resources of the province and supplying the de- mands of expert knowledge in engineer- ing and manufactures, the province will pay from the consolidated revenues the entire expense of the departments of chemistry, physics, mineralogy, and ge- ology. This will involve for the present year an expenditure of about $20,000 in addition to the regular annual grant of $7,000, of which latter amount the scientific department has heretofore re- ceived $1,600. It was subsequently an- nounced that it had been decided to erect a new building for the science de- partment on College street at a cost of about $200,000. LAND GRANTS TO TROOPS. After much discussion, the bill granting lands to war veterans has been redrawn. The list of beneficiar- ies has been considerably extended, so as to include volunteers who served on the frontier in 1870, newspaper cor- respondents in South Africa, and others. NATURAL GAS EXPORTS. In view of the great drain upon and the threatened exhaustion of the nat- ural gas deposits in the county of Es- sex, strong pressure has been brought to bear upon the government to pro- hibit the export of that important commodity across the Detroit river into the United States. Resources of New Ontario. The results of the recent exploration of "New Ontario," i. e., the northern portions of the province (Vol. 10, p. 475), are embodied in the report for 1900 of the commissioner of crown lands, Hon. E. J. Davis, and are start- ling in their revelation of the agricul- tural and forest resources of that hith- erto but little known section of the province. "The result," says the commissioner, "is that a tract of arable land has been found north of the height of land, stretching from the Quebec boundary west across the districts of Nipissing, Al- goma, and Thunder Bay, comprising an area of about 24.500 square miles or 15,- 080,000 acres. The soil is a clay or clay loam, nearly all suitable for farming purposes; and the region is watered by the Moose and its tributaries, the Ahitibi, Mettagami, and Missinabie, and ' A.VADA. 181 the Albany nnd its tributaries, the Keno- gaini and Ogoke "The climate of this region is reported to have no features which would pre- vent the ripening of grain or the grow- ing of root crops. It lies for the most part south of the 50th parallel of lati- tude, which crosses the province of Man- itoba near Winnipeg; and its climate will not differ much from that of the latter pro\ ince. Crops of grain, potatoes, and other vegetables and even small fruits were found growing as far north as James bay. "A great pulpwood forest has been located north of the height of laud, ex- tending across the districts of Nipissing, Algoma, and Thunder Bay, with a depth in some places of 150 miles. The timber embraces all the common pulp woods, such as spruce, poplar, jackpine, and balm of gilead, as well as tamarac and cedar along the banks of the streams. . . . . In the district of Nipissing south of the height of land, an extensive pine forest was explored and estimated to contain about three billions of feet, board measure." Cremation in Quebec. The session of the Quebec legisla- ture which closed near the end of March was the shortest since Confed- eration, and the quietest on record. With only four Conservatives In the assembly, there was practically no Opposition. An interesting item of legislation was a bill authorizing the Mount Royal Prot- estant Cemetery Company of Montreal to erect and operate a crematory. The bill was opposed on the ground that cre- mation was a relic of paganism, contrary to Christian and especially Roman Cath- olic teaching. It passed the assembly by a majority of only one vote, and with amendments providing that the deceased had expressed a desire for cremation, and that a certificate be produced that deceased at death was not a Roman Catholic. In the legislative council the latter amendment was opposed, and the principle of cremation was adopted in committee by a vote of 11 to 7. For the objectionable amendment, the follow in;: was substituted: "That the deceased at the time of his death is entitled to be buried in Mount IJci.\ ill cemetery and has expressed by bis will a wish that his body be cremated." A motion to strike out the cremation clause was lost in the council on a vote of 11 to 11, and the bill as amended in committee became law. The Delpit Marriage Case. On Mnrch 30 Judge J. S. Archibald of the superior court at Montreal ren- dered judgment on the demurrer In the now famous Delplt-Cote marriage case (p. 40), upholding the inscription In law which asked that M. Delpit's demand against his wife be rejected with costs. The Inscription was as follows: "The defendant inscribes in law for the eleventh day of February next against the demand in this case, and asks that it be rejected with costs for the following reasons: "Because, even if the parties were Catholics at the date of said marriage, according to law the marriage of two •Catholics can be validly solemnized by a Protestant minister; "Because, according to law, the sen- tence of the ecclesiastical tribunal al- leged in the declaration is null, and of null effect, inasmuch as it pretends to" nullify the lien of said marriage; "Because, according to law, no ecclesi- astical tribunal is competent or has a jurisdiction to pronounce the annulment of a marriage as to the lien; "Because the conclusions of the decla- ration do not flow from the allegations of such declaration." The issue, assuming Mrs. Delpit to be a Catholic, which she denies, rests essentially upon the marriage decree of the Council of Trent, which de- clares marriage a sacrament, requires the faithful to be married according to the rites of the Church, and orders that marriages contracted otherwise "shall be held null and invalid." Judge Archibald's decision is too lengthy to be quoted here in full. In substance he maintains that the decree of the Council of Trent is not the law of Quebec: the right to freedom of wor- ship, guaranteed when Canada was ceded by France to Britain, did not carry with it legislation on marriage other than such as the Church itself can enforce. The law of the province is su- preme, and that law recognizes and up- holds all marriages by all ministers of religion. Thus the Delpits, according to this judgment, even though Catholics at the time of their marriage, were legally married by the Protestant clergyman. The decision asserts the supremacy of the civil law. It does not remove from 182 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. May No., 1901 Catholics the obligation to be married in their own Church. The sequels of this judgment will be matter for a later review. The final decision in the case will fix the rela- tive rights of the ecclesiastical and civil tribunals. The Manitoba Railways. Premier Roblin's bill to ratify the contract between the provincial gov- ernment and the Canadian Northern Railway (p. 120), passed its second reading in the assembly March 11, on a party division of 23 to 9. The Op- position contended that inasmuch as the present revenue of the province was insufficient to meet ordinary ex- penditure, it would be foolhardy to undertake the liabilities of the new arrangement. A strong delegation from the province has been working at Ottawa to induce the Dominion gov- ernment to refuse its required assent to the measure. It is pointed out that while the total revenue of Manitoba is about $900,000, with expenditure approximately the same, the province is primarily liable under the contract for au annual charge of $293,000 (average annual rental), $232,000 interest on bonds on Ontario section; $153,920 interest on bonds for- merly guaranteed by the province on the C. N. R. lines in 'Manitoba, making a to- tal annual charge of $683,920 and a capi- tal liability of $17,010,000— liabilities, it is contended, entirely disproportionate to the accruing benefits. The Dhoukhobortsi. Some unrest has manifested itself among the 7,000 or more members of this communist sect from Russia, who were settled In the Northwest about two years ago (Vol. 8. p. 948). The trouble arises from conflict of their religious views with the requirements of the land, marriage, and registration laws: they do not believe in individual ownership of land or the necessity of registering marriages and births. It appears that a Russian agitator, not a member of the sect, sought to foment trouble, and secured about thirty sig- natures to a petition, which was for- warded to Ottawa, for remedy of the alleged grievances. The exaggerated statement went the round of the press that the Dhoukhobortsi had appealed to the nations of the world to afford them a refuge from "Canadian tyr- anny." DANISH WEST INDIES. Terms of Sale. The last of March a dispatch from Copenhagen was published giving the conditions of sale of the Danish West Indies (p. 50), which, it was claimed, "on the highest authority," had been communicated by Denmark to the United States. Little credence is generally given to this report According to it, Denmark makes four conditions: 1, the price is to be $4,000,- 000; 2, a referendum of the people of the islands is to be taken on the transfer; 3, if the referendum is favorable to the transfer, the people are to become imme- diately not only American subjects, but American citizens; 4, products of the islands are to be admitted to the United States free of duty. THE TRANS-ISTHMIAN CANALS. Why Was Treaty Rejected? The reply of the British government rejecting the Hay-Pauncefote treaty as amended by the senate, which was handed to Secretary Hay by Lord Paunce/ote, March 11 (p. 125), was made public March 25. The tone of Lord Lansdowne's communication is thoroughly friendly, and expresses the sincere regret the British government would feel at a failure to reach a friendly understanding on this mat- ter, intimating that Great Britain would welcome another attempt to se- cure such an understanding. The ini- tiative in such an attempt must, of course, come from the United States. The reasons for rejecting the three amendments made to the treaty by the senate are discussed in turn by Lord Lansdowne. The amendment to the first paragraph of Article 2, which declares SOUTH AMERICA. 183 the abrogation of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, is regarded as too far-reaching | step to l>e taken by the Uuited States without consulting British views on the matter. It is declared to be an interna- tional contract of unquestionable valid- ity; a contract which, according to well established international usage, ought not to be abrogated or modified, save with the consent of both parties to the contract. More importance, however, is attached to the other two amendments. The Davis amendment, added to Sec- tion fi of the same article, which reserves to the United States the right to take such measures as it may deem necessary for the defense of the United States, is considered to involve a distinct depar- ture from the principle heretofore agreed adherence of the other powers to the treaty, is objected to on the ground that the neutrality of the canal cannot be secured by the guarantee of the two contracting powers alone, and that, moreover, it would place Great Britain "in a position of marked disadvantage compared with other powers." SOUTH AMERICA. Monarchist Plot in Brazil. Great excitement was aroused in Rio de Janeiro the last of March over the arrest of Admiral Mello and others for complicity In a monarchist plot re- INTERFERING WITH THE PROGRESS OF COMMERCE. — Xew York Tribune. to by both governments, of the complete neutralisation of the canal in time of war as well as of peace. It Is declared a oue-sided arrangement unfavorable to Great Britain. It is also pointed out that there is no analogy between the Davis amendment and the tenth article of the Suez Canal convention, as has been claimed (Vol. 10, p. 207), since the sovereign of the territor}- through which the Suez canal runs was a party to the convention, whose established interests it was necessary to protect; whereas the '•Nicaragua canal will be constructed in territory belonging not to the United States, but to Central American states, of whose sovereign rights other powers cannot claim to dispose." The third amendment, which strikes out Article 3 of the treaty, inviting tin" vealed by the suicide of one of the conspirators. It Is reported that the assassination of President Campos Salles was to have been the signal for the uprising. The opposition, how- ever, assert that the whole affair is a pretext for the prosecution of personal enemies of the president. Venezuela. MINISTER LOOMIS UK PI RNS. The State Department at Washing- ton was officially informed the first of March that the asphalt controversy (p. r»0) had been brought before the Venezuelan courts, so that there Is no 184 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. May No., 1901 immediate occasion to fear a resort to violence. The Venezuelan papers, however, have conducted a persistent campaign against the United States and Minister Loomis, who has been repeatedly made the subject of most bitter attacks; and this has continued in spite of a vigorous protest made by him to the Venezuelan government, under instructions from Washington. Another cause for friction hetweea the two governments has been the case of Mr. Diaz, who, though a citizen of Den- mark, is the United States consular agent at Barcelona, Venezuela. He was arrested on account of his resistance to paying a forced loan to the government. The Venezuelan authorities made no an- swer whatever to Minister Loomis's pro- test at this treatment of an agent of the United States, although Mr. Diaz was released after some time. March 30, it was announced that the State Depart- ment had called Minister Loomis to Washington for consultation. It is be- lieved in many quarters that the real reason for his recall was to indicate to Venezuela the displeasure of the United States at her conduct, and that he will not return to Venezuela. The government explicitly states that no official criticism of Mr. Loomis's con- duct has reached it, and that it has no fault to lind with him. The "Scorpion" was ordered to conduct Minister Loomis to San Juan, Porto Rico, where he could take a regular steamer to New York. While he is absent the American lega- tion will be left in charge of W. W. Kussell, secretary of legation. General Castro, who has been acting as President of Venezuela ever since October, 1899, when he overthrew President Andrade (Vol. 9, p. 932), was formally elected president by the Ven- ezuelan Congress the last of March. His election is for the remainder of President Andrade's term, one year. CARIBBEAN SEA A. #/!<* jr «>* :&• .ft-XA bl/IMUDtZ t ert8 for inefficiency in the field, was defeated by the commons, March 13. by a vote of 202 to 148: Both houses have disposed for the present of what promised to be a vex- atious matter, the revision of the King's accession oath (p. 127), by agreeing to the appointment of a joint committee of revision. Proposed Army Reform. Mr. Brodrick, Secretary of State for War. prefaced his introduction of the army estimates for 1001-1002 in the house, March 8, by outlining the long-promised scheme of reform for the army. The main feature of the scheme is the proposal to divide the country into six districts, which shall each represent a complete army corps commanded by an officer of experience in actual warfare. The purpose of this scheme is to enable the War Office to send abroad three firmy corps with a division of cavalry, 120,000 men in all, and also retain three corps for home defense. The idea of dividing the country into districts is to centralize the responsibility and decen- tralize the administration. Three corps, entirely composed of regulars, would be stationed at Aldershot, Salisbury, and Dublin; and the other three, to include sixty battalions of militia and volunteers, at Colchester, York, and Edinburgh. In addition to these six corps, the govern ment proposes to raise eight battalions for garrison duty from men about to enter the reserve, to establish a reserve militia, and to raise a force of 35.000 yeomanry. The net addition to the army thus effected would be 126,500 men and 40,000 tiained volunteers. The pay of soldiers is not to be in- creased, but more time is to be devoted to manoeuvres and less to barrack square drills. There are also measures outlined for preventing unfit men from becoming officers and for decreasing the notorious extravagances of certain sets of officers. 186 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. May No., 1901 T. P. O'CONNOR, IRISH NATIONALIST M. P. According to this scheme, the new British army would be made up as fol- lows: STRENGTH OF THE REORGANIZED ARMY. At Home. Regulars 155,000 Reserve 90,000 Militia 150,000 Yeomanry 35.000 Volunteers 250,000 Total at home 680,000 Abroad. Regulars 115,000 Indian Troops 180.000 Colonials (approx.) 110,000 Total abroad 405,000 Aggregate normal strength at home and abroad 1,085,000 Increase in Navy. The naval estimates for 1901-1902 show an increase of $10,000,000 over those of last year, amounting in all to $154,377,500. The increase is chiefly for ship-build- ing. The program provides for thirty- three new ships, as follows :— Six ar- mored cruisers, two third-class cruisers, ten torpedo-boat destroyers, five torpedo boats, two sloops of war, and five sub- marine boats. The five submarine boats are to be of the Holland Type 7. Arrangements are also to be made with nearly all the great steamship com- panies to hold vessels at the disposal of the government as armed cruisers when- ever required. The Admiralty Committee, which has been considering the different kinds of boiler for six months, has condemned the Belleville boiler. Rumored Tariff Changes. Forecasts of impending tariff changes have been persistent and de- tailed during March. It is pointed out that the direct taxation has in- creased fifty per cent during the last two decades, entirely apart from the South African war taxes. The death duties have been trebled and the in- come tax heavily increased, and stamp duties added, while there has been no proportionate increase in indirect tax- ation. It is stated that the inroad on Cob- denism will be made in the shape of a tax on sugar, and some even predict a countervailing duty in addition to the half-penny a pound tax. Some also claim a duty will be imposed on breadstuffs as well as sugar. A Royal Colonial Tour. On March 16 the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York sailed from TRYING A NEW MEDICINE -Minneapolis Journal GERMAN \ 187 Portsmouth on the specially chartered steamer "Ophir," on their way to A us tralla to open the first parliament of the new Australian Commonwealth, in accordance with the late Queen's wishes (Vol. 10. p. 859; Vol. 11, p. 126). King Edward and Queen Alexandra accompanied their son and his wife from London to Portsmouth In semi- state, and gave them a royal send-off. The royal couple will return home by way of Canada, and may possibly be persuaded to pay a short visit to the United States. New Bishop of London. Dr. Winnlngton Ingram, Suffragan- Bishop of Stepney, has been appoint- ed to succeed the late Bishop Creigh- ton elow the right eye an inch and n-half long. The Emperor retained his composure. Al- though the wound was not severe. It was so near His Majesty's eye that he was obliged to remain in his room for a fortnight. The examination of Wellnnd proved him to be a chronic sufferer from epileptic fits. His mind is evidently 188 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. May No., 1901 THE REICHSTAG. BERLIN. affected, and he could give only a con- fused account of his own actions. The Emperor's Speeches. On March 29, Emperor William made three different speeches which have aroused considerable comment. The occasion was the dedication of the new barracks near the imperial castle of the Emperor Alexander Grenadier Regiment. A variety of editions of the speeches have been published. The "Vorwaerts," Socialist organ, whose version is the most extreme, says it has authentic information that the Emperor's exact words in one of his speeches were:— "If the city of Berlin should again impudently and disobedient- ly rise against the King as in 1848, then, Grenadiers, it will be your duty with the points of your bayonets to annihilate the impudent and disobedient." In his second speech, it is reported that the Emperor expressed the certainty that "We will be everywhere victorious, even if we are surrounded by enemies on every side, and even if we have to fight superior numbers, for our most powerful ally is God above, who, since the time of the Great Elector and Great King, has always been on our side." In the third speech His Majesty de- clared that "Attempts have been made to disturb the cordial friendship between Russia and Germany." The Liberal press of Prussia de- nounces these speeches and blames the Emperor's advisers, accusing the Con- servatives of an attempt to make politi- cal capital out of the irresponsible deed of an epileptic. The Conservative press maintains a discreet silence. Outside of Prussia the disapproval of the press is even stronger, including the semi-official papers. Bavarian Regent Honored. The eightieth birthday anniversary of Prince Luitpold, Regent of Bavaria, was celebrated at Munich, March 12, with great festivities. The celebration was attended by the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria and by the Crown Prince of Prussia, the lat- ter representing Emperor William, who was detained by his wound (see above). One of the marked features of the fete was the emphasis placed on the cordial relations existing between Ihe Regent and Emperor William in a speech by the Regent's son. Prince Ludwig, whose utterances concerning Bavarian inde- pendence have heretofore occasioned con- siderable comment (Vol. 10, p. 48(>». Prince Luitpold has been Regent of Bavaria since 1S8G, when King Ludwig II. drowned himself, and his insane brother Otto succeeded to the throne. FRA\rK. 189 The Prince is not only regent, but also heir presumptive to the throne, which he would hold in his own right in the event of the death of his nephew, King Otto. Population of the Empire. The United States Census Office has published a consular report on the population of the German Empire, re- ceived through the State Department, which gives the population as 56,000,- 000. This makes the population of Germany larger than that of any other European country except Russia. The population of Ilerliu in given as 1, $84,151. FRANCE. Associations Bill Passed. The Associations bill (Vol. 10. p. 943; Vol. 11, p. 61) passed the chaml>er of deputies March 29, by a vote of 30.1 to 220, and the chaml>er adjourned to May 14. A change was made in Article 18 of the bill, which was ho amended ns to provide that the property of illegal con- gregations should not be confiscated by IB I !W I IS THE NEW HUNGARIAN HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT AT BUDA-PESTH. VIEW SHOWING THE PRINCIPAL FRONTAGE ON THE DANUBE. The construction of these buildings, begun in is*'., will, it is expected, be completed this year. The increase in population during the last century or so is especially interest- ing. In 1789 it was 2i>,000,000; in 1815, at the close of the Napoleonic wars, 30,- 000,000; in 1845, since which time the area has been almost coustant, 34.000,- 000; in 1865, 40.000,000; in 1885, 47,- 000,000; and in 1890, 55,500,000; an in- ert:! se of more than 100 per cent in a e, shows that the prevalence of some of the most formidable diseases may l»e entirely due to insect life: and points the way to out mastery o\er these ills through the study of the means by which the life of pestiferous insects can be con- trolled and their increase and migrations prevented. Oxygen and Consumption. Another announcement in reversal of accepted tenets, has been made to tin* French Academy of Sciences by Drs. Albert Robin and Maurice Binet, to the effect that a superabundance of oxygen in the atmosphere, by caus- ing excessive combustion in the respiratory organs, predisposes to con- sumption. The phthisis subject is he who inhales too much oxygen and exhales too much carbonic oxide. An analysis of the gas in respiration affords an easy and sure diagnosis of even a tendency to the dis- 194 SCIENCE AND INVENTION. May No.. 1901 ease. The indicated treatment is the adoption of means for moderating organ- ic waste, especially consumption of oxy- gen, the crdinarily-supposed life-giving element of the atmosphere. What the medical profession will have to say to such announcements as the above, will be awaited with interest. A Sun Motor. On an ostrich farm at South Pasa- dena. Cal., is in practical operation a device whereby the heat of the sun's HIS EMINENCE CARDINAL VAUGHAN, ROMAN CATHOLIC ARCHBISHOP OF WESTMINSTER. rays is used instead of fuel to develop steam in a boiler and run an engine. The engine has developed ten horse- power and can pump water at the rate of 1,400 gallons a minute, illustrating the possibilities of cheap irrigation. The boiler, which contains 100 gallons of water, and is automatically refilled by return of the condensed exhaust steam, is placed at the focal point of a system of 1,788 small mirrors arranged around it so as to make a reflecting surface cor- responding to the lateral surface of a conic frustum, the boiler being situated at a point in the axis of the cone. The mirror system, which varies from 33 1-2 to 15 feet in diameter, is automatically revolved by clockwork so as to preserve a constant relative position to the sun's rays. Wireless Telegraphy. The suit for $100,000 damages and for injunction of restraint from the use of the Marconi system of tele- graphy, brought against If. Marconi by the assignee of the alleged in- fringed patents of Professor A. E. Dolbear of Tufts College, Mass. (Vol. 9. pp. 258, 737), was dismissed with costs, about March 22, by Judge Coxe of the United States district court for Southern New York. The plaintiff put in no evidence; while experts testified that there was no similarity between the Marconi system and that de- scribed in the Dolbear patents. Experiments reported to the Acad- emy of Sciences at Paris, France, by M. Lagrange, January 28, go to show that underground wireless telegraphy is impossible. A coherer buried under eighteen inches of earth was not responsive to action of Hertzian waves. Probably, therefore, these waves do not penetrate the ground; but the earth absorbs and reflects them. Miscellaneous. About March 10 a peculiar phenom- enon was observed in parts of Europe extending from Sicily northward to the Carpathians, consisting in showers of colored dust ("red rain," "brown snow," etc.) Explanatory hypotheses range from seismic eruption in Iceland to Sahara sand-storms or volcanic out- burst in mid-ocean or in mid-Africa. "Topophone" is the name given to a device of great use to mariners in fogs and darkness, whereby sounds can be heard at greater distances than are possible to the unassisted ear, and their direction precisely determined. It consists of two acoustic trumpets held above the head and connected with the ears by rubber tubes. By turning the head to one side and an- other, the direction whence sounds come can be exactly noted, and a little practice gives remarkable skill. IMl'Oin'AST STATISTH'S. 195 ARCHAEOLOGY. The Identity <•» the ancient Greek statues recently recovered from the Mediterranean near the island of Anti- cytbera with those collected by Lord Elgin and lost through shipwreck in 1802 (p. 130), is disaffirmed by his grandson, the present Earl. The Elgin collection couiprised mar- hies only, and was, moreover, completely recovered within a few years after the wreck of the "Mentor," and brought to England. The present discovery, there- fore, dates back to an earlier disaster. and almost the whole bench of bish- ops, reiterates the claims of the hler- art liy to the right of obedience from the clergy In certain disputed ques- tions of ritual (p. 70). RELIGION. Questions agitating religious people In England have recently called forth circular letters from the bishops of the Roman and the Anglican Church. "Liberal Catholicism." The encyclical of Cardinal Yaughan and the Roman bishops is directed against what has come to be known as "Liberal Catholicism," or the attitude represented by the late Professor Mi- vart (Vol. 10, pp. 215, 314). The letter points out the dangers of free speculation on doctrines already de- fined by the Church, and urges Roman Catholics to think only in harmony with "the mind of the Church." Within cer- tain safe and clearly marked bounds, it says, there is sufficient lil«erty for all Ro- man Catholics. It also cautions priests against receiving Protestant converts Into the Church unless the latter evince unmistakable acceptance of the Church as an infallible authority on all matters of faith and morals. Anglican Ritual. The letter signed by the Anglican Archbishops of Canterbury and York DISASTERS. Birmingham Tornado. On March 25 the city of Birming- ham, Ala., was visited by a tornado which destroyed $300,000 worth of property and caused the loss of many lives: every town in the same county (Jefferson) suffered proportionately. The number of persons killed outright In Birmingham was eighteen; and ful- ly as many were seriously injured. Fires. The business centre of the village of Ballston Spn, Saratoga county, N. Y., was destroyed by lire in the morning ef March 1. Loss, about $80,000. On the same day the main building and west wing of the Nebraska State Penitentiary, three miles from Lin- coln, were burned; loss, about $200,- 000/ Only one of the convicts lost his life. The little village of Glen Garden, near Somerville, on the Central Rail- road of New Jersey, was almost ob- literated, Marco 24, by a flood of blaz- ing petroleum let loose through the wrecking of a train of oil-tank can. No lives were lost. The greatest fire disaster that has befallen Richmond, Va., since 1870. was the burning of the Jefferson Ho- tel on the night of March 29. Loss, about $1,000,000; insurance $650,000. IMPORTANT STATISTICS. Agricultural Population of the South. The census figures of 1900 show a remarkable contrast between the Southern and the Northern states as regards the distribution and growth of agricultural popu- lation. The population of the fourteen Southern states increased in the ten vears, 1890- 1900, from 19,370,094 to 23,271,689, or 20.1 per cent, a ratio very nearly as high as that of the nation at large, which was 21 per cent. In the Northern states, however, 196 IMPORTANT STATISTICS. May No., 1901 nearly 80 per cent of the increase of population is located in cities, villages, and hamlets, and only 20 per cent on farms. In the South, on the contrary, by far the larger part, 65 per cent, of the population gain is made by the agricultural element: the rural population in 1890 was 15,127,555, and in 1900 it was 17,768,279. Thus the farming element in the South gained 17.4 per cent; while in the rest of the country it gained, according to the official tables, only 9.2 per cent. These results are deduced from the census returns by Mr. Le Grand Powers, chief statistician in charge of agriculture. But he estimates for the increase of agri- cultural population in the Northern and Western states a lower ratio still — as low as 7 per cent. — for districts in Massachusetts are classed as agricultural and rural which contain fair-sized cities and villages. Book Production. The organ, "Le Droit d'Auteur," of the union for the protection of rights of authors and artists, publishes statistics of books published in twelve leading coun- tries, with estimates of those produced in countries from which returns were not obtainable. It appears that the total number of different works (i.e., books, not newspapers or other periodicals) published annually is about 80,000. Of these Germany produces 23,000, France 11,000, Italy 9,500, England 7,500, Austria-Hungary 6,800, the United States 5,000, Scandinavian countries 3,200, Holland 2,900, Belgium 2,100, Switzer- land 1,000 : total 72,200. The production of the countries not reported is estimated at about 8,000. Religions of the World. The late Michael G. Mulhall (Vol. 10, p. 1062), shortly before his death, contri- buted a paper to the Catholic Congress of Australia, upon the religious statistics of the world. As a basis he states the world's population in 1898, as follows : POPULATION OF THE EARTH. Europe- •• America • Asia Africa... ■ Oceania. Total. Christians. 348,500,000 126,400,000 12,600,000 4,400,000 9,700.000 501,600,000 Moham- medans. 6,600,000 109,500,000 36,000,000 24,700,000 176,800,000 Jews. 6,500,000 200,000 400,000 7,100,000 Pagans. 1,300.000 667,800,000 91,000,000 4,400,000 764.500,000 Then he gives a similar table of the population of the several countries of Europe as distributed among Catholics, Protestants, and Greeks. The total for all Europe he then states in his third table, in which are given the religious statistics of these three religions throughout the world : RELIGIONS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. Europe United States Canada Spanish America- West Indies Australia Philippines, etc • ■ Asia • Africa The world- Catholics. 167,000,000 9,900,000 2,100,000 45,600,000 2,500,000 900,000 6,700,000 3,100,000 2,700,000 240,000,000 Protestants. 91,500,000 62,300,000 2,800,000 100,000 1,100,000 2,900,000 200,000 700,000 1,700,000 163,300,000 Greeks. 89,500,000 8.800,000 98,300.000 iTotal. 348 72 4 45 3 3 5 12 •4 .500,000 ,200.000 900,000 700,000 .600,000 800.000 900,000 ,600.000 400,000 501,600,000 The fourth table contains the religious statistics of Catholics and Protestants in the principal missionary countries, the figures being taken from the reports of the American Statistical Association for the year 1893 : IXDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 197 CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS. India China Siberia... Japan Syria, etc. Asia.- Africa Manila, Java, etc- Totals. Catholics. Protestants. Total. ♦1.199,000 1,116.000 70.000 30,000 663,000 S34.000 20,000 1,7»,000 1,204,000 ;m,(«»i 30,000 683,000 20,000 3,078,000 2.660,000 0,730,000 662,000 1,740,000 220,000 3,740.000 4,400,000 6,940,000 11,458,000 2.622,000 14,080.000 •The English " Catholic Register" for 1898 gives the number as 1,870,000. In other tables he estimates the annual Increase of Catholics and Protestants in civilized or Christian countries, at 2,360,000 and 2,380,000 respectively: total 4,740,000. INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. BEING A SELECT CLASSIFIED LIST OF TIMELY AND IMPORTANT ARTICLES APPEARING IN OTHER MAGAZINES, AND FORMING VALUABLE SUPPLEMENTARY READING. For convenience of reference the classification is made to conform to that of the contents of "Current History." ABBREVIATIONS USED. Atlan. Cent. Cosmop. Forum Gunt. Harper Indep. Atlantic Monthly, Boston Century, New York Cosmopolitan, Irvington, New York Forum, New York Gunton's Magazine, New York Harper's Monthly, New York Independent, New York Intern at., International Monthly, Burlington, Vt. McClure Munsby No. Am. Out. . Pop. Sci. R. of R. SCRIB. w. w. . McClure's Magazine, Munsey's Magazine, North American Review, Outlook, Popular Science Monthly, Review of Reviews, . Scribner's Magazine, . World' s Work, New York New York New York New York New York New York New York New York In indicating dates, the usual abbreviations of names of months are used. International Affairs. Laws and Usages of War at Sea. Capt. C. H. Stockton. Forum. Feb. American Interests in the Orient. C. A. Conant. Internat. Feb. Boxer Movement. R. Hart. Cosmop. Mar. Chinese Hatred of Foreigners. A. H. Smith. Out. Jan 12, 19, li<5. Empress Dowager. R. van Bergen. Atlan. Jan. Besieged in Pekin. C. E. Payen. C«»nt. Jan. Fall of Pekin. Rev. G. Reid. Forum. Jan. American Troops in the Light of the Pekin Expedition. Capt. W. Croaier. No. Am. Feb. To the Person Sitting in Darkness. Mark Twain. No. Am. Feb. My Missionary Critics. Mark Twain. No. Am. Apr. Boer War: Study in Comparative Prediction, Forum. Mar. Genera) De Wet. H. C. Hillegas. W. W. Mar. Lord Roberts. W. E. Churchill. W. \Y. Jan. Kitchener: the Man with a Task. J. Barnes. W. W. Feb. Situation of France in International Commerce. A Lebon. Internat. Mnr. France on the Wrong Track. P. de Conbertin. R. of R. Apr. Nations in Competition at the Close of the Century. J. Schoenhof. Forum. Mar. Affairs in America. Status of Annexed Territory and Its Inhabitants. B. Harrison. No. Am. Jan. Independence for Cuba. F. D. Pavey. No. Am. Afar. Cuba and Congress. Sen. A. J. Ber- eridge. N<>. Am. Mar. 198 INDEX TO PERIODICAL I.ITKUATURE. May No., 1901 Status of Porto Ricans in Our Polity. S. Pfeil. Forum. Feb. Philippine Question. G. P. Seward. Costuop. Mar. Philippines: Present Conditions and Possible Courses of Action. G. Ken- nan. Out. Feb. 23; Mar. 2, 9. Friars, Filipinos, and the Land. ,T. B. Rodgers. R. of R. Jan. Mr. McKinley as President. H. B. F. Macfarland. Atlan. Mar. Growing Powers of the President. II. L. West. Forum. Mar. What of the Democratic Party? C. Denby. Forum. Mar. Plight of the Democratic Party. P. Belmont. Xo. Am. Feb. What the Government Costs. C. D. Wright. Cent. Jan. New Congressional Apportionment. H. Gannett. Forum. Jan. Better Than Ship Subsidy. Out. Jan. 12. Ship Subsidies Abroad. Out. Feb. 16. Two Years of the Federal Bankruptcy Law. W. H. Hotchkiss. No. Am. Apr. Business Situation and Prospects in the United States. C. R. Flint. No. Am. Mar. Canteen from an Army Point of View. G. Kennan. Out. Feb. 9. Food of the Army During the Spanish War. R. A. Alger. No. Am. Jan. Building the New Navy. W. W. Jan. Indian Industrial Development. Out. Jan. 12. American Trade-Unions and Compul- sory Arbitration. W. Macarthur. Fo- rum. Feb. New Way of Settling Labor D'sputes. J. R. Commons. R. of R. Mar. The Anthracite Coal Crisis. T. Wil- liams. Atlan. Apr. New Industrial Revolution. Brooks Adams. Atlan. Feb. The Indian Territory,— Its Status, De- velopment, and Future. Col. R. J. Hin- ton. R. of R. Apr. The Billion-Dollar Steel Trust. R. of R. Apr. Up from Slavery: an Autobiography. B. T. Washington. A series running in Out., Nov. 3, 1900— Feb. 23, 1901. The South and the Negro. M. L. Dawson. No. Am. Feb. Making of an American: an Autobiog- raphy. Jacob A. Riis. A series run- ning in Out. Benjamin Harrison. Gen. T. J. Mor- gan. R. of R. Apr. Mr. Carnegie's Philanthropieal Gifts. R. of R. Apr. Mark Twain: am Inquiry. W. D. Howells. No. Am. Feb. New Tendencies in Publishing. W. W. Jan. Tabloid Journalism. Its Causes and Effects. Mt A. Low. Forum. Mar. Purpose of Civil Service Reform. H. L. Nelson. Forum. Jan. New Problems of Immigration. P. F. Hall. Forum. Jan. Changing Character of Immigration. K. H. Claghorn. W. W. Feb. Great Empire by the Lakes. W. W. Feb. How to Judge a Horse. E. A. A. Grange. Cosmop. Jan. British Rule in the Dominion of Can- ada. Sir J. G. Bourinot. Forum. Mar. Panama and Nicaragua Canals Com- pared. A. P. Davis. Forum. Jan. Canal and Treaty. J. D. Whelpley. W. W. Feb. Monroe Doctrine and the Hay-Paunce- fote Treaty. Forum. Feb. Affairs in Europe. England at the Close of the 19th Cen- tury. E. Reich. Internat. Jan. Political Situation in Great Britain. Duke of Argyll. No. Am. Jan. English People. Notes on National Characteristics. B. Bosanquet. Inter- nat. Jan. Causes of the Conservatism of Eng- land. A. Birrell. No. Am. Feb. Heritage of King Alfred. W. Besant. Out. Mar. 2. The Victorian Era of British Expan- sion. Alleyne Ireland. No. Am. Apr. Victoria and Her Reign. Lady Jeune. No. Am. Feb. Political Influence of Queen Victoria. Justin McCarthy. Out. Feb. 2. British Confederation. J. W. Root. Atlan. Mar. Wake Up, England. C. Roberts. W. W. Mar. Career of King Edward VII. J. C. Hopkins. Forum. Mar. King of England. Sir C. W. Dilke. No. Am. Mar. Edward the Seventh. G. W. Smalley. McClure. Mar. King Edward VII. W. T. Stead. R. of R. Mar. Alexandra I., Queen of England. W. T. Stead. R. of R. Apr. Kaiser as Seen in Germany. R. S. Baker. McClure. Jan. The Rise of Berlin. S. Whitman. Harper. Apr. Germany Under a Strenuous Emperor. S. Brooks. W. W. Feb. Church and State in France. Out. Feb. 9. The Paris Press. E. Friend. Cos- mop. Jan. l.\DEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 199 Russia of To-day. H. Norman. A se- ries of articles running in Serib. Hopes and Fears of Russia. F. Volkhov8ky. Forum. Mar. Walks and Talks with Tolstoi. A. D. White. McClure. Apr. Labor Conditions in Switzerland. W. B. Scaife. Forum. Mar. Affairs in Asia. Impressions of Japan. H. C. Potter. Cent. Mar. China and Her Foreign Trade. Sir R. Hart. No. Am. Jan. Australian Commonwealth— Its Peo- ple, Resources, and Outlook. II. H. Lusk. R. of R. Jan. New Power in South Pacific. H. H. Lusk. No. Am. Jan. Affairs in Africa. Cecil Rhodes. E. S. Grogan. W. W. Feb. Mnker of a New State in an Old Land. Egypt. W. W. Jan. Science and Invention. Century of Exploration. C. C. Adam». W. W. Jan. Great Tasks of the New Century. J. D. Whelpley and R. R. Wilson. W. W. Jan. Present and Future Polar Work. W. W. Jan. What We Know About Mars. E. S. Holdcn. McClure. Mar. Telephoning 3,000 Miles. W. A. An- thony. W. W. Mar. Mr. Teala's Science. Pop. Sci. Feb. The Submarine Boat: its Promises and Performances. Rear-Adml. G. W. Mel- ville. No. Am. Apr. S: -keless Cannon Powder: Recent Discoveries. H. Maxim. Forum. Jan. Great Irrigation Enterprises. W. W. Jan. Unsolved Problems of Chemistry. I. Remsen. McClure. Feb. X-rays in Medicine. F. H. Williams. Internat. Jan. Flies and Typhoid Fever. L. O. Howard. Pop. Sci. Jan. Defense of Christian Science. J. E. Smith. Pop. Sci. Feb. Nature of Life After Death. J. II. Hyslop. Harper. Mar. Education. Child-study and Education. J. Sully. Internat. Mar. Should Woman's Education Differ from Man's? C. F. Thwiug. Forum. Feb. Neighborhood Co-operation in School Life,— the "Hesperia Movement." K. L. Butterfield. R. of R. Apr. Politics and the Public Schools. G. W. Anderson. Atlan. Apr. Ik the College Graduate Impractica- ble? R. E. Jones. Fornm. Jan. The Tuskegee Negro Conference as an Educational Force. M. B. Thrasher. Gunt. Apr. Negro and Education. K. Miller. Forum. Feb. Public Library in the United States. H. Putnam. Internat. Jan. Work of Traveling Libraries. G. lies. W. W. Feb. Child in the Library. E. Lanigan. Atlan. Jan. Sociology. Advantages of Public Ownership and Management of Natural Monopolies. R. T. Ely. Cosmop. Mar. Municipal Ownership and Natural Mo- nopolies. R. T. Ely. No. Am. Mar. Government Ownership of Quasi-Pub- lic Corporations. E. R. A. Seligman. Gunt. Apr. Public Control of Private Corporations. R. T. Ely. Cosmop. Feb. Some Scientific Aspects of the Woman Suffrage Question. Mrs. M. K. Sedg- wick. Gunt. Apr. ' Reforms in Taxation. R. T. Ely. Cosmop. Apr, Religion. Foreign Missions in the 20th Century- E. F. Merriam. R. of R. Jan. Protestant Foreign Missions. Retro- spect. Rev. Judson Smith. No. Am. Mar. The Pope's Civil Princedom. Most Rev. J. Ireland. No. Am. Mar. Vatican and Quirinal. F. Marion Crawford. Indep. Feb. 14. Sectarianism of Christian Endeavor. F. E. Clark. Out. Jan. 12. Relation of Wealth to Morals. Rt. Rev. W. Lawrence. W. W. Jan. Miscellaneous. The Recent Dramatic Season. W. D. Howells. No. Am. Mar. Recent Discoveries in Greece and the Mycenean Age. C. Waldstein. No. Am. Mar. Century of American Poetry. O. L. Trigus. Forum. Jan. Hundred Years of American Verse. W. D. Howells. No. Am. Jan. Agriculture in the 12th Census. Le G. Powers. R. of R. Mar. 200 NECROLOGY. May No., 1901 1Flecrolo0£* American and Canadian. BROS1US, MARRIOTT, lawyer and congressman; born in Coleraiu townchip, Lancaster co., Pa., Mar. 7, 1S43; died at Lancaster, Mar. 16. He had an aca- demic education; served with distinction through the Civil War, and studied law at the University of Michigan. He was Republican in politics and was a member of the house, 1889-1901. In the last Congress (the 56th), as chairman of the committee on Banking and Currency, he had charge of the present gold-standard law daring its passage. For portrait, see Vol. 10, p. 366. CHANNING, WILLIAM F., physi- cian and inventor; died in Boston, Mass., March 20, aged SI. Was graduated at Harvard, '39, and later took a medical degree at the University of Pennsylva- nia, but never practiced medicine. His numerous inventions were nearly all ap- plications of electricity, such as the fire alarm telegraph, the marine railway, the hand receiver on the telephone, which was purchased by the Bell Company, etc. He wrote the first book ever published on medical electricity. CLARK, CHARLES P., president of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 1887-99; born at Nashua, N. H., Aug. 11. 1836; died Mar. 21, at Nice, France. Was graduated at Dartmouth, '56, and was successively engaged in mercantile business, shipping, in the navy during the Civil War, in the iron business, and finally, in 1870, in railroad- ing, where he became highly successful. DAWSON, GEORGE MERCER, C. M. G., LL. D., Director of the Geologi- cal Survey of Canada; born in Pictou, N. S., Aug. 1, 1849, son of the late emi- nent geologist, Sir J. W. Dawson; died in Ottawa, Out., Mar. 2. Was gradu- ated at McGill University, '69, and then studied three years at the Royal School of Mines, London, Eng. Returning to Canada, he was engaged in mining sur- veys until 1873, when he began his geo- logical work for the government on the North American Boundary Commission, being appointed to the staff of the Geo- logical Survey in 1875, and becoming its director in 1895, succeeding Dr. A. R. O. Selwyn. His work for the Geological Survey was chiefly in British Columbia and the Northwest Territories; and while in the discharge of his official duties he explored a large portion of the western country, including in one case a boat journey of 1,300 miles. He rendered im- portant services to Canada in calling at- tention to the mineral resources of the Rocky Mountain region and British Co- lumbia, and he was one of Ihe first to appreciate their great importance to the Dominion. His explorations in the Yu- kon region were found to be. of great value later, when gold was discovered there. In 1891 he was appointed one of the Bering Sea Commissioners (Vol. 1, pp. 217, 345), and in this connection visited the western coast of Alaska, the eastern coast of Siberia and the intervening islands. In the following year he was a member of the joint commission which met in Washington to deal with the fur- seal question. He was the author of many reports, most of which were pub- lished by the Canadian Survey. For por- trait, see Vol. 2, p. 346. DONAHOE, PATRICK, known as "the veteran editor of the United States;" born in Munnery, Ireland, Mar. 18, 1811; died in Boston, Mass., iMar. 18, one hour after completing his ninetieth year. He founded the "Pilot-' in 1832. He was prominent in charities, being one of the founders of the Boston Home for Destitute Catholic Children, and in 1893 was presented with the Laetare medal in recognition of his ser- vices to his religion and his country. DUNGLTSON, DR. RICHARD JAMES, physician and author; born at Baltimore, Md., Nov. 13, 1834: died at Philadelphia, Pa., Mar. 4. Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, '52, and from Jefferson Medical College, '56. Wrote a "Medical Dictionary" and "History of Medicine," and was one of the founders of the Philadelphia "Medi- cal Times." GREGORY, ISAAC M.f editor of "Judge"; born at Johnstown, N. Y.; died in New York City, Mar. 5, aged 64. HALT BURTON, RORERT GRANT, Q. C, born at Windsor, N. S., June 3, 1831, son of the author of "Sam Slick"; died at Pass Christian, Miss., Mar. 7. Was educated at King's College, Wind- sor, and was called to the bar in 1853. Practiced for years in Nova Scotia and removed to Ottawa in 1877. Was one of the promoters of Confederation, a"nd as a member of the "Canada First" party was instrumental in saving the great North- west to the Dominion at the time of the Red River rebellion of 1869-70. HARRTSON, BENJAMIN, lawyer and ex-President of the United States; NECROLOGY. 201 bom at North Bend, Ohio, Aug. 20, 1833: ilini at Indianapolis, Ind., Mar. 13. For iketcfa and intimate of his career, see Vol. 2, p. 214. After his retirement from the presidency he delivered a couise of lectures on constitutional law at I. eland Stanford, Jr., I ■niversity, in the winter of 1893-94. lit was one of the counsel for Venezuela before the Anglo- Venezuelan boundary arbitration tribunal in 1899 (Vol. 9, pp. 363, 592); and more recently was appointed by President McKinley a member of the international court of arbitration estab- lished as a remit of the Peace Confer- ence at The Hague (p. 100). For por- trait see opposite p. 79. JAMBS, COL. EDWARD C, promi- nent lawyer aud Civil War veteran; born at Ogdcnsburg, N. Y.J died at Palm Beach. Fla., Mar. 25, aged 61. JASPER. BBV, JOHN, well-known colored Baptist preacher; born in Flu- vanna eo., Va., July 4, 1812; died at Richmond. '\ a., Mar. 30. He was born and brought up a slave, "experienced conviction" on hi* twenty-seventh birth- day, learned to read and write, and sub- sequently became famous for his "the sun do move"' sermon, based on Exodus w., 3, in which he maintained that "we live on a four-cornered earth, around which the sun moves." KELLOGG, REV. ELIJAH, author and Congregational minister; born at Poitland. Me.; died at Harpswell, 'Me.. Mar. 17, aged 87. Was graduated at Bowdoin, '40, and at the Andover The- ological Seminary, '43. Was a volumin- ous writer of books for boys, and is chietly known as the writer of "Sparta- cus to the Gladiators," and "Regulus to the Carthaginians." McCOLL, REV. DR. ANGUS, Pres- byterian minister and for about forty- siv years nn inspector of public schools: born in Argyleshire, Scotland, in 1818; died at Chatham, Out., Mar. 26. McLEOD, REV. JOHN. Presbyterian minister; born at Philadelphia. Pa.: died nt Eastbourne, Eng., Mar. y the inviolable sea. Japan, with it 000,000 people crowded on its narrow possessed with the purpose -to simplify all problems in the Orient by constitut- ing herself the manifest destiny of Asia. Had the treaty of Simonoseki, of April 17, 1S95, been allowed to stand, by which China ended the disastrous war with Japan by the cession of the Leao- Tong peninsula from and including the great fortress of Port Arthur north- eastward to the Korean border, Korea would doubtless have come under a virtual if not formal Japanese protecto- rate (Vol. 5, pp. 302-304). The inter- ference of Russia, in which France and Germany joined — the reason alleged be- ing that by such cession the dangerous 210 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. June No., 1901 process of dismembering China would be begun — compelled the retrocession by Japan, under threat of war, of the whole peninsula a few weeks thereafter (Vol 5, pp. 311-315). The emptiness of this plea became evident three years after- ward, when Russia's flag was hoisted at Port Arthur (Vol. 8, pp. 39-42, 307- 309). These historic facts illustrate the dif- ferent relations in which governments may stand toward a partition of China. This limited section of Manchuria, legiti- mately conquered by Japan in war, she would have retained not for glory or for greed of territory, but as giving a strong line of defense against Russia's advance into Korea whence easy descent could be made on the islands of Japan. These recent facts illustrate also the unstable equilibrium of all international relations concerning the Chinese empire. CHINA'S REFUSAL TO SIGN. On April 1 it became known in Pe- king that the Emperor had sent to the Czar his reply to the request for his signature to the Manchurian conven- tion. Alterations which have been made in Articles 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12 of the convention (p. 148), chiefly affect- ing details, may perhaps be considered as only slightly moderating the gen- eral tone. Emperor Kwang-Hsu declares that he regards the twelve articles in the form latest proposed as inconsistent with China's complete sovereignty and rights in Manchuria, and not in accord with Russia's previous declaration of her pur- pose to present no obstacle to such sovereignty and to restore the Chinese administration in every respect to what it was before the Russian occupation. The Emperor — declaring that under this convention Chinese administration is not restored — contends that if Chinese sovereignty over Manchuria be lost, other powers will be stimulated to ac- tion similar to that of Russia, and the integrity of the empire will no longer be maintained. Therefore he requests the Czar to restore Manchuria, assuring him that in such a course of benevolence and righteousness he will win the grati- tude of the Chinese Emperor and of the myriads of his people. Says the formal notification of China's refusal to sign: "It is China's desire to keep on friend- ly terms with all nations. At present she is going through a period which is the most perilous in the empire's his- tory and it is necessary that she should have the friendship of all. "However much she might be willing to grant any special privilege to one power, when others object it is impossi- ble that for the sake of making one na- tion friendly she should alienate the sympathies of all others." A RUSSIAN EXPLANATION. In the St. Petersburg "Official Mes- senger," April 5, the Russian govern- ment, after a detailed review of nego- tiations by the allies with the Chinese plenipotentiaries, presents its case re- garding Manchuria. Russia, according to this statement, found some arrangement necessary for a local civil administration in the Chi- nese territories along 5,300 miles of Russia's southern boundary. "The Russian government drew up the draft of a special agreement with China, providing for the gradual evacu- ation of Manchuria, as well as for the adoption of provisional measures to as- sure peace in that territory, and to pre- vent the recurrence of events similar to those of last year. Unfortunately, with the object of stirring up public opinion against Russia, alarmist rumors were circulated in the foreign press re- garding the purpose and intentions of the Russian government. Falsified texts of a treaty establishing a protecto- rate over Manchuria were quoted, and erroneous reports were designedly spread of an alleged agreement betweeen Rus- sia and China. As a matter of fact, this agreement was to serve as a basis for the restoration to China, as contem- plated by the Russian government, of the province of Manchuria, which, in consequence of the alarming events of last year, was occupied by Russian troops. . . . Serious hindrances were placed in the way of the conclusion of such an agreement; and, in consequence, its acceptance by China, which was in- dispensable for the gradual evacuation of the province, proved to be impossible. "As regards the eventual restoration of the provinces to China, it is manifest that such intention can only be carried out when the normal situation is com- pletely restored in the empire, and the central government established at the capital independent and strong enough to guarantee Russia against a recurrence of the events of last year." The government thus concludes its statement: "While the Russian govern- ment maintains its present organization THE SITUATIOX M CHIXA. 211 in Manchuria, to preserve order in the vicinity of the broad frontiers of Russia, and remains faithful to its original and oft repeated political program, it will quietly await the further course of events." This explanation appears to have been accepted by the powers as ade- quate at least for the emergency. From Japan, at first deep dissatisfac- tion was reported; a later and appar- ently credible statement was that the government concurred with that of the United States in deeming Russia's po- sition satisfactory. Yet Japan may be heard from later. EFFECTS OF CHINA'S REFUSAL. Careful observers remark that Chi- na's refusal of signature will have as its chief effect a serious impairment of Russia's prestige at the imperial court, where it has long outweighed the influence of all other nations. For once Russia has failed to have her way even under her threat— said to have been made to Earl Li— of taking it by force. The Chinese govern- ment's eyes are now opened to the fact that other nations recognize their interests in China and may take steps to assert them. Still. Russia's actual position in Manchuria will not show any immedi- ate change. She remains "to preserve order" by an armed occupation of Manchuria with, it is said, more than 250,000 troops, and in full exercise of her protectorate; and she has in some degree strengthened her position there by having made recent events the oc- casion for officially announcing the fact of her protectorate through tne regular diplomatic channels. Some ob- servers at Peking are even saying that China's refusal appears to be of a rather temporizing nature, leaving the whole matter still open to further dis- cussion. Prophecy would be vain; but, as the case now stands, Russia is to be dis- lodged only by governments ready for war. The only government that can be imagined taking such a course at the present crisis is that of Japan; and though there are signs that the Japan- ese people are stirred with an indigna- tion which makes war possible, popu- lar clamor will not decide the action of the government. The current of af- fairs may swiftly change, but at pres- ent Japan would have no allies against Russia. The stay of Russia's hand stretched out to grasp northern China, now offi- cially attributed by her to the interfer- ence by the powers, has an important bearing on a possible future: Russia recognizes the rights of other nations RUSSIA TURNED DOWN. China: " Me no signee, but you kleep babee." — Boston Ht raid. 212 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. June No.. 1901 in any disposal of Chinese territory. If hereafter Russia shall take Man- churia, they can assert her practical concession of their own claims on other regions of the empire. A Sign of Possible Reform. Emperor Kwang-Hsu's refusal of his signature on Russia's imperious de- mand may not have saved Manchuria, but it may perhaps show the emerg- ence of a new and saving force for his empire. This force may have come too late, yet its appearance forms an epoch. That this is China's first re- corded stand against Russia's pressure and menace is an impressi- s but minor point. Chiefly significant is its indica- tion of new elements, developing how- ever feebly yet prophetically. There is manifested a new feeling of national honor— honor in refusing to yield to a threat of vastly superior force in do- ing a deed which would at once vio- late the independence of the empire and be a treachery to the concert of the powers, to which China had trust- ed itself; surely this as a first step in a diplomatic crisis is a novelty in a country whose diplomacy has usually known but the three successive stages of arrogant boastfulness, of childish trickery, and of a craven submission — the last reputed to be often mitigated by a bribe. China's refusal presents another ele- ment of interest: it was against the in- sistent protests of the two plenipoten- tiaries, Earl Li Hung-Chang and Prince Ching, and against the advice of the reactionary officials surrounding the court. The special correspondent of the London "Times," Dr. Morrison, unsurpassed for facilities of informa- tion and for judiciousness of state- ment, lays great stress on the influ- ence of the provincial officials with the Emperor as having overcome the influence of the court. The position of the Empress-Dowager is not clearly shown. All the viceroys except two, and all the important governors of provinces, sent vigorous protests me- morializing the throne against tfie signing of the convention. The two great viceroys warned the court that popular disturbances would ensue on the signing, and that they themselves would not recognize the convention. Something unheard of in China's long history occurred: large public meetings were held to bring popular disapproval of Russia's proposal to bear upon the action of the throne. Against all this pressure Li held out to the last, even imploring vainly that tfie refusal at length decided on might be modified. In an interview with Dr. Morrison, Li admitted that his whole policy is based on the conviction that Russia is the only power which China need fear. When questioned regarding the "se- cret treaties" between China and Rus- sia he did not deny their existence, but said that Russia forbade China giving any information; if the powers were not afraid of Russia they would de- mand the information from her; since they fear Russia, why do they blame weak China for fearing her? The prominent feature of the whole case is the change of the controlling influence at the court. Whether the change is permanent does not yet ap- pear; but the Russian guidance and the stolid reactionaiy pressure of the Manchu clique have— so late— given place to the moderately reformatory counsels of the two great viceroys, Chang Chih-Tung and Liu Kun-Yi (pp. 141, 142), and of many governors of provinces. The change, as far as it has proceeded, is the most auspicious sig- nal from China in recent years. Of the Yang-tse-Kiang viceroys, Chang Chih-Tung is said to have been the most resolute in opposing the Man- churian convention, and Liu Kun-Yi the most earnest and thorough advo- cate of general governmental reform. Both are facilitating the sluggish ne- gotiations for settling the indemnity, hoping thus to hasten withdrawal of foreign troops. THE SITUATION IX C 11 ISA. 213 BARON GEORGES de STAAL, RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR TO GREAT BRITAIN. Military Affairs. POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES. This government, sending its troops to China on the occurrence of the out- break, defined its policy in a circular from the secretary of state to all the powers concerned, in which is the fol- lowing declaration: "The policy of the government of the United States is to seek a solution which may bring about permanent safety and peace to China, preserve Chipese territorial and administrative en- tity, protect all rights guaranteed to friendly powers by treaty and interna- tional law, and safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese em- pire." (See a subsequent message, Vol. 10, pp. 604,605: also, a circular, Vol. 10, pp. 705,706.) This government, believing that the objects agreed on by the powers would be adequately attained by the end of April, sent orders on March 15 to Gen- eral Chaffee to withdraw his troops to Manila at that date, leaving at Peking I legation guard of 150 men. This withdrawal has been delayed till M:iy. As to the military occupation of cer- tain points "to ensure free communica tiou between Peking and the sea," as stipulated in the peace protocol (p. 11). the United States government will make such provision as is found requi- site, though not at present at all ex- pecting to take part in establishing permanent armed posts. General Chaffee's vote was cast against the plan said to have been approved by tlie generals of the allies at Peking, April 6, to occupy certain points between Peking and Shan-Hal-Kwan by 6.000 men. The foreign ministers submitted to the generals their suggestions on this subject; and on April 30 Count von YValdersee sent a reply from the gen- erals, the details of which must await more full and authentic statements. As to razing the Taku forts "and those which might interfere with free communication between Peking and the sea," the United States govern- ment has held the opinion that— ex- cepting one of the Taku batteries which should he demolished, as it im- pedes navigation on the Pel-ho— simple 214 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. June No., 1901 dismantling of the forts will accom- plish all desirable results. The leniency of this country's entire policy toward China, with which Japan and to a con- siderable extent Great Britain have agreed, has drawn severe criticism from the press of several European countries. Many applications are made by Chinamen to General Chaffee and Commissioner Rockhill for retention of the American force in Peking as long as possible. The departure of the great body of foreign troops from the capital is earnestly desired by the imperial gov- ernment as making practicable the re- turn of the court to Peking. Some of the foreign ministers are now perceiv- ing that the proposed legation guard of 2,000 men would be like prisoners in the legation quarter, which could afford them no comfortable or health- ful space, while their going out un- armed would probably be unsafe. A FRENCH AND GERMAN EXPEDI- TION. On April 20, French troops number- ing 8,000, and German 0,000, were gathering near Pao-Ting-fu to move against General Liu, who, with a force reported at 25,000, had been moving within the sphere which Count von Waldersee had marked out for the al- lied forces. It was reported four days later that the allied expedition had been called off, inasmuch as, pursuant to orders from Emperor Kwang-Hsu, Liu and his army had retired into the province of Shan-si. But while the Emperor's order is not denied, a re- port received in Peking, April 2S, from General Kettler, commanding thf. over- man contingent, stated that his brig- ade had met a large Chinese force, April 23, and after severe fighting dur- ing two days had driven th?m back beyond the great wall. While the Chinese loss in battle and in flight was reported as very heavy, the German loss was three killed and twenty-eight wounded. The Germans captured 16 modern guns. General Kettler's brig- ade returned to Pao-Ting-fu. Various Disturbances. There have been reports of outrages by Boxers and robbers in several quar- ters; and the prospect of departure of large numbers of the allied troops— 10,000 of the French in May— has alarmed the native Christians, es- pecially the French Roman Catholics. The most disquieting fact is tre recent appointment of numerous Chinamen of anti-foreign tendencies to official positions. The Question of Evacuation. While an extensive and imme- diate withdrawal from Peking and its road to the sea might expose the whole province of Pe-chi-li to a re- crudescence of Boxerism, it is now generally seen that the present con- ditions must end as soon as possible. The most trustworthy correspondents report that the foreign expeditionary columns (always protested against by the United States), with the Chinese marauders and extortioners, have kept the province in universal turmoil for eight months, and have brought it at last almost into chaos. Trade is para- lyzed: instead of the usual 10,000,000 taels in value (almost $7,800,000) of goods on the earliest steamers after the river opens to Tien-Tsin, there was scarcely a package this spring. The population of the province has been brought to the utmost distress. The anti-foreign feeling is deepening and spreading. Anarchy might follow an incautious extent of the evacuation. Yet, grievous damage attends the con- proportion of its present extent. Such great bodies of troops for whom no use- ful work can longer be found develop the manifold mischiefs that come through inactivity. Discipline is even now great- ly weakened. Dangerous friction arises between the soldiers of different na- tionalities. Unpleasant incidents of this sort have become frequent, causing anxiety lest some bloody conflict should suddenly break out. Half a dozen idle armies shut into a narrow space, are a grave menace to peace. The Indemnity. The month has seen little advance toward settling the amount of the in- Tin: SITUATION IN CHINA. 215 demnity or deciding on the method of raising it (p. 140). The original diffi- culty is generally attributed to the ex- cessive demands of one or more of the great Kuropenn powers, coupled with the dimness of the light which the highest expert authority is able to shed on the amount within China's ability to raise. The amount declared possible by experts varied on a single day (April 8) from $100,000,000 to $250,000,- 000. On the same day the aggregate demands of all the powers were re- ported unofficially as from $400,000,000 to $500,000,000. A committee of the ministers, April 12, reached the opin- ion that China could possibly raise $300,000,000. One power was demand- ing that its account be kept open for increase if It should elect to prolong Its stay in Peking. A few days later Great Britain was eported to have in- structed its minister in Peking to urge the powers to agree to a demand for greater trading privileges instead of money— her view being that the open- ing of the rich provinces now closed to foreign commerce would be of more beneflt to all the nations concerned, in- cluding China, than would be a great money payment. PROPOSAL OF THE UNITED STATES. This government Instructed Special Commissioner Kockhill at Peking, April 12, to communicate to the repre- sentatives of the ten other powers a statement of its policy, of which state- ment the following is the principal part: "1. That whatever be the process by which nn estimation of the sum total of the indemnity to be demanded from China may be reached, the representa- tive of the United States is to endeavor, in the first place, to have the total kept within the limit of $200,000,000 (which in believed to represent the extreme abil- ity of China to pay), and, in the second place, to have the demand presented in gross, without particularizing either the grounds of claim or the proportion claimed by each power. "2. That the proportionate distribu- tion of the indemnity shall be left to be settled among the powers either by agreement to be reached among the for- eign plenipotentiaries in Peking, or, if that be impossible, by reference to the International Commission of Arbitration at The Hague. "3. That the claim of the United Slates covers all claims of every descrip- tion—past, current, and prospective— and is subject to equitable proportionate scaling. "The government of the United States regards it as of the first and essential importance that immediate agreement be reached as to a gross sum which shall be kept within the smallest possible bounds and well within China's ability to pay, without incurring obligations likely to embarrass not only China's re- lations with the powers, but even the re- lations of the powers themselves in the filial arrangements for distribution." It also announced its readiness to cut in half its claim for indemnity if the other nations would make similar reduc- tions. This proposal was in view of the possibility that the aggregate of the claims to be presented would approxi- mate $400,000,000. The claim put in by the United States (reported at $25,000.- 000 or less) included payment only for injuries to American citizens and actual damages to their property, with the ex- pense of sending the American portion of the relief force to Peking: no demand is made for punitive damages on account 'of disrespect shown to this country's representatives. Japan's claim was understood to be framed on the same principles. Great Britain's case was believed to be simi- lar. The three governments above named seek to avoid the perils of a disin- tegration of China through demands beyond her ability to meet, or even through a prolonged dispute among the powers. DEMANDS ON A DIFFERENT PRIN- CIPLE. The proposal of the United States, limiting the aggregate demands of all the powers to $200,000,000, to be paid Immediately, has not been welcomed by the majority. One of the argu- ments urged against it is that it would Involve serious danger by causing separate and secret arrangements for larger amounts to be forced on China by some powers deeming themselves 216 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. June No.. 1901 underpaid. Russia, presenting the largest claim, is said to demand $85,- 000,000 for government expenses alone, aside from private claims: also she de- mands a variable sum as remuneration for maintaining order in northern China for a long time to come. More- over, as China's benevolent friend, she is rumored to be ready to borrow from also must have something; and Bel- gium, which had no hand in the rescue of the legations or in the restoration of order, deems $5,000,000 adequate to quiet her sense of injuries received. The latest estimate of the total de- mand is said to be given out by the French Foreign Office as $315,555,000. The business has not yet reached a JOHN WESTLAKE, LL.D., K.C. PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AT CAMBRIDGE. A MEMBER OF THE PERMANENT HIGH COURT OF ARBITRATION AT THE HAGUE. French investors funds for a loan to China of the requisite sum to meet the indemnities, for which loan Russia will practically hold a mortgage on Manchuria. A statement which is merely a con- jecture on respectable authority is that France demands $65,000,000; Germany, $60,000,000; England, about $23,000,- 000; Japan, about $22,000,000; Italy decisive stage, but the conditions so far as now made known give a pros- pect disheartening to those solicitous for China or for the world's peace. So long as the powers disagree on in- demnity or urge enormous claims, the foreign troops will not be withdrawn; the heavy cost of military occupation will continue, and, while foreign forces hold the capital, the court can THE SITUATION IS CHISA, 217 scarcely be expected to return, and the present menacing and distressful con- ditions will be prolonged. Plans of Reform. T3UNG-LI-YAMEN TO BK SUPER- SEDED. The London "Times' " correspondent in Peking reported, April 16, that the ministers of the powers had that day adopted the recommendation of Com- missioner Rockhill, giving effect to Article 12 of the peace protocol (p. 11) for reform of the Tsung-li-Yamen and of the court ceremonial In receiviug foreign ministers. It was agreed that instead of the Tsung-li-Yamen there should be a Wai-wu-pu, or Board of Foreign Affairs, to have precedence over other boards in the government. The board is to consist of a president, who shall be an imperial prince, and of two ministers, one being the president of a board and the other a member of the grand council, with direct access to the Emperor. There will also be two vice-ministers having knowledge of for- eign affairs, one of them speaking a foreign language. As to court ceremonial, it was agreed that the ministers of the powers, when about to be received in audience, will be conveyed in imperial chairs to the palace through the central gateways, and be re- ceived in the halls where the Emperor is accustomed to entertain the imperial princes; and they will be shown honor equal to that shown by European sover- eigns to foreign ambassadors. A BOARD OF REFORMS APPOINTED. An imperial decree Is reported ap- pointing a board to inquire fully con- cerning reforms, to select those most feasible and most important, and to re- port the same to the Emperor. The expectation Is that the Emperor, after returning to Peking and obtaining the Empress-Dowager's approval of the suggestions, will issue rescripts enact- ing them. On this board the following officials have been appointed: the Chinese pleni- potentiaries. Prince Ching and Earl Li Hung-Chang; Yung-Lu, Kun Kang, Wang Wen-Shao, and Lu Cbuan-Liu; with Viceroys Liu Kun-Yi and Chang Vol. 11—15. t • Chih-Tnng as coadjutors. Among the six first named are some whose sympa- thies have been strongly anti-foreign. A DUBIOUS REFORM. There is a report— possibly another version of the imperial decree above noted— that "the Empress-Dowager has appointed a board of national ad- ministration to relieve her of her pub- lic functions." This act, which is spoken of as her retirement, or as even her practical abdication, would be a measure of decisive reform. But this woman has taken a similar step in a previous emergency, and afterward easily stepped back into absolute power. A Chinese Island Conceded. The United States consul at Amoy reports that the local authorities have granted a long desired concession of the island Ku-lang-Su in the harbor, for a foreign settlement under inter- national control, in accordance with a request of the foreign ministers, and with the consent of Japan, which had long had the island in view for special purposes but yielded to the general de- sire. The island— healthful and well defended— will be an admirable resi- dential quarter for foreigners. A Palace Burned. The Winter Palace, the residence of the Empress-Dowager, occupied for several months by Field Marshal Count von Waldersee and his staff, was burned on April 17. The count's chief of staff, Major-General Schwartz- kopf, lost his life In the fire, and the field marshal made a narrow escape through a window. He and the other officers lost nearly all their belongings — only the military papers being saved. There is nothing to confirm a natural suspicion of incendiarism. The French and Japanese troops gave the most prompt assistance. Famine In Shan-si. Accounts of famine in various parts of northern China have been arriving 218 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. June No., 1901 for months, but have been much dis- credited as either entirely fictitious, or as exaggerations of the wretched con- ditions frequent in limited localities in China. They were even attributed to the government's desire to prevent expeditions to the westward by the foreign troops. The province of Shan- si, west of Peking, is on the road to the province of Shen-si, whither the court had fled (See map, Vol. 10, p. 598). Little is known of the present con- ditions except what is to be gathered from the remarkable cable dispatch of Earl Li, fully authenticated by the of- ficial seal, and addressed to Mr. Louis Klopsch, editor of the "Christian Herald," notable for his energetic and admirably organized philanthropic ef- fort in relief of sufferers in the recent famines in India and in Cuba. The dispatch is as follows: "Government, Peking, April 25. "Editor 'Christian Herald,' New York. "Very serious famine spreads over the whole Province Shan-si. Over eleven million population affected. Urgent re- lief necessary. Conditions warrant im- mediate appeal. "LI HUNG-CHANG." (Seal). This province has a population of 211 to the square mile. American resi- dents in China have recently added little to our general knowledge of the case except the statement that a frightful scarcity of food extends far beyond the limits of Shan-si. The message was immediately re- ported to Minister Wu at Washington, who gave earnest approval to Earl Li's suggestion, and expressed his purpose to co-operate in efforts for relief. RUSSO-JAPANESE RELATIONS. The Far Eastern situation includes two great questions— What will be- come of China? What will Japan do regarding Russia? The first is dealt with elsewhere; the second is to have here a brief consideration, mostly not of theories but of the facts in this Farthest-Eastern situation. Manchuria, or Korea? In the earlier part of April it was not unusual to see in print the assumption that in Russia's doings and developed purposes in Manchuria Japan would see cause of inevitable war. Already the Muscovite movement had taken its first step from Manchuria Tnto Korea, violating the agreement— made when it raised its flag over Port Ar- thur—to avoid interference with Korea's internal affairs or with Ja- pan's commercial and other relations and interests in that kingdom. It had in March demanded and obtained from the Korean government the removal of John McLeavy Brown, a British subject, the efficient general director of Korean customs. Russia was re- peating its attempt of 1898, when also it had procured Mr. Brown's removal —his reinstatement by Korea then hav- ing been the result of the appearance of a British squadron on the scene. Moreover, it is credibly reported though not officially made public, that Russia had protested against Korea's taking into government service any foreigners except Russians. There was therefore no marvel at the news, whether true or false, that on March 23 a Japanese squadron had left Na- gasaki for Korea. There was a report, afterward denied, of Mr. Brown's re- instatement on the demand of the British minister at Seoul. About that time a Japanese cruiser recently con- structed in England started for Japan a week before her sailing date, on or- ders so sudden that she left portions of her equipment behind. These and other incidents seem to have impressed some observers as showing Japan's in- tention to check Russia's further ad- vance in taking possession of Man- churia, and to check it by war before the completion of the Russian railway to the Pacific would enable the great Northern power to throw a v>ast army swiftly upon the Far Eastern scene. The course of events, however, has shown in the view of those best quali- THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONFLICT. 219 fled to judge, that the evident Japan- ese .stir had little direct regard to Man- churia. Certainly Japan sees that Russia's control of northern Asia menaces Korea, and through Korea Japan. But Japan may be supposed to see also that the work of defending tin* short border line of Korea near home would be a much easier task than the undertaking by an island nation of the transport, and then of the sustenance on wide continental desert areas, of armies adequate to cope with those of Russia. The finan- cial part of Japan's problem In a war for conquering Manchuria would be as great a burden as the military part; and great as would be these burdens the task after conquest— the organiz- ing, governing, and permanently hold- ing Manchuria against Russia's im- mense hordes, would be far more ex- haustive. There is one thing for which Japan would surely and promptly go to war— fighting not for mere conquest or glory, but because her existence as a nation depends on it. She would fight, and with every prospect of a iHUieflceut victory, to prevent Korea from passing under the control of any other power. Those best informed express the opinion that Japan would not attempt to take possession of Korea without the approval of the powers. But they speak of a general impression in the East that if Russia encroaches on Korea, Japan for her own protection must necessarily contest Russia's right. Such contest, however, is not generally expected. THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONFLICT. AN ERA OF CRITICISM. The month of April passed without any important military events, and without any definite change in the po- litical situation. The war had ceased to interest the British public except as supplying the Liberal orators and writers with texts for attacks on the Tory leaders, and as furnishing a won- derful number of military critics with opportunities to trace the blunders of commanders in the field, and to set forth the deficiencies of equipment, ad- ministration, and organization through- out the whole military system in the British isles. The direction and the public effect of so much of this crfti- clsm as carried authority are seen in the scheme for a general reform in the military establishment, presented in parliament, March S, hy Mr. Brodrick, Secretary of War, providing a net ad- COL. E. W. D. WARD, K.C.B. THE NKW PERMANENT UNDER-SECRETARY OF THE BRITISH WAR OFFICE. dition to the army of 126,000 men, be- sides 40,000 trained volunteers (p. 185). Public Awakenment. The fortunes of this scheme have not yet been decided: it has been keenly criticized at many points, and Is instanced here merely as indicating the government's full awakening to the need of a thorough military re- organization for home defense as well as for meeting the liabilities of foreign war. Evidently the general public also 220 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. June No., 1901 LOUIS BOTHA. COMMANDANT-GENERAL OF THE BOEE "ORCES. SUCCESSOR TO THE LATE GENERAL JOUBERT. is awakened; and though the British taxpayer will not forego his imme- morial comfort as a grumbler, he will —as always when the need is shown — pay his tax manfully. Indeed, in Eng- land's present mood no government could long hold its majority that did not apply itself promptly and thor- oughly to the work of reconstructing the national military power. As to the naval arm, while experts may detect a similar need, events have not yet made the large public aware of it. English Pride Wounded. This awakening to the military need is due probably not so much to fear as to pride — national pride being far more a characteristic of the average Brit- isher than is fear. It is evident that England, long predominant in interna- tional councils, is not now listened to as a power which at all events must be either obeyed or duly pacified. Con- tinental unfriendliness to the island nation is nothing new; it is, as it were, moss-grown through age. But a con- tinental omission of England from the woj Id-wide international schedule or a relegation of her to the second rank, especially when the rich prizes of the Far East are in debate, is a disagree- able novelty in London, Liverpool, Edinburgh, and the great manufactur- ing towns. To trace this unpleasant development to the South African war as its main cause, would evidently be a mistake; there are many causes which are quite out of the range of the present notice. The South African war has been merely the incidental oc- casion on which the new international alignment in Europe and Asia has taken form. The War a Stimulus. There is, however, one thing of which that war has been the chief cause and agent, and that is the awak- ening of the British empire from its sluggish self-confidence to a percep- tion of the fact that a nation, to keep THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONFLICT. 221 its place in the very front rank of the world's advance, must keep its length of stride, and to keep its stride must keep up not only its organic but also its applied strength. The two little republics, in suddenly declaring war and the next day invading British ter- ritory, killing soldiers, and capturing towns, and then for a year and a-half tenaciously harassing and prodding the foe up and down and spattering good blood over a thousand miles' stretch of country— for all which ath- letic course of exercise Britain has been compelled to pay more than $700,000,000 in expense and in dam- age—have indeed reduced themselves to homelessness and starvation; but they have done the British empire more real service than half a dozen allied nations could have rendered: they have compelled the empire to feel the weakness which It would not see, and to put itself into proper drill, training, and equipment for the work now demanded of a nation of the high- est order. Though It is aside from the theme now in band, note may be taken that the Boers have also consolidated the world-wide empire by suddenly making all the widely scattered colo- nies aware of their unity with the mother-land. The ardor of the impe- rial enthusiasm which this war has developed throughout the British pos- sessions far exceeds all the patriotic feeling that had before existed or been deemed possible. In consideration of the various service which the Boers have unintentionally rendered Eng- land, she well might not only forgive them— soon as they will let her— but also avail herself of the first long pause which they may allow her in pursuing them around their kopjes and over their rivers as her opportunity to rebuild their homes, restock their farms, and make voters of them. A General View. A dispatch from Sir Alfred Milner, High Commissioner for South Africa, dated near the beginning of February, has been made public, showing the situation three months ago as a great disappointment to the British. The preceding half-year was even charac- terized by Sir Alfred as "a period of retrogression." The Boers, instead of making a stand as previously at half a dozen prominent points on the immense field, which points were also their large sup- ply depots, had broken their force into a great number of small predatory bands raiding in every direction and looting the small village stores. The British force also had been broken up Tom mv Atkins (To Drill Instructor) : "What's this mean, GuVnor?" Drill Instructor: " It means that you arc out ol date my man. There Hre no fighters lor us to fight, but only runners lor us to catch."— South Alrican Review. INTERNATIOXAL AFFAIRS. June No., 1901 for the purpose of pursuit, with the result of making a wide area of fight- ing and of destruction of crops and farm stock. Thus, though organized opposition was practically at an end, it was impossible then to fix a definite period for ending the contest. The Boers, however, were slowly being ex- hausted, and at the end of the fighting the country would recuperate in a few years. Two months later, April 8, a corre- spondent wrote that the Dutch leaders intended to fight to a finish. Many Boers were surrendering, but they were not men of influence. Since that date the number of surrenders and of captures has increased; and General Kitchener has continued his process of wearing out the Boers with scien- tific thoroughness. He has not, how- ever, employed the ruthless methods against irregular bands of raiders which many critics expected of him, but has seemed to recognize the fact that the Boers, in adopting this semi- savage style of fighting, were making war in the only way which remained possible to them. At the end of the first week in April, military movements on a small scale were reported in three districts: in the eastern Transvaal, General French had cleared the country; northward of Pretoria General Plumer was ad- vancing with small resistance; and on the edge of Cape Colony the small Boer bands had not been able to re- turn across Orange river. Military Items. Lord Kitchener reported, April 8, that Plumer had, with loss of but two men, surprized and occupied Pieters- burg, the recent capital of the Boer government— the Boers fleeing In a complete rout. He took some railroad stock, 60 prisoners, and destroyed a large amount of ammunition and sup- plies. There is no need to recount here the many minor engagements in the capture by the British of prisoners, guns, and ammunition — except in one instance when seventy-five British were surround- ed by 400 Boers, and one other when there was a small British loss. Lord Kitchener, April 21, summarized the captures of a few recent days' as 242 prisoners and rifles. On April 28 he re- ported the Boer losses in four days as having been: killed 26, captured 436, surrendered 99; besides thousands of sheep and cattle and many wagons taken. British losses were slight. Miscellaneous. By Mr. Chamberlain's statement in the house of commons, April 1, admit- ting that the claims of the Transvaal had not passed to Great Britain as the result of conquest, the British char- tered South African Company (mainly Cecil Rhodes) appears to be relieved of all financial liability in reference to the Jameson raid. Recently agents of the Boer repub- lics brought suit in the United States District Court at New Orleans, La., to restrain shipment by British agents of horses and mules from New Orleans as being a violation of the United States neutrality laws, which forbid shipment of "munitions of war" to a combatant, or a purchase for such shipment. The Department of Justice at Washington has countervailed all such action by sending a ruling to the New Orleans court to the effect that the courts of the United States cannot sit in judgment in a litigation between two other governments. The depart- ment is reported also as suggesting that the proper remedy for the Boers would be to capture the shipment in transit, or otherwise prevent its land- ing in South Africa. The resignation is announced of Adelbert S. Hay, son of the secretary of state, as United States consul at Pretoria. Mr. Hay, a young man ap- pointed to this difficult duty December 2, 1899 (Vol. 9, p. 804; Vol. 10, <)p. 151, 152), has met every demand of the sit- uation with a discretion and a dili- gence that have won universal ap- proval, THE AMElilCAN DEPENDENCIES. 223 RUSSIAN SUGAR CASE. That Russia does pay a bounty on her exports of sugar Is the effect of a decision rendered at the end of April by the Board of Classification of the United States General Appraisers. The board decided by a majority vote that the United States Treasury De- partment was justified in levying a countervailing duty on Russian sugar entering the United States, to offset the effect of the bounty practically paid on the export of said sugar through the working of the Russian law exempting it from an internal revenue tax (p. 97). Secretary Gage is disposed to mini- mize the consequences to American com- mercial interests. Russia's retaliatory increase of duties will affect, he is re- ported as saying, about $2,500,000 worth of American exports, and will do little more than force the Russian consumer to pay higher prices for what he buys. Legally, however, aud possibly polit- ically, the effects of the decision would nppenr to be more far-reaching. Lawyers have expressed the opinion that it makes of the United States government (which remits excise taxes in some circum- stances) one of the greatest bounty pay- ers of the world; and the Louisville "Courier-Journal" says: "Should this decision be affirmed by the court of last resort, it will settle the question of Russia's export bounty on sugar, so far as we are concerned; but it will at the same time convict us of granting export bounties' on many articles of manufacture which we now allow rebates. This would be de- cidedly awkward, as odr laws are con- structed on the theory that we do not grant export bounties, and there would necessarily be a troublesome overhaul- ing of the tariff system in order to obvi- ate this difficulty." * +■ »■<♦> 4 "v Hffairs in Hmetica, THE AMERICAN DEPENDENCIES. Cuba. THE PLATT AMENDMENT. SESSIONS of the constitutional convention continued to be held and the terms of the United States government as defined in the P'.ntt amendment to the Army bill considered the President received a formal visit from the delegation. After expressing his pleasure at meet- ing the delegates and assuring them of 224 AFFAIRS IK AMERICA. June No., 1901 SENOR P. G. LLORENTE, HEAD OF THE CUBAN COMMISSION TO NEGOTIATE WITH THE UNITED STATES REGARDING OUR RELATIONS WITH CUBA. his sincere interest in the welfare of Cuba, the President said that, regarding the object of their visit, he would confer with the secretary of war; and the sec- retary, having an intimate knowledge of the situation, would confer with the delegation. No report was published of the out- come of the conferences of the dele- gation with the secretary of war; but on the last day of their stay in Wash- ington they had a final interview with President McKinley, which Avas sum- marily reported in the newspapers; and Senor Capote made a brief state- ment to a representative of the Asso- ciated Press. In the interview with the President, Senor Capote asked him "to do some- thing for the Cubans on economic lines, particularly in regard to reciprocal trade relations;" to which Mr. McKinley re- plied that it was impossible to settle the economic questions until the political questions were disposed of. He told the delegates to form their government first, and then they would be in a position to enter into negotiations with the United States as to trade relations. Senor Capote thought that something could be done while the Cuban govern- ment was being formed. But the Presi- dent again said that it was not possible to settle any economic question before the Cuban government was formed. He would appoint commissioners immediate- ly after a government was organized, to negotiate with similar commissioners from the Cuban government for recipro- cal trade relations; and he believed that the United States would be ready to deal with them in a manner which would be beneficial to both countries. He thanked the delegates for the invitation to visit the island, and told them to assure the Cuban people of his friendly interest in them and his desire to see them con- tented and prosperous. In withdrawing from the interview with the President, Senor Capote said: "We have concluded our business here. We have had two interviews with the President and four with the secretary of war, in which all matters that we came here to discuss have had the fullest and most minute consideration. We came to consider the relations between Cuba and the United States; and these, both poli- tical and economical, have had the most careful attention. We return to Cuba, and will deliver to the constitutional convention all the information we have obtained, information which is highly important and interesting." The delegates appeared well pleased with the result of their visit to Wash- ington; and it was believed that their report to the convention would recom- mend acceptance of the terms offered by the United States. The Washing- ton correspondent of the New York "Tribune" thus represents their atti- tude of mind: "When the Cuban commissioners were able to comprehend the situation, they realized for the first time that there is GETTING A LITTLE CLOSER. — St. Paul Pioneer Prett. THE AMERICA* DEPENDENCIES. •J2.r. no danger of their country being annexed and 'assimilated' to the United States as long as the Piatt amendment is a law of this land, with the most binding fea- tures of that instrument as parts of the Cuban constitution. This revelation so completely allayed their fears that they felt free to return to Havana and ear- nestly recommend to the convention the immediate adoption of the Piatt amend- ment in its entirety. Before returning home they thought it best to visit New York, and there learn from the men most directly interested in the maintenance of this government's present tariff policy, what can be expected for the Cuban sugar and tobacco products in the trade of the United States." OPINIONS OP THE PRESS. While the question of acceptance or rejection of the Piatt amendment by the constitutional convention was still undecided, and the attitude of the del- egates to Washington after conference with Mr. McKinley and the secretary of war was still unknown, the ground was taken by many of the leading American newspapers that no better terms than those named in the Piatt amendment are likely to be tendered or even should be tendered to the Cu- bans. Says the Washington "Post" (Ind.): "The whole civilized world is justified in looking to the United States for a re- gime of law and order in Cuba;" and the St. Louis "Globe-Democrat" (Rep.): "There are certain conditions which Cuba, as the price of her liberation from Spain by the United States, must agree to, and these will grow harder instead of easier by antagonism and postpone- ment." The Philadelphia "Inquirer" (Rep.) sees in the convention only a body of military adventurers and scheming politicians "who have it in mind to do any number of things which it would be highly inexpedient and improper to per- mit." On the other side the Hartford "Times" (Ind. Dem.) sees in the Piatt amendment evidence of "a desire to make Cuba a 'crown colony';" and that will be the outcome if the supreme court gives a decision favorable to the administration. The Philadelphia "Times" (Dem.) says: "The Cuban policy of the administration has been one st-rii-s of disastrous blunders; and this attempt to compel what might easily have been won by friendliness and fair dealing is the worst blunder of all." EMIGRATION TO AFRICA. The government of the Kongo Free State and that of the French Republic having made a liberal offer of bounties to Cuban negroes, descendants of slaves from the Kongo region, who will settle In French and Belgian Af- rica, William George Emanuel, negro, native of Cuba, some months ago vis- ited the King of Belgium to uscertain what opportunities for settlement by educated negroes from Cuba were af- forded by the Free State. He had a conference also with M. Decrais the French colonial minister, and returned to America toward the end of April accompanied by M. Em lie Renders, from the French Kongo territory. The two intend to organize among the Kongo negroes of Cuba a move- ment of emigration to Belgian and French Africa. The movement is said to be heartily approved by the French and Belgian governments. A JOURNAL SUPPRESSED. The newspaper "La Diseuslon" was suppressed by Governor-General Wood. Apt 11 6, and its offices closed. The oc- casion was the publication of a car- toon. "The Cuban Calvary," showing a Cuban soldier crucified between two thieves labeled "Wood" and "McKin- ley." The editor, Coronndo, was ar- rested but released on bail. Senor Ca- pote, president of the constitutional convention, waited on Governor-Gen- eral Wood and expressed to him the regret of that body for the publica- tion. On his solicitation the governor- general permitted the journal to con- tinue; but both the editor and the artist, Castellanos. who drew the car- toon, were held by the judge of the correctional court to answer for crim- inal libel A few days later, April 11. Seeundi- no Torral de Garcia and Julio Urrutla. editor and director of the journal "El Stevedore," were condemned to sixty and thirty days of Imprisonment re- spectively by Captain Luclen Young, cnptnln of the port of Havana, for a libelous publication in which It was 226 AFFAIRS Iif AMERICA. June No., 1901 alleged that Young lied when he sent to General Wood a copy of the Journal purporting to contain the agreement with the stevedores reached in a re- cent strike. In virtue of his office, the captain of the port has power to im- pose penalties on offenders. The dis- patches of the following day reported Americans and Cubans as denouncing affairs is giving general satisfaction. The material progress made has been wonderful. Uncultivated lands are com- ing into use and made profitable. The prospects of the growers of oranges and other fruits are very bright. Their ad- vantages over competitors in other West India islands will be increased when all duties upon their products brought into the United States are removed July 1. Men who have been engaged in growing HON. ORVILLE H. PLATT, OF CONNECTICUT. REPUBLICAN UNITED STATES SENATOK. CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON RELATIONS WITH CUBA. the action of Captain Young. General Wood was said to regard it as a very unfortunate incident Porto Rico. THE ISLAND PROSPEROUS. Governor Allen, while in Washington recently made a very encouraging statement of the condition of affairs in the island, in a forcible contradiction of reports given out from other sources. The civil government, said he, is work- ing smoothly, and the administration of lilies and other flowers, as also onions and potatoes, in Bermuda, are now look- ing to settlement in Porto Rico. All the staple industries of the island except coffee culture are flourishing. The sugar product has grown from 40,000 tons in 1900 to probably 100,000 tons in 1901: on this year's crop Porto Rico planters will save $3,500,000 in tariff duties. The alleged unpopularity of the Hollander tax law is due to a misunderstanding: under that law taxation in the island is lower than in any of the American states. Of the reported large emigra- tion Governor Allen said: "I understand that several thousand people have been employed by agents to leave Porto Rico for Hawaii, principally, illK am/:i:/h-i>j:xi>h\< 227 some few for Cuba; and a few are now being engaged to work in Ecuador. But, compared with the million people, the percentage emigrating is so small as not to be worth considering. If the people can benefit their positions by emigrat- ing, they should be permitted to emi- grate, care being takeu, of course, to see that they are not led away by mis- representation or against their will." Replying to this, Wonceslao liorda, Porto kiciin commissioner, published a statement April 10, in which he rates the governor's assertions as "mere statements of an Interested official." "It is misleading," he says, "to com- pare the exports and imports of this year — that is to say, the production and consumption of the island— with that of the years of the war and hurricane. The contrast should be made, to be fair, with the fiscal year just previous to our oc- cupation of Porto Rico and with the present fiscal year, which, according to Governor Allen, is also a normal one. The exports during the former year amounted to about 19,000,000 pesos, or $1 1.400,000; the imports to about 18,- 000,000 pesos, or $10,800,000— a balance of trade in favor of the island of 1,000,- 000 pesos, or $600,000. The exports from May 1, 1900, to February 28. 1901, were $5,814,083, and the imports $8,100,- 000— a balance of trade against the island of $2,285,917, which is wholly un- supportable and spells ruin when it is recalled that our circulation is less than $2,000,000, and that Porto Rico has lost her credits in the com- mercial world. ..." LABOR KMIORATION. Toward the end of April the tide of labor cmigiation (p. lf>3) seemed to have been checked: of 1.000 laborers recruited for Hawaii that were to have sailed April 24. only 544 present- oil themselves when their ship was to sail. And signs were numerous throughout the island that the plan- ters, alarmed at the drain on the labor resources, were offering better terms to their bands. The recent appropria- tion for road work, too, would provide employment for many, and a wonder- fully rich coffee region would be opened vip. which would make an In- creased demand for laborers. Samoa. POPULATION STATISTICS. The population of the six Sumoan ! Islands owned by the United States is. as determined by n recent census. 5,800; and of the islands belonging to Germany, 32.000. The increase in the 30 years of the Islands' relations with men of European race Is incon- siderable. Infant mortality is very great, due principally to ignorance and carelessness In dieting the young. The Philippines. GENERAL FUNSTON'S EXPLOIT. Theodore R. Woolsey. professor of international law In Yale University, writing for the "Outlook," judges the exploit of General Funston In captur- ing Aguinaldo (p. ifto) In the light of the principles of international law. and the usages of civilized countries in time of war. He holds that the use of the rebels' uniform by the Filipinos in Funston's party and the employment of false let- ters are not in contravention of received military usage: they are allowable ruses of war: it would be different were the Filipinos a civilized people observing the rules of civilized warfare. If the Fili- pinos were civilized, the employment of this uniform might properly be criti- cized, but not the use of false letters. Prof. Woolsey says in conclusion: "The kind treatment of the insur- gent leader after capture is proof that in this affair, as in others, humanity governed the actions of our army. Aguinaldo's readiness to swear alle- giance to the government of his captors, and the great stride made in consequence toward pacification, are proofs that mili- tary necessity justified his capture. Con- trast the good likely to flow from the hastening of the end of the insurrection by means of it, with the offense of the use of enemy's uniforms — a strata- gem illegal in war only with a lawful belligerent — and you have the measure of the justice of the criticisms of this affair." On the other side, Mr. Crammond Kennedy In the New York "Evening Post" quotes from the ('ode of Instruc AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. June No., 1901 tion for the United States Armies in the Field, Rule 85, which declares: "The use of the enemy's national standard, flag, or other emblem of na- tionality for the purpose of deceiving the enemy in battle, is an act of perfidy by which they lose all claim to the pro- tection of the laws of war." And this from General Halleck's "International Law:" "Not infrequently the success of a campaign, or even the termination of the DR. THEODORE SALISBURY WOOLSEY. PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AT VALE UNIVERSITY. war, depends upon the life of the sover- eign or of the commanding general. Hence, in former times, it sometimes happened that a resolute person was in- duced to steal into the enemy's camp, under the cover of a disguise, and, hav- ing penetrated to the general's headquar- ters, to surprise and kill him. Such an act is now deemed infamous and execra- ble, both in him who executes and in him who commands, encourages, or re- wards it." In conclusion Mr. Kennedy writes: "Aguinaldo was bound to look out for himself, but was under no duty and had no right to suspect for a moment that officers of the United States army would forge a letter from one of his subordinates, and make a treacherous use of his captured seal for the purpose of putting him off his guard, and making it almost certain that he would be captured or killed by a troop of his enemies disguised as his friends. A motto for the new flag of the United States in the Philippines might be: 'Funston— and Forgery.' " AGUINALDO TAKES THE OATH. The former president of the Filipino Republic, on April 2, took the oath of allegiance to the government of the United States: this he did by the ad- vice of Judge Arellano, chief justice of the insular judiciary system. The form of oath taken by Aguiualdo was that prescribed for insurgents submit- ting to the authority of the United States, the taking of which would in ordinary cases work release from ar- rest or similar restraint; but Aguinal- do was still regarded as a prisoner, though treated with all indulgence. The oath taken by him was as follows: "I hereby renounce all allegiance to any and all so-called revolutionary gov- ernments in the Philippine islands, and recognize and accept the supreme' au- thority of the United States of America therein; I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to that government; that I will at all times con- duct myself as a faithful and law-abid- ing citizen of the said islands, and will not, either directly or indirectly, hold correspondence with or give intelligence to an enemy of the United States; nor will I abet, harbor, or protect such enemy; that I impose upon myself these voluntary obligations without any men- tal reservations or purpose of evasion, so help me God." AGUINALDO'S MANIFESTO. The captive ex-president of the Filipino Republic issued to his com- patriots and the world this address on April 19: "I believe I am not in error in pre- suming that the unhappy fate to which my adverse fortune has led me *s not a surprise to those who have been famil- iar with the progress of the war. The lessons taught with a full meaning and which have recently come to my knowl- THE AM Eli WAX DEPENDENCIES. 229 edge, suggest with irresistible force that a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable, but absolutely essential to the welfare of the Philippine islnnds. "The Filipinos have never been dis- mayed at their weakness, nor have they faltered in following the path pointed out by their fortitude and courage. The time has come, however, in which they find their advance along this path to be impeded by on irresistible force, which, while it restrains them, yet enlightens their miuds and opens to them another course, presenting them the cause of peace. This cause has been joyfully em- braced by the majority of my fellow countrymen, who have already united around the glorious sovereign banner of the United States. In this banner they repose their trust, and believe that under its protection the Filipino people will attain all those promised liberties which they are beginning to enjoy. "The country has declared unmistak- ably in favor of peace. So be it. There has been enough blood, enough tears, and enough desolation. This wish can- not be ignored by the men still in arms if they are animated by a desire to serve our noble people, which has thus clearly manifested its will. So do I respect this will, now that it is known to me. "After mature deliberation I resolute- ly proclaim to the world that I cannot refuse to heed the voice of a people longing for peace, nor the lamentations of thousands of families yearning to see their dear ones enjoying the liberty and the promised generosity of the great American nation. "By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippine Archipelago, — as I now do, and without any reserva- tion whatsoever, I believe that I am serving thee, my beloved country. May happiness be thine!" Simultaneously with the publication of this address, Governor-General Mo- Arthur gave orders for the release of 1,000 Filipino prisoners, upon their also taking the oath of allegiance. Dr. Schurmnn, president of the first Philippine Commission, said of the manifesto that It Is of significance less as showing the disposition of Aguinaldo toward the American joy- ernment than iis a recognition by the insurgent chief of the fact that the Filipinos have defected from the in- surgent cause and that he Is without a following: be is no longer leader, but. recognizing accomplished facts, he fulls Into line and follows. "Because a majority of the insurgents have surrendered or gone home, he ad- vises the outstanding minority to do likewise. His advice will have some influence, of course; but it comes too late to be of much advantage, and General MacArthur's forces will be a more con- straining argument with those still in arms. But in the policy of conciliation which must follow that of pacification, Aguinaldo can be of aid to us." After the Issue of his manifesto, Aguinaldo was assigned quarters in the house No. 56 Solano street, in the city of Manila. There be was visited by an agent of the Associated Tress, April 22, who had a conversation with him in the presence of Benito Legardo. Col. John S. Mallory, who has charge of the captive ex- president, and two other Americans. He was rather re- luctant to talk for publication, but said he was working for pacification. He was surprized, he said, at what the Americans had accomplished, and still more surprised to learn, after his cap- ture, that his people inclined to prefer the rule of Americans to native sover- eignty; but now he was of that mind him- self. He was sure that Tinio, Lucban, Malvar, and other insurgent leaders would surrender when they understood the nature of the amnesty offered to them. After expressing his gratitude for the courteous treatment he was receiv- ing, he uttered the conviction that the civil government about to be set np would realize the highest hopes of his people. In conclusion Aguinaldo said: "Every word in my address to my countrymen, the Filininos, came from my heart. I hope the Americans believe me thoroughly sincere in my efforts to secure peace, and, under American au- spices, to promote the welfare and pros- perity of the Philippines." PROGRESS OF PACIFICATION. The surrender of Aguinaldo was fol- lowed Immediately by the submission In northwestern Panay of thirty offi- cers and 185 men, with 105 rifles, and in northern Mindanao of twenty-one men with an equal number of rifles. April 6 was reported from Manila the 230 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. June No., 1901 surrender of General Arejola with thirty officers and 800 men at Nueva Caceres, province of South Camarines, Southern Luzon. The same day, at San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan prov- ince, Central Luzon, the last remnant of Major Pablo Tecson's command, 173 men with 133 rifles, made submission to the American authorities; also in the same province sixteen officers and seventy men. Then followed the sur- render of Colonel Aba, insurgent leader in Zambales province, with thirteen officers, eighty-three men, and ninety-two rifles. The island of Panay was declared to be completely pacified in the middle of April. In the island of Samar, on the other hand, the progress toward complete pacification was unsatisfactory. A telegram dated April 23 reported the insurgent general, Lukban, with a force of 600 men armed with rifles and many bolomen, as terrorizing the inhabitants. The report reached Manila, April 26, of eight American soldiers shot by or- ders of the insurgent general, Cailles. A few days later Captain Wilson Chase, with a detachment of the 21st Infantry, surprized Cailles's camp near Cavinti, Laguna province, and captured prisoners and stores, but Cailles escaped. General Tinio surrendered with his command at Sinait, Northern Luzon, April 80: he and Aleiandrino were the most capable commanders among the insurgents. His surrender completely pacified Northern Luzon, for many months one of the most troublesome of the insurgent provinces. Cailles was now the only notable insurgent chief In the field. INSURGENT LOSSES. The New York "Herald" gives this report of the losses of the insurgents: Killed, (at least) 25,000; captured or surrendered, 20,069; rifles captured or surrendered, 7,667; rounds of ammuni- tion captured (incomplete returns), 605,- 142. These figures are official, but are largely only estimates. MUNICIPAL AND PROVINCIAL GOV- ERNMENTS. The Philippine Commission has passed acts for the organization of governing bodies for municipalities and provinces, to be applied through- out the archipelago with certain ex- ceptions. The act regarding municipalities does not apply to the city of Manila nor to settlements or communities of non-Chris- tian tribes: for these, special legislation remains to be enacted. Elsewhere all pueblos are recognized as municipal cor- porations, with a government consisting of a president, vice-president, and coun- cil, to be chosen for a term of two years from the first Monday of January, 1902. There will be four classes of munici- palities, determined by the number of the inhabitants: those of 25,000 inhab- itants or more have eighteen councillors; those with 18,000 or more but less than 25,000, fourteen councillors; those be- tween 10,000 and 18,000, ten; those with less than 10,000, eight. The age required of electors is 23 years: other requirements are that they shall have served previously as municipal of- ficers, or possess a certain amount of property, or pay a certain minimum of taxes. The officers of the provincial govern- ments are to be a governor, secretary, treasurer, supervisor, and fiscal. The governor of a province is to be elected by a convention of the municipal coun- cillors. The other provincial officials will be appointed by the Commission. After March 1, 1902, with the excep- tion of the fiscal, they will be selected under the provisions of the Civil Service act. THE COMMISSARY FRAUDS. On April 29 Capt. James C. Reed, formerly depot commissary at Manila, was put on trial charged with partici- pation In the frauds upon the Com- missary Department and soliciting and receiving bribes (p. 169). His counsel denied the jurisdiction of the court-martial on several grounds; but the objections were overruled and the court proceeded to take testimony. V SITED STATES POLITI' v 113 1 Mr. Schindler, of the Alhambra cigar factory, testified that Kevd had demand ed of him money, to be used in making up a deficit in the accounts of Heed's predecessor, Major George B. Davis: Schiinller gave to Reed $1,050, equal to 2 1-2 per cent commission on cigars sold to the department while Davis was depot commissary. Inspector-General Garlington testified that Reed had con- fessed to him that he received money from Schindler and others, but had said it was intended to cover Major Davis s "beef shortage." Lieut. Richard II. Townley, U. S. N., superintendent of the Manila Nautical School, testified that at the instance of Reed be had called on Castle Brothers, contractors, and demanded of the firm $2,000 and 10 per cent on all their sales to the depart- ment. The lieutenant said in court that in thus acting be was "doing a noble thing in attempting to protect the char- acter of a brother officer." A LBPSB SET'I I.KMKNT. The number of lepers In the archi- pelago Li estimated at 25,000, and it is proposed to settle them all in one is- land. To this end Major Mans, medi- cal Inspector, Captain Abeam of the 0th Infantry, and Captain Horton of the Quartermaster's Department, were appointed a commission to make choice of the island most suitable for the purpose. SECRET SOCIETIES. MajoMJeneral S. B. M. Young, lately commanding in Northern Luzon, while in Chicago on the way to Washington, pointed out some of the obstacles to complete pacification which still re- main. The greatest danger, he said, is from the two great secret societies, the Kati- punan and the Sandathan. The first is of a military character, and many of its members are leaders of the insurrec- tion. The other is civil, and includes every native who is in sympathy with the rebel cause; its members collect funds, purchase arms, and are spies on the movements of American troops. Of both societies, Gen. Young says, the members are crafty, skilful, and treach- erous. Their hatred for Americans is bit- ter; and Gen. Young thinks that "the only way to wean them from their preju- dices is by means of American coloniza- tion of the islands." UNITED STATES POLITICS, A Sign of Change in the South. At the banquet given to the Chinese Minister, Wu Ting-Fang, at Charlotte, N. C, April 18, Senator John L. Mc- Laurin of South Carolina made a ■peach In which he in effect renounced allegiance to the Democratic party so far as that party's principles and alms are expressed in platforms and by its national leaders since 1800. His speech contained these passages: "The real Democratic leaders in the senate for the last three years have been Allen, Teller, and Pettigrew, all able men, but one a Populist, one a high- tariff Republican, and the other I do not know what; all of them opposed to state hanks with proper safeguards, and most other things we need in the South. To sow discontent with industrial con- ditions, and distrust of the governing power, to array class against class in the hope of securing fancied social and industrial equality, is to my mind the first step in revolution. The South is the American end of America. In no section is there so small a foreign ele- ment, so much conservatism, so pure a patriotism. What a political paradox, then, it is for our people to be the allies of professed revolutionists elsewhere. "My definition of democracy is liberty for man formulated into a theory of gov- ernment. It means man's inalienable ownership of himself; it means free thought and free speech. It is folly to attempt to dwarf great national and in- ternational issues into mere questions of party policy; it failed in the last cam- paign, and it will fail eveiy time it is tried. Every member of Congress, when it comes to a foreign policy, a foreign war, an army, a navy, a merchant marine, or any other question affecting our honor as a nation or our prosperity as a people, should be free and untram- meled to vote as his judgment and con- science dictate. . . . We (of the South) are no longer a purely agricultural section; but mining, manufacturing, and kindred interests have sprung into prominence and de- mand governmental policies to protect and develop them. A statesmanship so partisan in its character as to adhere to old political doctrines, either settled by the arbitrament of the sword or firm- ly fixed as governmental policies, can- not solve the political and economic problems now confronting the Southern 232 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. June No., 1901 people. Such a statesmanship cannot properly interpret present economic movements, nor provide by aggresses and progresses thought for the radically changing conditions now confronting us." The St. Louis "Globe-Democrat" (Rep.), commenting on the speech of Mr. McLaurin and its approval by several prominent public men of the South, says that it believes that "tens of thousands of other intelligent South- ern men" are of the same mind. Says the New York "Evening Post" (Ind.): "No intelligent person can doubt that a large, intelligent, and influential ele- ment among the whites in the South who have always been Democrats believe in the present great policies of the Repub- lican party." And the Columbia (S. C.) "State" (Dera.) says: "The President desires a white Re- publican party in this state, and we are quite willing that he shall have one. ... In our opinion there will be a white Republican party organized in South Carolina before the primary election in 1902, and Senator McLaurin, like Mr. Capers, will be a member of that party." Mr. Capers, hitherto a professed Democrat, was recently appointed by Mr. McKinley United States district attorney for South Carolina. THE ARMY. West Pointers Outranked. Graduates of the Military Academy bear a surprisingly small ratio to offi- cers taken from civil life, in the high- est army stations. There are now in the army a lieutenant-general, six ma- jor-generals of the line and one of the staff, and fifteen I rigadier-gener- als of tbe line. The lieutenant-general and all tbe major-generals entered the army from civil life, viz: Miles, Brooke, Otis, Young, Chaffee, MacAr- thur, Wheaton, and Corbin. Of the brigadiers only four are from West Point— Ludlow, Hall, Grant, and Bell; those from civil life are, Wade, Mer- riam, Bates (John C), Davis, Sumner, Wood, Hughes, Randall, Kobbe, Smith, and Funston. Of the ten staff brigadiers, three are West Pointers- Bates (Alfred K), Butfington, and Wil- son; and of these, Wilson, chief of en- gineers, and Buffington, chief of ord- nance, are required by law to be grad- uates of the Academy. Tbe remaining seven are from civil life— Inspector- General Breckinridge, Judge-Advocate General Lieber, Quartermaster-Gener- al Ludington, Commissary-General Weston, Surgeon- General Sternberg, Chief Signal Officer Greeley, and Chief of the Record Division A ins- worth. LABOR INTERESTS. Great Strike Averted. About April 20 a threatened strike of all the many thousands of workmen belonging to the Amalgamated Asso- ciation of Iron, Steel, and Tin Work- ers against the great United States Steel Corporation lately organized by J. P. Morgan (p. 113), was stayed by timely compromise. For some weeks the employees of the Dewees Wood mills, of McKeesport, Pa., owned by the United States Steel Company, had been on strike, demanding the rein- statement of men who had been dis- charged from the mills because they had joined the workers' union; and their demands having been refused, the Amalgamated Association was pre- paring to support their cause with all the power of the national organization, even to the extent of ordering a strike in all the mills of the giant Morgan company throughout the country. But Charles M. Schwab, president of the giant corporation, intervened to recon- cile the differences between the men and their employers. This he did at the instance of Colonel French of the Re- public Iron & Steel Company, a con- cern independent of the Steel corpora- tion, who represented to him the very serious condition of affairs and offered himRelf as a peacemaker. Acting under the sanction of President Schwab, Mr. French invited Mr. Schaf- fer, president of the Amalgamated Asso- AFFAllts IN VARIOUS 8TATS8. nation, to a conference, and there ar- ranged for a meeting of Mr. Schaffer with John Jarrett, who should be em- powered to treat with him as accredited agent of the head of the Steel corpora- tion. These two met; and on April 18 a Settlement was reached satisfactory to both sides. The discharged men at Me- Keesport were reinstated, and the mills there reopened. While settlement was pending the Philadelphia "North American" (Ind. Rep.) thus warned the United States Steel Corporation of the consequences lihely to follow a refusal of the de- mands of the workmen: "The issue is plainly that of the right of labor to do what capital has done — combine — and if Mr. Morgan's trust per- sists in denying that right it will make itself responsible for a conflict of un- precedented proportions. If the steel trust undertakes to stamp out the labor unions and make itself the absolute mas- ter of men who work in its mills, it will bring the question of what shall be done with the trusts to speedy settlement in this country. The settlement likely to follow a bitter war between an unpopu- lar trust and hundreds of thousands of American workmen, would not be satis- factory to the stockholders." SPORT. The " America's " Cup. Before leaving New York at the con- clusion of the last races for the "America's" Cup, in 1899 (Vol. 9, pp. 143, 396; Vol. 10, p. 834), when "Sham- rock" was defeated by "Columbia," Sir Thomas Upton, ownyr of the de- feated yacht, had practically pledged himself to another challenge. The new challenger, designed by G. L. Watson, was launched April 20, at the yards of Denny Brothers, Dumbar- ton, near Glasgow, Scotland, and chris- tened "Shamrock II." by the Marchion- ess of Dufferin. The measurements of the yacht have not yet been made public; the designer has aimed at combining lightness of ma- terials with strength of construction, sta- bility, and fineness of lines. The American defender of the cup will be selected after trial races between the "Independence," designed by B. B. Crowninshield and built by George Law- ley & Sons, of Boston, for Thomas W. Lawson of that city, and the "Constitu- tion," built by the Herreshoffs at Bris- tol, R. I., for the New York syndicate representing the present holders of the cup (Vol. 10, p. 1020). The "Independence" is over 140 feet long (deck measurement), water line 90 feet, extreme breadth over 23 feet, draught 20 feet. Below water, her plates are manganese bronze; above, steel. Total spread of canvas, about 15,000 square feet. The "Constitution" was launched on the night of May 6, being christened by Mrs. W. Butler Duncan, Jr. Dimen- sions are: length over all 132 feet 0 inches; water line at normal draught 89 feet 9 inches; extreme beam 25 feet 2 1-2 inches; normal draught 19 feet 10 inches; sail area, subject to modifica- tion during trials, 14,400 square feet. A FOEMAN WORTHY OF HIS STEEL. — Minneapolis Journal. Vol. 1I-W. AFFAIRS IN VARIOUS STATES. Alabama. A NEW CONSTITUTION. The people, April 23, by a large ma- jority of votes, decided affirmatively the question as to the calling of a con- vention, to he held in May, to frame :: new constitution of the state. Few negro citizens voted, for nearly all the Macks had failed to register at the last national election, and so were dis- qualified to vote now. It is certain that the new constitution will severely restrict the negroes' right of suffrage. Before the election took place the lead- ers of the Democratic party iu the 234 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. June No., 1901 state gave out a declaration, in which they say: "After an experience of thirty years, affording every necessary facility to qualify the negro for the franchise, it has been demonstrated that as a race he is incapable of self-government and the in- telligent exercise of the power of voting. "Therefore, in the interest of both races in Alabama, we favor the holding of a constitutional convention for the purpose of regulating the right to vote, so as to perpetuate the rule of the white race in Alabama." California. BUBONIC PLAGUE. For more than a year the existence of* the plague at San Francisco was strenuously affirmed and as strenuous- ly denied: that the affirmative side was in the right, now plainly appears from the report of a special investigat- ing commission appointed some months ago by the secretary of the treasury. The commission, made up of Drs. Simon Flexner, F. G. Novy, and L. F. Farker, found the local physi- cians divided in opinion; but they themselves, after a thorough personal inspection, were convinced that "be- yond possible doubt cases of bubonic plague were occurring among the Chi- nese:" between February 6 and 12 there were six deaths from that cause. Illinois. CHICAGO A SEArORT. A new era in commercial activity would appear to have been inaugu- rated by the departure, toward the end of April, of the steamer "Northwest- ern" from Chicago for Liverpool, Eng., by the Canadian canal route. The ex- pected results are an enlarged use of the present canal system, the building of better and larger canals, and the advancement of Chicago toward the status of a great international seaport. The vessel's cargo consisted of pro- visions, timber, and harvesting ma- chinery. Kansas. SEQUEL OF THE NATION RAIDS. The state legislature before adjourn- ing in April passed four bills which greatly strengthen the Prohibition law. Of these, one enlarges the powers of officers of the law to search for proofs of violation of the law and to seize contraband stock in trade. By an- other it is made the duty of the county attorney, when notified of a violation of the law, to inquire diligently Into the matter: he must subpoena persons known or believed to have knowledge of violation and compel them to testi- fy: to refuse to testify is a inisde meaner. The third law empowers the district .iudge to punish for contempt without a jury trial: under a law of 1S97 saloon keepers would violate in- junctions against liquor selling, and, when brought into court, would de- mand a jury trial, and in nearly every case were acquitted. Finally, the law now gives to a prosecuting wit- ness the right to employ an attorney to help the county attorney, and gives him almost the same powers as the county attorney. He can conduct the prosecution, and the county attorney cannot dismiss the case it' he objects. If the county attorney wishes to dis- miss, he must go into court and argue the case. This new and very stringent legislation is a direct result of Mrs. Nation's crusade (pp. 115, 172). Massachusetts. OPPOSITION TO WOMAN SUFFRAGE. The Massachusetts Association Op- posed to the Further Extension of Suf- frage to Women was founded in 1896 for the object denoted by its title: its membership is made up of women. The association has published a num- ber of annual reports and also many arguments by different writers, men and women, against the extension of the suffrage to women: these docu- ments the secretary of the Association, Mrs. Robert W. Lord, P. O. Box 2262, Boston, supplies gratis op request. Among them is one which shows the many privileges enjoyed by women citi- zens of Massachusetts which the laws deny to male citizens, e. g., exemption PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 238 from poll tax. jury duty, arrest in civil an till judgment baa been obtaiued ■gainst them. Further, a married wo- man who sells liquor illegally is not punishable, hut her husband; the laws relating to labor give special protection to women; a widow or unmarried wo- man whose estate is not over $1,000 is exempt from taxation to the amount of ?">r»sed to put all state offices in the same category with the three classes of offices defined in the act; but the members of the senate were irreconcilably opposed, and the alternative was total defeat of the measure or compromise. New York. COMMON-LAW MAKUIAOKS. A law passed by the legislature of New York defines the conditions npon which the validity of a marriage con- tracted by the parties to it by private agreement only, shall stand before the law. The new law requires that the parties to a common-law marriage shall make in writing a contract, signed by them in the presence of two subscribing wit- nesses; that this contract shall be ac- knowledged by the parties and the wit nesses in the same manner as a contract or transfer of real estate; and that within six months it shall be recorded in the office of a town clerk or other proper officer. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. A New Attorney-General. The President, April 5, signed the commission appointing Philander C. Knox of Pittsburg. Pa., attorney-gen- eral of the United States, to succeed Hon. J. W. Griggs, resigned. Philander C. Knox is a native of Pennsylvania and about forty-eight 236 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. June No., 1901 years of age. He graduated from Mt. Union College, Alliance, O., in 1872: while there he formed the acquaintance of Mr. McKinley, who was then prose- cuting attorney of Stark county. He now entered the office of a firm of law- years in Pittsburg, and, with the excep- tion of one year of office as United States district attorney, he was to the time of his appointment to the attorney- generalship engaged in the practice of the law in Pittsburg. In 1897 as presi- dent of the Bar Association of Pennsyl- vania, he delivered a noteworthy address on Corporation Law, a branch of legal science in which he has long been an eminent authority. New Minister to Austria-Hungary. On March 6 the President nomi- nated Robert S. McCormick, of Chi- cago, 111., to succeed Addison C. Har- ris, of Indiana, resigned, as minister to Austria-Hungary. The nomination was confirmed by the senate. Mr. Mc- Cormick is a scholar and a bibliophile, and was secretary of the United States legation at London under Rob- ert T. Lincoln. Commissioner of Patents. Frederic Innes Allen, newly appointed Commissioner of Patents, was born in Auburn, N. Y., January 19, 1859, son of a patent lawyer. He was graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University in 1897; studied law; and was admitted to practice in 1882. But he always found leisure for many scien- tific studies outside of the legal career, and in particular gave attention to the subject of naval and ordnance construc- tion; as also to that of mineralogy. In the intricacies of patent law practice he is deeply versed; and this fact, with his first-hand acquaintance with physical and mechanical science, makes him a man eminently well qualified for the post to which he has been called. Pan-American Exposition. This exposition, at Buffalo, N. Y., to illustrate the Western hemisphere's progress in science, arts, and indus- tries, was opened to the public on the day appointed, May 1; but the open- ing was unattended by any elabor- ate ceremonial, as a considerable por- tion of the exhibits were not yet in- stalled. May 20 was fixed as the day of the ceremonial opening. As the name itself indicates, this is a New- World's Fair— an exposition of the products of science, skill, and industry in "all the Americas," but also in the new possessions of the United States over sea. All the countries of North, Central, and South America, or nearly all, are represented by their indige- nous products. The exposition will be an impressive lesson upon the immense natural wealth of the Western Hemis- phere, and the indomitable energy of its populations, whereby the New World has been placed in the van of progress in all the arts of civilzation. Never before was such an exhibition made — never before was such an exhibi- tion possible — of progress in electrical engineering, as is made at Buffalo. At the neighboring Niagara Falls unlimited power is available, and on this the di- rectors of the Exposition will draw at discretion. The Electricity Building is therefore one of the most important fea- tures. It is 500 by 150 feet and affords 75,000 square feet of exposition space. The United States government exhibits are displayed in three great buildings, the principal one having the dimensions of 418 by 130 feet and the other two of 150 feet square. Every department of the government will be represented by exhibits: specially interesting and complete is the exhibition made by the Navy Department of models of battle- ships, monitors, cruisers, and other craft, including their latest novelty, the Hol- land submarine boat. The victorious fleets of Admirals Sampson and Dewey are reproduced in models. All the dif- ferent types of naval artillery, rapid- fire guns, torpedoes, shot and shell, etc., are on exhibition, also a working model of a dry-dock. The progress made in the mechanic arts in aid of the primordial art of ag- riculture is demonstrated by a magnifi- cent display of agricultural machinery and implements, conspicuous among them various types of traction engines; portable engines; gas, gasoline, oil, and steam engines; road-making machinery; ditchers; rollers; stone-crushers, etc. The exhibits in the Manufacture* and Lib- eral Arts Building show the highest at- tainment of Western civilization in ar- tistic skill in handicraft in the useful arts, as also in education, literature, li- braries, sanitation, medicine, etc. In ' A\M)A. 237 this department many intricate processes of manufacture will be exhibited. To American Ethnology and Archaeology a special building is devoted: the exhibits in these departments possess a special high interest for every student of Ameri- can antiquities. Only a few of the leading features of the Exposition have been noted here, but enough to show that the enterprise has been planned on a liberal scale and in a way to make it an educational force of very considerable value. As usual in such enterprises the Exposition com- prises many attractions of the less austere kind, designed to afford amuse- ment as well as instruction, e. g., a real- istic reproduction of the Hawaiian vol- cano Kilauea, an old-time Southern plan- tation, the holy places of Mecca, Jap- anese tea-garden, a German village, a Philippine village, animal show, etc. Frofessor 1*. W. Clark of the Smith soniiin institution, in an address de- livered at the informal opening, May 1, pointed out the great utility of such demonstrations as this Exposition af- fords of the business routine of the several government departments— as the Treasury. Post-office, Department of the Interior, and the rest. He said that the United States gov- ernment exhibits at each succeeding ex- position were of the nature of a report to the people, an object-lesson in what the government was doing. Many persons who never had opportunity to come to Washington could attend these exposi- tions in various parts of the country and could better understand the work which the many departments of the govern- ment were carrying on at the capital. A World's Fair Afloat The chief of the Treasury Bureau of Statistics, Mr. O. P. Austin, some time ago proposed as a substitute for indus- trial expositions such as have been held In various countries during the last fifty years, a Floating Exposition which would carry the products of a country's industries to the very doors of prospective buyers In foreign lands: this. It was asserted, would be very much less expensive and immeasura- bly more effective. The suggestion was therefore made that an associa- tion of manufacturers and exporters should be formed which would char- ter and fit out the vessel or vessels carrying the exhibits, and allot space' on fair terms to the merchants and manufacturers who might wish to a\all themselves of the opportunity. The exposition ship or ships might pass from port to port along the South American coasts, and thence to the principal cities of Asia and Ocean- la, Africa, and Europe. Steps have already been taken toward realizing the suggestion. An- nouncement is made that a floating exposition to visit the cities of the Oulf of Mexico and the Caribbean has been organized In Buffalo, and that It will set out this fall. As is not unusual, it is found that the idea had already been conceived by other minds, and that two years ago it was put to the test of practice by some mer- chants of Hamburg. CANADA. The Dominion Parliament April added but few items of gen- eral interest to the preceding month's record of accomplished legislation in the Dominion parliament THE CROWS NEST RAILWAY. Early !n the month the Canadian Pacific Railway withdrew its opposi- tion to the bill authorizing construc- tion of a railroad from the Crow's Nest coal fields directly south to United States territory (p. 178.). The Crow's Nest Coal Company, in return, have withdrawn their ten-year time re- striction and thus opened to immedi- ate development by the C. P. R. the coal fields granted by the company to the railroad three years ago, the de- mands of the Canadian smelters being in this way assured of a supply. But still another step was taken, when the bill was before the Railway Commit- tee, to safeguard those Canadian In- dustries and consumers whose inter- ests seemed to be endangered by the prospect of American competition. Before the bill was passed by the com- mittee, a clause was Inserted prohibit- 238 AFFAlllS I.V AME1UCA. June No., 1901 ing discrimination by the Crow's Nest Company against Canadians and in fa- vor of Americans, by means either of its railway transportation rates or its coal prices at the mouth of the mines or delivered, or by any combination of these. For infraction of cither the letter or the spirit of the clause, a penalty of $300 is provided for each and every ton of coal or coke on which the discrimination has been made. THE MANITOBA RAILWAYS. The bills ratifying the agreements made by the Manitoba government with the Canadian Northern and Northern Pacific railroads (pp. 120, 182), passed their second reading in the commons, April 15, without oppo- sition, and were referred to the Rail- way Committee. THE STEEL RAIL CONTRACT. The efforts of the provincial authorities at Toronto to develop the New Ontario have been sup- ple?uented by the Liberal govern- ment at Ottawa. Under authority of an order-in-council of October 0, 1900, Hon. A. G. Blair, minister of railways and casals, signed a contract for the purchase of 25,000 tons of steel rails each year for five years, from the Lake Superior Power Company of Salt Ste. Marie, Ont. For the current year the price is to be $32.60 a ton, but thereafter the price is to be that prevailing in the open market in Great Britain at the time the order for each year's supply is given. The primary purpose of the contract is to secure rails for re-tracking the In- tercolonial Railway; but the government also aims at "encouraging the erection and equipment within Canada of plant and machinery for the manufacture and production, on most modern principles, of steel rails and plate and bridge mate- rials." The Opposition has severely criti- cized the action of the government on the ground that the terms of the con- tract were not submitted to parlia- ment for approval, and that it was signed within less than a month of the polling in the last general election. MILITARY PENSIONS. On May 2 the commons adopted without a dissenting voice a reso- lution introduced by the minister o"f militia, Hon. Dr. F. W. Borden, providing for pensions for the general staff, the officers, and men of the per- manent military force in Canada, and the wives and children of officers. VICTORIA DAY. A bill establishing May 24. the birth- day of the late Queen Victoria, as a permanent holiday to be known as Victoria Day, was passed May 2. The Ontario Assembly. The session of the provincial legisla- ture which began February 6, came to an end April 15 (pp. 119, 179). With the exception of the Law Reform bill practically doubling the jurisdiction of the county courts (p. 179), a bill to per- mit municipal councils to grant to cor- porations a three years' exemption from taxes, and a technical school bill, the legislation outlined in pre- ceding numbers of tins review, was carried through its final stages. OPENING OF NEW ONTARIO. The most important legislation was that relating to three separate railway projects for the opening up of New Ontario. The sura of $10,000 was appropriated for the survey of a route for a rail- road to Lake Temiscaraing. which, if feasible, the government proposes to build with public money. Another projected line—the Port Arthur & St. Joe Railway— is to start at Port Ar- thur, and will eventually extend to Lake Joseph on the Albany river: for the first thirty miles of this road a bonus of $2,000 a mile, with 5,000 acres of land a mile in addition, was granted. CANADA. 239 TBI MANITon.IN RAILWAY. But an d- led in Premier Ross's bill, Introduced April 2. for the subsidizing of the M :m it <.ul in & North Shore Railway. This road Is intended to give better communication with the northern por- tions of the province. Connecting ROBERT BELL, LL. D., M.D., F. R.S.C. A POSSIBLE SUCCESSOR TO THE LATE OR. C. M. DAWSON AS DIRECTOR OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Or CANADA. with existing railways at Meaford and Owen Sound, it will proceed in a northerly direction through the Bruce peninsula, thence by ferry to Fitz Wil- liam island, and by bridge to the mainland of Manitoulin Island, pro- ceeding on to open up the triangular territory between the Canadian Paci- fic Railroad and the Soo line. For a long time the question as to how the Ontario peninsula was. to get better communication with the West has Im'.-ii discussed. Several ambitious schemes have been suggested, their gen- eral features being a line that would strike op from the eastern margin of (Georgian Bay and thence around its shores and westwardly either along the north shore or taking a more northerly direction. The Canadiun Pacific Rail- way has been credited with having had this project on hand several times. The Grand Trunk had its line to North Bay, connecting with the Canadian Pacific's main line; but this dual route did not seem to afford an ideal means of com- munication with the West. The Cana- dian Pacific itself had no line which could be utilized or even partially utilized in reaching the desired point. The plan now proposed — chiefly on the initiative of Mr. F. H. Clergue — has the merit of cutting down the distance to be traversed and also of utilizing to a great extent existing lines. The leading provisions of the bill— which was approved by the Opposi- tion led by Mr. Whitney— are briefly as follows: In return for a grant by the Province of Ontario of 2,542,000 acres of land, and no cash, the Manitoulin & North Shore Railway Company, one of the enter- prises of the Clergue syndicate, under- takes to buiid a railway of 285 miles, commencing at Meaford, running through Owen Sound, Wiarton, and tne Bruce peninsula, thence by car ferry to Manitoulin island. Crossing the island the railway will run northerly for some distance, sending an eastern branch to Sudbury, and then head west for 105 miles to a point near Sauit Ste. Marie, the beginning of Mr. Clergue's Hudson Bay line. The company on its part agrees to give the province full con- trol over its rates. It agrees to give the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Grand Trunk Railway, or any other road, running powers on fair terms over its lines. It leaves the province the option of acquiring the railway within fifteen years; and for the purpose of arriving at the actual value thereof, it agrees to furnish in satisfactory detail the cost of construction and all other outlays, the cost of operating, and the earnings of the road. Six per cent cumulative inter- est shall be added to the cost thus ar- rived at, after deducting the provincial subsidy at a valuation of fifty cents an acre, and fifty per cent of any subsidy which may hereafter be obtained from the Dominion government. Other provisions of the bill are that nil the lands granted shall be in Al- goma, no lands being granted in older Ontario, and none in what is recognized 240 AFFAIRS /.V AMERICA. June No., 1901 as the nickel region. The red and white pine is exempted from the grant, except in cases where, in the opinion of the commissioner of crown lands, it is so thinly scattered as to be unavailable for putting under license, in which case the company shall be entitled to cut it, pay- ing the customary dues thereon. The line shall be surveyed and located be- tween Meaford and Sudbury before June 1, 1902, and the entire railway shall be completed by June, 1906. The erection of a customs smelter of 300 tons' daily capacity shall be commenced within six months and be completed within two years. A steamship line between Wind- sor, Sarnia, Goderich, Kincardine, Southampton, and Little Current shall be established within sixty days, and operated at least until the railway is completed. Every year or ten years a thousand male settlers of sixteen years or over shall be settled on the land. All woods taken from the lands granted the company must be manufactured within the province. In explaining the purposes of the bill, on moving its second reading, April 4, Mr. Ross said: "Our object in this measure is to fur- nish opportunities for settlement, to make profitable the timber and minerals of that country by bringing them to the market, and by finding homes for those who may enter the wilds for settlement. Those features are important; but the government wants to keep before the country the fact that we have a vast domain there that will sustain a con- siderable population with its resources, the extent of which we have not yet realized, and that, according to modern methods, settlement and development can largely only take place by the aid of railways "Another purpose is to serve, as far as possible, larger ideas of transporta- tion We are now building (in the western section of the road) a link of what may be another transconti- nental railway" — a connecting link, ap- parently, between the Canada Northern in the East and the Canadian Great Northern, with its Rainy River line, west of Lake Superior. By the proposed line the distance from Toronto to Sault Ste. Marie will be short- ened by eighty-one miles; from London to the Soo, 200 miles; and all over western Ontario the distance will be shortened on the average by 200 miles. Thus the whole of western and eastern Ontario will be put in more direct com- munication, and by a shorter route, with that new part of Ontario in which are the nickel and iron mines of the prov- ince. The only criticisms of the scheme so far offered are that the terms of the contract may make it possible for Mr. Clergue to build the Algorua sec- tions without building those in Mani- toulin island and the Bruce peninsula, and that the ice may prevent an all- the-y ear- round operation of the (ifteen- mile railroad ferry from Tobermory on tbe Bruce peninsula to Fitzwilliam is- land, just off the shore of Manltoulin. It is pointed out, however, that a sim- ilar ferry is operated across Lake Michigan, over sixty-five miles, and across Lake Erie, over thirty-five miles. Doubt is also entertained whether the new railroad will do very much to enable Toronto and western Ontario to cut into the commerce of eastern Ontario, Montreal, and Que- bec with the Canadian Northwest. It will certainly, however, open valuable districts in Manitoulin and Algoma and give Toronto trade a fair chance in the latter. Taken in conjunction with the existing railway from Port Arthur to Gun Flint on the Minnesota border, the line to James Bay authorized at previous ses- sion (pp. 171, 681), the Rainy River railway now under construction, and the appropriation of $7,000 for colonization roads in the Temiscaming district, these new projects give abundant evidence that the development of New Ontario has already made substantial progress. Other items of legislation were bills giving aid to the Kingston School of Agriculture and Mining; ratifying a twenty-one-year concession of spruce lands to the Keewatin Power Company in consideration of the expenditure of $1,500,000 within three years and the continuous employment of 500 hands; and extending the term of the session of 1902. The Census Circulars. Some of the census enumerators in Ontario received circulars asking them to collect information regarding the CANADA. 241 religion, nationality, politics, etc., of nil male citiaens over sixteen years of age, and to forward it to the Liberal candidates or members of the coun- ties concerned. These circulars were issued ly the Liberal organization of the province, for parly purposes. The Opposition attempted to make politi- cal capital out of the fact that federal census enumerators received some of them, though their oath of office for- bade the divulging of information. The Liberals, however, pointed out that only a fraction of the enumerators re- ceived the circulars, and they only because they happened to be the Lib- eral workers chosen in the particular districts; and claimed that no attempt had been made to enlist the census machinery for party ends. The Do- minion minister of agriculture, Mr. Fisher, merely as a precaution, warned the enumerators genearlly to destroy all such circulars that fell into their hands. The Delpit Marriage Case. Following the judgment of Justice Archibald in this noted case (pp. 46, 181), there appeared a pastoral letter, dated April 2, from Archbishop Bru- chesi of Montreal, reiterating the claims of the Roman Catholic Church on the marriage question. It contains the following passages: "All the parliamentary laws, and all the decisions of courts of justice estab- lishing divorce, must remain valueless in presence of the divine words which the Church repeats to the world: 'Quod Deus conjunxit, homo non separet' — let no man separate what God himself has joined together. On the con- trary, all unions contracted with an in- validating impediment, for which com- petent authority has not granted a dis- pensation, even though the civil power looks upon such unions as valid and legitimate, must be considered as null and void. This is a point of doctrine that cannot be denied, without the faith being shipwrecked "In consequence of this celebrated decree (the decree of the Council of Trent, declaring clandestinity an impedi- ment to marriage), in order that a mar- riage between two Catholics be valid, in places where the Council of Trent has been proclaimed, it is necessary that the proper parish priest and two witnesses be present: Therefore, no matter what may be the dispositions of the civil law in such matters, a marriage celebrate*) before a priest who is not the parish priest of one, at least, of the contract- ing parties, or a priest commissioned by the parish priest, or the bishop, is null by right. And with greater reason would it be so, if the marriage had taken place before a mere civil official or a Protestant minister. It must be borne in mind that in such matters the good or bad faith of the parties counts for nothing." . . . The judgment (of Justice Archibald) "can in no way lessen or modify the ob- ligation of Catholics whether in the ex- ternal sphere or in the internal domain of conscience. If it were true that our matrimonial legislation were incomplete or defective on that special point, as it is upon some others, the evil, it appears to us, would not be without its remedy, and the fact remains none the less cer- tain that here, for Catholics, a clandes- tine marriage is always null and void. "You are aware, Dear Brethren, that the Church pronounces the sentence of excommunication against any of its mem- bers who presume to contract marriage before an heretical minister, be it a question of two Catholics, or a Catholic and a Protestant. Wherefore, in order to counterbalance within the measure of our power, the effects that might be produced amongst the faithful of our diocese by the decisions of the civil courts, were such decisions opposed to the dogma and discipline of the Church, we remind you to-day of those severe penalties. And further, we declare that we reserve to ourself and to our vicar- general alone, the right to absolve those who may become guilty of such a fault." The Church and Cremation. Archbishop Bruchesi's letter, above referred to, also deals with the sub- ject of cremation, which the Quebec legislature had recently legalized (p. 181). His Grace declares It certain that "the system is engendered by a feeling hos- tile to Christian faith, to the spiritual- ity and immortality of the soul;" and further on lie says: "Cremation is for- mally prohibited for all the children of the Church. None of them may encour- age it, or take any part whatever in it" 242 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. June No., 1901 MOST REV. WILLIAM BENNETT BOND, D.D., LL. D. ANGLICAN LORD BISHOP OF MONTREAL, AND SUCCESSOR TO ARCHBISHOP LEWIS AS METROPOLITAN OF CANADA. Nova Scotia Legislature. The fourth and probably the last session of the present Nova Scotia leg- islature ended April 3. Its record in- cludes much legislation of importance for the development of the resources of the province. Revenue is now over $1,000,000; last year there was a surplus of over $70,000. The royalty from coal and gold for next year is estimated at nearly $500,000. Coal sales have grown from 1,250,179 tons in 1882 to 2,997,546 tons in 1900: this year the coal output is expected to reach 5,000,000 tons. The organization of the Dominion Coal Company and recent es- tablishment of the big steel plant at Sydney, C. B., promise to give the prov- ince first rank among industrial and manufacturing countries. Among the acts of the session was the measure to assist in building a railway from Halifax to Yarmouth along the south shore. The government is em- powered to lend a sum, not exceeding $10,000 a mile, to the company building the road, the whole amount to be secured to the province by mortgage. The gov- ernment has also secured power to es- tablish a Maritime College of Agricul- ture and Horticulture, to establish schools of dairying in the several coun- ties, and to purchase and set out experi- mental orchard plots in all the counties of the province. An act was also passed enabling any town or city in Nova Scotia to grant a bonus, not exceeding $100,000, to aid in the establishment of a manu- facturing or shipbuilding industry, pro- vided five-eighths of the ratepayers vot- ing thereon in a plebiscite declare in its favor. British Columbia. A RAILWAY CRISIS. A serious political crisis has arisen over the question of the granting of a HEXICO. 243 charter for construction of the COaat- Kootraay IJailway. A strong popular sentiment has developed in favor of a competitive line independent of the Canadian Pacific Not only are the government supporters divided on tin? q Wlltlon; but I section of the Opposi- tion, led by Mr. Smith Curtis, are de- termined on fighting the government if it persists in Its policy favoring the C. P. R. A New Metropolitan. On April 15 a successor to Archbish- op Lewis, resigned on account of the infirmities of age (Vol. 9, pp. 844, 933), was elected in Montreal by the Angli- can bishops of the Ecclesiastical Prov- ince of Canada. The province extends from the western limits of Ontario to the Atlantic ocean; the territory of Rupert's Land and British Columbia having separate jurisdictions. Bishop Bond of Montreal received eight of tne ten votes, one vote being blank and one for Bishop Kingdon of Frederic- ton, X. B. BOND, MOST REV. WILLIAM BKNNETT. D. D., LL.D., Lord Arch- bishop of Montreal and Metropolitan of Canada, was bora in Truro, Eng., Sept. 10, 1815. He received his educa- tion in his native place and in London, and at an early age went to Newfound- land, where he followed secular pursuits. In 1840 he went to Quebec, and was or- dained in 1841. For the next two years he was a travelling missionary with headquarters at Napiervillo, and or- ganized several schools in the East- ern Townships. For the next six years he was incumbent at Lachine, and then became curate at St. George's, Montreal, as assistant to the late Dr. Leach. His connection with this parish Continued from 1800 to 1879, as rector, daring which time he also held the posts of rural dean of Hoehelnga. canon, arch- deacon of Hochelaga, and finally dean of Montreal. On the resignation of Dr. Oxenden, Bishop Bond was elected to tlie See of Montreal, and was consecrated January 25, 1879. After his election he withdrew tlie claim to the Primacy of Canada which had previously gone with the Bishopric of Montreal: and the late Dr. Medley, Bishop of Fredericton, as the earliest occupant of the episcopal beach, became ipso facto Metropolitan. For some years, too, His Lordship was chaplain of the Prince of Wales's Regi- ment, and served with the corps on the eastern frontier during the Fenian raids, 1808 and 1870. In 1854 he received the degree of If, a. from Bishop's College, Ivennoxville, and LL. D. from IfcGUI in 1870. In 1888 he showed his interest in municipal matters by assisting in the formation of the Citizens' League, Mon- treal. As an evidence of the good-will of other denominations towards His Lord- ship, it is said that when ill in 1893 prayers were offered for his spiritual and temporal welfare in the Roman Catholic churches of that city. Personal Notes. The vacancy in the senate caused by the death of Senator Paquet (p. 201), was filled, April 4. by the appoint- ment of Dr. Joseph Godbout, Liberal M. P. for Beauce. The V ictoria Cross, the most coveted decoration in the British military ser- vice— awarded only "for valour" in the face of the enemy— has been conferred on Lieutenants H. Z C. Cockburn and R. E. W. Turner and Sergeant E. Holland, of the Royal Canadian Dragoons, for bravery at Koomati- poort River, South Africa. November 7, 1900. in protecting artillery from capture. Miscellaneous. By its purchase, effected January 2. of the assets of the Bank of British Columbia, the Canadian Bank of Commerce has become, in point of cap- ital and reserve, fourtli in rank among banking institutions on the continent of America. In the early morning of April 9. the Russell theatre. Ottawa, Ont., was de- stroyed by fire. Loss, estimated at $100,000: insurance, $(£.500. MEXICO. Pan-American Congress. April 0, President McKinley ap- pointed five delegates to represent the United States at the Pan-American Comrress to be held at Mexico next October (Vol. 10, p. 291) close on the heels of the Pan-American Exposition 244 AFFAIRS /A AMERICA. June No., 1901 at Buffalo. The flv* delegates are Professor Cyrus Northrop, president of the University of Minnesota: .Ex- Senator Henry G. Davis of West Vir- ginia; William I. Buchanan of Iowa, Ex-Minister to the Argentine Republic, Director-General of the Pan-American Exposition; Charles M. Pepper of Washington, traveller and journalist; and Volney Foster, of Illinois, a mer- chant in Chicago. These gentlemen all speak Spanish, have had considerable acquaintance with various of the Latin-American republics, and are generally considered to be especially well fitted for their important task. The congress is the outcome of a sug- gestion made by Mr. McKiuley in 1899 in his annual message, which was taken up by President Diaz almost a year ago. His invitations for the congress to meet in Mexico City, October 28, 1901, have been accepted by all the republics of Central and South America. The first Pan- American Congress was suggested by the late James G. Blaine, and was held in Washington in 1899-1900 (Vol. 1, pp. 32, 99, 233). It is expected that the congress will be in session four or five months. It will consider the subjects pertaining in gen- eral to "the solidarity of the interests of all America," particularly those relating to methods of facilitating commercial in- tercourse, uniform customs duties, a uni- form coinage for common use, and uni- form sanitary legislations, and, in par- ticular, a definite plan of arbitration of all disputes. It is believed that condi- tions are now favorable to definite ac- tion on all these points, most of which were discussed during the first congress. To be sure, Chile will undoubtedly make a strong fight against any plan of arbi- tration that may be proposed, as she has so repeatedly refused to arbitrate her long-standing disputes with Peru and Bolivia. However, at a recent con- gress of all the South American repub- lics at Montevideo, the unanimous senti- ment was in favor of the adoption of some system of arbitration, even Chile's delegate voting for the measure, al- though his action was promptly repudi- ated in part by his government. But Chile has expressed her willingness to arbitrate other disputes, such as that with the Argentine Republic over boun- daries; and her disputes with Peru and Bolivia may be settled before the con- gress meets (see below). Another scheme which the congress is expected to consider ig Mr. Blaine's project for a Pan-American railroad from Texas through Mexico, Central, and South America to Terra del Fuego. American Coaling: Stations. There has just been completed in Mexico the first coaling station on for- eign soil belonging to the United States. The new station is at Pichal- inqui on California bay at the extreme end of the long peninsula known as Lower California, although it has for a long time been an integral part of Mexico. The consent of both local au- thorities and the Mexican government has been obtained by the United States for our use of the station; and $25,000 has been spent in fitting it with coal warehouses, docks, slips, etc. The ca- pacity of the station is 5,000 tons, and the collier "Alexander" started from Baltimore early in April with that amount of coal for the station. Ves- sels entering the station will be in- spected by a Mexican customs official. THE INTEROCEANIC CANALS. New Treaty Drafted. Ever since the rejection by the Brit- ish government of the Hay-Paunce- fote treaty in its amended condition (p. 182), the President and Secretary of State have been industriously seek- ing by interviews with the leading senators to learn what are the neces- sary conditions for a canal treaty to secure the required two-thirds vote in the senate. Secretary Hay has also had several interviews with Lord Pauncefote to learn the British views on the subject; and it was announced if ay 6 that the draft of a new treaty had been submitted to Lord Paunce- fote. It is understood that the new treaty establishes the neutrality of the canal, and provides for the abrogation of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. It is thought that the British government is pre- pared to yield the latter point, provid- ing the main principle of neutraliza- MEXICO. Ml THE LATE HON. JAMES G. BLAINE, OP MAINE. SECRETARY OF STATE IN THE CABINET OF THE LATE PRESIDENT HARRISON. ORIGINATOR OP THE FIRST PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS, 1889-90; AND NEGOTIATOR OF THE STILL UNRATIFIED BLAINE-BOND RECIPROCITY TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND NEWFOUNDLAND. BORN IN PENNSYLVANIA, JANUARY "51, 1830; WED JANUARY X7, 1898. 246 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. June No., 1901 tion is agreed upon, although she may ask some concession in regard to Alas- kan boundaries as compensation. The President and Secretary are reported, after carefully considering all the ar- guments on both sides of the question, to feel strongly the necessity of pro- viding in some way for the neutraliza- tion of the canal, not alone on account of the insistence of the British govern- ment on that point, but also because of the existing treaties between the United States and the republics of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, which guarantee the neutrality of the canal. Treaties between these republics and other countries also contain the same requirements, and nothing short of complete neutrality would be accepta- ble to the republics. Panama Company's Offer. The Panama Canal Company has, with the approval of the Colombian government, made a definite offer to sell its property to the United States. This is evidently a result of the report of the Walker Commission (Vol. 10, p. 1035), which, while speaking very fav- orably of the Panama route, threw it out of consideration, as no terms for the purchase of the existing com- pany's rights and property could be secured. The company's proposition, which was submitted to Admiral Walker May 6 by Dr. Martinez Silva, Colombian Minister for Foreign Affairs, who has been in Washington for some time, does not name a fixed price, but offers to submit the question of terms to a board of three appraisers, whose decision shall be ac- cepted as final. This board is to be made up of an appraiser appointed by the United States and one by the com- pany, and a third selected by these two. This unconditional offer of the Pana- ma Company in connection with a recent proposition of Dr. Silva early in the month on behalf of the Colombian gov- ernment, to grant the United States a ninety-nine years' lease of the territory through which the canal would pass, in consideration of certain elaborate finan- cial compensations, has given an entirely new aspect to canal matters. SOUTH AMERICA. Bolivia and Chile. PROSPECT OF PEACK. The latest official document received regarding the tripartite complications on the South Pacific coast of South America is a circular letter issued by the Bolivian foreign minister, Senor Medina, to the Bolivian legations abroad. It is the most important state paper published for some time in con- nection with this matter. It will be remembered that last year C Jle made an attempt to settle the dispute with Bolivia by presenting her with an ulti- matum in which she offered certain financial and commercial considera- tions in compensation for Bolivia's yielding all claim to sovereignty over the disputed territory (Vol. 10, p. 1037). Bolivia refused this ultimatum; and Senor Villazon, who was then her for- eign minister, took occasion to refute the theories which the Chilean minis- ter to Bolivia had put forward to sub- stantiate Chile's claim to keep the ter- ritory. This memorandum of the Bo- livian minister called forth an answer by Senor Urmaneta, Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs; and it is to refute this document that the new Bolivian minister has issued his circular letter. The letter begins with an elaborate refutation of Chile's claims to the ter- ritory on the ground of priority of pos- session, but continues by declaring that Bolivia, in her great desire for peace, since she sees that Chile is determined not to grant her the seaport she claims is hers by right, is willing to accept certain compensations in place of the seaport. It suggests that funds for the construction of railways and roads to connect Bolivia with the Pacific might be acceptable, but wishes it to be dis- tinctly understood that this money would be considered not as payment for the ceded territories, but as compensa- tion for the want of a seaport. As the amount fixed on, about $10,000,000, is not much larger than the amount for- merly offered by Chile, it seems prob- able that the matter will go through, and the tension be relieved between the two countries. GREAT Mi ITALY ASlt 1RK1.ASH. 247 Colombia. UEVOI.l HON KNOED. lateral Urlbe-Uril>e, leader of the revolutionary forces in Colombia, who has beeu hi New York for several in. >ni lis, where he fled after experienc- ing a severe defeat, and has been try- ing in vain to raise military expedi- tions, agreed on terms for ending flic revolution with Dr. Carlos Martinez Silva. Minister of Foreign Affairs for Colombia, who has been in this coun- try for the purpose of advancing Col- ombia's interests in connection with the Panama canal (see above); and the terms have been officially accepted by the Colombian government, so that the republic will soon be once more at ?eace after a year and a half of tur- moil (Vol. 9, p. 930; Vol. 10. pp. 663, ♦ 51, 847, 935). The conditions named by General Uribe were the- liberation of the politi- cal prisoners and the abolition of the war tax. The government had already liberated nbout 700 of these prisoners, nearly ill in fact, although General Uribe aid not know it, so that his con- ditions were ^aadily accepted. General Uribe was to send an aide to Colombia immediately with a manifesto urging his followers to lav down their arms. Venezuela. MINISTER LOOMIS RETUKN8. . Mr. l.ooniis. United States Minister to Venezuela, has arrived in this coun- try to report to the State Department details concerning the recent troubles in Venezuela (pp. 50, 183). He was conducted from La jJuayra, Venezue- la, by the United States cruiser "Scor- pion" to San Juan, Porto Rico, where he was reported to have made severe charges against President Castro in an Interview, which he afterward de- nied. The State Department has noti- fied the Venezuelan government that it will maintain the same policy -that it has carried on through Minister Loomis, thus upholding him in his course. The Venezuelan government has apologized for the Baiz incident (p. 184), explaining it as a case of mis- taken identity, and regretting its oc- currence. Hffairs in Europe, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Budget Proposals. ON April 18, Sir Michael Hicks- Beach, Chancellor of the Exchequer, submitted his proposals for a new budget to the commons. The main point of the budget is to provide for the enormous estimated deficit of more than $275,000,000, which the continuance of the war in South Africa will entail. This is pre- pared for In two ways, by new and in- creased taxation, which is expected to yield $55,000,000, and by an addition to the national debt of $300,000,000. This makes the total amount to be pro- vided by the government the colossal and unprecedented amount of $938,- 000,000. The Chancellor first reviewed the finances of the year 1900-01, and showed that although the total rev- enue, which bad amounted to $651.- 925,000, had exceeded the estimated revenue by $14,325,000, there was nevertheless a deficit of $266,035,000. The national debt had been Increased by $275,000,000 on account of the war, 248 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. June No.. 1901 SIR MICHAEL HICKS-BEACH, CHANCELLOR OF THE BRITISH EXCHEQUER. so that, April 1, it stood at $3,437,- 500,000. Turning to the present year, he esti- mated the expenditure at $938,000,000, and the revenue on the existing basis at $661,275,000, which would leave an estimated deficit of $276,735,000. INCOME TAX INCREASED. A part of this deficit is to be provided for by direct and indirect taxation. First, by increasing the present income tax by two pence on the pound, making the total tax on incomes one shilling, two pence. The increase from this tax is expected to be $19,000,000. SUGAR AND COAL TAX. No change is made in the tax on tea, tobacco, wine, and spirits; but sugar and coal are to be taxed. The new tax on sugar is in the shape of a duty on refined sugar of four shillings and two pence a hundred weight, and a graduated scale for raw sugar, molasses, and glu- cose, with a minimum of one shilling, eight pence. No exemption is made in favor of the West Indies or any of the colonies. The anticipated result of this tax is to raise the price of sugar to the consumer a half penny a pound. Fully $25,500,000 is expected from this tax. The coal tax is an export duty of a shilling a ton, and is expected to realize $10,500,000, making a total of $55,000,- 000 from increased and new taxation. Sir Michael wishes it clearly understood that these taxes are for revenue, not for protection, and are not expected to be permanent. A $300,000,000 LOAN. By far the greater part of the deficit, however, is to be provided for by again suspending the sinking fund and by an issue of consols. The Chancellor asked for borrowing powers in excess of the deficit not otherwise provided for, stat- ing that a loan of $300,000,000 was necessary to adequately finance the ex- chequer. He stated that no help could be obtained from the Transvaal for some time to come. The usual resolution on the sugar duty was passed by the house by 183 to 125, a majority of 58; and on the coal duty by 171 to 127, a majority of 44. The criticisms on the budget in the press have varied widely from lavish eulogy to fierce denunciation; and it has, of course, been bitterly attacked by those Interested in the trades af- fected, but it seems to be generally well received by the public at large. JOHN B.'S BUDGET. " The War Has Brought the Country to the Verge of Ruin."— Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, Chancellor of the Exchequer. " We Cannot Go on Without Involving the Country in Financial Ruin."— Harcourt. " This War Has Cost Us Double the Cost of the Crimean War."— Chancellor of the Exchequer. —From the Freeman's Journal, New York. GREAT BlilTAIN AND IHELAXIh 249 Ministry Stands Firm. The sugar nnd coal interests have made repented attaeks on the minis- try to Induce a change in the taxation, but Sir Michael has remained firm. The only concession he will consider at all is the possibility of remitting a part of the coal tax on outstanding contracts. The coal miners held meet- ings in all the various districts to take measures to bring pressure to bear on the government, and on May 1 threat- ened to bring on a general strike May World's Coal Supply. In view of the new tax on English coal, the following statistics regarding the coal trade of the world are of special interest: Great Britain's exports of coal in 1890 were 30,142,830 tons,. and in 1900. 46,108,011, Germany, the second coal exporting power of the world, increased fr«»ni 9,145,000 metric tons to 15.276,000 tons during the same time: while the United States, which now ranks third in exportations, increased from an output of only 2,000,000 tons in 1890 to 7,188,- VIEW OF THE BANK OF SCOTLAND, EDINBURGH. 7, involving 760,000 men, although there were also signs of a division of opinion on the matter among the coal owners, who were the instigators of the movement. Shipping interests as well as mining interests will be largely affected by the tax, and a lively strug- gle Is anticipated. Just as we go to press it is announced, May 7, that the commons have passed the coal tax on a strictly party vote of 333 to 227. It now remains to be seen if the mine owners will carry out their threatened strike. VoL 11-17. 648 tons in 1900, showing a more rapid growth than any other country, though our total output is small compared with Great Britain's, and our coal area is many times smaller than Great Britain's. But, while the United States ranks third in the exportation of coal, she takes first rank in total production, which, in 1899, the latest available year, was 226,553,564 tons, against Great Britain's total of 220,094,781 tons. As late as 1890, moreover, the excess was on the other side, Great Britain's total product amounting to 181,614,288 tons, and that of the United States to only 140,882,729 tons. 250 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. June No., 1901 National Debts. The announcement of an increase of $300,000,000 in the British national debt gives interest to a comparison of the national debts of the world, con- cerning which statistics have just been issued by tbe United States Treasury Bureau. At the close of the 19th century, the national debts aggregated $30,000,000,- 000, ten times as much as at the close of the preceding century. The increase in population dming the same period has been 150 per cent, and the increase in gold and silver 300 per cent. It is diffi- cult to determine the increase of national- WILLIAM O'BRIEN, M. P. RECOGNIZED LEADER OF THE IRISH NATIONALIST POLITICAL PARTY. wealth, as official estimates of it were not made by many nations at the be- ginning of the century. The wealth of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and the United States in 1800 is esti- mated at $20,244,040,000; and in 1895, Mulhall estimated their wealth at $195,- 759,829,000, which is nearly ten times what it was at the beginning of the cen- tury. If the same proportion holds good of other nations, then the national wealth of the world has increased in the same ratio that the national debts have. The increase in national indebtedness is chiefly due to wars, standing armies, and works of public utility, but most of all to wars. In 1748, the debt of Eng- land was $380,000,000. The Seven Years' war brought it up to $665,000,- 000 in 1763. Following years of peace reduced it again somewhat; but in 1784, after the American Revolution, the debt was $1,365,000,000. Another reduction followed during the years of peace; but in the next twenty-one years of war, 1794-1815, it was raised to $4,510,000,- 000, the highest point it has ever reached. In thirty-nine years of peace, it was reduced to $4,000,000,000; but the short Crimean War of two years in- creased it to $4,170,000,000; while the South African War, still unended, has already increased it by $150,000,000, to which $300,000,000 has just been added, besides a considerable increase by ex- chequer bonds. The report also traces the history of France and the United States in the same manner, showing the increased indebtedness following each war. Launch of the "Celtic." April 4, the new steamer "Celtic," having a larger tonnage than any other steamer in the world, was launched at the yards of Harland & Wolff, Belfast, Ireland. She belongs to the White Star line, which also owns the "Oceanic," which previously held the record for size (Vol. 9, pp. 193, 676). The tonnage of the "Oceanic" is 17,274; of the "Great Eastern," 18,915, and of the "Celtic," 20,880. The dimensions of the "Celtic" are: Length, 700 feet; breadth, 75 feet; depth, 49 feet; displacement at 36-feet draught, 37,700 tons. She is four feet shorter than the "Oceanic," but seven feet wider. Sale of the Leyland Line. A controlling interest in the Leyland line of transatlantic steamers has been bought by J. Pierpont Morgan at a cost of somewhere near $8,750,000. He will practically own all the ordi- nary shares. The preference holdings, however, are largely retained by the chairman, Mr. Ellerman, the directors of the company, and others. ITALY. Proposed Tax Reform. A definite tax reform project has been submitted by the Zanardelli min- istry. It discontinues the octroi taxes on grain and flour from all cities of the AUSrillA-UUyUAHY. 251 PALACE OF JUSTICE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. third nud fourth class, which will re- move an oppressive burden from the agricultural population, as only 59 cities will be left which tax food products at the barriers. It is proposed to make good the loss from this source of revenue by a progressive inheritance tax and by various taxes on commercial paper and the assaying of gold. The naval expen- ditures, it is proposed to provide for by government loans. The cities, as well as the state, will suffer from the loss of the octroi duties, if the reform goes throuirh; and some of the poorer com- munes will probably have to be assisted by the state for a time, until they can readjust their taxes. Increase in Population. The population of Italy has practi- cally doubled in the last two decades, a rate of increase that surpasses all other nations of Europe, and even the United States, and this, too, in spite of an enormous emigration that has probably amounted to 5,000.000 In the twenty years. According to a census taken early this year, the population is now 35,000,000. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Renews Mexican Relations. Austria has consented to renew the diplomat ie relations with Mexico, which were broken off in 1807, after the execution of Emperor Maximilian, brother of Francis Joseph of Austria. Mexico has built an expiatory chapel at Quereturo, where Maximilian was shot, and has appropriated ?15, • » ■ were married last May (Vol. 10, p. 396). AUSTRALASIA. The Federal Elections. The first elections for the new fed- eral parliament (p. 62), which have just taken place, turned on the Issue of the tariff, and resulted In a secure majority for the government it Is 254 AFFAIRS IX AFRICA. June .No., 1901 difficult to class the members elected, on account of their alignment on other issues beiug so complex, and different reports classify them differently; but there seems to be a decided victory for protection. Indeed, an absolutely free tariff is practically an impossi- bility for the present, as a yearly rev- enue of more than $40,000,000 is neces- sary to keep the new commonwealth in a solvent condition. The commission on the Federal Capi- tal have recommended three sites, in New South Wales outside of the pro- vincial capital, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution. They are Orange, a town about 150 miles northwest of Sydney; Bumbah, about 100 miles due west of Sydney on the Abcrcrombie river; and Yass, about 200 miles southwest of Sydney on the MuiTiimbidgee river. All of these towns are in the midst of hills, and none is nearer the coast than 100 miles. Bffairs in Hfrica- BRITISH IN NORTHERN NIGERIA. BRITISH commanders in North- ern Nigeria, Brig.-Gen. Sir F. Lugard and Col. G. V. Kemball, with only a force of West African frontier troops, have ended their successful campaign against the powerful slave-raiding emirs. In one battle 5,000 natives fre- quently charged the British square. The capitals of both emirs were cap- tured, and thousands of slaves were released. These emirs had kept the country in terror for years, and during 'the last year had killed thousands of slaves. BRITISH IN ABYSSINIA. Great Britain is manifestly gaining a decisive influence in Abyssinia. Within the last three months three English companies are credibly re- ported to have arranged to provide funds for the railroad to conuect fhe capital of Abyssinia with the Red sea— thus bringing under British control a line wliicli will tap the immense re- sources of the kingdom. Still more significant in a country where Franco-Russian influence has been so active, is the military alliance by which two British officers will be stationed as advisers to the Abyssinian commander-in-chief, Ras Makonnen, while a considerable British detach- ment from the Gulf of Aden, at Ber- bera, will join King Menelek's force of 20,000 men. These troops are to form an expedition against the "Mad Mul- lah," a robber fanatic who has been for some time pillaging the region of north Somaliland along the Anglo- Abyssinian border. On April 20 he was reported at Lassidar with 40.000 followers, including 8,000 horsemen. SOMALILAND. About mid-April the Italian consul general at Zanzibar returned from the Somali coast, whither he had gone to break up the trade in contraband. He caused the palace of the Sultan to be bombarded, and large quantities of arms and ammunition were taken. The Sultan's son was captured. The British expedition to punish the Ogaden Somalis for the murder of Sub-Commissioner Jenner, # after marching 114 miles and repulsing an attack about February 10, in which 17 British and 150 Somalis were killed, returned to Aff Madu. On April 18 the >< //. v< /•; AND INVENTION. HI expedition, which had been rt'suraeil, was reported as having everywhere defeated the Somalia, oecapylag their headquarters and making their Sultan a prisoner. ANGLO-GERMAN SPHERES IN CENTRAL AFRICA. Lata in March was published at Ber- lin an agreement signed February li.'l l>y representatives of the governments of 3reat Britain and Germany after examination of the proposals of the joint commission entrusted with de- limitation of the boundary of the Eng- lish and German spheres of Influence between Lakes Nyassa and Tangan- yika. The boundary begins at the mouth of the Souirwe river at Lake Nyassa, and follows this river upward to its junction with the Katendo stream, and then takes a course marked out by a wrlei of rivers and boundary pillars to the southeast source of the Samfue stream. It follows this stream to its junction with the Kalambo river, which consti- tutes the boundary from this point to its mouth in Lake Tanganyika. It is stipu- lated that no fresh determination of the geographical positions of the boundary pillars or of other points mentioned in the agreement shall make any alteration in the boundary itself. WEST AFRICA. The British commissioner, who with an expedition from Cape Coast Castle has been in company with a French expedition in the work of delimiting the Anglo-French frontier! in all that region, has returned and reports a mil agreement readily reached In mapping out the 270 miles of boundary. More than 400 towns were visited, of which few had ever been . en by a white man. All the native tribes except one were perfectly friendly. The various positions have been so marked by beacons and so carefully defined on maps that no bouudary dispute Is judged possible hereafter. A most gratifying feature of this business was the cordial friendship which subsisted throughout without the slightest break between the English and French de- tachments. — »>*$«^®$*<«- Science, IReliQion, anb Miscellany- SCIENCE AND INVENTION. Total Solar Eclipse. ON lla? 18 occurs a total ellipse of the sun, the long- est in respect of totality ever observed with modern instruments. The Indian eclipse of 1008 (Vol. .x, p. 214) and last years eclipse (Vol. 10, pp. 888, 400, ."lit lasted each at most only about two minutes; but the duration of totality in the present eclipse is at maximum no less than •; minutes 96 seconds a feature likely to prove of great value for study of the corona and search after Intra-Mereurlnl planets. The chief cause of varying duration of solar eclipses is the varying distance of the moon from the earth, which results in an increase or diminution of the ap- parent diameter of our satellite, with consequent lengthening or shortening of its time of passage across the sun's face. Beginning in the Indian Ocean near the South African coast, the eclipse touches the southern end of Madagascar; passes over Mauritius; ami, after cross- ing several thousand miles of sea, falls on Sumatra and Borneo, crossing them al- most exactly on the line of the equator, and moves eastward over Celebes, the Spice Islands, j.nd New Guinea, into the Pacific, where it leaves the earth. The Invisible Spectrum. At the annual meeting of the Na tionnl Academy of Science, held In Washington, I). C, April BJ-18, Pro- 256 All T. June No., 1901 feasor S. P. Langley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, read a paper of surpassing interest on "The New Spectrum," embodying the results of twenty years' study. By means of a long chart he showed the mysterious infra-red portion of the spectrum stretching out far beyond the utmost regions previously explored, which he had mapped out by means of the bolometer. This instrument, invented by him, is so delicate that it will indicate the one- thousand-millionth of a degree centi- grade. On a scale allowing one foot for the visible or "Newtonian" spectrum, the new spectrum explored by Professor Langley would extend to a length of nearly twenty feet, and in this region have been mapped out more than 700 lines indicating heat variations. Not the least striking feature of the paper — one showing it to be not of ab- stract scientiGc interest alone, but -also of possible practical service to agricul- ture, was the suggestion that the study of the unexplored part of the solar spec- trum might lead in coming years to great utilities and the prevision of coming har- vests, founded on relations between the seasons, the crops, and their great pro- ducer, the sun. Artificial Wood Seasoning. A new practical application of elec- tricity is for the purpose of giving to green wood the peculiar qualities of well-seasoned timber. The sap is driven out, its place being taken by an aseptic fluid, while the resistance and elasticity of the fibres are increased. The wood is partly immersed in an insulated vat containing a ten per cent solution of borax and five per cent of resin. The wood rests on a lead plate connected with a positive electric pole. Heat is applied by means of an insulated steam coil be- neath. Other plates of lead placed on the perforated bottoms of wooden ves- sels, which are put on top of the lum- ber, make a connection with the nega- tive pole of the battery. By means of electrocapillarity the impregnating fluid is driven through the wood, which, after a few hours, is taken out, dried, and then steamed. Picture Telegraphy. Efforts continue to be made to solve the problem of electrical transmission of visible pictures. Messrs. H. R. Palmer and Thomas Mills, of Cleve- land, O., have devised an apparatus which gives great promise of efficiency and commercial value. It in some respects recalls the elec- tro-artograph of Mr. N. S. Amstutz (Vol. 5, p. 454), but is much simpler and more compact than any of its predecessors, and it has a great advantage in that it works directly from a photograph with- out calling for a redrawing. The de- vice, which can almost instantaneously be changed to either transmitter or re- ceiver, can, it is claimed, be operated over a circuit of 1,000 miles. For an account of various attempts to solve this problem, see Vol. 4, p. 235; Vol. 5, p. 454; Vol. 6, p. 714; Vol. 8, p. 741. New Edison Storage Battery. Thomas A. Edison has invented a new form of electric storage battery which bids fair to work a revolution in some branches of the applieu science of electricity. If claims are substantiated, the Edison apparatus will serve many uses to which the ex- isting type of storage battery cannot be adapted. Incidentally it will de- velop the market for cadmium. The Edison storage battery comprises cadmium-copper couples in an electro- lyte consisting of a ten per cent solution of caustic soda. It is claimed to be not only less expensive, lighter, and more compact than the lead storage batteries now in use, but also capable of with- standing rougher usage and to require less attention. Moreover, it is said that it can be discharged to zero voltage, which cannot be done with the lead bat- tery; that it has twice the output for the same weight; and that it deterio- rates very slowly indeed, if at all. ART. The Lost Gainsborough. Toward the end of March, Messrs. Agnew & Sons, art dealers, of London, Eng., recovered in Chicago, 111., the famous portrait, "Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire," by Thomas 'Gains- borough, which had been mysteriously cut from Its frame and stolen from their rooms on May 16, 1876. SOCIOLOGY. 257 The first clue to the whereabouts of the picture canie through a suggestion made to a member of the I'inkcrtou De- tective Agency by "Joe Elliott," under arrest for forgery, for the return of the picture as the price of his liberty. The picture had been stolen by a member of a gang of thieves, one Adam Worth (it is said), who bad guined access to the room in which it was on exhibition, through a window which had been left open. The object of the thieves was to use the painting as the means to secure bail for a member of a band of forger* who had been arrested in France for a forgery on the Bank of England. The forger had been extradited, and the Ag- news were to be asked to sign his bond on condition that the painting be re- turned. Before the plan could be com- pleted, however, the forger was given his liberty on a technicality. The holder of the picture, from whom it was finally recovered, was one of the band of thieves who stole it. He had kept it carefully concealed in the false bottom of a trunk; and it had been stored at various times in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and other American cities. The final negotiations for the recovery of the painting were carried on through Mr. William Pinkerton and "Pat" Sheedy, a well-known gambler. The thief is said to have secured a re- ward of £5,000 for return of the pic- ture, besides exemption from prosecu- tion through the statute of limitation. The Agnews had paid £10,005 for the picture, the highest price at the time ever paid for a work of an English artist. Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan of New York has purchased the portrait at the price, it is said, of $150,000. EDUCATION. The Hesperia Movement. The object of this unique movement —named from the Michigan town in which It originated— is to bridge over the gulf heretofore largely separating the school from the home, the teacher from the parent, in the great work of educating the young. The movement was originated by Mr. D. E. McClure, for a time school commissioner of Oceana county, and later deputy su- perintendent of public instruction of Michigan. Its field is still practically limited to rural schools, though giving promise of broader extension. The counties of Kent, Washtenaw, Berrien. .Nicosia, Montcalm, Lenawee, Clinton, and Eaton have taken steps more or less well organized along the lines sug- gested. The method of work is to organize a county "Teachers' and Patrons' Asso- ciation," with a membership of teach- ers and school patrons, properly officered. Meetings are held at least once a year, at which the program is designed to cover educational questions in such a way as to interest and profit both teach- ers and parents. Associated efforts aim to provide rural lecture courses, school libraries, etc. The movement has proved a stimulus to active interest and a facilitation to needed reforms. SOCIOLOGY. Pros and Cons of Trusts. Mr. Charles II. Flint of New York City, April 8, gave important testi- mony relating to the "trust problem" before the Industrial Commission, the examination being conducted by Pro- fessor J. W. Jenks of Cornell. He said the reasons which dictated industrial combinations were economy, a desire to transform unmarketable proper- ties into securities of value, to provide against the effect of death or disability of managers, and to avoid the disastrous results of war between separate con- cerns in the same industry. These com- binations, Mr. Flint said, effect a con- siderable reduction in the amount of stocks carried, resulting in a saving in interest, insurance, and shop wear. Com- binations avoid the effects of overpro- duction by regulating the production to the actual requirements of the country. In his opinion the only danger to in- ternational trade now was of a war of tariffs. He advocated with some quali- fications such a modification of tariff policy as would tend to a freer trade. The large consolidations, he said, are in a position to gain an advantage through centralized manufacture; and any legal discrimination against trusts in general would be mc3t disastrous to the laboring interests and might create an industrial panic. He regarded any world-wide combination in any industry as impossible; but if such a combination should be formed he believed that, other conditions being equal, the manufactur- ing of the particular class of goods would be done in the countries where the 268 liELKUON. June No., 1901 merchandise could be produced to the best advantage with relation to the mar- ket for it. As a general thing, workmen are com- ing to feel that they are benefited by the conditions growing out of industrial combinations. The ultimate result of in- dustrial combinations was usually a re- duction in prices, although this does not always follow. The most successful in- dustrials recognize the value of large volume and low prices. In most cases a saving is effected by a reduction in the number of travelling salesmen. The only material saving ef- fected in purchases of raw material is where concerns can buy a large share of the world's product. The dangers of combination, on the other hand, are the lessening of the per- sonal interest of superintendents and others, possible improper direction, and decentralization of ownership. In many lines of industry Mr. Flint believed com- binations were inadvisable. Unless sub- stantial economies were secured by them, he believed it better for business to be run independently. RELIGION. The New Cardinals. At a private consistory held April 15, Pope Leo XIII. proclairne ! the cre- ation of twelve new cardinals, includ- ing two who were elevated to princely rank but reserved in petto in June, 1899. To Americans generally, the item of most direct personal interest was the inclusion in the list of Mon- signor Sebastian Martinelli, titular Archbishop of Ephesus and, since 189G, Apostolic Delegate to the United States (Vol. 6, p. 729). On April 30 Cardinal Martinelli received in the Papal Legation at Washington, from Count Colacicchi, a member of the Noble Guard of Pope Leo XIII., the consistorial letter informing him of his elevation, and the red zuchetto, or skull cap, emblematic of his rank; and on May 8, His Eminence was formally invested by Cardinal Gibbons with the scarlet biretta and robes of his high office. The latter ceremony took place in the old Cathedral in Baltimore, Md., the first edifice of its kind erected upon American soil, and in which the first American priest and the first American bishop wen? ordained. Sev- enteen archbishops, sixty-four bishops, and representatives of every religious order in the United States and Can- ada, were In attendance. For biogra- phy of Cardinal Martinelli, see Vol. 6, p. 730. A striking feature of the consistory was the unusually large n- "ber of elevations to the cardinalate, making the Sacred College numerically strong- er than it has been within living mem- ory. The large number of Italians in- cluded in the list, adds a special po- litical significance, for, ever since the time of the Englishman Adrian VI., a contemporary of King Henry VIII., the Pontiff has been of Italian na- tionality. The allocution of His Holiness to the Sacred College dwelt largely on the persecution of the religious orders in France and the outbursts of anti- clericalism in Spain and Portugal, to- gether with the threatened introduc- tion of divorce into Italy. Protestant Episcopal Ritual. Following the consecration of Reg- inald Heber Weller, Jr., as bishop co- adjutor of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, November 8, 1900 (Vol. 10, p. 105). much comment arose as to the extreme rit- ualism of that ceremonial function. With the object of relieving the Church in general of responsibility in the case, the Presiding Bishop, the Rt. Rev. Dr. Thomas M. Clark, Bishop of Rhode Island, published in the "Churchman," New York, last Decem- ber, a disclaimer in which he said: "As the recent consecration of the bishop coadjutor of Fond du Lac was held under the authority of the commis- sion signed and sealed by me as Presid- ing Bishop of the Church, I feeV myself called upon to disclaim any responsibility for the violation of the rubrics on that occasion and the introduction of vest- ments having no authority of use in the Church." IMI'ui; /.i.V / LFMAL DEClSlos.s. 259 TbiH lias called f<»r(h a reply ad- ANBMd t<> Bishop ('lark, signed l>y tin- seven bishops who participated in the ceremony namely, W. 1]. .McLaren Ofl Chicago, Ml.; <'. <'. Qnftoa of Fond du L:u, Wis.; I. L. Nicholson of Mil- waukee, Wis.; . c, Sept., 1808; died in Now York City, April lt>. Graduated at West Point "29, with (Jen. R. E. Lee. Was on the staff of Generals Wadsworth and Barnard in the Civil War and helped to construct the de- fenses of Washington. CANNON. GEORGE Q., an Apostle of the Mormon Church; born in Liver- pool, Eng., Jan. 11, 1827; died at Mon- terey, near San Fraucisco, Cal., Apr. 12. Was a trusted lieutenant of Brigham Young, and later of Presidents Taylor, Woodruff, and Snow. Was one of the pioneer founders of Salt Lake City in 1847. Did missionary work for many years in the United States, Hawaii, and Europe. Was elected delegate to Con- gress from Utah in 1N72 hut deprived of his seat in 1880, as a polygamist. Was the real leader of the Chureh during the polygamy prosecutions, 1880-1890, and is credited with having outlined the manifesto of 1891. in which the leaders of the Church pledged themselves to abandon the teaching of polygamy. This manifesto and other pledges resulted in the admission of Utah into the Union. Mr. Cannon had four wives and many children, among them F. J. Cannon, Tinted States Senator from Utah 1896- 99. DORK. DR. SAMUEL G.. postmas- ter of BttffalO, N. Y.: born in Dansville. N. Y., in 1840; died in Buffalo. Apr. 28. DUFFIELD, REV. DR. JOHN THOMAS, since 1N."V4 professor emeritus of mathematics at Princeton; born in M.Cunnellsville. Pa., Feb. 19, 1823; died in Princeton, N. J., Apr. 10. ITI.TOX, REV. DR. JUSTIN DEW- KY. Baptist minister, pastor of Tie mont Temple. Boston. Mass., 1888-78, ami sine,. 1S<>4 pastor of the First Bap- tist church of Somerville, Mass.; born in Sherburne, N. Y.. Mar. 1. 1888; died in Somerville. Mass.. Apr. 16. He became notorious for a crusade agalnal the Bo- iiiiui Catholic Church, publishing several • ka along that line. Had held pas- torates also in Sandusky. O., and Al- bany and Brooklyn. N. Y. HARDIN, GEORGE A„ ex-state senator and supreme court judge of New York, and from 1894 to 1899 presiding judge of the appellate division of the Fourth Department; born iu Wintield, N. Y.. Aug. 17, 1882; died in Little Falls, N. Y., Apr. 10. HATCH, JOHN PORTER, colonel and brevet brigadier-general, U. S. A. (retired); born in Oswego, N. Y., Jan. '.», 1828; died in New York City Apr. 12. Graduated at West Point, '4.">. Served in every battle of the Mexican War: and in the Civil War commanded a brigade under Gen. Banks in the Shen- andoah Valley. McCLURG, GEN. ALEXANDER CALDWELL, head of the Chicago (III.) publishing bouse of A. C. MeClurg & Co.; born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1835; died at St. Augustine, Fla., Apr. 15. Graduated at Miami University, Oxford. O., '53. After studying law for a time he became clerk with S. C. Griggs & Co., publishers, Chicago, III. Enlisted in 1802 in the 88th Illinois Volunteers, and rose to rank of colonel and brevet brigadier-general. Was chief of staff of the 14th Army Corps, fought in numer- ous battles, and marched with Sherman to the sea. After the war he became a partner in the book linn, which became Jansen, MeClurg ft Co., and later A. C. tfcClurg A: Co. The house was burned out Feb. 11'. 1888 (Vol. 9, p. 235). but was later reorganized on co-operative lines. McMAHON, MONS1GNOR JAMES, well-known Roman Catholic divine, donor of McMnhon Hall to the Catholic University in Washington, D. C; born in Ireland; died Apr. 15, aged 84. MUSICK, COL. JOHN ROY, writer of historical stories and politician; born in St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 28, 1849; died in Omaha. Neb., Apr. 14. Was for ten years U. S. commissioner at Kirksville. Mo. Wrote "Brother Against Brother," "Lights and Shadows of the War with Spain," "Hawaii: Our New 1' atone," "Cuba Libre." "Calamity Row." "His Brother's Crime," the "Columbian Historical Novels" (12 vols., comprising the history of the United States in 1L> stories), etc. REID. JAMES DOUGLAS, known as the "Father of the Telegraph;" bom in Edinburgh, Scotland. Mar. •_'•_'. 1818; .lied Apr. 28, in New York City, II- gained his title through having been the 264 NECROLOGY. June No., 1901 confidant and associate of Professor Morse and a pioneer in the establish- ment of telegraph lines in various parts of the country. ROTH WELL, RICHARD PENNE- FATHER, prominent mining engineer and journalist; born at Ingersoll, Ont., May 1, 1836; died in New York City, Apr. 17. Was for the last twenty-eight years editor of the "Engineering and Mining Journal," and for nine years of "The Mineral Industry," New York. ROWLAND, PROF. HENRY AU- GUSTUS, LL. D., distinguished physi- cist; born at Honesdale, Pa., Nov. 27, 1848; died in Baltimore, Md., Apr. 16. Graduated from the Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute, Troy, N. Y., '70. Had been professor of physics at Johns Hop- kins University since 1876. He was well known as an inventor, and his numerous devices include the multiplex telegraph instrument and a machine for making diffraction gratings. His inves- tigations resulted in a large number of electric and optical discoveries and im- provements, and some of the photo- graphs which he succeeded in making of the solar spectrum were the finest ever secured. SILL, JOHN MAHELM BERRY, educator and U. S. minister to Korea, 1894-7; born in Black Rock, Buffalo, N. Y., Nov. 23, 1831; died in Detroit, Mich., Apr. 6. Was for a time superintendent of the Detroit schools, and principal of the State Normal School at Ypsilanti. TAYLOR, GEN. THOMAS H., vet- eran of the Mexican and Civil wars (Confederate); born at Frankfort, Ky., 1825; died at Louisville, Ky., Apr. 12. WALKER, ALDACE F., prominent railroad man; born at West Rutland, Vt., May 11, 1842; died in New York City, Apr. 12. YOUMANS, WILLIAM JAY, editor and one of the founders of "Popular Science Monthly;" born at Saratoga, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1838; died at Mt. Vernon, N. Y., Apr. 10. Was educated at a dis- trict school, studied chemistry at Co- lumbia and at Yale, and graduated in medicine at New York University, '65. Studied natural history in England un- der the late Prof. T. H. Huxley. Practiced medicine in Minnesota, 1868- 71, and in 1872 started the "Popular Science Monthly" with his brother, E. L. Youmans, since whose death in 1887 he had been sole editor of the magazine. Foreign. BROZIK, WENCESLAS. historical painter; born near Pilsen, Bohemia, in 1851; died in Paris, France, Apr. 15. "D'OYLY CARTE" (Richard Doyle McCarthy), theatrical manager and im- presario, associated with Gilbert and Sullivan in the creation of English comic opera; born in Soho, London, Eng„ of Irish parentage, in 1844; died Apr. 3. SMITH, GEORGE MURRAY, pub- lisher of the works of Darwin and Rus- kin, and publisher and proprietor of the colossal "Dictionary of National Bio- graphy;" born in London, Eng., Mar. 19, 1824; died Apr. 6. He was an intimate friend of Thackeray, whom he em- ployed as editor of his newly founded "Cornhill Magazine" (1860), and of George Eliot, Matthew Arnold, Robert Browning, Leslie Stephen, and other eminent writers. He founded also the "Pall Mall Gazette." STAINER, SIR JOHN, organist, composer, and author; born in London, Eng., in 1840; died Apr. 1. Was for years organist of the University of Ox- ford, and since 1872 organist of St. Paul's, London. Among his composi- tions were an oratorio, "Gideon;" a cantata, "The Daughter of Jairus;" two complete cathedral services; and sixteen anthems. STUBBS, RT. REV. WILLIAM, D. D., Bishop of Oxford; born June 21, 1825; died Apr. 22. Was graduated at Christ church, Oxford, '48. Became Canon of St. Paul's in 1879, and in 1866 Regius Professor of Modern His- tory at Oxford. His works included "Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History" (1870), and "Constitutional History of England" (1874-78). Was chancellor of the Order of the Garter, and an honor- ary member of the Historical Society of Massachusetts. TANNER, DR. C. K. D„ since 1885 Irish Nationalist M. P. for the Middle Division of Cork county; born in 1850; died Apr. 21. Was an habitual trans- gressor of the rules of the house of com- mons. WATKIN, SIR EDWARD WILL- IAM, BART., English railway magnate; born in 1819; died Apr. 14. Was a Lib- eral M. P. in the sixties and seventies. For his skill in reviving moribund rail- way companies, he was known as "the Abernethy of railways." Was sent to Canada in 1861 to participate in negotia- tions which in 1867 resulted in Confed- eration. Also supervised construction of the Grand Trunk Railway. Was knighted in 1868, and created a baron in 1880. Vol. Il-lg. HON. HENRY B. BROWN, OF MICHIGAN. ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, WHO RENDERED THE FAMOUS JUDGMENT OF MAY 27 ON THE QUESTION OF THE CONSTITUTION AND THE FLAG, , BORN IN LEE, MASS., MARCH 2, 1S36. RAISED TO THE SUPREME COURT BENCH BY PRESIDENT HARRISON IN DECEMBER, 1890. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OK Current history. VOL. 11. KECORI> Or MAY, 1901. No. 5. llnter national Hffairs, THE SITUATION IN CHINA. Till: situation in China is as little open to a ileiiiiitii.il as it lias been to I settlement by the powers. Probably it may beat be assigned, while awaiting fur- ther development, as in a class by it- self—unprecedented, indescribable, and unmanageable except by a policy of re- fraining from intermeddling at too many points in the situation until its profound and fundamental issues shall have more fully revealed themselves. Scruples a Hindrance. In such a crisis as China has present- ed since last June— a crisis accented as by a thunderbolt— the advanced civil- ization of these modern days is at a disadvantage. It is hindered, aud to some extent limited in its action— at least as far as the most advanced na- tions are concerned— by humane and conscientious scruples, though the lat- ter class of scruples have mod"stly refrained from making too frequent apiH'arance. Time was when the strongest, hand would have been stretched out into China without tarry- ing, and would have soon settled the business to its own liking. The civil- ization of to-day lias made strong too many nations for such prompt dealing. They check one another. Moreover, there arc now at least a few nations that are developing, somewhat slowly. a national conscience which cannot leare entirely out of view the rights and the welfare of any race of man. For this noble cause, as well as In the natural watchfulness against any of" the nations gaining more than its due share whether of the indemnity or of the expected commercial advantage, the settlement of the problem in the Orient has been unusually compli- cated. North China's Woful Plight. From several newspaper correspond- ents and from some foreign officials in China have come appalling statements concerning the misery and suffering into which the helpless population has been plunged by the foreign occupa- tion, It seems impossible to doubt these statements of fact, though some of the generalizations drawn from them may be debated. There is some comfort la calling to mind the fact that it is not China that is in tin's wo- ful plight, but mostly the dwellers In its northeastern province, Pe-chi-li; and that the most direful suffering is in the district between Peking and the sea— the district chiefly infected with the Boxer madness. Following are extracts from a report to the State De- partment at Washington, made public May 5: "If the whole horror of the murder and pillage done between Hen-Tata and Peking comes to be understood in the United States and in Barope, the sum of it is so great M romparod to the num- bers of Christians who have Buffered at the hands of the Chinese, that, rightly or wronply, the Chinese are likely to be Copyright, 1901, by Current Hlitory Company. 266 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. July No., 1901 SIR CHARLES STEWART SCOTT, BRITISH AMBASSADOR AT ST. PETERSBURG hold the injured party. Lancers wanton- ly impaling little children by the wayside in the streets of Peking are some of the least of the well authenticated horrors', and to some foreign soldiers a dead Chi- nese Christian is just as satisfactory an evidence of no quarter as a dead Boxer — they neither know nor care for such trifling distinctions. Diplomatic officials, consuls, missionaries, and foreign em- ployees in the Chinese service are alike at a loss to see the issue in any definite shape; but the most reasonable conjec- ture to-day is that China will temporize with a view to keeping the powers from fighting among themselves over her dis- membered body, and to gain time for the knowledge of her miseries to over- shadow her crimes. "The allies, even if they could agree, could not set up an administrative ma- chinery of their own for the empire. They must restore the power to some native party, and the quicker they do it the better for China. . . . "The Chinese estimate that one million of their people have lost their lives by violent deaths or starvation about Pe- king and Tien-Tsin since the allies came. Well informed foreigners long resident here do not regard the estimate as ex- aggerated.'' The report further states that the inci- dent in March of the murder of a mis- sionary by bandits in this region near the encampments of 50,000 foreign sol- diers, was generally believed to indicate a state of anarchy produced by the op- erations of the foreign troops in Pe-chi- li, while the remaining districts of China were peaceful and orderly under Chinese domination, notably so under the South- ern and Middle viceroys. The "North China News" of March 28 traced the frightful conditions in this province to the utter lack of gov- ernment, due to the allied occupation. A Point of Blame. The article in the "News" touches the point which had unfavorably Im- pressed the two great reforming vice- roys of Middle China (pp. 141 142). Concerning the foreign legations at Peking— whose members might on re- quest have aided the newly appointed military commanders with suggestions drawn from their long experience in China— the article says that "the lega- tions seem to have been occupied en- tirely with the peace negotiations." The peace negotiations, alas! were, in the case of a large majority of the eleven powers, negotiations to get from China all the money possible, while preventing one another from get- ting what the others deemed their share. In this majority the United States legation, in accordance witn definite instructions from Washington, was not found. This nation, when in trade, is not averse to a good bargain. but its business at Peking was not chiefly to sell peace. The Shan-si Expedition. Through the month conflicting ac- counts of this expedition to «he fron- tier of Shan-si province have appeared. The former report (p. 21*) included the French force with the Germans. Tin: sin Alios i\ CHINA, 207 It Is now understood that the French, baring received connter-orden from tiicir government, did not take part In the attack. It is stated further that this important— and in the view of the British, utterly unndvisable— expedi- tion left Peking Without any previous intimation to the British general or the British legation, although Britain and Germany bad formed an alliance with- in a few months with express refer- ence to joint dealing with the Chinese problem. The facts as now developed lead the Peking correspondent of the London "'nines" thus to remark: "It become! a question whether the German policy, to which British inter- ests are subordinated, has not been pro- ductive of evil rather than good." This correspondent might have added the question as to the worth of a Ger- man alliance on Chinese affairs which within a few weeks is expressly ruled out by the German chancellor from any application in Manchuria, and is utterly ignored at Peking and in' Shan-si. Where in China does it hold? The same correspondent charges also that the German policy in Pe-chi-li, as inter- preted l>y Coant von Waldersee. so far from tranqtiilizing the province, has thrown it into anarchy. And now this policy has been extended to Shan-si, into districts that have Ijeen peaceful for months. There are well-informed ob- servers in Peking who are saying that if QermM harshness and the spasmodic raiding expeditions were suspended, the Chinese would soon re-establish order. Outrages by the Troops. On the distressing subject of shame- ful outrages on defenseless natives by soldiers of nations that claim a civil- ization labelled with the mime of Christ, little needs be added to our statements of former months. The charges of promiscuous and violent looting and of murderous outrage made against the soldiers of several nationalities, have not at all been dis- puted, though it seems possible that the number of such offenses may not have been so great as was at first re- ported. There are. however, three nationalities the United States, I real Britain, Japan— against whose troops ( bargee of such heinous crime are utterly discredited. In the early part of May, General ChufTVc. commending the United States force in China, dealt criishingly with one accuser of our soldiers — the writer of a magazine article who therein had testi- fied in the manner of an eye-witness to occurrences on the march to Peking, which march preceded by two months the writer's arrival in Peking. Reply- ing to this writer's charge of the heinous crimes referred to, the general makes absolute and emphatic denial, ami adds detailed and definite denials of other statements in the article, thus discredit- ing it utterly. The Military Occupation. In recent weeks it had become in- creasingly evident that the occupation of the Chinese capital by a heavy al- lied force was outlasting its useful- ness. Indeed, it was seen to be liable not only to work detriment to various Chinese interests, but also to be the occasion of disputes among tne various commanders, and even to Involve risks of grave disagreements among the governments. Early in May a Rus- sian lieutenant was shot dead by a German soldier in self-defense in a fracas. In the latter part of May, an American sentinel in Legation Street, acting under orders, was threatened by a German officer, v ho drew his sword to make a passage, but desisted when the soldier brought his bayonet to "charge." Afterward a German sol- dier charged past the sentry, who fired, slightly wounding another Ger- man soldier at a distance. This in- cident—which ended with the arrest of the sentry for an investigation by his superior officer— showed the liabilities involved in the whole situation, while not regarded as in itself of import- ance. Fortunately -though a dispute regarding American control of one en- trance to the Forbidden City has caused the German soldiers and lower ofiicers to show much unfriendliness to the United States troops— their high officials, and especially Count von Waldersee and the Jerinan minister, 208 JNTEliXA TIONAL A FFAIllS. July No., Idol GENERAL VOYRON, COMMANDING THE FRENCH TROOPS IN CHINA. have always been particularly cordial to the Americans. UNITED STATES TROOPS WITH- DRAWN. The Washington government has from the first strongly opposed the sending of a heavy allied force to Peking, or the permanent retention there of large legation guards by the respective nations. It has disapproved of the numerous "punitive expedi- tions," and from the beginning has forbidden the United States troops to take part in them— thus saving the men from many temptations to plun- der and needless shedding of blood. For weeks past it has been diligently preparing for taking all its soldiers out of China except a small guard for its legation, thus emphasizing its de- sire that the trouble in China should end not in selfish greed and war, but in peace and justice. This government has not only recog- nized as undesirable the irritating ef- fect on the Chinese of the long-contin- ued presence of large bodies of foreign troops in their capital and at othei points in the empire, but also— it may well be believed though not officially stated— has seen an impropriety and a peril in making such show of force by several of the governments as would cause the Chinese plenipotentiaries to agree to pay an indemnity beyond their power. Such an amount, once agreed to, and necessarily remaining long unpaid, would furnish all the oc- casion requisite for a partition of the empire— one and another government levying on this and that province to meet its acknowledged claims. This would bring an era of international confusion, and would close the now "open door" of international trade. On May 5, the United States cavalry and artillery left Peking. The farewell ceremonies were impos- ing. The British generals with their staffs were present, and General Sir Alfred Gaselee sent a British detachment as escort for the Americans beyond the city wall. On May 22, the infantry and headquarters staff, the last of the Americans except the legation guard, started for Manila. All the bands of 77/ K Siri'ATinX IX '7//V.I. •_'»;;» the British troops escorted the Ninth Infantry from t lit- Temple of Agriculture to the station, where a Japanese band awaited them. AH the British generals and all their officers off duty were in at- tendance. At the later train in which General Chaffee and his staff left the City, a British Indian regiment acted as a guard of honor, and Count von Wal dersee, and the other generals and mem- bers of legations were in the crowd that was pre3»ut. The legation guard remaining is Company B, Ninth Infantry, under Major Edgur B. Robertson. The pur- pose of their stay is clearly defined In Qencral Chaffee's order to the major in command, as the following extract indicates: "His attention is especially invited to the fact that the troops under his com- mand are stationed in a foreign country with which the United States is on terms of friendship. mhe guard must therefore not be used aggressively unless in defense of the American legation, or of persons ami property of American citizens in its immediate vicinity." It may co-operate with other foreign troops for defense of the legations in the event of an attack by any Chinese forces. The order also urges strict discipline, and directs that any Chinaman looted by Americans is to receive back his property if he can prove his ownership. CHINESE CLINQ TO AMERICANS. Two days before the departure of the United States troops the War De- partment at Washington made public- its reception from General Chaffee of ■ petition presented to him by ■ mass meeting of several thousand China men, March 28, In front of the provoat- iiiarshal's office at Peking. The petition, signed by 5,000 Chinese residents of the city, urged that the American aoldien should be retained. It recounted the good work which they had done, and told of the thousands of homeless Inhabitants who had been fed by the American charity house. This pathetic request, the provost- marshal replied, was not likely to be granted by his government, to which, however, he would refer it. His clos- ing words were: "The soldiers of the United States, who by force of circumstances came to China M your enemies, are now your friends, and we hope that this friend- ship may endure." OTHER FORCES WITHDRAWING. The occupation of Peking by the al- lies in force is Dealing its end. It was reported in Berlin. May 17. that the commander - In - chief, Field - Marshal von Waldersee, was expecting to re- turn to Germany in June, and would make ■ short stay in Japan on Invita- tion from the Mikado. Civilities ex- changed between the Count and Gen- eral Chaffee on occasion of the fare- MAINTAINING HIS EQUILIBRIUM. Chinks* Emperor : " Oh, do let me go! You're pulling me to pieces between you." Thk Powbrs: " Don't be afraid. We're only maintaining your equilibrium." From the Wttlmimtttr Budgtt (I-ondon) 270 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. July No., 1901 well banquet to General Chaffee by A 3erman official, have made an agree- able impression in Berlin, causing Ger- man newspapers to express hope that an end had come to bickerings between the two nationalities in China. There is evinced in Germany among the peo- ple and even in high quarters a feeling of weariness regarding the proceedings in China. The Emperor and the Chan- cellor are reported to have seen rea- sons for withdrawing the German forces with as little delay as possible. The basis is not known for the story in circulation that Russia's recent at- titude in China has shown hostility to Grermany, even rendering a clash pos- sible. But the German press, includ- ing even the military papers, in the last days of May, was warmly approv- ing the Emperor's order for the re- turn of Count von Waidersee and the great body of the German troops. The German force to remain in China will be 3,000 or 4,000, besides some de- tached guards. Allied Troops Compared. A singularly instructive report to the War Department from Lieutenant Thomas Franklin, 23rd Infantry, was made public, May 10, with high official endorsement. Lieutenant Franklin was one of General Chaffee's aids in the march to Peking. The report, which is long and full, gives a careful and complete comparison of the .forces of the various nations at Peking, as to the quality and quantity of their food, the modes of its packing and carriage, the form and style of the ordnance stores, the sanitary and other condi- tions of their camps, the different methods of transportation, the dress, equipment, and style of marching, the personal bearing and appearance of the men, and the cordial likes and dis- likes manifested by the different frac- tions of the international force. A few generalizations gathered from this unique document are all that can here be given. The American soldier has incompara- bly the most generous supply and the best quality of food. For the mere con- venience in handling and for the protec- tive quality of the packages in trans- port, the Japanese and British excelled. In camp cleanliness and sanitary ar- rangements the Americans excel all others — the Germans next, followed by the British, while tne Russian and French camps were disgusting. In transportation, the American wagon sys- tem surpassed all others, though the British and Russians also were very good: one American defect was that not on all the wagons were the spare parts in- terchangeable in case of wreckage. In clothing and equipment, the Americans were better clothed, that is, more sensi- bly for cold weather, though not with such admirable leather equipments as the British and Germans. In one point the Americans were decidedly inferior — in military appearance. The men and the officers showed a lack of proper pride in their appearance; they were careless and slouchy in their dress; this to the foreigners indicated a lax disci- pline, which, however, it is not. In the spirit of humaneness and regard for the rights of others, the Americans showed themselves unequalled. The British and Americans always flocked together, sometimes joined by the Japanese. The Russian "kept to himself," as did the German and the .Frenchman, except that the Frenchman was occasionally seen in the Russian camp. The Indemnity. The month has been a time of tedious debate by the ministers of the powers at Peking on the intricate questions of Chinese finance, involved, 1, in decid- ing on the total amount of the demand to be made on her treasury; 2, in con- sidering the various possible sources of her revenue from which the demand might be met; 3, in selecting the con- ditions as to time and manner of suc- cessive payments which conditions were to be offered as her aid in grad- ually liquidating the enormous debt. REDUCTION REFUSED. The United States government con- tinued till late in the month its urg- ency through the action of Special Commissioner Rockhill to bring the powers to consent to a moderate total THE SITUATIOX IN CHINA. 271 indemnity, limited to fKKMXXMXX) (p. "J I r»i . Grant Britain shared in the disposition to refrain from exorbitant demands, bat refused to set so low ■ limit. Finally, on a formal volt'. May L'4. tin- proposal was unanimously re- jected—previous action ou It having been indirect AMOUNT OF THE DEMAND. On May 9 the envoys addressed the Chinese government in a collective note, Informing it that the powers total expenses and losses chargeable to China, including such private claims as were considered fair, and was in- tended principally to bring out from otticial sources an opinion as to China's ability to pay and her ex- pected method of payment. Special Commissioner Rockhill states that this was not considered the final demand of the powers, and that China's ac- ceptance of It without protest or argu- ment was not expected. China may have been influenced toward a prompt COUNT FREDERIC SCHONBORN, LL. D., PRESIDENT Or THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN IMPERIAL COURT OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE; MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS OF THE AUSTRIAN PARLIAMENT: MEMBER OF THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF ARBITRATION AT THE HAGUE. would require for losses and expendi- ture till July 1 the sum of 450,000,000 taels (variously estimated, but at pres- ent rate of exchange equal to about $337,000,000). China was also re- quested to admit her liability for this amount. Then are reports of indirect- ness in this note, it is credibly stated that the envoys intended that Chiua should fully understand that the amount mentioned did not constitute the claim, but was a statement of t In- decision by the published threats that delay would cause a large daily in- crease in the demand for the expenses of continued military occupation. ACCEPTANCE BY CHDNA. The Chinese reply was given May 12. It repeats Clause 6 of the protocol (p. 111. I>> which China accepted the obliga- tion to pay adequate compensation; ex- M amazement at the enormous amount demanded; pleads the financial difficulties of the government ; and urges 272 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. 'July No., 1901 reduction of the required sum; yet if the full amount be exacted, undertakes to pay .the 450,000,000 taels in 30 annual instal- ments of 15,000,000 taels each— these payments to be made by raising 10,000,- 000 taels from the salt tax, 3,000,000 from the native customs, and 2,000,000 from the likin (inland transit duties). If need should arise, China undertakes to make recourse to the Manchu pension fund. In view of the dislocation of the internal revenues necessitated by such payments, and pending a revision of the tariff, China asks the powers to consent that the maritime customs import and export dutes now levied be increased by one-third. LINES OF SUPPLY. A report of a committee of the Brit- ish, German, French, and Japanese envoys— presented unanimously on May 1, and referred to the home gov- ernments—indicates four general lines of supply for China in meeting the de- mands made: 1. A Chinese loan not guaranteed by the powers: such a loan would be al- most ruinous to China. 2. A loan guaranteed by all the pow- ers: such a loan would be easily ob- tained; it would hasten the payment of indemnities and the restoration of the normal condition of the country, and would be advantageous to individuals in China and to trade; but it would involve heavy responsibilities upon the govern- ments, and might lead to situations of great difficulty in the event of differ- ences among the guaranteeing powers, who might require control over the reve- nues hypothecated. 3. The issue of Chinese bonds to each power for the amount of the indemnity, payable at fixed terms: the bonds, bear- ing interest, could serve as security for a national loan. 4. Annual payments, which possess the inconvenience of involving undue prolongation (to 30 years) of the time of payment. Also, four special sources of revenue are recommended: 1. The maritime customs already un- der foreign control: their total revenue is from 28,000,000 to 29,000,000 taels, of which 24.000,000 are absorbed in inter- est on foreign loans, and 2,500,000 in maintenance of the staff, while 120,000 are expended on the University and 1,300,000 on the Chinese legations abroad. 2. Increase of the customs tariff on imports only to an effective 5 per cent ad valorem, giving (opium being except- ed) from 2,500,000 to 3,500,000 taels. 3. The native customs, to be placed under maritime customs, then to yield 3,000,000 to 10,000,000 taels. 4. Duties on goods, such as flour, but- ter, cheese, foreign clothing, spirits, etc, now free. It is considered that the above four items would yield a minimum revenue available of 5,500,000 taels to a maxi- mum of 15,000,000 taels. DIVERSE VIEWS OF THE POWERS. Russia, France, Germany, and other powers whose maritime commerce with China is small, urge immediate increase of 10 per cent ad valorem in tariff rates. Strongly opposed to sucu increase are the powers whose trade with China is large— the United i'tates and Great Britain, also, perhaps less decisively, Japan: these are expected to consent to the 5 per cent increase which is reported to have been agreed on by the envoys of the powers on May 24, with the waving of claims for compensatory commercial privileges. Roughly estimated, a uniform increase to 10 per cent ad valo-^m would be about 4 1-2 times as large in gross amount as one to 5 per cent. It has been remarked that an ar- rangement to pay the indemnity by a large increase of the customs on im- ports would really mean that the pow- ers which have been demanding the least indemnity should pay those which have been demanding the most. A MAIN POINT SETTLED. The end of the month brought an authoritative statement on a question fundamental in an international set- tlement. The Chinese government issued a decree, May 27, uncondition- ally accepting the demand for 450,- 000,000 taels as the indemnity to be paid to the powers, with interest at 4 per cent on the bonds to be issued. Important questions remain un- settled, but they are subsidiary and can now receive full attention. ////; nuKh \\Ah 273 The must difficult is probably the method of guarantee for the loan which China must make. For this than arc various proposals. One is a scheme for a joint international jjnarantee, urged liy lliissia and France, with some other powers. This the Failed States firmly declines, deeming this government pre- cluded fr such action by constitu- tional limitations oil the executive branch) while there would be difficulty in securing the assent of Congress to such an entanglement with foreign na- tions. The British Foreign OHice has declined to have anything to do* with such an international guarantee imply- ing a joint obligation. THE BOER WAR. A Constant Attrition. The interest of the British public in this contest, so fur as is indicated by the press, has almost entirely van- ished. Indeed for several weeks previ- ous to the last days in May, there were no battles to give interest to news- paper columns; and the accounts of Boer ambuscades of convoys and at- tempts to derail arinoreu trains— sel- dom successful, with the accounts of British chases of their plundering bands, have become wearisome. By a process of mere attrition the Boers are constantly losing: it is evident that but one end is possible, though how near is the end Is not yet known. Recently, in a few instances, the Dutch, having made a stand for holding a depot of supplies in a strong position, have been driven out by the sudden attack of a heavy British force, with considerable loss of prisoners and large losses in military stores which they could ill afford. The British government avoids all promise or prophecy as to the time when lighting will end, while with in- creased emphasis it declares— in In- disputable accord with the will of Eng- land, Scotland, and every British colony on the globe— that the fighting CSfl end only when the Boers cease to fight. On this question of time little light is to be bad from the Boers when they answer that they will right to the last man. Views as to the "last man" differ. The figures of the army Intel- ligence Bureau showed in mid-April between 18.000 and llf.ooo burghers possibly available for military service under pressure, though no commando larger than Ne- yoiid the boundaries of any two coun tries into a continental and possibly into a world-wide range, its rivers of tears and blood, its mountain weights of damage and loss. 'Die risks due to conflicting interests in Europe, uiore- SIGNOR PRINETTI, ITAUAN MINISTER OP FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE CABINET OF SICNOR ZANARDKLX.1. the danger that anything will be act- ually burned. There are now too many values at risk to admit of any ex- tremely careless proceedings. Only a maniac nation could in these days Ikj playing with tire. The risks are not only numerous; they have also grown during the later years with a rapidity ami into a vastmss beyond computa- tion. Besides the immense modern in- over, emerge at every intersection of national paths, and these paths now lead over all continents and make stepping-stones of the isles in every sea. These obvious perils doubtless tend to make rulers use for avoidance of war a caution demanded to-day also by a civilization which has flcTMOped the quality of mercy beyond any degree 278 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. July No., 1901 recorded in previous days. Thus, for various reasons and on general princi- ples, the judgment of careful observ- ers, so far as made public, is that the prognostications of European war starting from embers or sparks In China will probably not be fulfilled. Britain's Increased Strength. The position of Great Britain among European powers, which at first seemed actually lowered or at least liable to great discredit by her long de- lay in bringing the requisite constraint on two little republics that had defied her and instantly attacked her, is now seen to have been improved. As a naval power her rank as foremost has not been impeached. As a military power she has shown herself capable of promptly raising and transporting over more than 6,000 miles of sea 200,000 men, gradually followed by 50,000 more, all without resort to con- scription. Whether right or wrong in her contention, and however unpre- pared she may at first have been to maintain it, such a nation is not likely to be left out of account in European politics. But much more impressive on the special field of international relations are two patent facts: 1. By the Boer War, England has been brought to take note of her military deficiencies and to enter zealously on the work of reforming them. 2. In the attack on England, which, though centred in South Africa, was soon shown to have the sympathy of nearly all the great European nations, the latent fire of patriotism was instant- ly kindled as on sacrificial altars throughout all England's " ^pendencies beyond seas, and money and men were lavishly offered and even pressed on her acceptance. As by a touch on a hither- to unawakened national nerve, the un- wieldy and undemonstrative colonial empire, girdling the globe, became uni- fied and consolidated. The Australian colonies, which a British publicist of note declared not many years ago would be detached from England "if England UNTER DEN LINDEN AND THE IMPERIAL PALACE, BERLIN. EUROPEAN < 'ONTINSNTAL POLITICS. STB should ever be engaged in n serious struggle," sprung to her side urging ac- ceptance of their money and freely of- fering their blood. Ami so with Canada. As n result of the Boer war the British empire is unified, consolidated, and vital- ized throughout its whole extent as never before. The imperial unity which Lord Kose- bery declared years ago was the pas- sion of his life, but for which neither he as prime minister nor Mr. Cham berlalu as coloniul secretary was able to produce or propose a workable bond, has been suddenly forged as by a sin- gle stroke from an invisible bund in the white heat of war. Not yet are all the working details of a federated em- pire arranged in terms of law, but the great fact now presents itself as a new phase in British history, and as a quite new element, of which iue martial ar- ray of continental Europe will have to take account. The moral and material strength of this new imperialism is evinced in its basal doctrine now beginning to take its slow practical development— "that wherever there are self-governiug com- munities owning a common British allegiance, there also the responsi- VICE-ADMIRAL FOURN1ER, COMMANDING FRENCH MEDITERRANEAN FLEET. Vol. 11-19. M. uk I.ANESSAN, FRENCH MINISTER OF MARINK. bility of governing the whole empire shall be shared." Sooner or later the responsibility for defense brings the responsibility for governance. German Antipathy to England. While the German government has seldom if ever shown such friendliness to England as during the last three mouths, the German populace has ex- presses* bitter animosity. Two main reasons are assigned for this feeling. One is, that Germany h: i only within the period of one generation developed into a great nation— adding to its long precedence in certain departments of literature, first the repute of the lead- lug military power in Europe, and then in very recent years an Immense suc- cess in manufactures and commerce. In these last particulars its one great rival in Europe is England; wherefore England -is Dot loved. The other rea- son for German animosity is the South African war. Kruger, Steyn, and the Boer leaders, are not true Hollaud I Hitch; they are of 3erman stock; anil had they been able to expel England from South Africa, affairs might have been so sh.-ip.-il as to tend toward a German protectorate with privileges of large value for German trade. He- sides. Germany looks with hungry eyes on Holland, which little kingdom it INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. July No.. 1901 would gladly assure of a welcome Into Its empire. Indeed, a writer in a prominent Eng- lish review advances a theory that Ger- many is looking toward a great Teutonic kingdom in central Europe, ultimately including Holland, Austria, and the Balkans, besides all Asia Minor; and he urges that Britain should join hands with Russia to prevent such German advance. His conjecture as to German plans will be generally viewed in this country and in England as far more probable than his proposal for British action is wise. What conceivable reason is there for England's preference of Russian over German preponderance in central Europe? The only reason — and scarcely conceivable — would be the English shop- VICE-ADMIRAL MORIN, ITALIAN MINISTER OF MARINE. keeping instinct, causing a greater fear of Germany's commercial competition than of Russia's territorial and military advance. The Franco-Russian Alliance. Much questioning has arisen as to what is to be inferred from the recent Russo-Grerman celebration at Metz of the birthday of the Russian Czar. A celebration of the birthday at Potsdam has been a custom of Kaiser William for years in recognition of the relation- ship between the two imperial houses; but this year the scene of the cere- monial was at Metz, centre of most doleful and humiliating memories to Prance; and to that localized symbol of German conquest the Russian em- bassy at Berlin betook itself at the Czar's command, while Kaiser Will- iam is said to have made a special journey thither. Moreover, in his speech at Metz, he reiterated in pres- ence of the Russian ambassador his assertion that his appointment of Count von Waldersee to the chief com- mand in China was due to the Czar's confidence in him. Since France and Russia had recently come into close alliance, and Russia's action at Metz had been without consultation with her ally, French indignation has been openly shown. The incident, which is perhaps mere- ly one of the unimportant episodes in which the Kaiser sometimes takes part, illustrates the delicacy in the balance of international relations in Europe. The Toulon Festivities. Events at Toulon on occasion of a visit in April of the Italian squadron, which were in some quarters deemed significant in their bearing on the Franco-Russian alliance — either weak- ening its original force, or adding Italy as a new member — were insistently made the subject of an interpellation in the French Chamber, May. 14. The foreign minister, M. Delcasse, in reply seems to have had little to say re- garding the departure from Toulon of most of the Russian warships before the festivities which were to mark the French reception of the Italian squad- ron. His statements were chiefly declarations that the visit of the Italian squadron was an unequivocal demon- stration of the friendly relations recent- ly established between the two nations, while the salvos in honor of the Presi- dent of France fired by the Russian ships reaffirmed the close solidarity of the Franco-Russian alliance. Less vague was an earlier statement by an official of the French Foreign Office to the effect that the departure of the Russians was due to the desirable- ness of avoiding interference with the French expressions of welcome for the /; ri;<>i >ea x coxtmexta l voia tks. 281 CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE BOSPORUS. Italians, as well as to a wish to avoid foresting the errata at Toulon with a triple political character arhlch «1 i* 1 not pertain to them. This explanation would imply that Russia was holding aloof from a Franco-Italian alliance. The Poles in Prussia. The Polish influence, which Bis- marck viewed as one of the chief dan- gers of Germany, gives such signs of Increase in Prussia that the govern- ment is resorting to stringent meas- ure* of repression. In POSSS, where the Polish King- dom took its rise, the Polish language is to hi excluded from the schools. The more than 200,000 GermSM who were settled there, on lands which on Bis- marck's urgency were purchased from Poles bf the Prussian government, are now reported to have been "Polandized" so far as to use the Polish language. In Westphalia, among the working population, there are said to be five times as many Pole* as there were ten years ago. In Rhenish Prussia there is a heavy increase of Poles, who there or elsewhere in Prussia are becoming a political factor to be reckoned with. A remarkable feature of this Polish in- crease is that it is not wrought up by any outside aid. Though the Poles are Slavs BO aid comes to them from the Russian Slavs or the Russian govern- nicnt. nor does the Vatican give them any furtherance. Russia Checked in Persia. The Russian influence in Persia, which has been reported as gaining sure establishment against that of (Jrcat Britain, is said to have met a severe check alxwt the end of May. A little over a year ago it was an- nounced that by the Czar's command the Persian Loan Bank had advanced to the Persian government a five per cent loan of 22£00,000 roubles (about £17,600.000), guaranteed by all the Custom! duties of Persia except those of Ears and the Persian gulf ports (Vol. 10, p. 40). This called forth lamentations In the British press, and welcome In the newspapers of the continent, with praise for Russian diplomacy— the popular feeling being that England had failed to maintain the hold gained by her loan of £500,- 000 in 1802 (Vol. 2, p. 1C7-. British officials, however, at that time replied that the parts of Persia to which the Russo-lVrsian agreement related wen' not within the British sphere of Influ- ence. Now it appears that a new Rus- sian loan of 15,000.000 to 20,000.000 roubles has fallen through l>ecnuse of the Shah's unwillingness to give the security required and to grant Russia the privileges demanded In the ar- rangement. INTERNA TIONAL AFh\ 1 IBS. July No., 1901 ABDUL HAMID II., SULTAN OF TURKEY. Foreign Mails in Turkey. A difficulty between the Turkish government and the ambassadors to the Porte regarding the foreign post- offices continued till the latter part of May. The foreign postoftices re- ceived and dispatched the European mail by special couriers, thus dispens- ing with the intermediary of the Ot- toman post. The Ottoman postal authorities hav- ing on May 4 seised the foreign mail bags, the ambassadors sent to the Porte identical notes characterizing such seizure as a breach of interna- tional law for which the Porte would be held responsible. The Turkish gov- ernment seemed to have lost sight of the "capitulation" system, by which centuries ago Turkey placed herself under a kind of submission to the powers in regard to the status of for- eign representatives and subjects in her empire. On May 11, a third note from the Porte was delivered to the ambassa- dors, peremptorily demanding the im- mediate suppression of the foreign postofltco« and reiterating the charge of smuggling against foreign officials. The ambassadors immediately re- turned the note to the Porte -thus cre- ating a partial cessation of relations. The United States appears not to have been involved in this controversy, as it has never established an absolutely independent postal service between Constantinople and the outside world. A few days later It was announced that the foreign embassies had re- ceived from the Porte a note regret- ting that the susceptibilities of the em- bassies were wounded by the previous note, and hoping that the embassies would co-operate in bringing about a settlement in accordance with the Porte's desires. On May 10, the Sublime Porte made complete submission. The Ottoman minister of foreign affairs called on the ambassadors, and informed them of Turkey's desire to re-establish the former status in the postal question, of her intention to send a high function- ary to apologize for the violation of the foreign mail bags, whose exterior seals had been broken. Anti-American Coalition. The great advance of the United States in export trade has given occa- sion in recent years to predictions of European combination in commercial interests against this country. Some legislative proceedings, beginning as far back as 1893 in different countries, have seemed in accord with such a project to repress our export trade, either by discrimination against cer- tain classes of American products or by aiding various classes of European producers. Action on what seemed anti-American lines has been cited in regard to meats, fruits, bread-stuffs, and dairy products, while sugar legis- lation in this country was deemed to have been the basis for certain re- strictive regulations abroad. # The results of all this commercial legislative restriction by European government! acting as in accord, is very noticeable, and in the opinion of trained observers is instructive as not /:/ ROPE 1 \ ' "\ TINE A IAL I'nUTICS. 281 warranting serious anxiety in commer- cial < ireles in this country. The figure* Of tli*- Halted States Treasury Bureau <>r statistics show in the last seven years a steady increase of American exports to the countries in question, and in many eases a de crease of American imports from those countries. In Germany, where restrictive regula- tion with reference to certain American product! has been much agitated, and in some cases actually applied, the fig- ures show that our exports have in- creased froni.$.S3,000.000 in 1893 to$187,- (HMl.(KMi in 1800; while the figures for eight months ending with February, 1901, show exports to Germany valued at $134,(M)0,000. against $124,000,000 in the corresponding months of last year, and .5111,000,000 in the same months of the fiscal year 1SJM). Meantime imports into the United States from Germany have fallen from $111,000,000 in 1897 to $'.17,000,000 in 1000. though for the fiscal year 1901 they will probably be slightly in excess of those of 1900. In France, certain American produc- tions, especially those of agricultural origin, have been the subject of more or less restrictive legislation; yet our exports to France, which in 1893 were $40,000,000. rose in 1900 to $8.3,000.000; and in the eight months ending with February, 1901, were $56,000,000, against $4:1.000.000 in the corresponding months of 1899. Meantime onr imports from France have not materially changed— the imports of 1893 having been $76^00,000, and those of 1900 $73.- 000.000; while for the eight months ending with February, i001, they show an increase of a little less than $1,000,- 000. To Spain, our export trade, instead of being destroyed or materially reduced, has Increased; and the exports during the present fiscal year seem likely to be greater than in any other year, with possibly a single exception, in our his- tory, having been for tin- eight months ending with February, 1901, 110345, 880, against $8,505,271 in the corre- sponding months Of 1900. and $0,011.03.". in the same months of 1899. BfCO in the year 1!MK) the total exports to Spain from the United States were larger than in any earlier year since 1891. Even in the case of Russia, whose re cent action with reference to certain American products has been announced l|-p. !»7. 228), the effect is lip to this time scarcely apparent. Our exports to Russia during March of the present year, the first full month following the announcement of the ojecfimiaatng rates against the United States, were $1,199.- 088, as against $1,240,021 during March, 1900. Comparative Populations. The rate of comparative growth of population in the principal countries Of Burope has important international bearings. The latest statistics available show the most populous European country to be Russia (using round figures), about lu7.ooo.000. The next is Germany, with 50.ooo.000— to which about 10,000,000 must be added for comparison with the statistics of 1701 and 1789, which in- cluded the German population in Aus- tria also. The third is Great Britain, with 42.000.000. The fourth is France, with 39.000.000. In 1789 the order was: (li the Ger- man states (including Austria), 28,000,- 000; (2) France. 26,000,000; (3) Russia, 25.000,000; (4) Great Britain, 12,000,- 000. In 1701, the first rank for population was held by France, with 19,600,000; though the people in the Germanic states (not then united as now I are esti- mated to have numbered 19,500,000, a close second. The third place was held probably by Russia, though her popula- tion can only be conjectured. Great Britain was fourth with only 8,900.000. GULLIVER TO DATE. The Awakening of the Commercial Giant.— From the Minneapolis Journal. 284 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. Julv No., 1901 In any comparison of growth, how ever, it must be noted that Russia has made a large increase (estimated at 25,- 000,000) by conquest and annexation of territories such as Poland and Finland; Great Britain and France have gained nothing in that way; also that Great Britain has lost far more than any other country by emigration; and that France has lost somewhat r>y Germany's re- conquest of Alsace-Lorraine. The most noticeable natural features are the increase of Germany and Great Britain, and the decline of France. France, which 200 years ago had nearly 40 per cent of the aggregate population of the three countries above named, has now less than 1G per cent. Hffairs in Hmerica, GREATER AMERICA. Constitutional Interpretation. THE Supreme Court of the United States on May 27 de- cided four of the cases touch- ing the relations between the United States and the territory won from Spain (p. 23). The contentions of the attorney-general and his assistant counsel were, in the main, approved by the majority of the court— five jus- tices against four. The -Constitution does not necessarily follow the Flag. The doctrine that it does follow the flag was negatived by the majority opinion of the five associate justices, Messrs. Brown, 3 ray, Shiras, White, and McKenna; the dissentients were Chief Justice Fuller, and Associate Justices Harlan, Brewer, and Peek- bam. The most important case was that of Downes vs. the Collector of the Port of New York, to recover duties paid on goods imported from Porto Rico after the passage of the Foraker act impos- ing upon such imports 15 per cent of the duties levied upon similar goods from foreign countries. Justice Brown, in rendering the opinion of the court sustaining the validity of the Foraker act, stated the grounds of it at great length: "The practical construction put by Congress upon the Constitution has been long continued and uniform, to the effect that the Constitution is applicable to territories acquired by purchase or con- quest only when and so far as Congress shall so direct. Notwithstanding its duty 'to guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government,' Congress did not hesitate in the original organization of the Territories of Louisi- ana, Florida, the Northwest Territory and its subdivisions of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, and still more recently in the case of Alaska, to establish a form of government bear- ing a much greater analogy to a British crown colony than a republican state of America, and to vest the legislative power either in a governor and council, or a governor and judges, to be appoint- ed by the President. "We are also of the opinion that power to acquire territory by treaty im- plies not only the power to govern such territory, but to prescribe upon what terms the United States will receive its inhabitants, and what their status shall be in what Chief Justice Marshall termed the 'American Empire.' "There seems to be no middle ground between this position and the doctrine that if their inhabitants do not become immediately after annexation citizens of the United States, their children, there- after born, whether .savages or civilized, are such and entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of citizens. If such be their status, the consequences will be extremely serious. Indeed, it is doubtful if Congress would ever assent to the annexation of territory upon the condition that its inhabitants, however foreign they may be to our habits, tradi- tions, and modes of life, shall become at once citizens of the United States. In all its treaties hitherto the treaty-making power has made special provision for this subject GREATER AM Hit IV A. 280 HON. PHILANDER C. KNOX, OF PITTSBURG, PA., ATTORNEY-GENERAL OK THE UNITED STATES. SUCCESSOR TO HON. J. W. GRIGGS, OF NEW JERSEY. "Grave apprehensions of danger are. felt by in.i :i v- eminent men — a fear lest an unrestrained possession of power on the part of Congress may lead to unjust and oppressive legislation, in which the natural rights of territories or their in- habitants may be engulfed m a central- ized despotism. These fears, however, find no justification in the action of Con- gress in the last century, nor in the con- duct of the British parliament toward its outlying possessions since the American Ki volution. "Whatever may be finally decided by the America ii people as to the status of these islands and their inhabitants— whether they shall be introduced into the sisterhood of states or be permitted to form independent governments — it does not follow that in the meantime, awaiting that decision, the people are in the matter of personal rights unpro- tected by the i'lovisioiis of our Constitu- tion and subject to the merely arbitrary control of Congress. Even if regarded ns aliens, they are entitled under the principles of the Constitution to be pro- tected in life, liberty, and property." Chief Justice Fuller set forth the dissenting opinion in the DuWIMf case, in which he was joined by Associate Justices Harlan, Brewer, and lv00. and every appeal from the decision of the assessors has been heard and errors corrrected. A thing unheard of under Spanish rule, property sold for default of tax-payment, is under the law redeem- able for a period of six months: under Spanish domination such sales were ab- solute. Since May 1, 1000, there has been only one sale of property under the net. In conclusion the correspondent re- marks- "In the financial administra- tion of Porto Rico two courses lie open. One is to follow the example of the Spanish government and tax the neces- saries of life consumed by the poor, by customs duties and by excises upon cod- fish. Hour, meat, and rice; the other is to adopt the American principle of equity and fairness, and to tax according to tax-paying ca- pacity, by the use of reasonable charges upon property, and by carefully devised excises upon luxuries or articles of injurious consumption. The revenue act marks a long step in the latter direc- tion. . . . Even at the present time— a little more than two months after its passage— it is in such successful and easy operation that no responsible interest or party could be induced to repeal it or to moilify any of its essential features." The Philippines. At the beginning of May there re- mained only here and there feelJo em hers of insurrection. About May C Lieutenant John D. L. Hnrtmnn. with (S3 men of tbe First Cavalry, encoun- tered 250 insurgents near Balayan in Batangas province, and defeated them after they bad been routed out of three positions successively. About the same date Colonel Astilla, insur- gent governor of Infanta province, surrendered with ten oflicers, 180 men, 170 rifles, and ten cannon. A telegram from Manila, May 14. reported the breaking up of a band of American brigands In the province of Pampangn, not far from Manila. Three of the brigands, George Raymond. Illrlcb Rogers, and Oscar Musbmiller, had been captured, and the police were on the trail of five others. General Frederick D. Grant, on ar- riving at San Francisco, May 18. made I very encouraging report on the situation of affairs in the islands. "Everything." he said, "is settling down to a peaceful basis, and we are getting at the real work of governing and teaching the people. Their peculiar national character makes them hard subjects for the pres- ent. You must remember that tiny were originally only pirates, that the civilization is of the fourteenth, if not of the fifteenth century, and the ten- dency to brigandize is so great among them that it amounts to a disease. In many districts the paying of tribute to robbers is considered the regular thing. 290 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. July No., 1901 no more out of the way than taxes. Our task now is to give them good govern- ment in their municipalities, to protect them against themselves until they ac- quire a taste for order, and then with- draw gradually from active interference, leaving the towns one at a time as we see that they can be trusted; but we must have our troops within striking distance for some time after we leave any district, so as to insure it against a relapse. We must expect much robbery, and brigandage, and pillage, and even murder, for a long time. "It is surprising to see the results we have obtained, getting law and order into these people, in the few months of comparative peace since the advance fol- lowing the election. My district includ- ed the provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, and Bataan, with a population of 600,- 000, all Tagalo provinces and considered the most lawless in the islands. . . . Now there is not a robber band in the whole district, a condition unknown in the whole history of Filipino people. We have in every town in the district a local government under a local civil- ian governor. We are building roads and teaching the people." May 20, General MacArthur released 1,000 native prisoners in token of his satisfaction over the surrender of the insurgent generals, Mascardo and La- cuna. On the same day intelligence was received of the surrender of Gen- eral Moxica, the insurgent commander in the island of Leyte, with twenty men, all that remained of his army. On the same day also the presidents of the island of Lubang, lying northwest " I AM UNDECIDED AS TO MY FUTURE PLANS." —The Detroit Tribune. from the island of Mindoro, was brought a prisoner to Cavite, charged with being an accomplice of the insur- gents. General Trias had left Manila for the province of Albay, in Southern Luzon, to try to induce the insurgent leader there, Bellannino, to surrender to the United States authorities. But some insurgents were still in arms in South Camerines province: near Pasaco a body of rebels under Angeles had attacked a detachment of the 27th Regiment. Paracole. in the same province, a mining town, was still held by the insurgents. COMMISSARY FRAUDS PUNISHED. On May 22 the findings of courts- martial in the cases of Capt. Frederick .7. Barrows (p. 10f>) of the oOth Volun- teer Infantry, sometime department quartermaster in Southern Luzon, and Lieut. Frederic Boyer, 30th Infantry, former depot commissary at Calamba, were approved by the governor-gen- eral. The charges against both officers were embezzlement and selling of gov- ernment property. Barrows is sen- tenced to be dishonorably discharged from the service and to five years' im- prisonment. Boyer is dishonorably discharged and must undergo one year's imprisonment. SCHOOLS IN MANILA. Mr. F. W. Atkinson, general superin- tendent of schools in the Philippines, in a letter addressed to the secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education, says that nearly all the thirty-six primary schools in Manila antedate the American occupation. None of the buildings used for school purposes were originally designed for that end, but they are nearly all trans- formed private dwellings. Pupils sit <>n benches, or, in many cases, on the floors; about two-thirds of the pupils are ac- commodated with writing desks or ta- M< s. In these schools are emjdoyed 87 native teachers. Though nearly all the principal teachers have been in the ser- vice twenty-live or thirty years and are graduates of a normal school, they know neither how to teach nor how to main- UNITED STA TES POLITICS. 291 Min order. The teacher, book in hand, hears OM pupil at a time, while tin- ivsi an- studying aloud. P.ut tin re an- signs of ini[)ro\ -i-nu'iit. Many of the native teachers are studying English, some of them are even directing eittM in Bttg- lisli. The salarii-s of tlie nnt ivt- teachers are from $10 to $20 a month: the thirty- tut- American tca» hns of Knirlish re- (civt- from $00 to $100 a month of the calendar year. VICE IN MANILA. General IfacArthor, In ■ communica- tion to the adjutant-general of the army, May 7. makes very emphatic de- nial of reports that have been circu- lated at home regarding the prevalence of vice In Manila. The writers of the letters and articles about the prevalence of vice in Manila have been misled. They have an imper- fect knowledge of the conditions. Manila can challenge a comparison as to its moral and orderly condition with any dtj in the United States. He suggests that a committee of those who make the allegations against the government at Manila be sent thither to make an inves- tigation: but let the committee first ac- quaint themselves with social conditions in tropical countries. The articles upon vice In Manila were originally printed in the "New Voice." Chicago, 111., organ of the Prohibition party; and on the publica- tion of General Mac-Arthur's denial, that journal returned to the charge and insisted on the absolute truth of its allegations. In reply to Gen. Mac- Arthur's denials the "New Voice" says: "General MacArthur's report, like some of Mr. M<-Kinley's speechee, is re- markable for what it does not contain. It enthusiastically declares that 'prosti- tution is not licensed in the Philippines,' and then proceeds to explain how neces- sary it has been to 'carry out certain sanitary regulations.' . . . General Mac- Arthur forgets to explain why it is that in the three hundred years of Spanish devilment in the Philippines, no such 'sanitary regulations' were necessary. It was not until Genaral Otis landed with his cargo of American civilization that it became Deceesarj to organize a mili- tary department of brothels in the city of Manila." TBI SULU AKCHII'KLAGO. The New York "Herald." May 26. published a letter from Jolo dated March 28, which represents the pros- pects of civil government In the isl.-mds of the archipelago as very un- favorable. The Taft Commission had just visited Jolo and. according to the correspondent, were in meat uncertainty as to how to deal nith the situation. The institutions of slavery and polygamy show no signs of decline: to attempt to abolish them would certainly provoke rebellion; and .fudge Taft assured the Sultan that there was no purpose to interfere with the habits, customs, or religion of the peo- ple. The Datos or petty chiefs know no Ian but the Koran, and each of them interprets it in his own sense. Army nff'rera declare that it would be impos- sible to set up a native civil government; the provost-marshal of Jolo and his sub- ordinates were taking care of affairs in the only way that it could be done; an». interference by civil process would only cause unnecessary friction. UNITED STATES POLITICS. The South Carolina Senators. The two United States senators from South Carolina. Benjamin R. Tillman (term expiree March 4, 1007) and John L. McLaurin (term expires March 4, 1003), on May 25, tendered to the gov- ernor of the state their resignation of the senatorship. to take effect Septem- ber 15. In South Carolina the people in the primary elections choose the candidates for the senatorship, who are afterward elected by the legisla- ture. The resignation was designed to determine which of the two senators— Tillman, the Chicago Platform Demo- crat, or McLaurin, who in the Senate has favored Republican policies— is the more acceptable to the Democratic voters of South Carolina. The atti- tude of Senator McLaurin toward the question of territorial expansion, pro- tection of American manufacturing in- terests, and other policies, is defined in a speech delivered by him at Green- ville, S. C, three days before the two senators offered to resign. 292 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. July No.. 1901 HON. BENJAMIN R. TILLMAN, UNITED STATES SENATOR, DEMOCRATIC, FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. "Let it be understood," he said, "that the industrial and commercial interests of the South come before the interests of any politician. I cannot believe that narrowness, bigotry, prejudice, or the arts of the wily politician should be per- mitted to swerve us from a course which leads to the attainment of these objects, which bring in their train blessings to every farm and fireside, to every hearth and home in our grand old Common- wealth. "1 assert, fellow citizens, however, that it is almost a crime for any party to make great, broad, non-political American measures, involving the politi- cal and commercial development of the nation, the test of party fealty. Issues essential to the maintenance of the honor and prestige of a nation are too vital to be relegated to the plane of partisan contention. Out of changed industrial and economic conditions have grown great national questions pertaining to the material interests of the country, which must be considered and settled by that silent force, the reserved patriotism of the people." Senator McLaurin, in an article con- tributed to the "Independent" (N. Y.), thus defines the change that he would have made in the Southern Democratic platform: "The people are becoming tired of the vagaries of Bryan Democracy. They see in them no promise of party success, and much that is inimical to the best in- terests of the South. They are restive under the Bryan Democratic oligarchy, but have submitted to it from necessity. The Negro question has kept them in line. When white domination is secured, as it is now, they are ready to make the Democratic party progressive by adapting its principles and policies to the new economic conditions. They are not willing to destroy the party, or to renounce any of its cardinal doctrines, and thus build up a Republican party in the South. What they want is to vital- ize Southern Democracy by infusing into it great American ideas, which are non- partisan and broader than party plat- forms. They would like it to be a party of practical, non-sectional, and Demo- cratic policies. They feel that when this is done all that can be accomplished by going into the Republican party can be secured within the lines of the Demo- cratic party. They believe a revision of the political creed of the Democratic party and the advocacy by it of live is- sues in a progressive and aggressive way will restore it to public confidence and give it victory." In the first week of June, at the instance of Governor McSweeney, Messrs. Tillman and McLaurin with- drew their resignation. HON. JOHN L. McLAURIN, UNITED STATES SENATOR, DEMOCRATIC, FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. THE WOULD Of LABOR. 293 THE ARMY. Insubordination at West Point. May 21 was published ;it Washing- ton an oiticial statement by the Wm Department of certain arts i)f insuhor diiiatioii and almost of mutiny coin Bitted by cadets IB the Military Acad ■J, tOC which the following day live cadets were dismissed, viz.: Henry L. Itowlhy (Neb.i, John A. Cleveland (Ala. i. rraagotl i\ Keller (N. v.i. Kay inond A. Linton (Mich.), and Hirchie O. Mahaffey (Tex.i, and six others sus- pended. No less than 83 cadets were implicated more or less actively in the mutinous behavior. The superintendent of the Academy, Colonel Mills, in his report to the Secre- tary of War, states that on April 10, at dusk, immediately after the battalion was dismissed on its return from supper, a large number of cadets made an insub- ordinate demonstration directed at the superintendent. This demonstration, says the report, "consisted of cheers, ending with the names of two recently- punished cadets; several profane yells directly at the superintendent; and the moving of the reveille gun from its ac- customed place to a position immediately in front of the superintendent's quar- ters, at the door of which the muzzle was pointed." Then followed secret meetings in which the superintendent's actions were criticized and condemned. In short, a very serious spirit of insub- ordination was manifested, and the su- perintendent recommended that the lead- ers in the troubles should be "separated from the Academy for good." The conduct of the cadets receives unanimous condemnation from the organs of public opinion. Peace Footing of the Army. May U was issued from the head- quarters of the Army, General Order No. (>«'>, in which is contained a com- munication from the Secretary of War determining the numerical strength of the Army in enlisted men under the Act of Congress for tin- increase of the Regular Army, on the basis of one en- listed man for each 1.000 of population. The total number ef enlisted men is to be 77,287. Of cavalry there will he fifteen regi- ments, each consisting of 12 troops of 85 enlisted men each; each icgimcnt to have 1,080 enlisted men; total cavalry. 15.NI0. The coast artillery will com- prise 128 companies of 168 enlisted men each: total 18,784; the field artillery. 88 batteries of l<»o enlisted men each, total 4,800: total in artillery corps 1&882. There will be 88 regiments of infantry, each oaring I.2M enlisted men: total 38,' 02ft Iii the engineers will be 1,282 en- listed in. n. Under the head of "Staff. Departmenta, etc," the general order adds: United States Military Academy 288; Signal Corps 700; Ordnance De- partment 700; post commissary ser- geants 200; post quartermaster-ser- geants 1B0; electrician sergeants 100; Indian scents 75: recruiting parties and recruits 500; total under this head, 2,788. THE WORLD OF LABOR. Strike of Machinists. The executive board of the Interna- tional Association of Machinists (James O'Connell, president), about May 15 ordered a general strike of union machinists throughout the United States, to begin May 20. The demands of the machinists are thus stated by Mr. O'Connell: "We are demanding a nine-hour day universally throughout the trade, with an increase of wages sufficient to overcome the loss of the hour in time; regulation of the apprenticeship system and the number that shall be employed in ac- cordance with the number of journeymen machinists employed; agreements as to arbitration of all disputes that may arise in the future; the right of the machinists Hu.i : " Ahem! "—The Chicago Inter-Ocean. 294 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. July N«., 1901 to be represented by a committee; and agreement* that there shall be absolutely no discrimination against machinists be- cause of their membership in the union." The union machinists affected by the order were estimated by Mr. O'Connell to number 46,000. A large proportion of the employers conceded the demands of the machin- ists on May 20, and many more within the few days following. But on June 2 the association of employers known as the National Metal Trades Associa- tion published a manifesto in which they expressed the determination not to yield in any point the demands of the International Association of Ma- chinists; and a great labor struggle seemed to be inevitable. Albany Tramway Strike. For seven days, May 6-12, the trolley lines of Albany, Troy, Cohoes, and Rensselaer, managed by. the United Traction Company of Albany, N. 1\, were inactive owing to a strike of the company's employees. The strike followed upon the refusal of the company to comply with two de- mands of the men: (1) that their union should be recognized and its officers treated as the authorized agents of the men; and (2) that non-union employees should be discharged. The company brought to Albany men from outside places and attempted to run their cars; but the attempt, as usual, provoked the men and their sympathizers to acts of violence, and the operation of the trolley system was hindered. May 14 the company ap- pealed for protection to the sheriff, who in turn appealed to the command- er of the Third Brigade of the State National Guard for troops; and the 10th Battalion and the Signal Corps of the brigade were ordered to main- tain the peace. This force being in- sufficient, the governor of the state summoned to Albany the 23d Regi- ment of Brooklyn. On the 16th, as a car, having on board the militiamen under command of a lieutenant, was passing through a narrow thorough- fare thronged with people, it was as- sailed with bricks and stones, and the lieutenant and some of the men fired into the crowd. Two citizens were mortally wounded, and some twenty militiamen, non-union employees and strikers, were more or less seriously in- jured. The next day there was a con- ference of the company's officials with representatives of the strikers, but no settlement was reached. On May 18, however, an agreement was made on the following terms: Increasing night men's and extra men's wages to 20 cents an hour. Granting to men the right of appeal from a decision of an inspector or the superintendent to the traction company's executive board. Providing that inspectors boarding a car' need not be rung unless they present an equivalent to a fare. The road to pay an employee for lost time when suspended and found not guilty. Employees permitted to ride on their own divisions free by showing their badges. No discrimination against strikers who have not committed violence. Such were the concessions made by the company. The men, on their part, agreed to the following conditions: That men who were on strike and com- mitted violence shall not be reinstated unless proven guiltless. That the road may hire or discharge any man without reference to his affilia- tion or otherwise with a union. That no proposition to strike shall be acted upon until forty-eight hours have elapsed from the time of notification; and that if a strike is ordered it shall not take effect until six days. SPORT. The "America's" Cup. A controversy between Mr. Thomas W. Lawson of Boston, member of the Hull, Massachusetts, Yacht Club, and owner of the "Independence," on the one hand, and the New York Yacht Club, has arisen as to the require- ments laid down by the constitution and by-laws of the latter club in the VARIOUS STATES. 2ostponement of the date for beginning the cup races to September 21. Miscellaneous. On May 25 the fifteenth Brooklyn Handicap was won by J. R. and F. P. Keane's three-year-old "Conroy" In 2:09 for the mile and a-quarter. The popular favorite, "Bauastar," owned by Clarence H. Mackay, was badly beaten. The world's record for a long jump, 24 feet 7 1-4 Inches, held by Meyer Prlnstein of Syracuse (N. Y.) Univer- sity, was increased to 24 feet 9 inches by P. O'Connor of Waterford, Ireland, May 27,- in the Irish championship games in Dublin. VARIOUS STATES. New York. PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. The formal, solemn opening of the Exposition (p. 236) took place May _'n. in presence of fully 40,000 persons. The chief orators of the occasion were Vice-President Roosevelt and Senator Lodge (Rep., Mass.). Both of them took occasion to magnify the Monroe Doctrine as an indispensable article of the political creed of this hemisphere. Passages of the two speeches, . ially that of Senator Lodge, have been Vo). n -SO. censured as likely to offend rather than to conciliate the South American peoples, and to be viewed by European states as a challenge. Senator Lodge, addressing the peoples of Central and South America as represented In his audience, said: "You have your own countries and your own governments. We wish you peace, prosperity, an increasing popula- tion, and growing wealth; hut we wish you to have it under your own flags and in absolute Independence, without any possibility of Interference by Europe. We ask vou to be true to the doctrine whi get control of St. Paul turned its attention to the Hm- linirton \- Qnjncy — ■ property which lay principally in what the Union Pacific community considered its territory. Whether any steps were taken by the tormer BTOOp to conciliate the latter be- fore acquiring the Burlington, or whether any remonstrances were made by the latter to the former, is not known. It is certain that the 1'nion Pacific com- munity considered itself encroached upon by its Northern neighbor, and decided to fight. It SOUght to prevent the purchase of Burlington by Requiring control of the. Northern Pacific and paralysing the would-be purchasers. It bought North- ern Pacific shares, both at private sale and in open market, till the price reached a giddy height, and then found that the stock was omered. The speculating public had Joined in the tumult. "Private adventureis, who knew not the cause of the up-rush, had "sold short," because they knew that the price was artificial, and must come down some time. In a general way they were right, but they had made a mistake as to the time when. Stocks sold on the Ex- change tO-daj arc deliverable to-morrow, unless there is a special agreement to the contrary. The large buyers of Northern Pacific, those who were buying to prevent the Burlington deal, wanted the stock itself, and not a mere difference between the quotations of to-day and yesterday. The sellers did not have it. So the price for immediate delivery soared to $1,000 per share; many people were ruined; and one of the worst panics on the Stock Exchange that the present generation has witnessed was precipi- tated. "The name of the speculators involved is legion. They are found in all parts of tin country, and in all walks of life. They are men and women who have been tempted to gamble by the spectacle Of the great advance in stocks which has attended the rife and progress of the 'community of interest' idea in railroad management, and the consolidating of competing industries generally. "The 'community of interest' that was to produce such harmony in the indus- trial and financial world has led to a battle of ginnts. The field is strewn with dead and wounded, and the ques- tion involuntarily arises: 'Can such things be, 'And overcome us like a summer cloud, 'Without our special wonder?' "The country, prosperous though it be, is full of discontent with the arrogance <>f men who control millions, and who combine to-day and Bgh1 to-morrow, re- gardless of the rights and interests of the masses. There is a substratum of socialism in every community, which de- mands municipal ownership of 'public utilities.' It wants street railroads, and gas and electric-lighting works, and tele- phones to be owned by the cities, and administered in the interest of the con- sumer. It will very likely want country trolley lines to be owned by the state and operated in competition with the steam railroads. It may demand the taking of coal and iron mines and oil wells under the law of eminent domain. It may impose killing taxes on what it conceives to be dangerous monopolies. It may meet the 'community of interest' idea of railroad management with more stringent legislation by Congress and the legislatures than any we have yet had. It is only a rumbling force now; but it is capable of doing vast mischief, both to itself and to those whom it conceives to be inimical to it. Nothing is better calculated to awaken this slumbering giant than such spectacles as we have had in Wall street the past few days." Cost of Government. The account of moneys voted by the fiOth Congress In its second session, as compiled by the chief clerks of the Senate and House Committees on Ap- THE FARMERS COMMENT ON STOCK- EXCHANGE BOOMS. "So they're getting rich in Wall Street, are they? Well, if it weren't for me they wouM'nt make much money !_" — From the Rtcord-Htrald (Chicago). 298 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. July No.. 1901 propriations, shows that the grand total was $730,338,575, distributed as follows: Agriculture $4,582,420 Array 115,734,041) Diplomatic 1,848,428 District of Columbia 8,502,209 Fortifications 7,304,011 Indian 9,747,471 Legislative 24,594,908 Military Academy 772,058 Naval 78,101,791 Pension 145,245,230 Postoffice 123,782,088 Sundry Civil 01,795,908 Deficiencies 15,91 7,440. Miscellaneous 7,999,018 Permanent appropriations. . 124,358,220 Total $730,338,575 In addition to these specific appro- priations Congress authorized con- tracts to be entered into for public works which will call for $4,224,040 to be voted by the next Congress. In its two sessions the 50th Con- gress made appropriations aggregating $1,440,489,439, which is $127,723,198 less than the appropriations voted by the preceding Congress. Density of Population. On the last day of May was issued the first half of the final report of the 12th Census on population, from which it appears that of all the great civil divisions of the area of the United States (exclusive of the District of Columbia, which is in effect a muni- cipality), Rhode Island, with 407 in- habitants to the square mile, is the most densely populated. Next comes Massachusetts, with not quite 349 in- habitants to the square mile; theu New Jersey, with a little more than 250. The fourth place is held by Connecti- cut, which has 187 to the square mile. New York has 152.0; Pennsylvania, 140.1; Maryland, 120.5; and Ohio, 102. No other state has more than 100 in- habitants to the square mile. Alaska has ten square miles of area for each inhabitant; Nevada has four-tenths of an inhabitant to the square mile; and Arizona, New Mexico, Montana, and Idaho less than two persons to the square mile. Hawaii has nearly 24 to the square mile, a little less than Ar- kansas (24.7) and a little more than Maine (23.2). The Causes of Lynching. From statistics carefully gathered by Mrs. Ida B. Wells Barnett, covering 504 cases of lynching during the years 1890-1900, it appears that rape— the ordinarily supposed cause and justifi- cation for the crime of lynching— has actually furnished the motive in only a small minority of cases. In the total of 504 cases (including 147 white victims) during the five years, only 90 were due to the offense mentioned; 179 were for murder; and 229 arose from various causes under the general head of "race prejudices," including such as the violation of contracts, unpopularity, testifying in court, shooting at rabbits, "unknown offenses," etc. In 1890, less than thirty-nine per cent of the Negroes lynched were charged with rape; in 1897, less than eighteen per cent; in 1898, less than sixteen per cent; in 1899, less than fourteen per cent; and in 1900, less than fifteen per cent. Woman Suffrage. The Illinois Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women, or, short, the Illinois Antigyuecratic Association, in its semi-annual report, published May 3, proposes as a sub- stitute for the political ambition of some women, an earnest, active zeal for the moral elevation of their chil- dren: "If women would use as much intelli- gence and energy as participation in legislation would require in teaching their children, boys and girls alike, in a broad, liberal way the great principles of temperance and chastity, they would do more in a generation toward eradicating the evils of intemperance and impurity than they could do by a century of vot- ing. If, in the same way, they would inculcate and everywhere stand for the principles of justice and unselfishness and a true regard for the rights of ethers in social, commercial, and political rela- tions, they could do more toward reform- ing those conditions of society which breed anarchy and are the despair of the practical politician than they could ever do through legislative action. There is much evidence that it is to those aims i I \ IDA. tai that thoughtful urn] i>hil a n t hi <>| >i<- women an- directing their attention rather tlian t<> suffrage." CANADA. The Session Ended. The first session of the ninth Domln- ion parliament, which began February 7, ended May 23. With the exception of the bill for incorporation of the ("row's i\'est Southern Railway Com- pany, the chief measures pending at the end of April, as already outlined In CURRENT HISTORY (pp. 118, 175, 887). were carried through their final stages. The Crow's Nest bill (pp. 178, 237) was withdrawn by its promoters, who. with the assent of the Dominion government, decided to construct the railway under a charter obtained from the legislature of British Columbia, the province most directly interested in the proposed new road. THK MANITOBA RAILWAY BILL. After vigorous and protracted oppo- sition, the bill confirming the contracts made by the Manitoba government with the Canadian Northern and Northern Pacific railroads (pp. 120. 182, 23S), nationalizing the railway system of the province, passed its third reading in the Commons on May 18. A motion for the six months' bollt, of- fered by Mr. K. L. Richardson ilnd. Lib., Llsgar), was voted down by 107 against 5. the latter ln-ing Mr. Rich- ardson and Messrs. Charlton (Lib., North Norfolk). Bourassa (Lib., La- belle). Wallace (Con.. West York, Ont). and 1'uttee (Ind., Winnipeg). A ten- dency was plainly manifested among the members in general, even members of the Cabinet, to question the wisdom of the burden-bearing jiolicy sanc- tioned by the Manitoba legislature: but it was felt to be for the best that the province should be left to conduct it-- own internal Sffsttl and work out Its railway problem in its own way without federal Interference. On its advent to the Senate, the bill was promptly passed with practically no opposition; and it became a law by royal assent on the day of prorogation. Tin; LEAD bounties. In response to pressure brought to bear by a delegation from the Koote- nay silver-lead mining district of Brit- ish Columbia, the federal government has adopoted a sliding scale of boun- ties in aid of the lead-refining indus- try. The bounties are restricted to lead re- fined in Canada from Canadian ore. Be- ginning with $5 for every ton of lead WILLIAM McKENZIE, THK CKF.AT CANADIAN RAILROAD MAGNATK. refined "luring the calendar year 1902, they will be lowered to $4 in 1!M«. $3 in 1904, $2 in 1905, and $1 in 190G, ceasing at the end of the last-named year. Not more than $100,000 is payable in any one year, and in any half-year not store than $50,000. The federal, government, nlso, reserves to itself the right to make such rules and regulations affecting the payment of bounties and the charges for refining as may be deemed expedient in the public interest. THE SESSIONAL INDEMNITY. With the growth of the country, the volume of business requiring parlia- 300 . I /'FA MS /.\ AME UK 'A. July No.. 1901 0 6 M I N I o U tPH Of mm j Sandu Buna "Lore... | pENNSYLVANIA ! INDIANA ! rt . - I ! 0 H I 0 9 Pittsburgh Couttesy of Cassitr's Magazine. MAP OF THE REGION OF THE GREAT LAKES, SHOWING THE CHIEF LAKE PORTS. mentary attention has increased so as to necessitate much longer sessions than formerly. Instead of the six weeks or two months which sufficed at the time the allowance for members and senators was fixed at $1,000, the sessions in these later days not infre- quently continue for four months or even longer. Accordingly, both mem- bers and senators, with practical unanimity, agreed to a resolution of- fered in the House, May 20, by the Premier, and seconded by the leader of the Opposition, inereasing their ses- sional allowanee to $1,500. THE ROYAL MINT. In accordance with a resolution of tli« finance minister, Hon. W. S. Field- ing, reported in the House on May 17, a bill Avas passed authorizing the an- nual payment of a sum not to exceed $7~>,000 in any one year, for the main- tenance of a branch of the Royal Mint in Canada. This will be located at Ottawa, the federal capital; and, with the object of checking the exodus to the United States of the gold product of the Yukon Territory, a purchasing assay office is to be established prob- ably either at Dawson City or at a British Columbian port. In addition to the silver and copper currency of Can- ada, gold pieces will be coined, prob- ably of the denominations of $2.50, $5, and $10; and arrangements have been made with the imperial authorities for the coinage of British sovereigns- which are legal tender in all parts of the empire— when the mint is not busy coining Dominion currency. Ranking circles look forward with some apprehension to the disturbing ef- fect of this new factor in the monetary system of the country. When the sub- ject was mooted last year, it will be re- membered (Vol. 10, p. 1026), the Cana- dian Bankers' Association voiced their strong opposition to the proposal, alleg- ing it to be not only unnecessary and unprofitable, but chiefly as dangerous to the stability of an already well-tried and satisfactory currency system and as opening the door to financial heresic s. It is feared that the gold coinage will be made to displace a considerable part of the present sound and acceptable paper currency, thus reducing the •circulation of the banks, lessening their facilities for accommodating customers, and cur- tailing the available capital of the coun- try. I I \ \I> 1. 301 I'UINCi: BIIWAEO ISLAM! SIMSIDV. Iii view of Its failure for several years t< > provide continuous communi tattoo between Prinea ■Award island and the mainland, the Dominion gov- ernment has increased i>y 980,000 tbe iiiinnal subsidy payable to that prov- ince. Although the island entered Confed- eration la 1S7.'{, oo tin- stipulated condi- tion that a constant communication wit li the mainland and connection with the railway system of Canada shoul'l be maintained, it was not until about 1S88 that anything approaching a satisfactory service was provided. The Dominion government has at last recognized the justice of the provincial claims, of which the present increased subsidy is accepted in full settlement. THK PLAINS OK ABIIAHAM. In order to keep intact the historic plains of Abraham above the city of Quebec, and to preserve as public property the site of Wolfe's great vic- tory of 17"»0, which practically ended the half-century of conflict between Franco and England for domination of North America, an appropriation of £80,000 was voted for the purchase of the battlefield. The tract comprises a little over 71 acres (equivalent to S4 ar- pents and a fraction), and had for 200 years been the property of the Ursu- line nuns, from whom in 1So:i it was leased to the government for 99 years. On the expiring of the lease next year. it was said to be the intention of the owners to divide the tract into city lots and sell them. THK COOK CHARGKS. The charges brought by H. H. Cook. ex-.M. P.. involving the integrity of the government, and, in particular, of Sir Richard Cartwright. Minister of Trade and Commerce ip. 170). utterly col- lapsed on .May 16, when Sir Mnckeii- 7.le Bowell. chairman of the coramit- : investigation appointed by the Senate, presented to tliat body a copy of the evidence taken and the argu- ments of counsel. The documents were submitted without comment, and were received without discussion. THK KKKNCH LINK SUBSIDY. Another item of Uteres! during the session was the contract closed May 28 whereby the Dominion govern- ment guarantees a subsidy of $50,000 to $100,000 a year, according to the number of steamships placed in ojK'ra- tion, to the lately organized Franco- Canadian Steamship Company, which will form a connecting link between the great enterprises headed by Mr. F. IT. Clorgue, at the Sault Ste. Marie, and the markets of Europe. The com- pany is to provide a first-class steamer service between a Canadian port and France, for which three vessels have already been purchased and three more ordered. For the tirst year, be- ginning July 1, the service is to be fortnightly in summer and monthly in winter. Unexplored Canada. According to the last report of the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, one-third of the Dominion is still an Unexplored region of mystery. The entire area of Canada is computed at 3,-4r>o.'J."»7 square miles, of which 1,- 250,000 are yet unexplored. "Exclusive of the inhospitable detached Arctic por- tions, 054.000 square miles is for all prac- tical purposes entirely unknown.'' snys the report. A careful estimate is made of the un- explored regions. Beginning at the ex- treme northwest of the Dominion, the first of these areas is between the east- ern boundary of Alaska, the Porcupine rher. and the Arctic coast, about 9,500 square miles in extent. The next is west of the Lewes and Yukon rivers and ex- tends to the boundary of Alaska. Until last year, 32.000 square miles in this area was unexplored, but a part has since been (ravelled. A third area of 27,000 square miles lies between the Lewes, Pelly, and Stikine rivers. Between the Pellv and Mackenzie rivers is another huge tract of 100,000 square miles, or about double the size of England. An unexplored area of 50,000 square miles is found between Great Bear lake and the Arctic coast, being nearly all to the north of the Arctic circle. Nearly as large as 302 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. July No., 1901 Portugal is another tract between Great Bear lake, the Mackenzie river, and the western part of Great Slave lake, in all 35,000 square miles. Lying between Stikine and Laird rivers to the north and the Skeena and Peace rivers to the south, is an area of 81,000 square miles. Of the 35,000 square miles southeast of Athabasca lake, little is known, except that it has been crossed by a field party en route to Fort Churchill. East of the Coppermine river and west of Bathurst inlet lies 7,500 miles of unexplored land. Eastward from this, lying between the Arctic coast and Black's river, is an area of 31,000 square miles, or about equal to Ireland. Much larger than Great Britain and Ireland, and embrac- ing 178.000 square miles, is the region bounded by Black's river, Great Slave lake, Athabasca lake, Hatchet and Rein- LOUIS FRECHETTE, C. M.G., LL. D., PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. deer lakes, Churchill river, and the west coast of Hudson bay. On the south coast of Hudson bay, be- tween the Severn and Attawapishkat rivers, is an area 22,000 square miles in extent, or larger than Nova Scotia; and lying between Trout lake, Lac Seul, and the Albany river is another 15,000 square miles of unexplored land. The most easterly area is the greatest of all. It comprises almost the entire interior of the Labrador peninsula or Northeast Territory; in all 289,000 square miles. The government, during the past year, has made a great effort in the direction of exploring and developing this vast ter- ritory. It has recognized the fact that railroads are essential to the develop- ment of a new country, and liberal in- ducements for their construction are made by granting millions of acres of land as a bonus. The indications are that, during the next five years, at least 5,000 miles of new railroad will be com- pleted throughout the Dominion, most of which will run through the unexplored wilderness. The mineral wealth of this unknown region is undoubtedly immense, and perhaps almost inexhaustible; while the dense forests of hard wood, now of so little value, will, when brought to the markets of the world, become a source of large profit. Georgian Bay Canal Scheme. Interest in what is known as the Georgian Bay Canal project has been revived through the recent visit to Canada of Ernest E. Sawyer, formerly chief engineer in the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal, the harbor works at Buenos Ayres, and the Dela- goa Bay Railroad, who came in the interests of an English syndicate en- deavoring to induce the Canadian gov- ernment to guarantee the bonds for the construction of the Georgian Bay Canal. Provided the enterprise failed to pay, the guarantee would involve an annual outlay of about $2,800,000. The Georgian Bay canal project, in a word, is for the utilization of the old voyageurs' route between Montreal and the Great Lakes up the St. Lawrence river to the junction of the Ottawa, thence up the Ottawa to Lake Nipissing, across that to the French river, and so on to the Georgian Bay and Lake Hu- ron. The completion of the system would require five years* time and an estimated outlay of $05,000,000 to $08,- 000,000, the proposition being to provide a depth of at least twenty feet through- out. The locks, about 50 in number, would be each 500 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 23 feet on the sills. Inasmuch as the present 14-foot St. Lawrence canals were projected for vessels of 2,000 tons and lower, whereas ships of 4,000 to 10,000 tons are now common in the upper lake traffic, only a small fraction of the export grain trade of the continent — about 7 per cent — goes through the port of Montreal: the rest goes abroad by way of the Gulf of Mexico or by way of the Erie canal and Hudson river to New York City. • It is claimed that the Georgian Bay canal would enable grain to reach Mon- treal from Chicago at 3 cents a bushel as asrainst 4 1-2 cents from Chicago to Buffalo; and on the through trip from CANADA. 303 Chicago to Liverpool the saving of dis- tance as compared with the route via the Krie canal ; 1 1 1 < I New York City, would he about jmmi miles. For (he first |M years after eomple- t ion. the estimated traffic would lie 8,000,000 to 10,000.000 tons. A toll of 'A) cents a too, as ■gainst about $1.50 on the Suck canal, would pay 4 per cent on the outlay. Durocher-Degre Marriage Case. A judgment recalling in some fea- tures that in tho Delpit marriage case (pp. 4«', 181, -41). was rendered in the Court of Review at Montreal, May 17. the marriage wan nnll and void on ac- count of its clandestine character; and the father took an action in the superior court ot tic District of Bedford to have this confirmed by the civil authority. In his decision, Justice Lynch granted a lull separation as to bed aud board, but he declined to declare the marriage null. This is the decision that has now been reversed on the ground that the marriage requirements of the civil code were not complied with. The girl was a minor. She had not obtained the consent of her parent! to the marriage. The intending husband had neither caused publication of the banns, nor had he secured a license, and the couple had proceeded to a foreigu country with the deliberate in- MOST REV. PAUL BRUCHESI, ROMAN CATHOLIC ARCHBISHOP OF MONTREAL. by Justices Lemieux, Mathieu, and Curran, reversing n decision given May 7 by Justice Lynch In the Supe- rior Court of the District of Bedford In the case of Durochor vs. Degre. It appears that in June, 1801, one Margaret E. Durocher, a minor, living with her parents in CJranby, Que., eloped with one Joseph Degre, crossed the border into Vermont, and was there married before a Protestant minister. The union turned out unhappily; and in November, 1*'tf», the wife obtained from the Bishop of St. Hyacinthe a decree de- claring that under the ecclesiastical law tention of evading the requirements of the Canadian law: moreover, the mar- riage was not shown to have been per- formed by a competent official. Miscellaneous. Arrangements have been completed for the planting of over 81,000 trees on Sable Island In order to check the shifting of the sands of which It is fCimnonsti The trees comprise (W.inmi evergreens (pines, spruces, and Juni- pers), the remainder being hardy de- ciduous trees. Sable Island Is a low, 304 AFFAIRS LV AMERICA. July No., 1901 crescent-shaped sandbar, lying about 90 miles off the coast of Nova Scotia, and is about 21 miles long and, in places, over a mile wide. Between the years 1582 and 1899 no less than 170 ships were wrecked on its treacherous shoals. During his visit to Australia as Canadian representative on the occa- sion of the opening of the first parlia- ment of the new Commonwealth, the Hon. William Mulock, postmaster- general, was instructed, to ascertain to what extent it is possible to increase trade between Canada and the Aus- tralian colonies. NEWFOUNDLAND. The Railroad Question. A settlement of the differences be- tween the Newfoundland government and R. G. Reid, the contractor who built the trans-insular railroad (Vol. 10. p. 934;, has been effected, whereby the island has the option of taking over the railways at the end of 50 years on payment of $1,000,000 with interest, along with the value of all improvement. Mr. Reid will turn over the telegraph lines to the government, and he will recognize the right of cer- tain squatters on lands which he re- ceived from the government in aid of railway construction. On its part, the government is to pay Mr. Reid $300,- 000 to equip the road with stations. It would seem as if the contention of the government had been largely con- ceded in the settlement. A Naval Reserve. The first six months' cruise of a British naval reserve contingent of fifty-seven men, enlisted from the young fishermen of Newfoundland, was completed May 9. The experi- ment is considered a success, and it is estimated that within ten years the empire will have 2,500 trained blue- jackets available in the island. MEXICO. Pan-American Congress Threatened. There is a grave menace that the three-cornered dispute between Chile, Peru, and Bolivia (p. 246) will prevent the success of the second Pan-Ameri- can Congress, which was planned to be held in Mexico next fall (Vol. 10, p. 294; Vol. 11, p. 243). One of the most important subjects the Congress was expected to consider was the formulation of a definite plan of ar- bitration of all disputes between South American states. Chile refuses to at- tend the Congress if this scheme of arbitration is to affect questions at present under dispute; while Peru and Bolivia as determinedly refuse to at- tend the Congress if the subject of arbitration is to be limited to future questions in order to secure Chile's at- tendance. Other republics would doubtless follow their example. Chile was the only South American republic that refused to attend the first Pan- American Congress. Her reason was the same as it is now, her unwilling- ness to submit her difficulties with Peru and Bolivia to arbitration. A compiled by the chief clerks of the Senate and House Committees on Ap- committee of the American Bureau of Republics is endeavoring to effect an adjustment of the situation, as the success of the Congress, of course, de- pends upon the joint participation in it of all the republics. THE WEST INDIES. San Domingan Affairs. San Domingo has lived through an- other "revolution" during the month of May. This disturbance was in the dis- tricts of Moco and La Vega, and was speedily crushed out by the govern- ment forces. Among the prominent rebels arrested is a son of the late President Heureaux (Vol. 9, p. 694), who is said to have been "the leader of the movement. SOUTH AMERICA. :io.-> A dispute between the government ami the San Domingo Improvement Company, which lias had control of the finances of the country for a long term of years, dating back into tin- Heme mil administration, has been dragging on for some time, and at one period threatened to assume a serious aspect, when the Improvement Company, an American concern, appealed to the United States for protection. There is now, however, a good prospect of a peaceful settlement of the difficulty, as a plan of arbitration agreed upon the last of May by the Interested parties and the minister of foreign relations of the republic has been submitted to the Congress of the republic for ratifi- cation. SOUTH AMERICA. Venezuela. FIRST ASPHALT DKCISION. The first victory in the legal struggle between the two contestants in the asphalt controversy (pp. BO, 183) is with the W'arner-Quinlan syndicate, the owners of the La Fclicidad con- cession. The High Federal Court lias declared itself a competent tribunal in the case, overruling the exceptions filed by the New York A Bermuda Company, which claimed that the jurisdiction of the court is not con- stitutional, and intimated that it had been "fixed" in advance. MB. LOOMIS NOT TO RKTURN. The latest development in the diplo- matic aspect of tile situation (pp. ."»<>, 188, 247) is the decision of the State Department not to return Minister Loomis to Venezuela, following the publication, May 20, in tin- New York "Herald" of an interview witli Presi- dent Castro in which lie criticizes Mr. Loomis most severely, even intimating Improper connection on the minister's pari with dishonorable financial tran- sactions in the asphalt matter. This is held to be equivalent to criticizing President McKlnley. as Mr. Loomis was acting under the instructions of the State Department; but the State Department has decided to take no official notice of the matter. There Is no doubt that Americans have become decidedly unpopular in Venezuela, so much so that the Ameri- can colony in Caracas has dwindled in two years from 200 to a score. Tin: KONROE BUGBEAR AGAIN. During the last few weeks there has been considerable bluster in the press about the Monroe Doctrine in connec- tion witli the alleged desire on the part of Germany to secure a coaling station on tin- Island of Margarita, off the coast of Venezuela. Detailed accounts were published in American news- papers of the visits of a German man of-war to the island to secure surveys, etc., while, on the other hand, the Ger- man press indignantly denied these statements as scandalous libels. The controversy reached such proportions in the middle of May that the German government felt it necessary to tender its official assurances to the United States that it had no intention of es- tablishing a coaling station on this isl- and or anywhere else on the Venezue- lan coast. Unci.e Sam: " I don't believe (hey will come over as loop as the watch dog is there." — Minneapolis TriiuMf. 306 AFFAIRS W EUROPE. July No., 1901 Hffaits in Europe, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Parliamentary Proceedings. THE various proposals of the new budget for increasing the national revenue (p. 247) have all been passed by parliament. The most stubborn fight was on the question of the new tax on coal, and was carried on for three legislative days, May 2-6. Sir William Vernon Hareourt led the at- tack of the Liberal forces by denounc- ing the tax severely as a most "extra- ordinary and vexatious piece of bung- ling" that would . severely injure the trade of England. Sir Michael Hicks- Beach, Chancellor of the Exchequer, in replying, admitted that since it was a tax, it would be an obstruction on the coal trade, but defended it by the simple declaration that the coal trade was able to bear it, an assertion that he proceeded to prove by an over- whelming mass of statistics mar- shalled in a masterly fashion. He stated that the profit of the coal own- SIR WILLIAM WALROND, CHIEF GOVERNMENT WHII' IN THE ENGLISH HOUSE OF COMMONS. ers of Great Britain last year was $145,000,000 on a capital of $550,000,- 000. The issue was made a strictly party one, and votes on both sides were whipped up with unusual thorough- ness. Many Conservative members voted to support the government at the sacrifice of their own wishes re- garding the bill, though a few voted against it. The result was the passage of the tax by the unusually large vote of 333 to 227. May 9, the appropriations for the civil list were passed by a vote of 307 to 58. The main opposition was from the Irish party on the usual grounds, and the additional one of objection to the coronation oath as offensive to Irish Catholics. The new scheme of army reform proposed by Mr. Brodrick, Secretary for War (p. 185), was the subject of another three days' debate May 13-10, but was finally passed by a vote of 305 to 103. This, however, really sanc- tions only the basis of the scheme, as the details still remain to be worked out. -Although so much important busi- ness was transacted during this ses- sion, the speeches have been, for the aiost part, uninteresting. The able de- fense of the coal tax by the Chan- cellor, Sir Edward Grey's spirited warning against it, and the attack on the army proposals by Mr. Winston Churchill were notable exceptions. This is the second speech Mr. Churchill has delivered, and both have attracted much admiring comment He seems to have taken up the role of economist maintained by his eminent father, the late Lord Randolph Churchill. His attack on the pro- posed army reform was all the more interesting, as he is a member of the government party, from which he de- clared he has no intention of dissociat- ing himself. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 307 THE DUKE AND DUCHESS OF FIFE, WITH THEIR CHILDREN, THE LADIES DUFF. THE DUCHESS WAS FORMERLY PRINCESS LOl'ISE VICTORIA OF WALES ELDEST DAUGHTER OF KING EDWARD VII. There was a lively scrap in the Home, May 10, over the seizure by the pollee, the night before, of copies of Mr. William O'Frien's weekly, "The Irish People," on account of its pub- lication of a scurrilous attack on the Kinjr. Mr. Dillon's effort to make an Issue of It was defeated. Even the New York "Sun" condemns the paper and Mr. Dillon's opposition to Its sup- pression. Miners .Decide Against Strike. In Sir Edward Crey's speech against the coal tax in the House of Commons. In- ••'•rated a great impression by his solemn warnings not to take lightly the threateni-d general strike of the coal miners (p. 249), which, he de- clared, would be the nearest approach to civil war known in England for many generations. His forebodings were not realized, however, for three days later the Miners' Conference de- cided not to order a general strike. They based their action on the ground that the Chancellor had declared that the tax would fall upon the foreign consumer, and on his statement that there were no reasons why It should affect the miners' wages. The confer- ence also recommended consideration of a general strike, if it should be found that a reduction of wages is made in any mining district. This is prartieally auother warning, this time to* the mine owners, not to make such a reduction on peril of a general strike. 3oa . AFP AIRS lit EUROPE. July No., 1901 The Census Returns. The Ilegistrar-GJeneral has published the official returns of the census taken simultaneously all over Great Britain on March 31 (p. 187). The total population of England and Wales is shown to be 32,525,71(5— an in- crease of 3,523,181 over the figures of 1891. There is also a gain in the rate of increase in this last decade over the previous decade. The census of 1891 showed a gain of 11.G5 per cent since 1881, while the last census shows a gain of 12.15 per cent since 1891. The gain is, therefore, in excess of the esti- mated increase by 108,985. The average ratio of increase for the whole century, however, is 13.85 per cent. The chief gains are in the large manu- facturing towns, while most of the agri- cultural districts show a decrease. Lon- don, according to the new census, has a population of 4,536,034. '^his is an in- crease of only 300,000 since 1891, but does not include "Greater London." It is thought that the suburban districts will show a tremendous increase. It is interesting to compare the rate of in- crease of London during the decade, 7 per cent, wii.i that of American cities in the same time. New York has increased 37 per cent in the last ten years; Chi- cago 54 per cent; St. Louis 27 per cent; and Boston 25 per cent. The returns for Scotland show a popu- lation of 4,471,958— an increase of 446,- 310, or 11.08 per cent. For the first time Scotland shows a larger census than Ireland. The returns for Ireland giv a popula- tion of 4,456,546 — a decrease of 5.3 per cent since the last census, and of nearly 50 per cent since 1841, when the popula- tion reached its highest figure recorded by any census, 8,175,174. During the same interval, the population of England and Wales has more than doubled. The steady decline is shown by the following table: DECLINE OF IRISH POPULATION. Decline Per Cent Year 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 Population 8,175,124 6,552,385 1,798,561 5,412,377 5,174,836 4,704,750 4,456,546 19.&5 11.50 6.65 4.40 9.10 5.30 Carnegie's Gift to Scotland. Mr. Andrew Carnegie has exceeded his own munificent liberality in his latest gift to educational agencies. This time the gift is for the benefit of his native country. He has offered to establish a trust to administer the sum of about $10,000,000 for the purpose of providing free education for young people born in Scotland, at the Univer- sities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aber- deen, and St. Andrews. The details of the scheme have not been worked put, but it is said to be Mr. Carnegie's idea to make it possible for every boy and girl in Scotland who is able to pass the entrance examinations to have a university education free. The matter has been differently re- ceived by Scottish educational authori- ties. Some of them deplore the removal of the fees to the Universities, if that is what is intended, considering the finan- cial struggle it is now necessary for most of the students to make to pay their ex- penses, as one of the most valuable disci- plinary features of their education. Others welcome the plan enthusiastical- ly, as, for instance. Professor Masson, who describes it as the realism of the dream of his life. Miscellaneous. May 21 the International Exposition at Glasgow was opened by the Duke and Duchess of Fife. The Very Rev. Francis Paget, D. D.. Dean of Christ Church, has been ap- pointed by the King to be Bishop of Oxford. GERMANY. Prussian Ministerial Crisis. May 3 the Chancellor read a royal message dissolving the Prussian Diet on account of the failure to come to an agreement on the Canal bill (Vol. 9, p. 705), whose passage the Emperor earnestly desires. It was defeated by the Agrarians, the aristocratic land- owners, who fear that the opening of the canals would cheapen Prussian ag- ricultural products by facilitating the introduction of foreign food products. The Clericals also opposed it on the ground that it would bring in English coal to the detriment of the Silesian coal industry. /•'/.'. I VC£. sM To meet this obstacle, the government offered to increase tin- duties on agricul- tural products sutlicieutly to protect Prussia from foreign competition. In spite of this concession, however, the Agrarians peritofd in their opposition, and ilefealeil the bill for the seronil time. The Emperor at once dissolved the I Met. indicating' his determination to right the matter out. He has been suc- cessful in imperial matters in this meth- od of appeal to the people twice before, for It was by dismissing the Reichstag that lie forced through Ml Army and Navy hills (Vol. 9, pp. 194, 938; Vol. 10, PP. 89% 485). A NKW MINISTRY. The dissolution of the Diet involved a readjustment of the ministry, and on the same day. May 3. Dr. von Miquel, Minister of Finance, Baron von Haru- merstein. Minister of Agriculture, ami Herr Brefeld, Minister of Commerce, were compelled to resign their port- folios. The new ministry was an- nounced May C, as follows: Minister of Finance, Baron Rheinba- ben; Minister of Agriculture, General Podbielski; minister of the Interior, Baron von Hammerstein, District Presi- dent of Metz; Minister of Commerce, Herr Moller; Secretary of the Imperial Postofflce, Herr Kraetke. A Physicians' Strike. The singular phenomenon of a "strike of physicians" has been wit- nessed In Lelpslc and Munich. They are the physicians employed by the government Bureau of Sickness In- surance, who complain of too small fees. Although the fees have recently been Increased in Municti, they still receive only fifteen rents a case. FRANCE. An Enormous Budget. The Chamber of Deputies, which met May 13, will consider I budget of 1730,000,000, un increase of $15,< (00.000 over the expenditures of the current year 1901 This the French call "the greatest of all budgets since the world began." A comparison with the recent English budget of |938.000,000 will hardly bear out the statement, al- though the fact that the French budget is practically a peace budget for ordinary expenditures only (the war with China not affecting It to any great extent) lends some justification for the statement. in addition to this budget, there will Ik* proposed to the Chamber a work- ingmiin's pension bill calling for $10.- (MM).(HHt more in 1902. The budget has caused some alarm in view of tlie fact that the national revenues for the first font months of 1901 show a falling off of $.'U), paid a visit to Constantinople May 17 to secure the favor of the Sultan, by whom he was received with distinct Ion. He is re|x>rted to have offered a considerable sum of money for a definite tenure and practii-al governing rights. A congress will shortly be called to carry out the plans. The proposed colonization of the Holy Land Is not a charitable scheme, but is to be put on a business basis, and is expected to give good re- turns. Hffairs in Hsia. JAPAN. Political Crisis. MARQUIS ITO resigned the premiership May 1, and his whole cabinet, except the minister of war, Baron Ko- dama, tendered their resignations with him. The reason given was the failure of the minister of finance, Count Watanabe, to carry out the ex- pected public works. This is the cli- max of a painful experience in consti- tutional government through which Japan has been passing. It really means the failure of an attempt at party government. The cabinet that has just resigned was formed last October (Vol. 10, p. 951), and was the fourth one under the leadership of Marquis Ito, who is the author of the Constitution, and the great authority on Its Interpretation. In forming this cabinet he deemed it a favorable time for carrying "consti- tutional institutions to their comple- tion," and determined to try the Eng- lish plan of government by party. He formed his new cabinet entirely of young men, members of the new party, most of whom were familiar with Western political methods. This alien- ated from him the support of the voi n-a. Peers, who had hitherto been well rep- resented in his cabinet, and had sup- ported him with great fidelity and thoroughness. Accordingly, when the great question of the Fifteenth Diet came before It last March— the en- larged budget on account of the extra expenses of the army in China— the Peers absolutely refused to consider it. although it had passed the Lower House with but one, and that not a very important, change. They raede no criticism of the budget, no attempt to amend it, offered no substitute for it, but simply and absolutely rejected it. After trying every resource in his power to compel the Upper House to accept the budget, whose passage was absolutely necessary, the premier pro- rogued the Diet for ten days, hoping the Peers would relent from their ob- stinacy. This hope proved vain and he at last appealed to the Emperor to relieve the intolerable situation, and. at the imperial command, the Peers reluctantly but loyally passed the budget. Altogether the political outlook Is very unfavorable at present. It Is certain that a Diet that will persist In blocking the government in the face of the grave present and threatening 312 AFFAIRS IN AFRICA. July No., idol difficulties in China and Korea, cannot hold the confidence of Europe. Economical Stringency. The economical condition in Japan is as distressing as the political one just now. An elaborate report on the commercial and economical conditions during the last year, just published by Mr. Lay, of the Britisn legation in Tokio, gives as the reason for the economical disturbances, the disturbed state of China, one of Japan's great- est markets, the disappointing silk crop, and the abnormally large ratio of unproductive expenditure and ex- penditure in works only remotely pro- ductive. The total value of the foreign trade last year was $250,907,705, of which $140,023,230 was imports, and $104,- 344,475 exports. AUSTRALASIA. Federal Parliament Opened. On May 0, in the great Exhibition building at Melbourne, Victoria, the first federal parliament was opened with impressive ceremonies by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. The Duke read a telegram of congratulation from his father, King Edward, and made a lengthy address, in which he paid tribute to the gen- erous response of the colonies to the call of the mother country for aid in the African war. The Census. The census returns give United Aus- tralia a population of 4,500,051, an in- crease of 740,750 over the population of the several states in 1891. This is an increase of 13 per cent as compared with a gain of 14 per cent in the last decade. 4 ^ » ■ < ■ < ■ Hffatrs in Hfrica- THE FRENCH IN THE SOUDAN. FOLLOWING up the victory of last year at Kousseri, over the Soudanese chieftain Iiabah (Vol. 10, p. 077), the French expedition led by MM. Gentil, Jbal- land, and Meynier pressed on to Lake Tchad, where a treaty with the Sultan was signed, by which the whole west- ern shore of the lake was added to the French sphere. On February 2 of the present year Rabah's sons finally submitted to Captain Robillot. By his achievement in pacifying a vast and wealthy district, adding thereby largely to France's colonial empire, this officer now rivals Colonel Mar: chand, of Fashoda fame, as a popular hero. PARDON OF ARABI PASHA The once notorious anti-European fanatic, Arabi Pasha, formerly Egyptian minister of war, who led a revolt against the Khedive Tew- fik, but was finally crushed by the British forces under Lord Wolseley at Tel-el-Kebir, Sept. 10, 1882, and later banished to Ceylon, was, about May 22, pardoned by the Khedive Abbas II. and granted permission to return to Egypt. The present stability and strength of the Egyptian administra- tion, attained under British oversight and guidance, are such as to render the incident of Arabi's release abso- lutely devoid of political importance. SCIESCE AM) IXVESTIOS. 313 Science, IRelioion, anb tlMscellang. SCIENCE AND INVENTION. Solar Eclipse of May 18. AT many stations clouds pre- vented successful observation of the total solar eclipse of .May W (p. 255). Even where dear glimpses were obtained, dura- tion was effectively reduced by about one-half. Few results of a definite character have yet been announced, beyond the fact that the form of the corona was similar to that in the eclipses of 1878 and 1900 (Vol. 10, p. 490). Stellar Heat. Prof. E. P. Nichols of Dartmouth College, after experiments at the Yerkes Observatory, has solved in the aiiinnative tlie long-debated question as to whether the earth receives from the stars any rays of heat along with the rays of light. By means of his newly-devised "radi- ometer"— an instrument in principle somewhat resembling the bolometer and radiomicrometer, but essentially different from them in construction — he has for the first time proved beyond a doubt that the planets and some of the fixed stars sen. I an appreciable quantity of heat to the earth. The Moon and the Weather. By force of attraction, the moon, as she moves northward or southward. causes corresponding tidal movements in our atmosphere. This much a French engineer. A. Poincare. has ap- parently discovered from a study of the international daily charts of the northern hemisphere, published by the United States Signal Serviee. But beyond this, science has not yet dis- covered anything to confirm the popu- lar belief that the weather has de- pendence upon, or oven an indirect causal connection with, the condition of the moon. Moreover, the tidal movement referred to is only appreci- able when we take the average baro- metric pressure for several days or a week: it is essentially a fortnightly tidal wave, and is not known to have any apparent influence upon the tem- perature, cloudiness, rainfall, or wind. It cannot, then, be spoken of as an influence of the moon upon the weather. At the present time the trend of modern physics is to show that the sun's radiation produces all the ther- mal and "most of the electric and optic phenomena of the atmosphere, and that the modification introduced by the moon la scarcely worthy of con- sideration. Snow on the Moon? In view of the acknowledged failure of astronomers generally to detect any satisfactory indication of the existence of water on the moon, the recent an- nouncement by Prof. W. H. Pickering, brother of Director E. C. Pickering of the Harvard Observatory, and now in charge of the auxiliary observatory station in Jamaica, that be had dis- covered snow on the surface of our satellite, is received with much reser- vation. The Cause of Cancer. What may be an epoch-making in- cident In the history of medical and surgical science, is the discovery, an- nounced by Dr. Harvey R. Oaylord. director of the State Pathological Lab- oratory at Buffalo, N. Y., that the specific cause of cancer is not a bac- terium, or vegetable organism, but a protozoon, or animal parasite, identical with bodies long observed but hereto- fore supposed to be the product of de- generation of tissues (Vol. 9, pp. 475. 738). Dr. Gaylord claims to have isolated and cultivated the parasite, and to have produced the disease in animals by in- oculation. He declares that in a cancer patient all the organs, including the blood taken from all regions of the body, contain large numbers of the organisms. 314 SCIENCE AND INVENTION. July No., 1901 This would seem to render fallacious all hope of lasting relief iu auy case from .the surgeon's knife. The cancer germ is said to be of the same group with the vaccine organism. Effort is now being made to determine the time of appearance of the cancer organism, and to utilize the knowledge as a means of diagnosis. Edison Storage Battery. The cadrniuni-eopper storage battery lately invented by Thomas A. Edison (p. 250) is covered by an English pat- ent. It now appears, however, that further experimentation has led the inventor to substitute iron and nickel for copper and cadmium, the former being used in the positive, and the latter in the negative plate. And in- stead of caustic soda, the fluid used is hydroxide of potash. The advantages claimed by Mr. Edi- son for his device over the ordinary lead battery are: Light weight, inde- structibility, rapid charging, the abil- ity to climb the heaviest hills with little or no difficulty, and Indifference to cold. Dr. A. E. Kennelly described the new battery before the American In- stitute of Electrical Engineers, May 21. The inventor himself, also, de- scribed it in an interview substantially as follows: ''The main feature of my battery," said Mr. Edison, "is that it is in- destructible, as it can be charged and recharged without perceptible change in the materials. It is an iron-nickel cell, or, in other words, the negative pole or positive element is iron, and the positive pole or the negative element is a super- oxide of nickel, believed to have the formula of Ni02. As contrasted with the old lead storage battery of 186 pounds per horse-power hour, my bat- tery is only 53.3 pounds per horse-power hour. ''The construction of one cell is as follows: In a steel sheet a number of holes are punched — twenty-four, in fact — and in each one of these holes is placed a steel box, thin and perforated with minute holes. The active material is made in the form of briquettes, and is contained in these little steel boxes. The briquettes are condensed under a pres- sure of one hundred tons, which insures their being absolutely rigid. "The positive briquettes are composed of a finely divided compound of iron ob- tained by a special chemical process, mixed with an equal proportion of graphite. The graphite does not enter into any of the chemical processes, but simply assists the chemical conductivity. Courteiy of the Literary DigeM, New York CHART OF THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF MAY 18, 1901. Si u:\< k AND i\\ J.\TI0y. 315 "The negative briquette is obtained by similarly mixing finely divided nickel, also obtained by a secret process, with an equul bulk of graphite. This is solidified in the little steel boxes as in the case of the iron. These two plates, one containing twenty-four of the iron and graphite boxes, and the other twenty-four of the nickel and graphite boxes, constitute one cell of the battery. "Of course, there can be as many of these cells as the experimenter desires to use. The two plates are placed in a vessel containing the potash solution, and the primary cell is complete. "The operation of the battery is the following: "When the battery is charged the cur- rent is found to deoxidize the iron to spongy metallic iron and to carry the oxygen to the nickel compound, which it changes from the peroxide to a higher oxide. In other words, the charging current simply carries the oxygen in an opposite direction, against the forces of electrical affinity, from the iron to the nickel, and stores the energy in the re- duced iron. "On the discharge of the current in driving the motor the reverse takes place, the i.xygen going back, reducing the nick-'l superoxide and oxidizing the spongy iron. "Stating the conditions in other words the cell is an oxygen lift. Charging pulls the oxycen away from the iron and de- livers it temporarily to the nickel, while discharg'iig allows the oxygen to pass back from the nickel to the iron. It is evident that there is here no deteriora- tion, the materials being restored to the primate condition after each completed action." Mr. Edison said that his new cell was entirely unaffected by changes of tem- perature, working as well at twenty de- grees below zero as at ordinary tempera- tures, and that all the attention it need- ed was *.o see that the water in the solu tion was replenished occasionally. A New Animal. The discovery of a large mammal, new to science, named "Okapl" by the natives, has been announced to the world by Sir Harry Johnston. K. ('. B., administrator of the British Pro- tectorate of Uganda. The mature animal is of the size of an ox and distinctly related to the giraffe. It has no upper front teeth, being a true ruminant. It appears to be a living rep- resentative of the supposedly extinct Helladotherium, whose fossil remains are found in Greece and Asia Minor. Its habitat, so far as known, is the forests of the Ituri and the western banks of the Semliki in the Kongo Free State, and the adjoaiiig district of Mboga in the Uganda Protectorate. Gardner Automatic Signaler. Mr. J. Gardner of Manchester. Eng., has invented an automatic wireless telegraphic signaler whereby vessels within a certain radius from the transmitting station are warned of Im- pending danger. The system may be applied either from shore to ship or from ship to ship while at sea. At the shore station a mast is set up, to the top of which is attached a metal lie conductor. This conductor is connect- ed to the transmitting apparatus, which is accommodated in a building in close proximity. The transmitter consists of an induction coil and the accumulators for the provision of the current. The au- tomatic portion of the instrument con- sists of a specially cut wheel, bearing the name of the danger spot to which the mast is attached. This wheel con- trols a Morse key, and is maintained in constant rotation, the periphery being regulated to any desired time, so that one revolution may be completed in one, two, three, or more minutes. Vessel! are supplied with a receiver; and directly a ship enters the danger zone, the instruments print off on tin- tape machine in the Morse code the name of the danger spot it is approach- ing, at the same time setting a bell in motion, both bell and receiver continu- ing to operate until the ship has once more passed beyond the influence of the transmitting apparatus. All vessels that happen to enter the danger zone receive the warning simultaneously, as with Marconi's system the apparatus is not affected by any climatic conditions. Miscellaneous. Still another flying machine Is that devised by Mr. (Justave Whitehead of Bridgeport, Conn. It Is built after the model of a bird or bat. A suggested Improvement on the present method of producing spinal anaesthesia or analgesia (Vol. 10. pp. B6S, 054). Is to make an incision be- tween the vertebrae, but not deep 316 EDUCATION. July No., 1901 JAMES M. GREEN, PRINCIPAL OF THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT TRENTON, N.J. PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION HOLDING ITS CONVENTION THIS YEAR IN DETROIT, MICH., JULY 8-12. enough to penetrate the membrane surrounding the spinal cord; to inject hydrochloride of cocaine into the in- cision; and then to drive the anaes- thetizing medium deeper into the tis- sues by means of a static electrical current somewhat after the Crotte method of treatment in consumption (Vol. 10, p. 401). EDUCATION. College and Business. In an address to boys at the com- mencement exercises of the St. George's Evening Trades School, New York City, May 8, Charles M. Schwab, the remarkable young president of the so-called billion-dollar steel trust, said: "From my long experience I am led to believe that many boys make the mis- take of depending upon influence to ob- tain for them positions of profit. Go yourself to seek work in life, and depend upon your own exertions. "No matter what bu iness you enter, the essential feature to success is that you perform your tasks better than any- body else. This alone will command at- tention. Everybody is expected to do his duty, but the boy or man who does a little more is certain of promotion. "Success is not money-making alone. Aud I want to state that of the truly great men I know in industrial and man- ufacturing lines none are college bred men, but men who received an industrial or mechanical education, ;. d who worked up by perseverance and applica- tion. "Let me advise you all to make an early start in life. The boy wfth the manual training and the common school education who can start in life at six- teen or seventeen can leave the boy who goes to college till he is twenty or more so far behind in the race that he can MUSIC AXD DRAMA. 317 never catch up. This, however, does not apply to the professional life." It Is beyond the province of CUB KKN'I BI8TOR1 l«. MiiriH- this graft question. It has been discussed (in nil sides in the press and 00 the platform, hut without materially altering the ex- isting divisions of opinion. Until u clear and tiual definition is forthcom- ing of what constitutes "success," and until irrefutable statistics have been gathered covering the field of specific instances and pointing to at least some causal connection between college training on the one hand and success or failure on the other, different men will draw different conclusions front different points of view. Unless the "right stuff" is in a boy, no college can p«t it there; ami if it be already there. even the handicap of a lack of well roitnded development under careful guidance may not only r>e overcome by earnest, persistent, and single-minded devotion, but even transformed into a lever whereby genius turns defeat to victory. It may be. as we have before' had occasion to remark, that, In pro- portion to total numbers, more fools are sent to college than geniuses kept at home, but it does not follow that either class is exhausted in that cate- gory. Educational Appointments. A new president of Barnard College. Columbia I'liiversity. New York City, was Installed May 1, in the person of Miss Laura D. Gill, a graduate of Smith College, well known for her rec- ord during the last two years in phil- anthropic* ami educational work in Cuba. Miss Mm iv Emma Woolcy, from Wellesley College (Mass.), was inaugu- rated president of Mount Holyoke Col lege. South Hadley, Mass., May 15. The Bev. Dr. J. W. Morris, formerly pastor of St. Luke's Methodist Kpis- copal Clmrch. l.ynn. Mass., was elect- ed, about May 1. president of the Mon- tana Wesleyan University. Helena, Mont., to succeed Dr. Thomas Van Scoy, MUSIC AND DRAMA. The production of Manru, a new opera by i'aderewski, in Dresden, on May L".». is reported to have l)een a brilliant success, and the audience en- thusiastically applauded the composer, the stage manager, and the leader of the orchestra. The passages thai most delighted them were the love duet in the second pari and the violin solo. The music was purely gypsy, with ad- mirable Instrumentation, in-. Alfred Nossig wrote the libretto The scene is laid in the mountains of Tatra. be- tween Hungary and Ualicia; Manru is a gypsy wlio lias married a beauti- ful Slavic girl. Ilunna. and tries to settle down to a quiet life: lie becomes a blacksmith. The story of Manru and Ilunna. as developed in the play, is thus told by the New York '•Her- ald's" Dresden correspondent: Act. I. takes place in the village from which Hiiniia has been stolen. Ilunna returns to the village to beg her mother's forgiveness for marrying the gypsy. But the mother vehemently refuses to pardon her unless she deserts Manru. Gobbo, a dwarf and soothsayer, who is in love with her, counsels her to accede to her mother's request. Ilunna. however. tests his devotion by asking him for a love potion to give to Manru. whose love, she fears, is iravering, because be Is growing tired of his quiet life and hums to return to his tril>e. Manru conies up- on the scene and the villagers rush upon hiiu, hut Buntta's intercession saves hiiu. In the next act. in the mountain home of Manru and Ilunna. she administers the love potion. He sinus to her in im- passioned strains. But the effect is only temporary, and when a gypsy messenger arrives to ask Manru if he will return Is the tribe and wed Asa, its beautiful Onees, bi Is prevented from going only by Hunna's entreaties. A-.i herself appears in ti.e third act, and offers him her hand in marriage if he will desert his wife and return to the gypsies. He is persuaded. But a gypsy. Dros. who is in love with Asa. in a frenzy of jealousy, seizes Manru and burls him from a cliff, killing him. 818 SOCIOLOGY. July No., 1901 SOCIOLOGY. The Trust Problem. MR. SCHWAB'S TESTIMONY. Some interesting rays of light on the question of industrial consolidations were elicited May 11, in the testimony of Mr. Charles M. Schwab, president of the United States Steel Corporation, before the Industrial Commission. Among the expected advantages of the combination would be the saving of ex- pense by concentrating the administra- tion of the formerly separate concerns, by effecting a mutual exchange of pro- ducts on better terms, and by cutting the item of transportation down to a minimum through the concentration at one point of all business for which a plant was specially adapted. The corporation has enough iron in sight to last GO years at the present rate, and enough of the choice Con- nellsville coal to last thirty years. The tendency would .e to lower prices. It was true, said Mr. Schwab, speaking of the tariff question, that American manufacturers sold their products in for- eign markets at lower prices than they obtained at home, the rates on steel rails, for example, being $23 and $27 respectively. But it -as also true, though many people didn't seem to know it, that the export trade is carried on at a loss— this being necessary in order to keep the works running full all the time and to meet foreign competition. This did not injure the laborers, who receive just as high wages as ever. A protective tariff is not needed in lines where the cost of labor is a small factor, e. g., in billets and rails; but in the finer grades, such as wire, where labor is a heavy item, the present tariff is necessary in order to give labor its adequate reward. Home tariffs help some, but foreign tariffs are what hurt the American manufacturer. "If only we could get into Germany and. France duty free, tn«j world's markets would be ours." On the gre.it question of the labor unions, Mr. Schwab said that these had practically ceased to exist in the Carne- gie works r nee the troubles of 1892 (see CURRENT HISTORY, Vol 2, pp. 287, 399); and sime then wages had averaged higher than before. Every well managed and successful manufacturing enterprise had learned by experience that the only safe business course was to pay to labor every cent labor is worth. He did not believe in "a labor aristocracy." Labor unions encouraged mediocrity. "Under the labor union system all members are reduced to a dead level of equality, and the wage scale largely is determined by the worth and capability of the cheapest workman, instead of the most capable and highest priced. This narrows opportunity, dulls ambition, and gives no man a chance to rise. . . . "Never has there been such scarcity of specially trained men, such as corpo- rations desire, as now. The opportunity for young men is greater than I have ever known it before. I think a man with large ability has a better opportu- nity at present to work his way into a big corporation and gain a holding there than ever in the past." The opportuni- ties, however, for men with small capi- tal alone, as distinguished from energy, brains, and special training, are not so great as formerly. MR. BRYAN ON TRUSTS. A recent number of "Collier's Maga- zine" contains an anti-trust polemic from the pen of the Hon. William J. Bryan. After citing the fact that the capitali- zation of the new steel combine is one- seventieth of the entire wealth of the country, and represents over one-half of afl the money in circulation, he goes on to arraign the practice of overcapitaliza- tion, or "watering" of stock, and asks why it is that when farmers, merchants, and laborers are unable to inflate the value of their products, the corporations should be permitted to earn dividends on a fictitious capitalization. He makes an indictment of 9 counts against the trusts as follows: 1. They dictate extortionate prices. 2. They decrease wages. 3. The raising of prices will lessen demand and tend to throw men out of employment. 4. All losses can be shifted by the trusts onto labor. 5. Monopoly deteriorates the products. 6. The trusts can manipulate the stock market. 7. Monopoly makes a row places with big salaries at the ex- pense of subordinates. 8. Monopoly cre- ates a sullen spirit among artisans. 9. It leads to an industrial hereditary aris- tocracy. SOME ADDITIONAL DANGERS. The experience of the International Paper Company, incorporated in New York in 1893, calls attention to some tendencies of consolidation calculated RELIGION. 319 to annul tiu> advantages <>f grea tat economy claimed feo result from een- truiization of management. The officers of the independent works merged in the consolidation are apt to be reappointed to positions in the new eou- m at largely increased salaries. Makers of materials required in the manufacture of the products of the combine are apt to raise their prices. Railroads are not likely to assent quietly to a reduction of their receipts; and thus the expectation of economy in freights is likely to be offset by a raise in rates and a refusal to make special contracts, which were readily secured in the days of free competition. While small concerns might be willing to take their chances on a supply of raw material, a big one, hav- ing put all its eggs into one basket, can- not afford to do so, and the eagerness of the combine to buy up large supplies of raw material tends to increase the cost of production because of the additional interest charges, etc., on the capital thus invested. RELIGION. The Presbyterian Assembly. The religious gathering of the month attracting greatest attention was the 113th General Assembly of the Pres- byterian Church, North, in Philadel- phia, Pa.. May 1G-28. The Rev. Dr. H. C. Minimi, a native of Washington county, Pennsylvania, for the last eleven years professor of systematic theology in the San Francisco (Oil.) Seminary, was elected moderator, se- curing 337 votes against 270 cast for Kev. Dr. George T. Purves of the Fifth Avenue church, New York City. IUCVISION DKCIDED UPON. May 23, the retiring moderator, Rev. Dr. c. A. Dickey of Philadelphia, chairman of the committee of fifteen on creed revision appointed last year (Vol. 10. pp. 4!Hi. M81), submitted the majority and minority reports of his committee. Of the 202 presbyteries heard from sixty-three favored some revision; sixty- eight favored I supplemental statement interpreting ami making clearer the Con- fOMlon of Faith: and fifty voted t.. appointed to prepare a brief summary of the re- formed faith, not to be a substitute for the Confession, and not to affect the terms of subscription, but rather to mani- fest and maintain the integrity of the reformed faith; and also to prepare amendments to live chapters of the Con- fession of Faith, either by modification of the text or by a declaratory state- ment. The minority report protested against the brief declaratory statement suggested by the majority, as being liable to nearly all the objections lying against a new creed, and recommended that the sec- tion of the report calling for a summary of the doctrine held by the Church should be omitted. The interesting debate that followed was eminently dignified and serious, re- vealing a division of the delegates into three groups: (1) the conservatives, op- posing any change in the doctrinal standards of the Church; (2) a group de- sirous of setting aside the Confession as not truthfully expressing the belief o. the Church; and (3), between these ex- tremes, a group which might be called centrists, who favored maintaining the old Confession, with a few modifications, and who desired the adoption of a clear "declarative" statement. setting forth the most important doctrines, and laying ■pedal emphasis upon the love of God for mankind, and on the work of the Holy Spirit. The minority report was rejected, Mav 25, by a vote of 271 to 234. When, on May 28, a deadlock seemed impending over the issues raised by the majority report, an amendment offered by Dr. James D. Moffatt, president of Washington and Jefferson College, brought the two wings into harmonious concert and secured unanimous adoption of the recommendations as amended, as follows: "A.— We recommend that a committee (of 21) as provided for by the form of government. Chapter XXI II., Section 3. be appointed by this assembly. "R.— (Dr. Moffatt's amendment* -We recommend that this committee be in- structed to prepare nod to submit to the next General Assembly (to be held in New York City) for such disposition as may be judged to be wise, a brief state- ment of the reformed faith, expressed, as far as possible, in untechnical terms. m hisASTEllS. JuV No., 190* The said statement is to be prepared with a view to its being employed to give information and a better understanding of our doctrinal beliefs, and not with a view to its becoming a substitute for, or an alternative of, our Confession of Faith. "C. — We further recommend that this committee be instructed to prepare amendments of Chapter III.; Chapter X., Section 3; Chapter XVI., Section 7; Chapter XXII., Section 3, and Chapter XXV., Section 0, of our Confession of Faith, either by modification of the text, or by declaratory statement, so as more clearly to express the mind of the Church, with additional statements con- cerning the love of God for all men, mis- sions, and the Holy Spirit. It being un- derstood that the revision shall in no way impair the integrity of the system of doctrine set forth in our Confession; and taught in the Holy Scripture." Just as in the case of Dr. Dickey last year, the moderator of this year's as- sembly, Dr. Martin, was selected as chairman of the committee charged with the work of preparing a revision to be submitted to the Assembly of 1902. The special paragraphs of the West- minster Confession of Faith to pass under revision are indicated as fol- lows: In Chapter III., entitled "Of God's Eternal Decree/' the paragraphs read- ing: ,rBy the decree of God, for the mani- festation of His glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, and others foreordained to everlast- ing death. These angels and men. thus predestinated and foreordained, are par- ticularly and unchangeably designed; and their number is so certain and defiaite that it cannot be either increased or di- minished." Chapter X., Section 3, says: "Elect infants, dying in infancy, are regenerated and saved by Christ through the Spirit, who worketh when, and where, and how He pleaseth." Chapter XVI., Section 7, reads: "Works done by unregenerate men, al- though for the matter of them they may be things which God commands, and of good use both to themselves and others, yet, because they proceed not from a heart purified by faith, nor are done in a right manner, according to the word, nor to a right end, the glory of God, they are therefore sinful and cannot please God or make a man meet to re- ceive grace from God." Chapter XXII., Section 3, condemns the refusal to take an oath imposed by the state. Chapter XXV., Section 6 — on which there is very little difference of opinion as to the need for revision — reads: "There is no other head of the Church but the Lord Jesus Christ. Nor can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof; but is that anti-christ, that man of sin and son of perdition, that exalt- eth himself in the Church against Christ and all that is called God." Miscellaneous. The national anniversaries of the various societies connected with the Baptist Church (North) were held at Springfield, Mass., May 20-28. In num- bers the Baptists, among Protestant denominations, stand second only to the Methodists, latest statistics report- ing in the United States 43,959 Bap- tist churches, with a membership of 4.233,220, and 29,810 ordained minis- ters. Little in the way of definite progress was made towards co-ordina- tion and consolidation of work. A resolution for a mid-year conference of the Executive Boards was adopted; and more definite results are looked for in 1902. The Congregational Home Mission- ary Society celebrated Its seventy- fifth anniversary In Boston, Mass- May 14-16. The Rev. Dr. Frederick L. Rooker, secretary of the Apostolic Delegation, Washington, D. C, has been appointed chamberlain to the Pope, with the title of Monsignor— the first American to be thus chosen. DISASTERS. The Jacksonville Fire. A fire originating in the chimney of a negro cottage adjoining the works of the Cleveland Fibre Company, Jack- sonville, Fla., May 3, destroyed 148 street-blocks of an area thirteen blocks wide and two miles long. The loss of property was not less than UfDKX TO PERIODICAL UTKliATURB. 321 $10,000,000; fully 1,600 buildings wtn burned, and Iu.imhi people made home- less. The loss of Ufa was small, prob- ably not over four Off live, faff tin- lire broke out shortly after noon and the in ha I »it ants were uhlr to tlee to safety without panic Collision of Trolley Cars. Two cars running at the rate of forty inih's an hour on one track in opposite directions came In collision on the Albany & Hudson third rail electric road, near East < Jreenbnsh. N. V.. Sunday, .May L'ti. Five persons were killed, and over thirty injured. some of them gravely. The motorman of the north-bound car. instead of waiting on a siding for a south bound car to pass, calculated to make the next siding while the main truck was still clear. INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. BEING A SELECT, CLASSIFIED LIST OF TIMELY AND IMPORTANT ARTICLES APPEARING IN OTHER MACAZINKS, AND FORMING VALUABLE SUPPLEMENTARY READING. For convenience of reference the classification is made to conform to that of the contents of "Current History." ABBREVIATIONS USED. Atlan. Can. . Cbnt. ClIAUT. COSMOP. KORI'M GtfMT. Hartbk Indep Internat. Atlantic Monthly, Boston Canadian Magazine, Toronto, Ont. Century, New York Chautauquan, Cleveland, O. ( oMnopolitan, lrvington. New York Forum, New York Ounton's Magazine, New York Harjwr's Monthly, New York Independent, New York International Monthly, Burlington, Yt. McCi.tRF. . . McClure's Magazine, New York Missf.v . . Munscy's Magazine, New York Nat Gko., National Geographical Magazine, N.Y. N. I M. . . New England Magazine, Boston No. Am. . North American Review, New York Out.. . . . Outlook, New York I'm-. So. . Popular Silence Monthly, New York R. ok R. . . Review of Reviews, New York S< Kin. . Scribner's Magazine, New York \V. \\ . ... World's Work. New York /* indicating dates, the usual abbreviations of names of months are used. International Affairs. i. Venezuelan Boundary Controversy Grover Cleveland. Cent. .June. World Politics of To-day. E. A. Start. Cliaut. June. Russia in t lit* East. A. N. Benjamin. Mnnsev. .lune. Governing the Orient on Western Prin- ciples. Prof. Paul S. Reinsch. Fnnnn. June. Tin' Pope and the Temporal Power. K. de Cesare. No. Am. June. Affairs in America. Colonies and Nation. A short history of the people of the United states. Womlrow Wilson. Etannng serially in I [erper. Tlie Literature of Expansion. Charles A. Cunant. Intermit. June. 'Hie Manila ( Ynsorship. Harold Mar- thi. Eornni. June. Work of the Cuban Convention. Al- bert <;. RoMmm, Forum. June. The N«gn i« He Heally Is. W. E. It. Dubois. W. W. June. Industrial Awakening of the South. Leonora B. Ellis. Guut. June. The Pan-American Exposition. W. II. Hotchkiss. It. of It. June. The Artistic Bide of the Buffalo Expo- sition. Ernest Knaufft. It. of It. June. Secrets of Tammany's Success. Gus- lavus Meyers. Forum. June. The Wars of Wall Street. The Editor, (•tint. June. Oil Strikes in Texas and California. Or. O. T. Day. R. of R. June. Our Forest Reservations. Prof. J. W. Tourney, Pop. Sci. June. The Printing of Spoken Words. P. Ireland. R. of R. June. Interoceanic Waterways. Geo. B. Waldron. Chant. June. Affairs in Europe. The English Language: its Debt to King Alfred. Brnnder Matthews. Har- per. June. The Irish Question. Prof. Goldwin Smith. No. Am. June. An American View of the British In dustrial Situation. John P. Young. Fo- rum. June. The Kaiser's Speeches and German History. Karl Bliml. Forum. June. Russian Nihilism of To-day. Abraham 322 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. July No.. 1901 Cahan. Forum. June. The Dikes of Holland. Gerard H. Matthes. Nat. Geo. June. Affairs in Asia. China: H?r History and Development. Hon. John Barrett. Nat. Geo. June. Science and Invention. A Plea for Pure Science. Prof. H. A. Rowland. Pop. Sci. June. The Malaria Germ and Allied Forms of Sporozoa. Dr. G. M. Calkins. Pop- Sei. June. Marconi, Tesla, and Pupin — Wireless Telegraphy and Ocean Telephony. Prof. J. S. Ames. R. of R. June. The Winning War Against Consump- tion. S. Baxter. R. of R. June. Geology and the Deluge. Prof. F. G. Wright. McClure. June. How Niagara Has Been Harnessed. W. C. Andrews. R. of R. June. Sunspots and Rainfall. Sir N. Lock- yer. No. Am. June. The Periodic Law. Prof. J. L. Howe. Pop. Sci. June. Bees. A Nature Study. N. H. Moore. Chaut. June. Literature. Greek Women in Modern Literature and Art. H. A. Haring. Chaut. Jung. Critical Studies in French Literature: George Sand. F. M. Warren. Chaut. June. Poetry of the Chinese. Dr. W. A. P. Martin. No. Am. June. A Hermit's Notes on Thoreau. Paul Elmer More. Atlan. June. Art. Tolstoi's Moral Theory of Art. John A. Macy. Cent.. June. Education. Opportunity of the Small College. H. W. Howell. Atlan. June. Encroachment of the American College Upon the Field of the University. Simeon E. Baldwin. Internat. June. The American Woman: A German Point of View. Hugo Munsterberg. In- ternat. June. Working One's Way Through College. Alice K. Fallows. Cent. June. An Ideal Schoolhouse. Dr. Wm. H. Burnhani. W. W. June. A Maguificenc Home of Learning. The New University of California. W. W. June. Alleged Luxury Among College Stu- dents. A. T. Hadley and C. C. Harri- son. Cent. June. Teaching Farmers at Home. John Craig. W. W. June. Religion. Jubilee of the Y. M. C. A. L. L. Dog- gett. No. Am. June. Fifty Years of the Y. M. C. A. in America. James H. Ross. N. E. M. June. Y. M. C. A. in Europe. W. S. Har- wood. Cent. June. Religion of a College Student. Prof. F. G. Peabody. Forum. June. The Outlook for Christianity. Rev. W. Gladden. No. Am. June. Education of Preachers. Rev. S. D. McConnell. W. W. June. Civics, Economics, and Sociology. Trusts and Public Policy. Chas. J. Bullock. Atlan. June. How Trusts Affect Prices. Jeremiah W. Jenks. No. A.m. June. Municipal Ownership. John Martin. W. W. June. The Recent Growth ot Wealth. Chas. A. Conant. W. W. June. Place of the Senate in Our Govern- ment. H. L. West. Forum. June. Trade Routes m*d Civilization. Jacques W. Redway. Gunt. June. Railway Alliance and Trade Districts of the United States. Charles H. Hull. Internat. June. Biography. Professor Rowland, the Great Physi- cist. R. of R. June. A View of Pierpont Morgan and His Work. E. C. Machen. Cosmop. June. Sir Hiram Maxim. Chalmer Roberts. W. W. June. Daniel Webster. John Bach McMas- ter. Cent. June. Wellington. Goldwin Smith. Atlan. Travel and Description. The Wonderful Northwest. H. A. Stanley. W. W. June. Mexico of To-day. Sr. Dr. Don J. N. Navarro. Nat. Geo. June. Washington During Reconstruction. S. W. McCall. Atlan. June. • A Caravan Tour of the Peloponnesus. J. I. Manatt. Chaut. June. NECROLOG Y :iS6 VlecxoloQV. American and Canadian. ASCENSION. MOTHER, last of the early pioneers »t Notre Dane, lad.; born in France, iu 1826; died May L BABCOCK, REV. DR. MALTBIE DAVBNPfcOT, pastor of the Brich Presbyterian church, New York City; born in Syracuse, N. Y.; died by suicide while in the delirium of ferer in Naples, Italy, May 18, aged 4:5. Was graduated from Syracuse University, '79, and from the Auburn Theological Seminary. '82, Liis first pastorate was at Lockport, N. Y.. whence he went to the Brown Memo- rial church in Baltimore. Mo!., remaining in the latter post until called to New York, in February, 1900. BISHOP, ARCHIBALD, Canadian politician and former M. P.; born near Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1829; died at Osborne, Ont., April 25. Represented South Huron in the Legislature continu- ously from 1873 to 1894, when he re- tired. BOUTELLE, CHARLES ADDISON, journalist, ex-congressman, and Civil War veteran; born at Damariscotta, Me., Feb. 9, 1839; died at Waverley, Mass., May 21. Educated at Yarmouth Academy and followed his father's pro- fession as a shipmaster. In 1862 he vol- unteered in the U. S. Navy, serving with honor and promotion until 1860. In 1870 he became editor, and in 1S74 proprietor of the Bangor "Whig and Courier." He served in Congress con- tinuously from the 48th to the 56th Congress, being especially active in naval affairs. On retiring from Con- gress he was placed on the retired list of the navy as captain, because of his Civil War services. For portrait see Vol. 4, p. 29. CHARLESWORTH. CAPT. F. C, assistant adjutant-general of Kansas; died at Topeka, Kan.. May 4. Served in the Civil and Spanish wars. EDW'ARDS, WILLIAM JOHNSON, former president of Princeton University, and descendant of Jonathan Edwards; born in Warren, O., in 1811; died at Ymingstown, O., May 18. ELLIOTT. WILLIAM IL. merchant and politician; born near Amherstburg. Ont.; died in Detroit, Mieh.. May 1, aged 57. Was a member of the Repub- lican National Committee. FAIRBANKS. MRS. MARY E.. willow of Governor Horace Fairbanks of Vernon t; born at Deny, N. II. , March 2, 1824; died at St. Johnabory, V*L, May 4. FEENY. DR. JOHN L.. assistant sanitary superintendent of the Borough of Richmond, New York City; born at Stapleton, N. Y.. May 29, 1846; died there May 31. Studied medicine at the rnivcrsity of the City of New York, graduating at the head of his class iu '06. GAGE, MRS. CORNELIA LAN SING, wife of the Secretary of the Treasury; born in Albany, N. Y., died in Washington, D. C, May 17, aged 58. Lyman J. Gage was a widower when she married him, ami she was the widow of his brother, Lloyd G. Gage. G LEA SON, PATBIGK JEROME, politician and ex-Mayor of Long Island City, N. Y.; born in Irelaud; died in Long Island City, May 20, supposed to have been about 70 years old. Came to this country as a young man and became a power in politics in Long Island City, of which he was mayor, 1887-93, and 1896-99. when the office was removed by the Greater New York consolidation. HELLMUTH, RT. REV. ISAAC, formerly Bishop (Anglican) of Huron, Canada; born of Jewish parents near Warsaw, Poland, Dec. 14, 1820; died at Weston-super-Mare, England, May 30! Educated at the University of Breslau, he went to England and b came a Chris- tian. He went to Canada in 1844. en- tered the Church; became archdeacon of Huron in 1861, and In 1863 principal of Huron Theological College; and became Bishop of Norfolk in 1871, and a few months later second Bishop of Huron. In 1883 he resigned, and returned to England, becoming Bishop Coadjutor of Ripon. Retired from the diocese of Ri- pon in 1896 and was named rector of Bridlington, Yorkshire. Was the found- er of He .Tiiuth College. London, Ont. He was the author of a work on "The Authenticity and Genuineness of the Pentateuch," and "A Biblical Thesau- rus, with an Analysis of Every Word in the Original Languages of the Old Testa- ment." HOFFMAN. GEN. EDWARD M.. adjutant-general of the New York Na- tional Guard; born in Elinira, N. Y., in 1857; died in Albany. N. Y.. May 15. HOWLAN. HON. GEORGE WIL- LI AM, ex-Lieutenant-Governor of Prince 324 NECROLOGY. July No.. 1901 Edward Island; born in Wakefield, Ire- land, May 19, 1835; died in Charlotte- town, P. E. I., May 11. Was active in promotion of Confederation; and a sen- ator of the Dominion, 1873-94, when he was appointed lieutenant-governor. HOWLAND, WESTON, discoverer of the method of refining petroleum; died at Fairhaven, M;iss., May 19, aged 80. JOOS, VERY REV. MONSIGNOR EDWIN, Vicar-General of the Detroit diocese, and domestic prelate to Pope Leo XIII.; horn in Belgium in 1829; died at Monroe, Mich., where he had charge of St. Mary's Academy, May 18. KING, HON. GEORGE E., puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; • """»•*•.- jjk ffkt : ■^ 1 ' > J \ x f J| kl - THE LATE HON. J. J. ROSS, CANADIAN SENATOR. born in St. John, N. B., Oct. 3, 1839; died at Ottawa, Ont., May S. Educated at Mt. Allison College, N. B., and at Wesleyan University, Conn. He was called to the bar in 1805, entered politics with success, and succeeded to the su- preme bench in 1893. He served as one of the British commissioners to arbi- trate the Bering Sea claims. For port- rait see Vol. 7, p. 91. LEWIS, MOST REV. JOHN TRA- VERS, Anglican Archbishop of Ontario and Metropolitan of Canada; born near Cork, Ireland, June 26, 1825; died at sea, en route for Englaud, May 4, Graduated with high honors from Trin- ity College, Dublin, '48. In 1850 he went to Canada and was appointed mis- sionary to West Hawkesbury, Ont. In 1802 he became the first Bishop of On- tario, and in 1893 was created Arch- bishop and Metropolitan (Vol. 3, pp. 107, 044). He was the author of many pub- lished sermons, lectures, and articles in religious periodicals. For portrait see Vol. 10, p. 844. He is succeeded as Metropolitan by the Most Rev. William Bennett Bond (p. 243). LYMAN, HENRY HARRISON, Commissioner of Excise of New York; born in Jefferson co., N. Y., in 1841; died at Oswego, N. Y., May 4. Rose to a colonel's commission in the Civil War, and then engaged in business in Oswego. Held a variety of offices until 1890, when he was appointed excise commissioner. MACKAY, REV. DR. G. L., distin- guished Canadian missionary; born at East Zorra, Oxford co., Out., Mar. 22, 1844; died in Formosa, in the latter part of May. In 1871 he went to Formosa as a missionary, the first missionary to the heathen sent out by the western sec- tion of the Canada Presbyterian Church. With the exception of two brief visits to Canada, he remained there until his death. McLEAN, JOHN W\, editor; born at Dumfries, Waterloo co., Ont., Nov., 1832; died at Picton, Ont., May 12. For sixteen years he had been publisher and editor of the Picton "Times." MINER, COL. JAMES G., assistant secretary of the Confederate Navy in the Civil War, a native of New England; died at Milford, O., May 28, aged 82. Was a graduate of Edinburgh University. Served in the Mexican War, and before the Civil War was one of the owners of the famous Tredegar Iron Works at Richmond, Ya. The war swept away his fortune, and he was un- able to re-establish himself, dying in poverty. MITKIEWICZ, COUNT EUGENE STANISLAUS DE. exiled Polish noble- man, in the United States a business man; died at Asbury Park, N. Y., May 13, aged 48. MOREAU, RT. REV. LOUIS Z., Soman Catholic Bishop of St. Hya- cinthe, Que.; born at Betancour, April 1, 1824; died May 24. Was ordained a priest in 1840, and consecrated bishop in 1870. • PARSELL, HENRY VAN ARS- DALE, noted as a man of charity and member of numerous philosophic organ- izations; born at New Brunswick, N. J., m:!.<><; v MB Sept. 3, 1688J «lio«l in Now York City. May 2* POBTBB, GEN. FIT/. John, najor- |Wfll of volunteers, ami colonel, U. S. A., n-tiiv.i; born iii Pui taiuonth, N. H., Auk. H, 102' died ill Morristown, N. J.. Mu.v 21. Was graduated at West Point, '45. ami served through tlie Mexi- i'iiii ami Civil wars. Was cashiered in I8J88 upon charges later found baseless, W»M reinstated and retired at his own rei|iiest in 1886. I pon leaving tlie army he engaged in business. POBTBB, WILBUB F.. mayor of Watertown, N Y.: born in Herkimer eo„ N. Y.. in 1888; died at Water- town, May 21. Was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of New York state in 1806. For portrait, see Yol. 0, p. 1*40. PFLUEGER. CAUL, musical director and composer of popular comic operas; born in Cassel, Germany. I860; died at Cambridge, Mass.. May 21. He came to this country as tenor with the Ger- man Opera Company, being the first to impersonate Lohengrin in this country. PRICE, HIUAM, retired banker and ex-congressman; born in Washington eo.. Pa., Jan. 10, 1814; died in Washing- ton. D. 0., May 30. Was president of the state bank of Iowa, 1860-66; mem- ber of Congress, 1803-1.9. 1877-81; Unit- ed States Commissioner of Indian Af- fairs. 1881 -85. BOSS, HON. JOHN JONES, Con- servative Canadian senator; born in Quebec, Que.. Auk. 16 l*-"1-"-: died at St. Anne de la Pelade. May 4. He was ap- pointed senator in 1887, and was speaker of the Upper House 1881-86 He was a member of Sir Charles Tupper's minis- try. May-July, 1886 resigning with his coHeagnea (VoL 0. pp. 167, 4<»7i. ROSSE, DR. IBVING COLLINS, writer and traveller; born in Dorchester eo., Md.; died iu Washington, D. C, early in May, aged forty-two. BOWSE, BAMUBL W.. artist; born at Hath. Me.. Jan. 20, 1822; died at Morristown, N. Y.. May 24. RUSSELL. MICHAEL. New York state senator; born at Troy, N. Y., 1844; died there May 0. Served three years with the volunteers in the Civil War, be- ing badly wounded. Attained the brevet rank of captain. SCADDING, REV. DR. HENRY. Canadian clergyman (Anglican) ami early pioneer; born in Devonshire. Eng- land, in 1818; died in Toronto, Ont., May •;. Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at St. .John's Col- leue. Cambridge, Eog. Was ordained a priest in 1888. Became classical master at Upper Canada College, remaining connected with it lor twenty five years. lie wrote considerably, being espeeially Interested in the local history of Toronto and York county. SMITH. (APT. WILLIAM 1L. F. R. O. S., Dominion marine examiner; born at Broadetaira, Kent. England, Apr. 21, 1888; died at Halifax. N. S.. May 10. Commanded several of the largest steam- ers of the Allan Line. SPIER. WILLIAM EDWARD, busi- ness man; born at Northville, N. Y.; died in New York city May 8. He was one of the corporators of the paper trust, and an extensive owner of Canadian and Peruvian mines. IAN. NEK. JOHN RILEY, former Governor of Illinois; born in Warrick Co., Ind.. Apr. 4. 1844; died in Spring- held, III., May 23. He served through the Civil War as a private; returned to farming in Illinois; was sheriff of Clay Co., 1870-7li; clerk of the circuit court, 1871-75; state senator, 1881-83; . United States marshal, Southern District of HI., 1883-84; state treasurer. 1887-80; rail- road commissioner, 1891-88; assistant United States treasurer, Chicago, 1802- 03; chairman Republican state commit- tee. 1804-05; governor, 1807-1001. UHL. EDWIN F.. Assistant Secre- tary of State and ex-Ambassador to Qer- bany; born at Avon Springs. N. Y.. in 1841; died at Grand Rapids, Mich., May 17. Was graduated at tlie University of Michigan, '01, and began practice of law in 1886 Was made assistant aec- retary by President Cleveland in 1803. ami ambassador to Germany in 1800 (Yol. 0. p. 158). For portrait, see Yol. 0. i). 164. VERREAU, REY. ABBE (Hospice Anthelme Jean Baptiste Yerreau), princi- pal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School since its foundation in 1857, and profes- sor of Canadian history at Laval Uni- versity since 1887; born at L'Islet. Que.. Sept. 0. 1S28: died in Montreal. Que., May 12. He was ordained priest in 1861. Was noted as an authority on Canadian history. WATERMAN. LEWIS E.. inventor of the fountain pel ami founder of the firm of L. E. Waterman Co.. New York; born in Decatur, 111.; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 1, aged 04. wilson. BBIQ.-GBN. THOMAS, 1'. S. A., retired; born iu the District of Columbia. June 10. 1882; died in New York City. May 30. Was promoted a 326 NECROLOGY. July No.. 1901 brigadier in 1865 for services during the Civil War. YOUNG, LEMUEL R., Civil War vet- eran; born in Hunterdon Co., N. J.; died at Newark, N. J., May 9, aged 63. Was for a time chief quartermaster on the staff of Gen. W. T. Sherman. Foreign. BISMARCK, COUNT WILLIAM, second son of the late Prince Bismarck; born at Frankfort-ou-the-Main in 1852; died at Varzin, Prussia, May 30. He served in the Franco-Prussian War, af- terward taking up a civil career as a lawyer in Berlin. Later he entered the public service, in 1879 as secretary to the governor of Alsace-Lorraine, and in 1889 as governor of Hanover. BOYLE, SIR COURTENAY, K. C. B., permanent secretary of the London Board of Trade; born in Jamaica, W. I., in 1845; died in London, Eng., May 19. Was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, and knighted in 1892. BOYSSET, CHARLES, dean of the French Chamber of Deputies; born in 1817; died about May 23. Was a deputy in the Legislative Assembly in 1849, and was elected to the National Assembly in 1871, being continuously re-elected since. OOMMERELL, SIR JOHN ED- MUND, V. C, Admiral of the Fleet, It. N., 1892-99; born in London, Eng., Jan. 13, 1829; died there, May 20. Had seen service in all parts of the globe, and was many times distinguished for bravery in action. PRADO, MARIANO IGNACIO, ex- President of Peru; born in 1826; died in Paris about May 6. Heading a success- ful revolution in 1865, he declared him- self dictator, and was later elected presi- dent. PRETORIUS, MARTHINUS WES- SELS, first president of the Dutch Afri- can Republic; born in Natal in 1827; died at Potchefstroom, May 19. REDHEAD, RICHARD, organist, and author of the familiar tune of "Rock of Ages"; died in London, May 3. DR. IRA REMSEN, NEWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT OF JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, HALTIMORK, MD., SUCCESSOR TO PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, RETIRED. # Vol. 11—22. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OF CURRENT HISTORY. VOL. 11. RECORD OF JU\E, 1901. No. 6 International Hffairs- THE SITUATION IN CHINA. Military Affairs. WITHltKAWAL FKOM 1'EKING. Til E month of June presents in China few events of prominence on the military or the diplomatic field. Most noticeable were the withdrawals of large portions of the allied forces according to decisions made weeks previously (p. 268) — withdrawals spectacular indeed, but pursuant to the general international policy whose professed purport was peace. Field Marshal Count von Walder- see departed from Peking, June 3, escorted to the station by the entire diplomatic body, with booming of artillery and a great'military display by all the allied troops. His aide- de-camp and nephew remained to escort Prince Chun, the Emperor's brother, to Berlin, where he is to present in behalf of China a formal apology for the murder of Baron von Ketteler. The field marshal sailed for Japan, purposing to return to Ger- many by way of German East Africa. At a meeting of the generals of the allies, June 2, it was decided to effect during June a gradual transfer of the administration of the city of Peking to the Chinese officials. Garrisons on the Taku Road. Final announcement has not been made of the points to be held by foreign garrisons between Peking and Taku ostensibly to keep safe egress for the foreign ministers in the capital. The original proposal of these garrisons is said to have been made by France, acceded to by Great Britain, and then urged into large development by Germany, which power is now understood to be intending to distribute its remain- ing brigade of 4,000 men at its lega- tion at the capital and at the two posts to be established. Whether the Japanese government will join in posting its troops at points out- side the capital is not made known. A STRANGE COUPLE. The two great powers which will take no part in this form of military occupancy in eastern Cliina are the United States and Russia ; and the coupling of these two as partners in a generous and noble abstention from an act which would invade the inde- pendence of a temporarily unfortun- ate neighbor nation gives an amusing illustration of the views of interna- tional relations put forth in a certain section of the press. In a prominent journal the fact that " neither Rus- sia nor the United States will detail troops to garrison posts " on the " territory of a neighboring empire " is adduced in a recent despatch as an instance in which " the policy of Russia is absolutely in line with that of the United States." The dispatch proceeds : " The Russian troops at Tien-Twin ■ il! shortly bo ordered home;" but adds sig i '<•!•> right, 1901, by Current History Company. 828 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. August No., 1901 nificantly, " the Russian force in Man- churia will not be reduced until the Chinese authority has been completely re-established. Japan, which is especial- ly interested in the Russian occupation of Northern China, has made no objec- tion to the retention of Russian troops there for the present, as the right of Russia to protect her railroad property in that region is well understood." torting them, except when avoiding them. Meanwhile, as hitherto, the Russian legions are holding Man- churia— for China. An Experiment Fortunately Ended. Count Von Waldersee's departure removed the restraint from a plain RT. HON. SIR EDWARD FRY, K.C., MKMBKR OK THE rRIVY COUNCIL OF ENGLAND, MEMBER OF THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF ARBITRATION AT THE HAGUE. The tone of solemn assurance in assertions giving strange meanings to facts known to all men might cause them to be classed as ironical, were not the same general tone audi- ble in the public official utterances whenever Manchuria becomes their theme. Whatever facts may find place in secret notes, the diplomacy that be- comes known is either veiling or dis- expression of English public feeling regarding the unprecedented military situation which thus ^comes to an end. The experiment was instruc- tive, but is likely to remain unparal- leled. The putting British soldiery under German command is declared at London to have promoted neither the empire's proper political ends nor its military prestige. The dis- THE SITUATION IN CHINA. m tinguished commander-in-chief is not at all blamed : his view of his rela- tions to the troops tampoc&rilj under his command w;is naturally the view of a German officer, and as such should not have been expected to accord with English interests or credit. The authorities are criticized for puttingthe British force so closely and keeping it is so long under his com- mand,while other nations gave a more loose interpretation to their obliga- tions— the forces of the United States and of France having long ago been effectively withdrawn from the German control, while Russia at- tained the same end by removing its soldiers from the province to which von Waldersee's command was lim- ited ; and Japan, though continuing a recognition of his authority, made that recognition so nearly nominal that it ceased to be exercised over Japanese troops. The extraordinary result was that the only considera- ble non-German force consistently acting under the orders of the Ger- man field marshal and of his staff was the British force ; and that this — the largest maintained by any power in the field — was treated as a German force with the significant exception that the count took none of its officers into his counsels : his staff was purely German, and no foreign officers were consulted even as to movements by their troops ; in- deed, so paramount were the Ger- man officials that they set aside on certain occasions agreements which the English officers had made with the Chinese. Under all the circum- stances it is fortunate that this well- meant but ill-advised experiment of joint occupation by half a dozen powers has ended without a serious clash. The Indemnity. i rjnri DISCORDANT. The leading question in the month of Jinn- aside from the military oc- cupation was that of the indemnity to be demanded of China by the powers (p. 270). In the discussions on this subject a complexity of minor questions has arisen, leading in the first week in June to what threat- ened to be an endless debate. China had agreed to pay ; but it remained for her to find the means, and then to convince the powers that they were adequate in value and sufficient- ly available to meet the demands that hail been formulated. The complexity of the situation was increased by the discordant views on each of the two great sides. The Chi- nese authorities, imperial and local, were at disagreement as to the sources of revenue that were to be hypothecated; the imperial authorities indicating as sources of payment the likin, salt, and native customs in general — in other words the provincial revenues; while the provinces, not unreasonably replying that they took no part in the Boxer out break, urge that the chief pecuniary burden belongs on Peking and the Met- ropolitan province of Chili. There seemed a probability that on this issue the Yang-tse viceroys might be found appealing to the powers for protection against exactions by Peking. GUARANTEE JOINT, OR INDIVIDUAL. Meanwhile the powers were urging acute differences (elsewhere noted) as to the nature of the guarantee requisite for China's great loan. Russia and France demanded that the loan should be guaranteed by all the allied powers jointly ; while the United States and Great Britain claiming only moderate indemnities, refused both the pecuniary responsi- bility and the liability to serious inter- national complications involved in lending their high credit to guaran- tee the monstrous claims of sonic others of the powers, whose credit in the market of the world is either absolutely or relatively low. Japan, standing with the English-speaking powers in the moderateness of its claim for indemnity, stands rather with Russia and France in urging a joint guarantee. The plan for a joint guarantee of the Chinese loan meets its chief difficulty, so far as the United States 330 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. August No., 1901 Courtesy of Munaey's Magazine. VIEW OF THE TOWN OK VLADIVOSTOK, RUSSIAN NAVAL STATION AND ORIGINAL PACIFIC TERMINUS OF THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAV, NOW A GROWING CITY OF 30,000 INHABITANTS. is concerned, in the fact that the Constitution does not authorize the executive to guarantee bonds except with the approval of Congress. It is not at all believed that Congress would approve a joint guarantee of so vast a total of bonds. Still fur- ther, the American view is adduced that four per cent bonds, as proposed by Russia, would not be a prudent investment for this government, whose bonds sell readily at 2 1-2 per cent, whereas Russian 4 per cent securities bring only 98 cents on the dollar The plan of the United States would almost certainly be to hold in its own treasury its quota of the bonds to be issued by the Chinese government, in- stead of selling them in the market. Ac- cording to the|scheme latest agreed on, an international administrative commis- sion would have in charge the distribut- ing of the interest on the indemnity: this commission of the powers would not concern itself directly in the collec- tion of the revenue, but would be watch- f n 1 with a view to issuing a united pro- test in case of any irregularity. To fore- stall efforts by the Chinese imperial gov- ernment to create among the powers a divided interest by making full payment to some and withholding from others, the commission would distribute jrro rata among them all any deficiencies which may occur. A ONE-SIDED PROPOSAL. A proposal by the Russian govern- ment to raise the customs duties to 10 per cent (amounting in gold to nearly four times the present rates), has been utterly unacceptable to both the United States and Great Britain. The British proposal, favored by this government also, is for an effective collection of 5 per cent ad valorem customs duties on all imports now theoretically or nominally subject to that rate under the Chinese treaties — a near equivalent in most cases to a collection of the present rates in gold instead of silver. The material point would be that the collections when in silver should be computed at the actual money value of the silver and not at some former arbi- trary gold and silver ratio. Russia's proposal is part of her one- sided plan for payment of the indemnity wholly or largely out of the Chinese cus- toms at the ports. Inasmuch as all Amer- ican trade with China goes through the port s. that is the trade which would be THE SITUATION IN CHINA. m taxed to pay Russia's enormous indem- nity; while Russia's trado with China all being overland would go in free or at such low rates as Russia might see fit to pay. Thus is explained Russia's uigency that China be provided with money to meet her indemnity by a great increase in the maritime customs. APPROACHING A SETTLEMENT. The last week in June saw a set- tlement of several points in the in- demnity question, to a considerable degree on lines accordant with the British (called also the British- American) proposal al>ove outlined. It was decided that China's method of payment should be by issue of her bonds ; and that the security should consist of an increase of the tariff on imports to an effective 5 per cent, the maritime customs, the native customs, a salt tax, and duties (not ad valorem) on specific articles to be determined by an international com- mission (p. 272). Also it was ar- ranged that the Shanghai-Tien-Tsin river conservancy should have the financial co-operation of the Chinese government. Two questions were still outstand- ing :— 1. Japan asks such an increase of her indemnity as shall compensate for her loss due to her inability under her present financial pressure to issue a 4 per cent loan at par. The exceptional services of the Japanese troops in relief of the lega- tions cause this claim to be regarded as entirely reasonable. 2. Russia proposes that if a deficit oc- cur in the service of the indemnity, the ministers of the powers should agree to discuss the meeting of the deficiency by an increase of tho tariff to 10 per cent. It is stated that with reservations all the ministers agree to this proposal except i ln« British minister, Sir Ernest M. Satow, who states categorically that Knglund v* ill assent to such doubling of the tariff only on condition of entire abolition of the likin, effective revision of the commercial treaties, and removal of various restrictions now fettering trade — tho total increase of reveuue thus obtained to be applied to these specific purposes and not to the service of the war indemnity. / INDEMNITIES OFFICIALLY UNDER- STATED. The statements of all the powers signifying theamountof their several claims for indemnity are declared by a correspondent of the London Timet to present no approach to a true es- timate of the money penalty inflicted on China. Thus Russia shows no balance-sheet of the seizures secured by her forces in the rich old cities of Manchuria, or of the immonsely valuablo contents of tho Tien- Tsin arsenal, which the Russian authori- ties have wholly transferred to Port Arthur. Thus Germany shows no bal- ance-sheet of the great sums secured in the systematic raiding by her troops in the province of Chi-li, or of such valuable loot as the astronomical instruments in the Peking dbscrvatory, which were shipped from Taku to Ger- many about the middlo of June. Thus France states her entire claim in the sum of $57,300,000; of which tho claims of so- cieties and individuals (almost entirely claims of the Roman Catholic Church on account of the destruction of mission Eroperty) amount to $18,000,000— this eing exclusive of the sums exacted locally by Roman Catholic missionaries for indemnification of Chinese Chris- tians. A system, simple, promptly effective, and immensely lucrative, has been em- ployed in obtaining these local voluntary compensations. The wealthy Chinese families paid the compensation in order to obtain immunity from the frightfully vindictive visitations of their villages by foreign troops; and some of the officials paid to prevent their names from being put on the black list of proscribed officials involved in the guilt of the horrid Boxer rapine and murder. Trust- worthy reports show a total of many millions of taols extracted by this sys- tem, whose administration however well intended could not in days of such wild turbulence avoid exciting a general pop- ular district and hate. In some places the Protestant missions also accepted local compensation for damages to their native Chinese; this, though under all the forms of a voluntary popular offering, was practically (it is said) under the pressure of the sense of fear pervading tho community. The amounts, however, compared with those collectod by the Roman Catholics, were insignificant, as there was no general application of a thoroughly organized system. ULTIMATE EFFECT OF INDEMNITY. Two theories as to the ultimate effects on China of her attempt to meet any great money demand of the powers find utterance in prominent journals. The financial state of 332 INTERNA TIONA L A FFA IRS. August No., 1901 China is to be judged on a scale very much lower than that applied to governments of the Western world. In a land where countless millions of laborers are kept from starvation only by payments at the rate of a few cents a day, a small sum of money has immense significance. The revenues of the empire are very small in view of the fact that it con- tains about one-fourth of the total number of human beings in this world; and the judgment of some view of this liability that the United States government has striven stead- fastly to reduce the indemnity to the lowest possible terms, against the sordid rapacity of some European powers and the timidity or the ignorance of the Chinese negotia- tors. Another class of observers take a hopeful view. China, under compul- sion to make a loan in the money centres of Europe and America, is thereby under compulsion to do that D. DE SZILAGYI. HUNGARIAN EX-MINISTER OF JUSTICE, MEMBER OK THK HUNGARIAN HOUSE OF DEPUTIES, MEMI1ER OF THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF ARBITRATION AT THE HAGUE. men high in authority is that China is not able to pay the immense amount which she has agreed to pay in hope of thereby ridding her soil of foreign armies and her national life of the anarchy which the presence of those armies creates. When the bill be- comes due and cannot be paid the only recourse of the governments will be to pay themselves by partition of her territory — a fatality for China indeed, but also a dark menace for her partitioners. It is said that it is in which will be her surest safeguard against dismemberment, inasmuch as the money power of the world will not consent to let an empire go out of being, whose bonds to the amount of .some hundreds of millions would go with her. A great debt would be a sheet-anchor for China. This view is not that of statesmen ia general. Money has indeed an immense and over- weening power, but is not yet ac- knowledged as the final international force. THE SITUATION IN CHINA. m ARBITRATION PROPOSED. The " indirectness " in the col- lective note of the envoys, May 9 (p. 271), requiring of China as in- demnity for losses and expenditures till .July 1 the sum of 4;~>0,000,000 tails (estimated at alxnit $337,000,- 000), was manifested by the result- ing misunderstanding both on the part of the Chinese officials and on the part of the European and Ameri- can journals. It was made known _ on June 12, by United States Com- missioner Rockhill's proposal to sub- mit the whole indemnity question to the Arbitration Tribunal at The Hague, that, notwithstanding China's premature offer to pay the sum men- tioned— neither the exact amount nor the method of payment had been finally and formally recorded as set- tled. Mr. Rockhill's proposal, on orders from Washington, was one more effort of the United States gov- ernment to reduce the demands on China. It was warmly favored by leading journals in this country, but had little European support, and was not adopted by the envoys at Peking British and German Interests. About June 12 the Berlin Radical organ, the Vossische Zeitung, severe- ly censured the London Times for protesting against the establishment of a German garrison at Shanghai, and accused the London paper of at- tempting to create ill-feeling be- tween Britain and Germany. Other British papers had expressed sur- prise that a German garrison of 800 men was to be left in Shanghai as the Yang-Tse-Kiang region had long been regarded as within the "British ■shore of influence." The German Foreign Office gave no utterance on the subject; but the German press in general shows dislike of the Brit- ish criticism, and calls attention to the Anglo-German Yang-tsc agree- ment, according to which Germany is simply fulfilling a duty in fur- nishing a part of the troops requisite for the paorfical ion of the district. The lirrlinei' Tayvuhlatt says: " The territory is not asphere of British interest any more than of German." This shows the German gain in the course of recent events. Tone of Russian Diplomacy. The tone which Russian diplo- matist! use concerning Chinese af- fairs was instructively illustrated on . I line IS, in an interview in London by Jean de Bloeh, a Russian coun- cillor of state and member of the Czar's ministry of finance. He said that the one tangible and abiding result of the allied invasion of the Chinese empire had been to federate indissolubly a great and patriotic people. " It had awakened In them a sentiment nf impressive nationalism that bodes ill for the civilizations which so long have hold them in contempt. * * * The new China will certainly revolutionize inter- national commercial conditions. • • • China has simply been rudely aroused from centuries of slumber. When her eyes are wide open to her own potentiali- ties, the powers may rue the day they sounded the alarm." Loot and Destruction. Dispatches from Peking late in June state that the China Merchants1 Company, owners of the premises in Tien-Tsin at first occupied by the marines and afterward by Colonel Liseum's command as barracks, have entered a claim against the United States government for val- uables, furs, rugs, diamonds, etc, which they charge were taken by the mariues. The company's total claim amounts to 400,000 taels ($300,000). The premises, betas not in the Chinese city but part of the foreign concession, were not subject to looting. Investigation will be made. His found that many Chinese palace ennui lis have been selling valuables known to have come from the For- bidden City, which probably were paated over the city walls to the eunuchs' confederates, as no val- 334 I NTEIi NATIONAL AFFAIRS. August No., 1901 uables of any kind have been taken out past the American and Japanese guard at the gates. One beautifully carved table, seen only two weeks previously in the Forbidden City, was sold by a eunuch for 000 tacls. Members of the staff of Li Hung- Chang and Prince Ching report that great anxiety is felt and privately expressed by Earl Li and the Prince regarding a large amount of gold buried in the Forbidden City. Cer- tain eunuchs who knew the secret place of burial of this treasure have disappeared. No official statement however has been made. A Threat of Revolt. Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen, famous Chinese reformer — who was reported to have raised an army of 20,000 men last September, for overthrow of the Empress-Dowager and establish- ment of a reformed government (Vol. 10, ]>. 882) — is said to have left Honolulu on an American steamer for China intending renewal of revolutionary effort. He says that his agents have distributed arms and ammunition in various parts of the empire; that hundreds of men of influence, Chinese merchants and white residents, are his helpers; and that in a few weeks he will have 25,000 men under arms. It is not known whether his program is the same as before — the restoration of Emperor Kwang-Hsu to the throne from which the Em press- Dowager is consid- ered to have deposed him. In military operations last year Dr. Sun had much success, his final failure being due to lack of ammunition which had been bought in Japan, but was not delivered by the contractor. Miscellaneous. An imperial edict, dated June 6, an- nounced that the hot weather and the advanced age of the Empres^ Dowager will cause postponement of the return of the court to Peking until September 1. It is not known that any credence is to be given to the successive reports that the Empress will remove the capital from Peking to some distant inland city. An imperial edict was reported May 30 ordering destruction of all remaining official document* in order to make an end of burdensome precedents. It orders also the dis- missal of the old class of official writers on the "six boards," who, by their intimate knowledge of these precedents, have hitherto been able to block a speedy execution of official business; and it orders the presidents of those boards to es- tablish such regulations for the con- duct of future business as will enable them to have immediate knowledge of all transactions. These reports, if true, show a great step toward re- form. On June 5 the Italian minister at Peking received from an Italian Roman Catholic priest in Shan-si in- formation that fifteen prieste had been massacred at Ning tio-liang, southern Mongolia. All the native male converts were slaughtered with the priests, and the girls were or- dered taken to Prince Tuan and General Tung-Fuh-Siang in Mon- golia. The first American remittance for relief of the north China famine suf- ferers, $20,000, was sent, June 4. by cable by Louis Klopsch, of the Christian Herald, New York, to the Rev. Dr. Arthur H. Smith, of Tien- Tsin, chairman of the relief com- mittee formed by American mission- aries in China. Commissioner Rock- hill will give his official aid, and the authorities of the afflicted provinces will co-operate in the relief work. Li Hung-Chang, who had appealed to Mr. Klopsch for aid, telegraphed to Minister Wu at Washington his acknowledgments, expressing grati- tude " to the Americans, whose lib- erality and beneficence make no distinction of race or country." TUK HOKH WAR. 335 THE BOER WAR. General Military View. The record of June presents ;i con- tinuance of the slow process of attri- tion into which the contest in South Africa had degenerated (p. 273). There were no military events of more than local importance. Oppor- tunity is no longer offered for great strokes of military genius. Lord Roberta dealt with the large concen- trations of the Boer forces, and broke them into scattered bodies rallying in small numbers at isolated points, ap- pearing and disappearing, capturing here and there a British outpost, de- st loving railway bridges, derailing trains, watching opportunity for sud- den dashes across the boundary of Cape Colony, in all of which the Boers showed their well-known dar- ing, pertinacity, and craft. If their leaders had the high military capaci- ty with which some of them have been credited by newspaper cor- respondents and by some European critics, they have found in recent weeks or months little occasion to evince it. The British commanders from Lord Kitchener down have been squally devoid of opportunity except for dogged persistency in a weari- some chase. The British had indeed what the Boers had not, an organized army in the tiehl ; but the held was not of the kind in which such a force could In- put to its natural use : the necessities of their campaign of guardianship at a multitude of detached points and of pursuit of a rambling foe compelled them to adopt in varying degrees the Boer style of warfare. To do this the soldier of a regular European army would need to reverse much of his training; and it is probably true that the British forces and com- manders on the veldt have found the process of unlearning more slow and difficult than was their original train- ing. Later periods of the contest have shown them as meeting the in the Boers' own st vie, though it is doubtful if the Britisher ran fully match the Burgher in pure ele- mental craft. BOKK KOK0E8 CONCENTRATING. Military critics, however, notice of late a tendency of the Boers to con- centration. Their small companies have l>een able to move easily and swiftly ; but they have made or can make no clean sweep over'a wide dis- trict, while they have been found liable to be caught helplessly in such a sweep by the enemy. Moreover, the Boers have lost nearly all their large guns, have small stock of pro- visions and still smaller ammunition supply. Therefore, as is reported, they have suddenly adopted a new policy of concentration, with the pur- pose probably of a sudden descent on some towns where the people favor their cause and where they can obtain horses, cattle, ammunition, and other stores. To this new policy Lord Kitchener makes the counter-move of the removal from such exposed districts of the available horses and cattle. A 8V8TEMATIC CONCEALMENT. Another element, not new however in the Boer policy, is the studied con- cealment from their own people of the facts relative to the war. Their fighting men are S3rstematically kept in ignorance of the course of events, especially .in the international rela- tions of the war. Trustworthy re- ports represent the burghers as tired of fighting and as kept in the field only by the influence of their leaders. Instances are frequent like that — con- firmed from various quarters — of the company of Boers retiring from the little town of Carolina as the advance force of the 28th Hussars entered about tho midde of May. Their intention had been to surrender, but was changed by a mes- sage which arrived from Louis Botha at Ermelo, urging them to retire and hide till the British force bad passed, as there would soon be no British force remain- ing to disturb them. England, Botha said, was at war with Russia, and those of her soldiers that were not dying of tho plague were being hurried home for de- INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. August No., 1901 fense. Moreover the Boers had so entirely destroyed the railway in Orange River Colony that the English were compelled to trek to reach the sea coast. Botha owned that he himself had thought of making peace with Kitchener* but now he thanked God that he had rejected Kitchener's terms. In 1881 a blood-red comet appeared, meaning war; the comet now seen was white, which signified the peace that would shortly be given them, and with it independence. In the week previous Botha made a similar announcement at Ermelo. Two weeks earlier a report was everywhere current COUNT GOLUCHOWSKY, IMPERIAL MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. which explained Sir Alfred Milner's recent visit to London as due to the British government having heard that he was obnoxious to the Boers, and having therefore recalled him as an inducement to peace. About the same time the glorious news was being repeated from burgher to burgher and from commando to com- mando, of De Wet's magnificent vic- tory at Heilbron where he had killed 1,000 English, wounded 500, and taken 500 prisoners and eight guns. Thus is the war prolonged by false pretenses. Reports of Mediation, Arbitration, etc. Statements specifying various Eu- ropean powers as about to attempt mediation, arbitration or some form of intervention for ending the con- test have drawn official denials from various quarters. Count Goluchow- ski, Austro-Hungarian minister of foreign affairs, stated to an Austrian deputation, June 7, that the govern- ment could not entertain a sugges- tion of mediation between Great Britain and the Boers, because " no serious government would care to un- dertake mediation after the British government declared that it would not accept mediation, and that an offer to mediate would be regarded as an unfriendly act." On the same day, in the British House of Commons, Mr. Bvodrick, replying to questions regarding the probability of an early conclusion of peace in South Africa, reaffirmed that the government would not consent to discuss with the Boers the future in- dependence of the conquered states. The arrival of Mr. Kriiger and Dr. Leydsat The Hague, June 10, seemed to concur with a dispatch from that city in a Berlin paper of the same date saying that Queen Wilhelmina's recent visit to Berlin was meant to obtain Emperor William's good offices to end the South African war — both the ZweAbund and the J>rei- bund consenting — through The THE BOKR WAR. 337 Hague Tribunal, and that the Em- peror had consented and ilic tribunal had begun work on the case. This drew from the Berlin Foreign Office a statement authorized by Count von Billow, imperial chancellor, of which the following is a principal part : " Neither Great Britain, France, nor Kussia ever approached Germany for par- ticipation in any action aiming at ending the South African war. Germany has all along distinguished between offering her good offices and intervention. To render her good offices would be possible under certain circumstances, viz: — if both parties to the war requested it; but it will be remembered that Great Britain joined the conference at The Hague on condition that the Hoer states should be excluded. It is quite possible that the Boer side has now asked The Hague ar- bitration court to lend its aid to end the war somehow, and that the court has held a session regarding the matter; but that, of course, is entirely different from any serious steps to end the war." A Glance at Intervention. The question of intervention in its historical aspect is brought up by a trenchant letter in the London Times, June 7, from an Afrikander who tes- tifies that he had urged the Boers to make war to ensure their indepen- dence of England, but now assures them that " there is no chance of freedom or safety for us save under the British flag." He testifies that though official letters (since published) of two foreign govern- ments before hostilities broke out de- clared that no material assistance to the Boer states was to be expected, M totally different communications were made to us orally in Pretoria and to Dr. Leyds in Europe." He declares himself "com- pelled to repeat that we did receive verbal promises or material help, and that even now we are being deluded with vain and vague hopes that if we continue our re- sistance something may be done to restore to us our complete indepen- dence." He adds that " this is a gross and cruel deception." He charges Germany with having since 1888 indulged in a dream of taking to herself South Africa with its incomputable wealth of gold, not expect- ing that the British people with "their sordid dread of war for any cause, and their cowardly skulking from military duty" would fight to keep it; and he urges acceptance of England's " liberal terms of peace," which would ultimately make South Africa such a " practically sovereign state " as Canada and Aus- tralia are to-day — "an integrant of the British empire." The only alternative in his view would be to be "crushed un- der the iron hand of the German War Lord." " If the English left South Africa to-morrow, our land would be im- mediately occupied by the Germans, * * * who boast that they can easily keep half a million soldiers there for five years." The Boer Concessions. The report of the Transvaal con- cessions commission, issued in Lon- don, June 11, gives the results of an intricate investigation whose object was to determine the attitude of the British government toward the many valuable concessions prominent in the finances of the Transvaal and sources of enrichment i'«>r many of its rulers. The question was complica- ted by rampant peculation,! »v the uro\ - enunent's retaining part ownership in the undertakings for which it granted concessions, and by the assumption of the rights of belligerents by private citizens whereby they forfeited their rights as non-combatants. The commissioners do not find that the duties of an annexing state to claimants Sm.imm'ky: "Tin- war in South Africa has thOWB On' itNOfftk <>f Kngland."— The Dett Moines Leader. 338 IN TERN A TIONA L A FFA IRS. August No., 1901 under concessions by a state annexed have definite place among "rules of international law;" but they have decid- ed to follow rather " the best modern opinion." The result is much more favorable to such claimauts than would have been reached by the strict rule of unquestioned internaiional practice. Yet, an insolvent state incurring annexation by aggressive action would not thereby give value to its worthless obligations; nor is an annexing state bound to recog- nize obligations created to meet the ex- penses of the war itself; nor to acknowl- edge private rights whose, existence was a contributing cause of the war which resulted in annexation. The burden of proof of such rights is on the claimant, who must show legality in the original concession and punctual fulfilment of the conditions thereto annexed. If main- tenance of a private right granted by such concession be injurious to the pub- lic interest, the concession may be can- celled without compensation except in certain special cases when equity may demand compensation to some extent. The Netherlands-South African rail- way was the most important of the con- cessions dealt with, as well as the most fully illustrative of the principles laid down. The commission found it to be a monopoly by a single company of trunk lines all over the country — that company domiciled abroad and worked mainly by foreigners — its concession therefore to be terminated as contrary to public in- terest. The question of compensation remained. As the company had acted during the war steadily and vigorously against the British, causing immense damage to Great Britain, Cape Colony, and Natal, it could make no demand for compensation as a neutral or non-com- batant, and individual shareholders have in strictness no claim. The British gov- ernment, however, as an act of grace, might show the shareholders some con- sideration; yet against such compensa- tion as an act of grace must be put the immense damage done directly by the railway management, while innocent shareholders must exhaust -all remedies against their directors before they can come with clean hands into court. De- benture holders, being creditors and without control over the management, are recommended to the consideration of the British government. The dynamite concession is pro- nounced fraudulent and without right to consideration. The liquor concession is pronounced legal, therefore not to be cancelled without compensation. This report immediately aroused indignant protest in Holland and Germany. The shareholders of the Transvaal railways prepared for an organized pressure on the German and Dutch foreign offices with a view to obtaining terms of expropri- ation, while the German press was ar- guing that as the Boers had been fully recognized as belligerents the shareholders in their railways should have compensation in full. The Ei>glish press was urging the govern- ment to proceed unflinchingly on the lines of the commission's report, which it sought to justify by the re- fusal of the United States govern- ment to recognize the Cuban debt or to provide even a partial indemnifi- cation of the foreign bondholders. Tax on Transvaal Mines. For investigating the sources of revenue of the two Boer states, in order to estimate their due contribu- tion toward the cost of the war, the Chancellor of the British Exchequer sent a financial expert, Sir David Barbour, whose report was made public about the middle of June. He recommends a 10 per cent tax on mining profits (not on gross products), annually yielding £450,000 on the basis of the profits of 1898; and he estimates that the mines will annually save £608,- 000 on dynamite as a result of abolition of the dynamite monopoly. He expects the Transvaal to begin within two years sifter peace to pay from its ordinary rev- enues part of the cost of the war: the WAR PLASTERS. Unclk Sam— My plaster comes off to-day for good. John Bull— And I am still sticking more on. From the Minneapolis Journal, July 1. TIIK UOKR WAR. Orange River Colony will bo unable to pay anything for several yoars. Mean- while the current weekly cost of tho war, an reported in the House of Com- mons, June 25, is £1,250,000. ('l> to .luiif (') seven mines ;it Jo- hannesberg were reported m baring resumed operation. Others were preparing to resume. The Concentration Camps. Alwmt the middle of June Mr. Brodriek, British War Secretary, st;ited in parliament that moue than 4(1,000 persons were in the camps for concentration which the British had established in South Africa, and that the deaths there during May had numbered nearly a hundred adults and more than 300 children. Mr. Lloyd-George, Welsh Radical, and Sir Henry Campbell-Bannennan, Liberal leader, took the occasion to make speeches in opposition to the government, which brought intopulw lic view the direful expedients to which Lord Kitchener had resorted. Comparatively little has been said on this topic by the few newspaper correspondents remaiuing in South Africa, Undeniably much suffering is involved in carrying out any plan of this kind, even with the l)est ef- forts of the authorities to mitigate the privations and exposure in- volved. But the supporters of the government point out that Sir Henry Campl)ell-Bannernian's parallel be- tween the operations in South Afri- ca under British orders, and those in (Juki under General Weyler, is utterly misleading. The Cubans were driven from their homes and huddled into immense encampments, often shelterless, mostly of wretched hovels, where there was no possibil- ity of their raising or procuring food Cot themselves, and where little or 00 provision was or could be supplied t<> them. There they starved and dieil of pestilence in tens of thou- sands. The Bner refugees have had shelter and food provided for them under the protection of British gar- risons. Exceptional instances of suffering in the clearing of large dis- tricts have been unavoidable; but Lord miner testifies that regular ra- tions have been served to these Boers in camp, that they have re- ceived medical attendance when requisite, and that in many places their children have been regularly provided with schooling. A visitant to one refugee camp about the end of May writes to the London Times: "The refugees are housed In iron, woodon-lined buildings and marquees, each family having separate accommo- dation. There is a free government school, at which English is the medium of instruction, but Dutch Bible classes are held. Music lessons also are given. The refugees are thoroughly satisfied with all the arrangements made for them, and with their treatment gener- ally." The cost of housing and feeding 00,000 persons in these camps, be- sides 20,000 prisoners of war in va- rious parts of the world, is p.nd for months has been borne by the British tax-payer. Pro-Boers in England. It is premature as yet to speak definitely of the position of the Lib- eral party further than to say that it seems hopelessly divided in senti- ment concerning the war, and verg- ing toward a division in organization* The pro-Boer feeling among the peo- ple at large, irrespective of party, shows signs of increase, partly from sympathy with the weaker party, partly doubtless from disgust at the slow British advance toward the long-promised end, with the conse- quent increase in national expendi- ture. The practical effect in a po- litical sense will be only to disin- tegrate still further the party that has held the main opposers of the war. An immense pro-Boer meeting was held in Queen's Hall, London, June 19, at which Henry Labouohero presided, and Sir Wilfred Lawson. David Lloyd-George, dames Keir Bardie, and John Dillon were pres- ent. There w;is great commotion 340 INTEBNATIONAL AFFAIRS. August No., 1901 and excitement. Resolutions favor- ing the Boers and demanding an end of the war were passed — one, favor- ing the complete independence of the two Boer republics, which was proposed by Baron Battersea, was carried, though not approved by the Labouchere faction. The meeting ended with the singing of the Mar- seillaise. EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. England's Separateness. The main difficulty in what may be called the problem of Europe seems sometimes to be not so much in find- ing its answer as in selecting its real question. The questions indeed are many and an investigator may take his choice — his field of choice being enlarged by the fact that their rank for importance is frequently varying. Not always are those questions the most important that make the most urgent and menacing demand : their prominence may be but for a day ; the fundamental issues may be de- veloping elsewhere. Europe in its international politics is always dis- closing storm-centres — the Balkans, the Porte, Crete, Northern Africa, France and Germany in collision, Russia all-devouring : from these and other regions successively the proph- ets have warned the continent to expect bad weather. At present, however, none of these seem to be viewed with apprehension of more than local trouble. Meanwhile some observers have made note of the fact that for the time of half a generation unfriendly looks from at least three great- con- tinental nations have turned habit- tially and unconsciously on England, the quietest and most .regulated country in Europe, the last spot whence violence might be expected to break forth. The governments of two of these countries, France and Germany, have ibeen scrupulously BRITISH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, WITH LORD BEACONSFIELD's STATUE. EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. 841 correct and amicable in all their re- lation! with Qreai Britain ; l»ut the popular feeling as reflected in the press has largely shown itself as either contemptuous or tierce in its antagonism to English ways, man- ners, methods, and ideals, social, political, and moral In Russia, where the government is an anach- ronism or an enigma and where the common people are dumb, it seems to lie fully recognized by who- even geographically. It is not strange that the eommou thought of Europe finds itself unable to classify her polit- ically and thus unable to predict her course. What can the continent make of a nation that is not a republic, ye.t whose legislature can stretch its power to a scarcely conceivable length; that is far from a democracy, in its venerated forms and in the feel- ing of its people, which people, never. theless, in the fashion of a democracy T. C. M. ASSER, LL. D., MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL OK STATE OP HOLLAND, EX-PRO- EKS.HOK OK THK UNIVERSITY OK AMSTERDAM, MKMHER OK JOINT HIGH COURT OK ARBITRATION AT • THE HAG IK. soever orders the course of the em- pire that while peace is to be care- fully kept with Britain for the present all her ways and doings are to be quietly contravened as inevit- ably anti-Russian. It has l>cen suggested as one cause of continental antagonism that Eng- land is non-European in her form of government) her political methods, and her social organism. At least ■he may be deemed extra-European. have legal ways for making and com- manding its parliament ; that styles itself a monarchy, yet can deal with the throne as only a sacred ami treasured ornament; that is not an empire but merely owns and controls an imperial territory without an em- peror except in name; and that lacks the first essential element, of an auto- cracy? There are those who trace to this unclassified mode of government — involving, as it does, an hereditary \..l 11-23. 342 INTERNA 7 ION A L A FFA IRS. August No., 1901 aristocracy with class distinctions and class domination — the continen- tal dislike and distrust of Britain. Probably the most judicious con- tinental thinkers deem this to be only one among several causes of the feel- ing referred to. One of them speaks of "the self-sufficiency and self-en- grossedness of England " in contrast with " the eagerness, the restlessness, the perplexity" of her rival nations. Her war in South Africa has been eagerly attacked with ferocious criti- cism. The admirers of England are always ready to charge her lack of favor abroad to the envy of nations less prosperous, less wealthy, inferior in colonial extension and in sea-borne commerce. Whatever may be the cause, utter- ances of experienced observers indi- cate their perception of the readiness of several continental powers to join in a coalition against Great Britain whenever circumstances may favor such a course. Circumstances are not now deemed favorable. Britain, however, is entering on a systematic enlargement and reorganization of her naval power. Anti-Clerical Agitation. A surge of unrest is manifest in the Roman Catholic nations of Europe. At its present stage it relates only quite indirectly to the Church as a spiritual organization which professes to hold the historic deposit of Chris tian truth, thoiigh if unchecked the movement is liable to develop in that direction. Its animating spirit is a demand for separation of church and state — giving at once political liberty to the state and spiritual liberty to the church. Thus it is in general anti- clerical, but attacking only inciden- tally the humble, hard working parish priests, while strenuously demanding that the religious "orders" and the higher clergy should be checked in their grasp of lands and their domi- nance over the government. In France, where the recent cham- pions of the Clerical party have been men of the highest standing in litera- ture and society — such as Comte de Mini, M. Coppee, and M. Brunetiere, besides the Jew-baiting demagogues led by Pere Odelin of the Libre Parole — M. Waldeck-Rousseau, the Premier, saw the republic itself at- tacked by imperialistic plotters avail- ing themselves of an ecclesiastical alliance either actual or assumed. He came upon the field as leader of the anti-monastic forces, and laws have been enacted in restraint of the relig- ious orders whose enforcement was, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR JOHN A. FISHER, COMMANDING THE lilliTlsll MEDITERRANEAN FLEET. at the end of June, awaiting the signature of President Loubet. These laws, however, are in no way or de- gree aimed against the Church, since they leave unchanged the present sys- tem of ecclesiastical support by the government, and have largely in view the protection of the rights of the state in its taxation of the enormous and increasing landed estates held throughotit France by the monastic orders. In Austria, Italy, Spain, and Portu- EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. !M3 gal, there is i portentous popular up- rising against tin- claim of the clergy to control the civil government. In Hungary laws have been enacted freeing the political sphere from ec- clesiastical interference. Mediterranean Complications. It is impossible to Slate accurately the complications and crises which are drawing attention to the Medi- an unusual show of naval force. The British Mediterranean fleet, which has always outranked all others, is now surpassed in naval strength by the Beeifl of Russia, France, and Italy. This condition the British government is preparing to meet with a great increase of force. Meanwhile that, government is embarrassed by allegations of the unprepared condi- tion of its squadron in that sea. The VICTOR EMMANUEL III., KING OF ITALY. HOKN NOVEMHKIt 11, 1869. MNMMBOBS TO TIIK I II honk ON THK AWAS- HINATION OK IDA I VTIIKIt, KINO IIUMHKItT I.. .ICI.V '29, 1900. fcerraneaa region, or to define their importance. European diplomacy must always 1h- busied with a crisis, and by common consent several European governments have recently been scanning with unwonted earnest- ness the histQfiG southward sea. The situation, in the view of several prin- ciple powers, seems to have required chief criticism is that the British Ships are supplied only with black powder, and would be at tearful dis- advantage in a contest with ships using smokeless ]>owder. On July 19, Admiral Lord Charles Beresfordj second in command of the Squadron, was heard from in a pub- lislied letter criticising the recent, 344 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. August No., 1901 failure of the Admiralty to cany out the ship-building program, so that England is no longer able to put on the high seas a fleet equal to the combined fleet of any two other powers. He complains that the stock of guns and ammunition at Gibraltar and Malta has not been kept replenished as usual. The British Mediterranean fleet now comprises eleven battleships, eight cruisers, fifteen torpedo boat destroy- ers, and fourteen other vessels. Among causes for apprehension of disturbance on the Mediterranean are mentioned a possible controversy over Tunis, and the rivalry of Italy and Austria on the Adriatic. There is, perhaps, some significance in King Victor Emmanuel's words in an interview a year before he came to the throne : " The Adriatic is and ought to be a sea chiefly Italian. The Servian nation, equally with Montenegro, is entitled to coast lines of this sea, as indeed nature has assigned them, despite the political cartographers. Albania ought to be supported by Italy until she becomes an independent nation allied with the Italian people. Austria ought to give up possession of upper Dalmatia; and the rights of Italy to those Adriatic prov- inces, which are naturally and historic- ally Italian, ought to be recognized." The British Navy. There is a favorable view of the rank of the British naval power. A special correspondent of the London Times (June 7) at Toulon, reports that because of the inability of the French battleships to fulfil all the functions of their class, France has started to build battleships of 14,865 tons; while as to the French Mediterranean squadron, it cannot, in the best circumstances, make a voyage of more than 5,000 miles, and the French Channel squadron more than 2,900 miles, as compared with 7,500 miles for the two corresponding British squadrons. This writer points out that geographi- cally, Britain holds tbe interior positions with her fleets, while the Iberian penin- sula separates the fleets of France. Eco- nomically, the British navy is based on a rich commercial and merchant service. Britain has abundance of the best steam- ing coal in the world, and can build eight battleships for about the cost of six in Prance. Administratively, Britain has the advantage through her insular posi- tion of requiring only a single and simple defensive policy — its only vital danger being of having the transmarine commun- ications of the empire cut, to provide against which it needs only a supreme navy aided by a moderate mobile army. Tactically, Britain has a great advantage in its long-service navy; while strategi- cally, its naval stand is propped up by a series of coaling stations which are sup- ports if the home power is strong. The correspondent's conclusion is that Great Britain can fail only through inefficiency in its political system, weakness of the administration indifferent or nerveless leadership by its officers, or, as a root of various weakness, ignorance of the public concerning what is and what is not essen- tial in war. Pan-Germanic Union. Aspirations for consolidation of all Germanic peoples find increasing utterance. The first step might naturally be the addition to the German empire of the German provinces of Austria. The next would be the inclusion of the Nether- lands, not so much for their Ger- manic character, which would not easily be shown, but because of their desirableness for seaward commu- nication and for territorial symme- try. These aspirations, however, are regarded as mere dreams, scarcely worthy of notice in the two countries whose territorial rights are involved. In Russia they receive the honor of attack and condemnation. The Sviet of St. Petersburg protests against them as a menace, in this incompre- hensible fashion : " It is high time for us to think of pro tecting ourselves against the savage hatred of our German friends. It is time for us to take up the cause of the sacred rights of Christianity, and to protest against the effort to introduce into civil- ized life the heathen conception of the necessity of destroying whole races." But the organization of a state, so far from being the destruction of a race, may be its preservation. EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. 34S A Polish Aspiration. The Poles, a notably romantic and sentimental race, cherish hopes and aims which air pathetic and may he also harmful In their utter impracti- cableness. West Prussia ami Posen, with some other provinces of Ger- many, inhabited chiefly by Polish folk, were originally taken ami are still held by Prussia with the open dissent of a large proportion of their inhabitants. Whenever Germany may be embarrassed by foreign coni- plieations or inward disturbance, the Poles may be expected to add agita- tion with a view to independence. Their dream is to regather from alien jurisdictions and to rebuild into one, strong kingdom the provinces of the old Polish realm from the Black Sea eastward to the Baltic. It is a dream vain and fruitless, except as its fruit may l>e confusion and suffering without hope. Too many powers have taken Poland as their spoil, and are bound to combine to prevent, its escape from subjuga- tion. Russia and Austria equally with Prussia have a Polish question, and will make common cause. Russia a Problem. In the near future, will Russia invade India*.' Will Russia push her way to the far eastern ocean through Korea".' To these two questions — the first involving a war with Brit- ain, the second a war with Japan — the answers which appear in print consist usually of nothing except an assortment of related questions. Russia's desire to get foothold in India is scarcely disguised; and an approach thereto from the west, by way of Persia and a station at Ban* dar-Abbas at the mouth of the Per- sian Gulf, has been indicated in the last few years. With this plan would well agree the lately reported sug- gestion that, as security for a loan from Kussia, the Shah of Persia Should pledge the customs-revenues "t Bandar-Abhla. The Russian pur- pose would be equally suited by the allowance of a Russian custom house ami staff at that port to collect (lues in Persia's probable default of p»y. incut of the interest on the loan. Thus far the competition of the two powers for a predominating influence in Persia is chiefly financial. It is pointed out that England would probably find her "alliance" with Germany a vain trust in case of war with Russia. All Germany's interests require avoidance of a break with her gigantic northern neighbor, who could promptly lay hands on Prussian Poland and all eastern Prus- sia. The only help deemed possible for England would be through the internal disturbance which some ol>- servers expect to break out sooner or later in Russia, and which might bring Japan into the conflict, avail- ing herself of the opportunity to curb, perhaps to hurl far backward, Russia's advance upon Korea. But though Russia's condition is indeed far from serene, and cannot be deemed stable, there are no signs of such great upheaval near at hand. Russia is veritably the problem, not of the nations of Europe alone, but of the whole European and Asi- atic world. Who knows what to expect of a land whose common peo- ple— outside of a comparatively in- finitesimal class of the abnormally sensitive, who pursue ideals as reali- ties— are without aspiration and Been incapable of ideals? The atmos- phere of high society and of the court outside the imperial palace is reported as intellectually stagnant and morally mephitic. while the at- mosphere of the palace seems suf- fused with a saint liness in which, as in a strange mist of theories, noble ethical forms take on a dim outline. Since the Czar called The Hague peace conference, months have pa flood, and Russia has not yet dis- armed one of her regiments; she has this year called into active service more men than in the year preced- ing, while she is pushing with ardor the construction of armored ships. 346 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. August No., 1901 This mighty and enlarging empire, which may conceivably in some fu- ture lead Europe on the upward path, has not yet unfolded its best capaci- ties. Italy's Foreign Policy. The question of a new grouping of the European powers is less dis- cussed than in the spring — the dis- cussion then being chiefly prophecy by guess at the action of Italy. Practically the question was : Is Italy about to quit the Triple Alli- cording to the reports, lie declared that Italy, if she could obtain advantageous commercial treaties, would renew the Triple Alliance, which expires in 1903. He emphasized the pacific character of the Triple Alliance, which, he said, " had not added to Italy's military expendi- ture, and had not prevented cordial com- mercial relations with France," and the accounts add that he "emphasized Ita- ly's adhesion " to it. He asserted that neither Austria nor Italy would attempt to secure the upper hand in Albania. He said there was no reason to anticipate any disturbance of the balance of power in the Mediterra- nean; denied auy coolness in the rela- tions between Great Britain and Italy, SIGNOR ZANARDELLI, ITALIAN PRIME MINISTER. ance or " Dreibund " — Germany, Austria, Italy, and join the Dual Alliance — France, Russia? France, if utterances in her journals are tes- timony, seems to have welcomed the theory of Italy's proposed change, and to have magnified the incidents in accord with such a change. The Italian papers made only guarded references to the subject. On June 14, in the Italian chamber of deputies, Signor Prinetti, minister of foreign affairs, spoke in declaration of the government's foreign policy. Ac- and gave it to be understood that Great Britain would assist Italy against any in- terference with Italian interests in the Mediterranean. He declared that every effort was be- ing made toward cordial relations be- tween Italy and the Latin-American states, whither most of Italian emigrants went. During the discussion which fol- lowed he announced the govern- ment's intention to open commercial negotiations with the United States and with Russia. On the whole the co\irse and atti- GREATER AMERICA. :J47 hide of tin- Zanardelli cabinet, — ■wiring peaceful external relations and giving its strength to domestic reforma — oombine with the young King's character and pui'pose as thns far made known to inspire new hopes for the Italian kingdom. German Enterprise in Turkey. There is reported a serious alarm among the most patriotic; Turks at the rapid increase of German coin- mereial operations in their count ry, while Sultan AImI-uI Hamid is fool- ishly and tyrannically preventing his own subjects from developing the great resources of Turkey. These men deem Germany's friendship one- sided, and that the slowly construct- ed and incomplete Anatolian rail- ways, though profitable to the Ger- man financiers, are not yet of any benefit to the country. Is is believed in Turkey that Germany— to avoid Russian opposition to the concession to Germans of the Anatolian-l'ersian Gull railways — made a secret agree- ment with the Russian government. To this is attributed Germany's pas- sive attitude when the Russian em- bassy put pressure on the Porte to grant to only Russian subjects the concessions for prospective lines in Asia Minor on the Black Sea littoral Indeed, the Turks incline to regard the present situation as practically a division of their country into " spheres of influence " for foreign- ers— Germans seemingly in the lead. Hffairs In Hmerica. GREATER AMERICA. Cuba. PLATT AMENDMENT ACCEPTED. 11 HE Constitutional Conven- tion, June lli, by a vote of 16 to 11, decided to accept unconditionally and without any change, as an essential part of the insular constitution, the Piatt amendment defining the relations of CuKa and the United States (p. 287). For text of the amendment see page 108. YELLOW FEVER. Col. J. B. Hickey, for some time assistant adjutant-general on the staff of General Wood, remarking upon the fact that in the tirst six months of the present year not a single death from yellow fever occurred in the island, very justly gives the credit for the victory achieved over the disease to the energetic measures taken by the sanitary officials. Havana, he says, has been revolution- ized as regards its sanitary conditions. Recent experiments having proved that the yellow fever is transmitted by mos- quitoes bred in the tropical swamps and in. the cesspools, the extermination of those insects was seen to be necessary. The efficacy of petroleum or kerosene as a means of destroying the mosquitoes having been demonstrated elsewhere, the si reets and sewers of Havana and other Cuban cities were treated with the oil, and with satisfactory results. Colonel Hickey feels assured that this year, even in the months from July to October, when the yellow fever is usually most ~«ft» /S^* ffiift'iS^ • !-1§ll§Jtw>&* -JPTsW " Tm W*KA r ' -^ MEa i r\ J^-^fn ' Pf^ DOWN AT LAST.— NOW York World. .us AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1901 virulent, there will be no deaths from that cause. If the fever is conquered by sanitation, there will doubtless be a movement of population for permanent settlement in Cuba. Porto Rico. FREE TKADE WITH THE UNITED STATES. The insular assembly, July 4, passed a resolution providing for free trade with the United States and re- questing President McKinley to issue a proclamation in accordance with the Poraker law. After citing Sec- tion 3 of that act, the resolution thus notifies the President of the fulfil- ment of the conditions of the law, and asks for official concessions of freedom of trade with the United States : " The Porto Rican Assembly, in extra session, and acting pursuant to the in- structions of Congress, does hereby no- tify the President of the United States that^ by virtue of the Hollander act and other acts, it has enacted and put into operation a system of local taxation to meet the necessities of insular govern- ment, and it hereby directs that a copy of this joint resolution be presented to the President of the United States, and it requests that Governor Allen deliver the resolution in question to President McKinley, to the end that the proclama- tion may be made by him, and, if it shall seem wise and proper to the President of the United States, the Assembly re- quests that his proclamation be issued on July 25, as that day is being estab- lished a legal Porto Rican holiday to commemorate the anniversary of the coming of the American flag." Guam. INSUBORDINATION OF TROOPS. Governor Seaton Schroeder's Order No. 4, issued May 5, reveals a condi- tion of serious indiscipline among the marines or soldiers that consti- tute the garrison of the Guam naval station. The Governor declares "hoodlumism and lawlessness" to be rampant; and says that " terrorism, theft, gambling, and drunkenness " have brought the United States forces into disrepute among the natives. Specifically he men- tions the theft of a barrel of whiskey from the naval hospital. Were it not that a small supply of whiskey was after this obtained from a passing vessel, a fever-stricken officer in the hospital would have succumbed to disease: had he died, "his death would have rested upon the heads of the scoundrels who committed the theft." One of the vic- tims of the robberies of the gang is an enlisted man, from whom they have stolen clothing and several hundred dol- lars in Mexican money. As the comrades of the thieves have not the courage to denounce them, Gov- ernor Schroeder's order directs that the liberties of all the enlisted men be re- stricted: " For the present, and until further orders, all enlisted men in this station shall live in the barracks provided for them, and no liberty shall be granted after taps. Commanding officers of posts will provide the necessary number of sentries to enforce this order, and will direct the officers of the day to have the roll called in any or all of the barracks whenever there may seem to be reason for it, even if that be at every fifteen minutes during the night. "The many honorable men of the command, men who do not steal, nor gamble, nor get drunk, are invited to be- stir themselves. When they shall have attained to real manhood's estate and decided to take courage and put a stop to these practices by bringing the offen- ders to light, then reputations under a cloud may be cleared, and the command become a source of pride, instead of being a source of shame to their officers and a disgrace to their country and to their uniform. Until then, and while the guilty remain unconvicted, none are in- nocent." The publication of Order No. 4 at Washington provoked to indignation General Heywood, commandant of the Marine Corps, and there was given to the newspapers a letter from an officer of marines stationed at Guam, in which the state of affairs in the Guam station is commented on sharply. This officer states that while the enlisted men cannot pro- cure liquor in Guam, "the commis- sioned officers may have it, and do have it (unfortunately for their own equanimity) in unlimited quantity. And he makes this sarcastic refer- ence to Order No. 4 : " We are very much moved by the announcement that the officer was so emaciated by climatic fever tliat a cer- tain amount of whiskey was found nec- essary to rescue him from the grave, and the necessary amount was not forthcom- ing until fortunately a passing ship sup- (iRKATER AMERICA. Ml plied the want. We are also very much grieved to learn that the officers <>f tlio station could nut spare a small quantity of the spirit from their nightly icsiivities for their brother officer. It also occurs to us that almost every ss> listed man of this station has had his turn with the climatic fever, and eight of our number have succumbed thus far, yet it is a strange coincidence that in not one case has whiskey ever been con- sidered necessary to save any one of these unfortunates from the grave. The writer himself was some thirty-odd days in the hospital with the fever, and was reduced to a point very near death; yet, strange to say, only dry toast and boiled cow's milk was considered necessary. Upon whose head rests the death of those unfortunates who succumbed?" The Philippines. CIVIL (iOVKKNMKXT INSTITUTED. The President, on June 21, through the Secretary of War, issued an or- der for the establishment of civil government in the islands. The or- der vests William H. Taft, hitherto president of the Philippine Commis- sion, with executive authority in all civil affairs heretofore exercised by the military governor. The existing municipal and provincial civil gov- ernments are to report to the new civil governor. The power to appoint civil officers, heretofore vested in the Commission or in the military gov- ernor, will henceforth be exercised by the civil governor, with the ad- vice and consent of the Commission. The military governor is relieved from the performance of the civil duties now assumed by the civil FLAO DAY IN THE DRPF.NDENCIKS. —The Detroit Evening Newt. governor; out the authority of, the military governor will continuctit he exercised as before in those districts in which insurrection persists or in which public safety is not sufficient* ly restored. The order was to go into effect or July 4. On thai day William II. Taft was inducted into office as the first civil Governor «>1 the islands under American rub'. On the same day General Adna U. Chaffee succeeded General MacAr- thur as military governor. Governor Taft, after taking the oath of office, which was administered to him by Chief Justice Arellano, made an ad- dress to the multitude of spectators of the ceremonial, in which he re- counted the actual and the prospec- tive situation of the Philippines and their inhabitants. After twenty-seven provinces organ- ized, the insurrection was still existent in live; in them military government would continue. Besides these twenty- seven provinces, there were sixteen more not yet organized, but reported to be free from insurrection; and there were four organized provinces which were not yet ready for civil government. Governor Taft announced that on Sep- tember 1 the Commission would be en- larged by the addition of three nativo members, Dr. VVardo Detavera, Benito Legarda, and Jose Luzuriaga. Four de- partments of government would be in- stituted, headed by members of the Commission, as follows: Interior, Mr. Worcester; Commerce and Police, Mr. Wright; Justice and Finance, Mr. Ide; Public Instruction, Mr. Moses. In tho conclusion of his address the Governor reiterated the hope expressed by Presi- dent Me Kinl. v. that in the future the inhabitants would be grateful for Amer- ican victories, and that they would be " indissolubly linked in ties of affection with the common country.1' JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT. On June 15 the Supreme Court of the Philippines was constituted by decree of the Commission, as follows ■ Chief Justice, Cayetano Arellano: associate justices, Florentino Torres, formerly attorney-general ; J. F. Cooper, of Texas; James F. Smith. of California; Charles A Willaid. of Kinnesota; Viotorino Mapa, of lloilo; Fletcher Ladd, of New 350 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1901 Hampshire. L. R. Wilfley, of ^Mis- souri, was appointed attorney-gener- al, with a native as assistant attor- ney-general, and a solicitor, also a native Filipino. PROGRESS OF PACIFICATION. The surrender of the insurgent General Cailles, with 650 men and f>00 rifles, at Santa Cruz, Laguna province, June 24, was an impressive spectacle. Cailles and his command entered the town to the music of native hands, and marched to the church, which he entered with his staff. Then the mass was celebrated hy Chaplain Hart, Eighth Infantry. After the mass the hody of insur- gents passed in review before the United States army headquarters, with arms at port, and returned to the church inclosure. There they surrendered their rifles, taking re- ceipts entitling them to thirty pesos each. The receipts were deposited in the hats of General Cailles and his officers ; the arms, said the Gen- eral, had belonged to the insurgent government, and the proceeds must go to the widows and orphans. Cailles tendered his sword to General Sum- ner, who handed it back ; he handed back, also, the revolutionary flag ; this Gen. Cailles will present to General Mac Arthur. The final act in the surrender was when the whole band of 650 insurgents took the oath of allegiance in the plaza. STRENGTH OF THE ARMY. The last shipment of volunteers from Manila for home took place June 6 ; and the regulars alone were left, in number 49,000. It was con- fidently expected that, owing to the pacification of the islands, this force could before the end of the present year be reduced to 40,000, or even to 30,000. PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. Our Yearly Balance Sheet. Instead of the deficits which marked the fiscal years 1894-99, the United States seems now to have entered on an era of surpluses. And this seems to be permanent notwith- standing a prospective annual reduc- tion in revenue of about $40,000,000, resulting from the abolition on July 1 , 1901 , of many of the special taxes im- posed by the War Revenue act of 1898, including the taxes on bank checks, promissory notes, certificates of deposit, money orders, bills of lad- ing, express receipts, warehouse re- ceipts, telegraph and telephone mes- sages, proprietary medicines, perfum- ery, and cosmetics, and the taxes on different forms of insurance and on various kinds of documentary paper, together with reduction of taxes on beer, cigars, cigarettes, tobacco, and snuff, and on foreign bills of exchange. There is no likelihood of a repetition of the Chinese campaign ; and the improvement of conditions in the Philippines, permitting the withdrawal of a considerable portion of the United States forces located there, will further curtail expendi- tures of the War Department. On the face of the Treasury returns the excess of receipts over expendi- tures for the year ended June 30, 1901,was $75,864,999. This includes, however, $2,122,841 realized in June, 1901, from the sale of the government claim against the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad, and $4,452,409 paid in on account of the indebtedness of the Central Pacific Railroad. Leaving these items out, the surplus shown by the ordinary operations" of the government was $69,289,749, as against $75,367,146 for the fiscal year 1900. The decrease of about $6,000,000 in the surplus was due not to a fall- ing-off in revenue, but to an augmen- tation in expenses. Aggregate expen- ditures, after having dropped from $605,072,180 in 1898-99 (the year of the war with Spain) to $487,713,- 792 in 1899-1900, rose * again in 1900-01, mainly on account of the campaign in China, to $509,983,310 — the largest total in any year (ex- PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. sr.i cept 1898-99) since the year L866 66 following the close of the Civil War. The increase of expenditure is all the more significant when we recall the fact that through refunding of a large portion of the public debt the interest payment fell to $32, 317,402 in 1901 as compared with $40,160,- 333 in 1900 Pension payments, too, fell off about $1,500,000. In the other expense items, on the other hand, there was a total increase of altout $31,500,000. Before the Span- ish-Americau war the expenditures of the War Department averaged not over $50,000,000 ; in 1899-1900 they were $134,774,768 ; and in 1900-01, $144,620,591. The Navy Depart- ment in 1900 spent $55,953,078 ; in 1901, $60,515,387. Civil and mis- cellaneous expenses increased from $105,773,190 in 1900 to $122,310,- 434 in 1901 ; and the cost of taking care of the Indians was $10,8t)0,()O7 this year, against $10,175,107 in 1900. The following table shows receipts and expenditures for each year since 1890: OOVKBICMKNT KKrEll'TS AMI DISItl'KSKM KNT8. Fiscal Tears ending June 30— 1890 1893 1894 urn 1896 1897 1898 vm 1900 1901 Receipts J 'ram- Customs. 229 219 177 203 131 152 160 17ii 149 206 233 238 I 998, ,522 tsa 365 818 158 ,081 AM fill ,188 ,164 ,786 584 ,205 ,964 ,017 ,530 ,617 52 .137 ,062 ,482 ,871 41 Internal He venue. 142.000,706 145.686.249 153,971,073 161,027,624 147,111,233 143,421.672 146,762.81 15 146,688,574 170.900 641 273,437,162 295.327,927 305,514,411 Miscellaneous. $ 30,805,692 27,403,993 23,613,747 21.436,988 18.792,256 17,809,786 20,191,683 24,479.004 •20.094,408 t24 690.662 134.688 140 189499499 32.317.402 ■99481 ::io 89499,788 lAllowim; for UM pranfolBt paid, the actual excess in 1890 is $105,344,490; and in 1891, $37,239,763. 352 AFFAIRS JN AMERICA. August No., 1901 These figures reveal an unprece- dented expansion in receipts since 1898. The increase in 1901 as com- pared with 1898 is over $238,500,000 This great growth reflects not only the war taxes imposed, hut the won- derful prosperity and activity of trade in all lines. This year's total of internal revenue has been but once exceeded in the whole history of the government, namely at the end of the Civil War in 1865-6, when the amount was $309,226,813. The cus- toms revenues are considerably in excess of the highest previous total the recent increase being due to the operation of the Dingley Tariff law enacted in 1897, to the passage of the War Revenue act of 1898 (which imposed a duty of 10 cents a pound on tea), and the revival of trade. With the growth in receipts the proble«i confronting the Treasury officials has changed in a correspond- ing way. It is no longer a question how to float loans to meet the short- age in revenues, but how to get rid of the accumulating cash in the Treasury and thereby prevent dis- turbance of the money market. Three methods were practised during the late year for putting out Treas- ury cash. In the first place the pro- cess was continued of refunding the public debt by converting the old 3 per cent, 4 per cent, and 5 per cent bonds into new 2 per cents, premi- ums being paid in cash to the holders of the old bonds as compensation for the reduction in interest. The Secretary of the Treasury set the end of the calendar year 1900 as the time limit for the operation ; and at that time $445,874,650 of the old bonds had been refunded, on which had been paid a total cash premium of $43,575,209. The second method of disbursing Treasury cash was to redeem the "extended 2 per cents," being the old 4 1-2 per cent bonds which had been extended at 2 per cent. The third method, adopted in April of this year, was to purchase short term bonds on a certain definite interest basis. Altogether, these three meth- ods disposed of about $50,000,000 — hardly enough to dispose of the problem. The Public Debt. On June 30, 1901, the total public debt of the United States, less a cash balance in the Treasury of $320,833,124.92, was $1,044,739,- 119.97, a decrease during the year of $62,972,137.92. Details of the debt, with assets and liabilities of the Treasury are shown in the accompanying table (p. 353). Monetary Circulation. The money in circulation in the United States, June 30, 1901, including all coined or issued and not in the Treasury, was as follows : MONEY IN CIRCULATION, JUNE 30, 1901. Gold coin and bullion $630,407,728 Gold certificates 245,715.739 Silver dollars 66.587,893 Silver certificates 429,640,73k Subsidiary silver 79,700.088 Treas. notes of 1890 47 540,245 U.S. notes 332,468,013 Currency certificates Nat'l bank notes 345,205,836 Total .% 2,177,266,280 On an estimated population basis of 77,754,000, these figures indicate a per capita circulation of $28, as com- pared with $26.50 a year ago; and an increase in volume of circulation during the year of $JL 14,840,784. BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY. Bank Exchanges. Bank exchanges for the first quar- ter of 1901 showed a gain of 38.3 per cent over 1900 ; for the month of April, a gain of 58 per cent; for May, 80.4 per cent ; and for June 61.1 per cent. June exchanges are the largest on record for the month ; and, as an indication of the volume of business, the very large gain, averaging 52.2 per cent for the half year, is very encouraging. Total bank exchanges at all cities in the United States reporting were $64,- BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY. 363 II HLIi liKHT, JUNK 30, 1901. Interest- bearing debt $ 987,141 .040 00 Debt, interest ceased 1,416,620 26 Debt bearing no interest 383,016,684 63 Total gross debt $l,371,672^r,4 89 Cash balance in Treasury 826,833 ,\M 92 Total net debt $1,044,739,119 97 OAHH IN THE TKKASI'KY. Reserve fund- Gold co in and bullion $150,000,000 00 Trust funds — ( ;..1<1 coin $288,957,689 00 Silver dollars 435,014,Ot'O 00 Silver dollars of 1890 994,60300 Silver bullion of 1890 46,789,497 00 771, 754,689 00 (■•■ni'ral fund- Gold coin and bullion $56,363,844 34 Gold certificates 43,241,950 00 Silver certificates 5,373,262 00 Silver dollars 18,460,644 00 8ilver bullion 1,589,275 41 United States notes 14,213.003 00 Treasury notes of 1890 242,765 00 National bank notes 8,616.666 09 Fractional silver coin 10,790,20134 Fractional currency 1,261 87 Minor coin 614,340 98 Bonds and interest paid, awaiting reimbursement 291,064 49 $158,697,248 52 In national bank depositaries — To credit of Treasurer of the United States 96,681,015 69 To credit of Uuitcd States disbursing officers 5,735,957 99 101.416,973 58 260 114,222 10 $1,181.868.911 10 I'EMWK i.i ahilities. Gold certificates ..« $288,957,689 00 Stiver certificates 435,014,000 00 Treasury notes of 1890 47,783 000 00 $771,754,689 00 National bank 5 per cent fund 13,267 .236,27 Outstanding checks and drafts 5,207.0:15 08 Disbursing officers' balances 51,797.014 43 Post Office Department account 9,531.120 63 Miscellaneous items 3,478,630 *• 7 83,281,097 18 $856,035,786 18 Reserve fund $160,000,000 00 Available cash balance . I76S33.124 9S 326,833,124 09 Total $1,181,868,91112 019,121,860 for the half year. The of May. The close of June finds gross earnings of all railroads in the shops crowded with orders foe new United States show a gain of over freight cars to handle the ever ex- 9 per cent compared with last year, panding traffic, the greatest gain being in southwest- em roads, amounting to 23 per Exports. cent; anthracite coal and Pacific The monthly exportation of mer- roads also show substantial gains ; chandise from the United States and all classes of roads report an in- since March 1 has exceeded $120,- crease for the six months, though 000,000. Approximate figures show- Eastern and Granger roads fell be- ing the distribution of exports for hind last year's figures for the month the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901, 354 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1P0I are as follows : to Europe, $1,155,- 000,000; North America, $105,000,- 000; South America, $44,000,000; Asia, $48,000,000; Oceania, $36,- 000,000 ; Africa, $26,000,000. Ex- ports to Asia were $17,000,000, and to Oceania, $7,000,000 less than a year ago ; but the total of exports for the fiscal year just closed will exceed that of last year by $100,000,000, and break all previous records. Of these exports the products of agri- culture formed 05.53 per cent. Wheat and Corn. The total Western receipts of wheat for the crop year up to July 1 have been over 1,881,000 bushels, against 1,300,000 bushels last year, with exports of wheat and flour from all points since July 1, 1000, 1,810,- 280 bushels, against 1,021,848 last year. On June 22, No. 2 spot wheat was quoted at 75.50 cents, which was 0 cents lower than the price quoted at the opening of the year, and nearly 10 cents lower than quotations of June 3, at which time speculation drove the price up to 85.25 cents, the highest point of the half year. The statistician of the New York Produce Exchange, basing estimates on the government indices for June, figures the total winter and spring wheat crop at 683,871,000 bushels. If these figures are reached, all records will be broken ; in 1808 the crop was 675,148,705 bushels ; and in only one year previous, 1801, was the 600,000,000 mark passed. The lowest quotation on corn was 44.50 cents, on January 6, and the highest 56 cents, May 3, under the influence of clever manipulation by a single Western speculator and slow move- ment of the old crop, the Western receipts in four weeks being only 6,148,755 bushels, against 16,153,707 last year. Cotton. On January 28, quotations on cot- ton, middling uplands, under specu- lative manipulation, reached 12 cents, s urpassing all records for many years. At this price spinners were liberal sellers, and there was little if any buying for consumption, and actual transactions were small. Available cotton was hurried into market and stocks were soon increased enough to cause a severe reaction j and by February 5, quotations had fallen to 0.75 cents, the lowest price of the season, and about $0.00 a bale below the price of a year ago. On June 28, 0,860,381 bales had come into sight, against 8,812,185 last year and 10,- 808,373 in 1800; while takings by Northern spinners were 1,884,828 bales, against 2,168,486 last year and 2,174,484 in 1800. Port receipts of old cotton for the week ending June 20, were enormous, aggregating 60,345 bales, against 10,782 in 1000 and 16,243 two years ago ; yet, owing to unfavorable reports of the general condition of growing cotton, prices are tending upwards. In cotton goods the last week of June showed more business than at any time this year, with higher prices, which re- stricted Fall River spinning and ex- ports of brown goods to China. Print cloths are held at 2 5-8 cents for regulars with but limited business. Boots and Shoes. Shipments of boots and shoes from Boston for the first half of 1001 were 2,358,521 cases, 154,151 cases in excess of last year; and stocks generally in jobbers' and retailers' hands are light. Among the manu- facturers, some Eastern shops cannot promise deliveries before September, while some are closed for stock-tak- ing or running on short time. During the six months ending with June, the average variation in quotations on hides has been small ; No. 1 native steer declined from 12 cents, quoted January 2, to 10 1-4 cents, quoted April 3, and advanced again to 11 1-2 cents June 12. No. 1 Texas steer declined from 12 cents to 11 1-4 cents and advanced to 13 cents dur- ing the same period, and other BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY. m grades fluctuated proportionately. Heavy sole leather has I >ecome scarce, resulting in a very firm market; but trade in lighter leather is dull and supplies are accumulating. Wool. Wool quotations at the close of June were at the lowest point in four years with prost>ects of a heavy clip and large stocks on the ranches carried over from last year. Coates Brothers' circular, July 1, shows an average quotation of 17.06 cents, which is a decline of over 30 per cent from the high price of Febru- ary 1, 1900, when the same 100 grades averaged 24.72 cents. Iron and Steel. The weekly output of pig iron reached 314,506 tons June 1, which was the first time in the history of our country that the production had passed the 300,000 ton mark, and this without causing accumulation of stocks, but instead a decrease to 407,723 tons, against 558,663 at the opening of the year. The price of Bessemer pig, which was $13 25 on .January 2, rose to $17.25 the last of March, and declined to $16.00 quoted June 5. In finished products the market was active during .June, especially in steel rails, plates, bars, and structural shapes, building operations showing no halting. In general, prices are well maintained and steady with large orders for future delivery, though a cut was announced by the Sheet Steel Com- pany on No. 28 the latter part of June without apparent reason as orders are known to be large. Failures. During the six months ending with June there were 5,804 failures, with liabilities of $71,611,211. classified as follows : banking, 45, with $15,- 839,554 liabilities; brokerage, 305, with $9,249,435 liabilities ; manufac- turing, 1,265, with $21,601,048 lia- bilities ; and 4,180 traders, for $24,- 864,207. During the same months of last year failures were 442 less in number and $28,925,890 greater in liabilities. The average liabilities per failure for the second quarter of 1901 was $9,943, which iB smaller than for the same quarter in any previous year except 1899. Default- ed liabilities per firm in business averaged for the six months $23.50. Dun & Co. note as a peculiar fact that two large defaults in brokerage and banking during the last week of June were "directly due to the prosperous condition of business, since the speculators were wrecked because they were betting against the advance of values in the security market and had sold over 20,000 shares of stock they did not possess. Instead of declining, large earnings carried these stocks to a higher level and brought ruin to the brokers." Among the different states, Mary- land, Massachusetts, and Connecticut show an increase in the number of defaults ; and in New York the num- ber of small failures was much larger than last year, but the total liabilities less than half as much, owing to a single failure for $13,- 000,000 in 1900. Combinations. Among the industrial combinations of the year thus far, the United States Steel Corporation stands eas- ily at the head with its capitalization of $1,100,000,000. In March the American Can Company was incor- porated with a capital stock of $88,000,000; in May, the Allis- Chalmers Co , known as the " Ma- chinery Trust," with a capital of $50,000,000 ; and in June the Amer- ican Locomotive Company, with a capital of $50,000,(K)0. Other com- binations of lesser magnitude have been formed, among them the pine- apple growers of Florida, New Eng- land brick yards, Hour mills, and manufacturers of food supplies. 356 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1901 Stocks. It has been a season of new records on the New York Stock Exchange. On June 17, sixty railroad stocks averaged 103.98 ; June 4, the ten most active industrials averaged 75.76 ; and April 20, five city traction and gas stocks averaged 147.67. The week ending May 4 was the best Wall Street ever witnessed, sales on Tuesday, April 30, being 3,194,000 shares and averaging for the week nearly 3,000,000 shares per day. As indicative of the solid basis of the present business prosperity, it is worthy of note that the Wall Street panic early in May (p. 296) passed without disturbing actual business to any appreciable extent. UNITED STATES POLITICS. New Third Party. A conference of politicians — Pop- ulists, Democrats, Free Silver Repub- licans, Single Taxers, and advocates of sundry political, economic, and social reforms — was held in Kansas City, Mo., June 19, and put forth this declaration of the principles upon which they propose to organize a new national party : "Public ownership of all public utili- ties, as railroads, telegraphs, etc. While awaiting the legislation necessary to Papa : " No, Teddy, you've no show for that piece of pie ; Nursie has her eye on it." —Chicago American. secure public ownership, rigid control of freight and passenger rates, and severe penalties for rebates and other discrimi- nations by railroads. Taxation of rail- roads and other public utility corpora- tions in the same proportion as the value of farm and other property. Direct legislation by the initiative and referendum, to the end that the people may initiate good legislation and veto bad legislation. A graduated income tax, to the end that wealth, which receives government protection, shall bear its just share of the cost of government. That whatever is used as money shall be full legal tender, issued by the general government in sufficient volume for business purposes, and that volume fixed in proportion to population. Justelection laws throughout the state. Home rule for cities, and abolition of the present system of using the police as a standing army to carry primary elec- tions in the- interest of dishonest politi- cians representing still more dishonest special privilege corporations. Election of United States senators by popular vote. Presidential Third Term. General Charles H. Grosvenor, Congressman from Ohio, having pub- lished a declaration in favor of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for a third term of the presidency when his present term is ended, Mr. McKinley, though he might well have simply ignored the matter, chose rather to express his app oval of the project of renominating him, which he did in a card as follows : " I regret that the suggestion of a third term has been made. I doubt whether I am called upon to give it notice. But there are now questions of the gravest importance before the administration and the country, and their just consider- ation should not be prejudiced in the public mind by even the suspicion of the thought of a third term. In view, there- fore, of the reiteration of the suggestion of it, I will saynow, once for all, express- ing a long settled conviction, that I not only am not and will not be a candidate for a third term, but would not accept a nomination for it if it were tendered me. " My only ambition is to serve through my second term to the acceptance of my countrymen, whose generous confidence I so deeply appreciate, and* then with them to do my duty in the ranks of private citizenship. " WILLIAM M'KINLEY. " Executive Mansion, Washington, June 10, 1901." AFFAIRS IN VARIOUS STATES. m THE ARMY. Hazing Defined. N< m regulations bare been Issued !»v the Secretary of War, designed i«> make an end of basing in the Mili- tary Academy. To attain this end it vraa essentia] to make snob a defi- nite i' •• hazing " as would leave no question as to the nature of the arts which the regulations aim to forbid. The cadet at West Point will be judged frailty of the offense of hazing, " who shall strike, lay hands upon, treat with violence, disturb in his room or tent, or offer bodily harm to a new cadet or can- didate, with iutent to punish, injure, an- noy, molest, or harass the same; or who shall, with the same intent, invite, order, compel, or permit a new cadet or candi- date to sweep his room or tent, make his bed, bring water, clean his arms, equip- ments, or accoutrements, or perform any other menial service for him, or to as- sume any constrained position, or to en- gage in any form of physical exercise; or who shall, with the same intent, invite, order, or compel any new cadet or candi- date to eat or drink any article of food, or to take into his mouth any article whatever, or to do for him anything in- compatible with the position of a cadet and gentleman, or any cadet, whose duty it is to enforce camp, barrack, or mess regulations, who shall permit any new cadet or candidato to eat or drink any article of food, or to take into his mouth any article whatever, in violation of said regulations." And on being found guilty of any of these practict s, the cadet will bo sum marily dismissed from the Academy. The Canteen. At a meeting of the American Medical Ass. nation, held in St. Paul, Minn., a report was read, June 7, favoring the re-establishment of the army post canteen. Tho report embodied the resolutions adopted by a convention of military sur- geons the previous week, which declare the army post canteen a necessity. Tho present anti-canteen law, it is asserted, occasions "drunkenness, desertion, in- subordination, dishonorable discharge, crime, poverty, appalling increase in dis- ease and invalidism." The association adopted the resolution: "That this body deplores the action of the Congreft* la abolishing the army post exchange, or canteen, and, in the interest of discipline, morality, and san- itation, recommends its re-establishment at the earliest possible date." AFFAIRS IN VARIOUS STATES. Alabama. 8UHFKAUK AND THK NKW CONSTITU- TION. The State Constitutional Con- vention (p. 233) was still in session when a representative of the Outlook (N. Y.) canvassed its leading mem- bers to ascertain their views ujk>ii the question of disfranchising the negro citizens. Specially definite was the reply of General William C. Gates, Governoa of the State in 1895-6, who said : " I am in favor of letting every one of intelligence— not necessarily book learn- ing— and good character vote. I would have a Board of Registrars, consisting of three intelligent and discreet men, as non-partisan as possible — not more than two to belong to the same party. These men should be appointed by the gov- ernor, with the consent of the senate. The suffrage should be allowed to all persons except those convicted of crime punishable by imprisonment in the pen- itentiary, idiots or insane, or persons of notoriously bad character— tramps, pau. pers, or a man who has sold his vote or bought the vote of another, or who has been convicted of other fraud or bribery to procure his own election or that of another person; provided these persons have paid a poll tax. " I am opposed to any change in the plan of dividing the school money, as a lawyer and as a man. We recognize that the negroes are of an inferior race to the white man, but they are among us. They are the best laborers we shall ever have. We have extended a helping hand to them. I am opposed to drawing it back. While this must be a white man's gov- Tue Bee : " I may come back." -New York World. 358 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1901 ernment, the responsibility is all the stronger upon the white man to see that the negro is treated rightly. When a man of that race has established a good character, 1 want him to participate \r the election. I am a large taxpayer, a'.d I don't regret the part of my tax which goes to help educate the negro. Ours is largely an agricultural state; and it is not the duty of the people of the state, nor to its interest, to educate the chil- dren of either race beyond the primary schools, which by the laws of the state embrace all the branches necessary for a fair English education. I eing no Parcels Post arrangement l>etween this country and Argentina, the mer- chant had no recourse save to the ex- press companies. Now the value of the package was $3.00 : bat the tariff of the express companies was $6.30. Had the exporter been in England the cost of transmission would have been only 57 cents. Remarking up- on this incident, the directors of the movement for a Panels Post arrange- ment between the United States ami foreign countries, in one of their leaflets, thus voices the demand of the commercial interests of this country for action by Congress upon the subject : " These matters are continually being brought to the attention of our postal officials who have charge of the making of Parcels Post treaties with foreigu gov- ernments; they have the power to aid the American manufacturer or not, just as 360 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1901 they choose, and yet they have made very little effort to relieve the situation. They should have the interests of American commercial extension most at heart. American exporters and manufacturers, and in fact, everyone who is in any way interested in the successful salo of American goods in foreign lands, should insist that our postal authorities open their eyes to this point. They should cease to refuse to aid the manufacturer and exporter of the United States, and execute Parcels Post treaties with those countries in which there are new and abundant markets for just the classes of articles which can be transported so sat- isfactorily by Parcels Post." Industrial Progress of the South. Richard H. Edmonds, editor of the Manufacturer 's' Record, Baltimore, Md., in an address to the North Carolina Bankers' Association at Asheville, June 21, gives a striking account of the material advancement of the Southern states in the last twenty years. In that period the railroad mileage grew from 20,612 miles of short, dis- jointed lines, badly equipped nearly all of them, to 53,000 miles, with tracks, rolling stock, and every detail of manage- ment not inferior to those of the best roads in the world. Southern progress in this respect is greater than that of the Northern states. The cotton production of 1880 was 5,755,000 bales, aud the South- ern mills consumed 183.744 bales; but now the product is over 10,000,000 bales, of which 1,500,000 go to Southern mills. There were in 1880 667.000 spindles: now there are more than 6.000,000. The capital invested in cotton mills was $21,000,000 twenty years ago, but now it is over #150,000,000. There were only forty cot- ton-oil mills twenty years ago: now there are about 500, witlia capital of $50,000,- 000. The yield of grain was 431,000,000 bushels: last year it was 660 000,000 bushels. Coal mining produced 6.000,000 tons in 1880, but in 1900 the product was 48,000,000 tons. The pig-iron product rose from 397,000 tons to 2,600,000 tons; and the product of phosphate mines from 190,000 tons to 1,500,000 tons. The value of farm products was $571,000,000 in 1880, but last year it was about $1,200,000,000. And of several specific industries he gives this account: "The lumbering business in all branches has grown with rapidity, and instead of sending away all our lumber in its rough shape, we are beginning to turn out more and more finished products, High Point being the best il- lustration of the possibility of wood- working development. Within ten years that place has developed a furniture- making industry the output of which al- ready exceeds $1,500,000 a year. B. F. Fernow, the forestry expert, estimates that the lumber business of the South, including that used for fencing and fires, aggregates upwards of $200,000,000 a year. Ten years ago the Newport News shipyard was in its infancy; now it repre- sents over $12,000,000 invested capital, employs 7,000 hands, and has nearly $30,- 000,000 of work on hand. The Richmond Locomotive Works was then a small in- dustry; now it has become one of the world's important locomotive plants, finding a market for its locomotives in Europe as well as throughout the United States. The Maryland Steel Co. of Baltimore in 1890 was just getting under way, with its future still uncertain; now it ranks as one of the world's more im- portant steel industries, representing an investment of over $10,000,000, finding a market in Europe, in Asia, and in Africa for its rails, and having a shipyard which promises to rival even that of Newport. News. The Trigg shipyard at Richmond had not been born in 1890; now it em- ploys a thousand men, and soon will greatly increase this number. Birming- ham had no steel industry then; now it has in steel and steel-wire making over $3,000,000. Ten years ago rumors were heard that some supposed visionary people were beginning to make a success in upland rice-growing in southwest Louisiania and Texas; now that district is a marvel of prosperity, with a rice in- dustry which represents in land, in irri- gation works, and in mills a capital of fully $15,000,000. These are but a few facts illustrating the general progress of the South's whole industrial life." Our Economic Independence. An unofficial statement by Mr. Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, July 2, in which he predicts that in a year the United States, with its new possessions will be producing all the materials it needs for consump- tion and manufacture, and that soon not only will this country be in a position to disregard a commercial combination of all outside countries but will have it in its power, should it so choose, to reduce to extremity any other nation. This manifesto, though made oidy in the form of a conversation with a newspaper cor- respondent, is not inferior. «in im- portance to any official pronounce- ment, and has commanded attention at home and abroad. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. Ml The Agricultural Department baa for gome time been studying tbe question bow tbe people of tbe United States may be able to grow tbe agricultural products wbicb we are now purchasing liom for- eign countries. In tbe year iqoo we sold of sucb products about $844,000,000 wortb, and bougbt from foreign coun- tries about $420,000,000 worth. Of products imported, sugar constitutes Marly one- fourth. By next fall there will be over forty beet-sugar factories in operation in tbe United States: in a few years we shall bo producing "all the sugar we require, and we shall then be in position to ignore the foreign product.1' The inhabitants of the new possessions need agricultural instruction and en- < -oiiragement: tins will be afforded them by the department. Tbe production of coffee will be effectually promoted. So, too, the production of India rubber. At present the United States buys annually, $30,000 00) worth of rubber, but tbe out- look is that we will now be able to raise in our new possessions every bit of the product needed. It will be produced in I 'or to Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines, and the result will be tbat people using tbe commodity will be able to save many thousands of dollars in its purchase. As for spices, our new possessions will fur- nish us with au abundant quantity as soon as we get the machinery for their production in full operation. The secretary specifies macaroni wheat as one of the agricultural pro- ducts which soon will be grown in this country, in quantity sufficient to displace the fifteen million pounds of macaroni now annually imported, and of quality suj>erior to the Ital- ian product. Mr. Wilson makes Bpecifio mention only of these four or five products of agriculture; but lie foresee! the displacement of all foreign agricultural products in the American market. In conclusion he says : " There is no doubt that this country within a few months will be in a position t<> ignore every other nation on the globe in the matter of food products. We will produce within our own domain every- thing tbat goes upon our table and upon our backs. We will then be, commer- cially ami industrially, almost indepen- dent of the other nations of the world. Hence any trade combination which may be effected against us will count for nothing. Whenever we get ready we can come pretty near starving any other nation. Therefore an effective combi- nation against us will bo an impossi bility." Export of Steel and Iron. In 1891 the export of steel and iron from Great Britain, (Jermany, Belgium, France, and the United States was 5,075,000 metrical tons, 0f which 3,292,000, or 04 per e.i.t, was from Great Britain. The export from the United Stales in tbe same year was only 47,000 metrical tons. But ten years later, 1900, the export from the United States had grown twenty-five fold, to 1,175,000 metri- cal tons, while tin* export from Great Britain had grown only to 3,005,000, which is 53 per cent of the exports from the fire countries named, against 64 j>er cent in 1891. In the exports from the United States, each year showed increase ; the other countries' exports showed fluctuations as Been in the table compiled for the Iron and Coal Trades Review, of London. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEKL BY THE FIVE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES SINCE 1891 IN THOUSANDS OF METRICALTONS. Yr. ( K. Brit Ger'y. Belgiun i. V. S. France . Tot. 1891 3,292 1,161 422 47 150 6.076 1892 2,784 1,131 415 49 160 4.539 1893 2,904 1,209 407 74 138 4,7.'i2 1894 2,699 1,436 498 83 158 4.S74 1896 2,884 1.523 557 91 211 5, '.'tie 1896 3,609 1,611 668 207 SB 6, 277 1897 3,750 130 686 626 211 6,663 1898 3,299 1,623 718 896 261 6.796 1899 .1.777 1,606 704 968 241 7.185 1900 3,605 1,313 499] 1,175 220 6,812 The Reign of Law. The recent decisions of the Su- preme Court upon questions touching the political status of the t >s acquired from Spain (p. 284), evoked many weighty expressions of dissent in the leading organs of public opin- ion, but on all sides they were accept- ed as the expression of the law and as definitive as long as they are not modified or reversed by future opin- ions of the same tribunal. This spectacle of a great nation, despite its radical differences in political opinions, bowing to the judgments of a hare majority of the Supreme Court is an impressive one. As the New York Times justly remarks, it is "certainly an interesting and signi- ficant fact in the operation of tbe institu- tions of a perfectly free people. Here is 362 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. AugUBtNo., 1901 a political community of 75,000,000 of blended stock from many varied sources. The chief element, the English-speaking, spring from a race sturdy, independent, inclined to be rebellious. With it are mingled refugees and emigrants from a dozen European lands, all drawn from the more adventurous and least submis- sive of their respective peoples. A de- cision of vital consequence is rendered by the vote of one man in nine in the Supreme Court — a man whose name, whichever it is, was probably unknown to nine-tenths of his countrymen when they read it in the press on the morning the decision was announced. And the decision passes not without criticism, certainly, but with authority as unques- tioned as the decree of the most auto- cratic ruler of the Old World. It is a re- markable and a most encouraging spectacle. "If we seek the explanation, we find it chiefly in the very freedom of the people. The authority they recognize and bow to is their own. The court is a part of the system they have created for the admin- istration of their national affairs. Its de- cisions are accepted because those who differ from them know that in the long run they embody the deliberate purpose of the nation. They are not imposed from above or from outside. Ultimately they are bound to conform to the opera- tion of the national will. Respect for them is self-respect in the highest and most enlightened form." The Chinese-Exclusion Act Upon the advice, it is said, of Mr. Wu Ting-fang, the Chinese minister at Washington, his countrymen in the United States are to make an effort to obtain from Congress the repeal of the Geary Exclusion act ; or rather to induce Congress not to re-enact that measure in 1 902, when the Geary act expires (see Vol. 3, p. 275, 512, 744) . A memorial to Con- gress asking for the admission of Chinese on the same terms as immi- grants of other races will be signed by all Chinese in the United States and presented to the government by Wu Ting-fang. It is believed that the petition will receive strong sup- port from thousands of Americans ; and the petitioners hope to persuade some political organization to take up their cause. The proposed memorial to Congress will demand the absolute repeal of the Geary act on the ground of fair play and as a sort of reciprocity for the opening of Chinese ports. It will ask that the Chinese bo put on at least as good a footing as the Japanese immigrants — the only require- ment being good health and a stipulated sum of money to assure their not becom- ing public charges. Even more than the right to travel freely to and from China, the Chinese desire the right of becoming United States citizens, with full suffrage and property rights. The memorial will include some inter- esting statements in their own behalf. One clause will try to persuade the sup- porters of the working classes that Chinese immigration would not be bad for the workingmen. Commercial benefits which America would derive from granting free com- munication with the Chinese will be a point strongly pressed. The memorial will speak of China's 400,000,000 inhabi- tants, and the vast market for flour, paper, tobacco, clothing, iron and steei ware, and machinery which would be opened up. There will be a clause some- thing like this: The repeal of the Exclusion act will re- move a terrible stigma from the United States government, will create a favor- able impression in China, and open up the vast empire to American goods and manufacture of all kinds. The Chinese consul-general in an interview reported in the New York Tribune, June 15, spoke as follows of one of the benefits to be derived from Chinese immigration : " Repeal the Exclusion act and the Chinese will turn the great marshes of the South into rice lands, and in other parts they will build great tea gardens. They can stand the hardship and suffer- ing that go with new industries, and they will not ask a government bounty, either. The commercial advantages which would follow the repeal of this act are obvious. I will not dwell on them. We certainly have great reason to hope for support in the fight which will be made for the repeal, and such support that will command respect and make itself felt." CANADA. Closer Imperial Union. This year's Dominion Day banquet in London was notable for the im- portant utterances made by "promi- nent speakers bearing on the subject of a closer federation of the colonies iiiid the mother land. The Colonial Secretary, Mr. CANADA. 363 Chamberlain, intimated his lx*l i«-f that the movement feOWUd admission of the colonies into the ooansell of the empire was progressing. " Of one thing I am convinced," said he, " If our colonies desire closer connec- tion and will assist us with their counsel and advice in addition to their arms, there is nothing this country would more readily welcome." Referring to Great Britain's isolation, he said: *' I do not think the opinion of civilized Europe to-day is likely to be the verdict of posterity. Of much more value is pire's King is our King, the empire's flag is our flag, and we are as proud of both as you are. The Canada of to-day is not the Canada of fifteen years ago. Emigra- tion is now flowing from the United States into Canada instead of from Cana- da to the United States. We have so improved trade relations that we find we have a better market in Great Britain than in the United States. There was a time when certain people thought Canada could be forced into relations with the Unites States; that time, thank God, has gone by, and the time to talk annexation has gone by. To-day our faith is pinned to the flag and our material prosperity lios that way also." HOX. L. G. POWER, Or HALIFAX, X. S. RPEAKKK OF THK CANADIAN SKNATK. the opinion of our colonies than the unin- structed opinion of Europe, which is based upon lies foisted upon Europe by our enemies abroad and traitors among us at home. We may be isolated among the nations of the world, but so long as our children rally around us we are not alone." And Sir Louis H. Davies, Cana- dian Minister of Marine and Fish- eries, is quoted as follows . " Reciprocity of action is such that there is no distrust, fear, or danger be- tween the colonics ami tin* empire to-day. Our tie may only be silken, but it is stronger than an iron chain. The em- But while the old indifference to the colonics has given place to a deep appreciation of their loyalty and value, there is still no likelihood of British statesmen closing the <• open door" of British markets by granting any Special discrimination in favor of colonial products (Vol. 10, p. 290). To the mover of an amendment providing for a preferen- tial duty on colonial sugar, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir M. Hicks-Beach, June 21, disavowed again any intention of departing 364 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1901 from the old, established principles of free trade, or rather equality of opportunity, in British markets. '' Such a departure, he said, would benefit neither Britain nor the colonies, would deprive the exchequer of revenue without benefiting the consumer, and might endanger trade with foreign coun- tries. "There was a strong feeling on this subject in Germany, and the acceptance of the amendment would mean running a most serious risk of losing the favored- nation treatment Great Britain now enjoys in- Germany. If preference were given to sugar from Canada, Australia would want special treatment for other products, and then foreign countrb s would offer the same concessions to tho colonies and ask for similar treatment. He was not prepared to risk the loss of Great Britain's foreign trade, which was * greater than the trade of the colonies. " The preference granted by Canada had not greatly benefited trade between Britain and Canada, for the simple rea- son that tho preference granted still lett a protective duty against the British and in favor of the Canadian manufacturer. Although, happily, British trade had largely increased with Canada, the trade of the United States with Canada had also largely increased." We note in passing that Germany, in extending to Great Britain and her colonies the most-favored-nation treatment, on the basis of a law enacted May 29, has specifically ex- eluded Canada from the benefits of such treatment — presumably as a retaliation for Canada's action in 1897 in denouncing the German and Belgian treaties (Vol. 7, pp. 442, 671, 932). A conference has been called to consider the question of the constitu- tion of a final Court of Colonial Appeal (Vol. 10, pp. 302, 378, 396, 489). The delegates from British North America are : Hon. David Mills, Canadian Minister of Justice; and Hon. George H. Emerson, Judge of the Supreme Court of Newfound- land. The Fiscal Year. The fiscal operations of the govern- ment for the year ended June 30, so far as known from returns received up to June 30, show a revenue of $50,735,948 on account of consoli- dated fund, with an ordinary expen- diture of $38,574,508 and a capital expenditure of $9,556,169. When all accounts are in, it is estimated that revenue on consolidated account will amount to $52,800,000, and expenditure to $46,700,000, giving a surplus of $6,100,000. The revenue in detail for the two years is as follows: — Total to June 30, 1900. Customs $28,102,751 Excise, .... 9,817,121 Post Office, . . . 3,098,410 Public Works, including Kys. 5,173,544 Miscellaneous, . . . 2,842,770 Total, Customs, Excise, . Post Office, Public Works, including Kys Miscellaneous, $49,034,597 Total to June 30. 1901. $2K, 137,999 . 10,204,645 3,357,096 5,702,456 3,243,747 Total, . . . $50,735,947 The expenditure for capital account was:— For public works, $5,917,636, as HON. WILLIAM MULOCK, M. A., (AN A 111 AN POSTMASTEB-G KNKUAL, ATTENDING AS THE OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DOMTinOH AT THE OPENING of lllt-l FEDERAL I'AKI.I AMENT OF THE HEW <(>\IM,>S\VKALTH OF Al'STKALIA. CANADA. against $.r),:5U8,JKXS fur the previous twelve month*; for railway subsidies,$2,486,858, as against 17*4,886; militia, $41,186, as against $188,419; South African contin- gents, $874,571, as against $1,873,707. The total for the year was $1». :>.".•'. 169, ;i- compared with $7,799,467 in 1899- HMJ0. State-Owned Telegraphs. At a meeting of the < Ottawa Board of Trade, June 3, steps were taken to secure oombined action of boards of trade and chambers of commerce throughout the empire in favor of likuwiso that the land telegraphs of the several British possessions should be state-owned. The land telegraphs of the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the Australian states, India, and South Afri- ca are already nationalized and admin- istered hy the post-office. Canada is the only exception; but the transfer of the Canadian telegraph lines to the post- office, together with the laying of a state- owned cable across the Atlantic, is, we are informed, under the consideration of the government, and it may be assumed that Canada will not long remain the only country within the empire where the telegraph system is not in the public interests controlled by the state. JOHN CHARLTON, M. P., LIBERAL MKIIIKR FOR THE NOBTH KIDINQ OK NORFOLK, OXT. state ownership of telegraph and cable lines, the object being to secure the cheapest, freest, most Speedy and most effective means of inter- course between all parts of the empire. This, it is claimed, would effectively foster trade, stimulate commercial activity, and constitute a bond of imperial unity of inestima- ble value. Tho proposal requires not only that the connecting trans-marine cables should be under government control, but Ontario Liberal Platform. The Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier of Ontario, addressing the electors of Brockville, Out., June 13, outlined the platform on which he will again appeal for the suffrages of the prov- ince as follows : 1. The early settlement of the unoccu" pied lands of the province by coloniza- tion and by the projection of railways into new Ontario. 2. The manufacture within the prov- ince, and so far as practicable by Cana- dian labor, of the products of our forests, 366 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. August No., 1901 such as pine ami spruce, into lumber and pulp; and the smelting and refining of our mineral products such as iron, nickel, and copper ore, for the markets of the world. 3. The increase of our agricultural wealth by improved methods of hus- bandry, fruit-growing, dairying, cold- storage, and the production of beet-root sugar, and by reclaiming the undrained lands of the province. 4. The extension of our trade with Great Britain in all natural products, but especially in cattle, horses, and dressed meats. 5. The disposal of our forest wealth, with a view to its perpetuation by re- forestry, timber reserves, and parks. 6. The improvement of transporta- tion by the better construction of high- ways and the removal of tolls. 7. The regulation of rates for pas- sengers and freight on all railways sub- sidized by the province, and the ulti- mate control of such railways, at the option of the Legislature. 8. The application of public revenues for the development of the province and tbe relief of the taxpayers. 9. The revision from time to time as the public interests may require of the laws governing the municipal and political institutions of the province, and the improvement and enforcement of all laws affecting public morality. 10. The maintenance of the inde- pendence of the Legislative Assembly as the guardian of the constitutional rights of the province. 11. The application of sound princi- ples of education to the courses of in- struction in all our schools and col- leges, including technical schools for those concerned in industrial pursuits, agricultural schools for those concerned in husbandry, and schools of mining and engineering where a wider range of scientific knowledge is required. Monument to Laura Secord. On June 22 a monument to Laura (wife of James) Secord, heroine of the War of 1812, was unveiled at Lundy's Lane, Ont., by Mrs. Geo. W. Ross, wife of the provincial Pre- mier. Under the auspices of the Ontario Historical Society, the funds were raised by subscriptions of five and ten cents, which were contributed by children in schools, by members of the Canadian militia and the his- torical societies, the County of Wel- land, villages of Niagara Falls South and Chippewa, the town of Niagara Falls, the Niagara Navigation Com- pany, and the 49th Regiment of the British army. The monument consists of a life- size bronze bust resting on a rectan- gular granite shaft about seven feet high, which stands on a base of the same material. The sculpture is the freely contributed work of Miss Mil- dred Peel of London, Ont. A his- tory of the incident which made the name of Laura Secord immortal is found in the inscriptions on the shields on three sides of the shaft. " To perpetuate the name and fame of Laura Secord, who (on the 23rd of June, 1813) walked alone nearly twenty miles by a circuitous, difficult, and perilous route to warn a British outpost at De Cew's Falls of an intended attack, and thereby enabled Lieut. FitzGibbon on the 24th of June, 1813, with 49 men of H. M. 49th Regiment, about 15 militiamen, and a small force of Six Nation and other Indians, under Captains Dominique Ducharne and William Johnson Kerr, to surprise and attack the enemy at Beech- woods (or Beaver Dams), and after a short engagement to capture Col. Boerst- ler of the United States army and his whole force of 542 men, with two field pieces. This monument, erected by the Ontario Historical Society from contri- butions of societies, the 49th Regiment, military organizations, schools, and pri- vate individuals, was unveiled 22nd of June, 1901." On the two sides are the following in- scriptions:— "In memory of James Secord, Sen., collector of customs, who departed this life on the 22nd of Febru- ary, 1841, in the 68th year of his age," and " Here rests Laura Ingersoll, beloved wife of James Secord, born Sept. 13, 1775; died Oct. 17, 1868, aged 93 years." This, it appears, is the second monument publicly erected in Can- ada to a Canadian woman. In 1870 the legislature of Nova Scotia, in token of the heroism of a 12-year old girl, Catherine Crowley, of Pugwash, Cumberland county, wno gave up her life in a successful effort to save a younger brother and sister from the flames of her parents' dwelling, erected over her grave a suitably inscribed marble block sur- mounted by a cross and resting on a granite base. Miscellaneous. , By a decision of the Court of King's Bench, or Court of Appeals, at Montreal, Que., June 15, it is NEWFOUNDLAND. 387 affirmed that then1 shall be no differ- ence in tin- interpretation of a patent in Canada and a patent granted in the United States for the same de- vice. On June 19 the Dunkin act was repealed in Richmond, Que., by a majority of 459 votes, almost the same figure as was polled for prohibi- tion twenty years ago. The vote stood 432 for, to 891 against re-en- actment. The trouble of last year in British Columbia (Vol. 10, p. 659), between the white and Indian fishermen on the one hand, and imported Japanese who are willing to work for less, has renewed itself this year, the situa- tion at the end of June being regard- ed as ominous of an open conflict. The Ontario Lumber Company June 16, suffered loss by fire at French River of over $200,000 worth of sawn lumber — almost covered by insurance. The Anchor Line steamer Armenia, (apt. J. W. Shanklin, from St. John, N. B., for New York, went ashore in a fog on Nigger Head, about seven miles from St. John, June 29. The vessel was built at Glasgow, Scot- land, in 1881, and was of 2,218 tons register. On June 4 a' horrible tragedy re- sulted in Toronto, Ont., from the crime of a gang of burglars — Rice, Jones and Rutledge — who had been extradited from Chicago, 111. In an attempt to escape while being con- veyed from the court house to the jail, they fatally shot Constable Boyd, but were recaptured, Jones being fatally wounded and dying two days later. On the 5th they were convicted of the bank burglary at Aurora, May 24, 1900; and on the 7th Rice and Rutledge, the sur- vivors, were sentenced to 21 years' imprisonment for burglary. Con- fronted with almost sure conviction on the charge of murder, Rutledge committed suicide on reaching the jail by suddenly throwing himself headlong from an upper gallery. NEWFOUNDLAND. Signs of friction which may lead to reconstruction or disruption of the Bond cabinet, have appeared among its members over the railroad question (p. 304), some thinking that the rights proposed to be granted to Mr. Reid are out of proportion to the services to be received in ret urn. HON. GEORGE H. EMERSON, JIHIliK OK THE SUPREME COl'RT OF NKWFOINH- LAND, DELEGATE TO THE CONFERENCE OH THE CONSTITUTION OF A VlNAL COURT OF COLONIAL APPEAL. Wreck of the " Lusitania." At about 1:30 a. m. on June 25, the Orient Steam Navigation Com- pany's steamer Lusitania, Captain McNay, from Liverpool, May 8, for Montreal, ran ashore in a dense fog off Renews, near Cape Ballard, about 20 miles north of Cape Race, and became a wreck. Fortunately there was no loss of life, though the ves- sel carried 364 passengers. The vessel was built by Laird Bros., Liverpool, in 1871, and was under lease to the Elder-Dempster Com- pany, from whom on its arrival at Montreal it was to be transferred to the new Franco-Canadian line. AFFAIRS 7JVT AMERICA. August No., 1901 SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina. KIOTS IN BUENOS AYKES. President Boca's determination to carry through a scheme for the uni- fication of the national debt which he promulgated a few months ago, has aroused bitter hostility, culminat- ing in a series of riotous demonstra- tions in Buenos Ayres on July 3 and 4. Such determined opposition to the administration has not been shown in the republic before for some time. The rioters presented a monster petition to Congress ; de- molished the offices of two papers that favored the administration ; surrounded the President's house; and became so aggressive that, July 5, martial law was proclaimed for six months in the capital and its suburbs, and a rigorous censorship established. At last accounts, the Chamber of Deputies, which had the bill before it for action, was waver- ing under the pressure of the remon- strants, and it was thought that the government would withdraw the bill • The reason given for the uprising is that the unification of the debt would place the finances of the country in the power of the foreign capitalists. La Prensa states that the public debt has increased from 86,000,(00 pesos to 435,- 000,000 pesos in gold during the twenty years of President Eoca's administra- tion, and his plan of unification is BJQHT UNDER HIS NOSE. —The Minneapolis Times, generally condemned by the Argentine press. Our government is prepared, if neces- sary, to send two ships to defend Ameri- can interests, although a real revolution is not anticipated. Brazil. FOREIGN COLONIZATION. Pessimistic articles concerning the rapid growth of German influence in Brazil and its intended use by Germany to threaten the United States, continue to appear in the press ; but the following figures fur- nished the State Department by United States Consul-General Seeger, regarding the number of foreigners in Brazil, goes to show that the danger, if it is a real one, is not very j mm in en t. He states the total number of foreign- ers in Brazil at 2,700,000, and reckons the total population at 17,000,000. This makes the proportion of foreigners less than 16 per cent, only a slightly larger proportion than that in the United States. Of these 2,700,000 foreigners, he says, only 300,000 are Germans— an estimate which is considered to be over rather than under the exact figures. Italians to the number of 1,300,000, 800,000 Portu- gese, 100,000 Spaniards, 80,000 Poles, 10,000 French, 5,000 English, and 500 North. Americans make up the rest, with the exception of 100,000 of various nation- alities, mostly Asiatic. Mr. Seeger also states that, as a rule, only one or two per cent of the colonists retain their original nationality, and that the Ger- mans and Italians are particularly prompt to renounce their former allegiance. As far as numbers at least are concerned, then, the "German peril" in Brazil would seem to be somewhat remote. The United States consul at Frankfort gives the amount of Ger- many's commerce with South Ameri- can republics for the last two years. In 1900, her trade was greatest with Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, and aggre- gated $105,000,000 in imports to these three republics, and $35,000,000 in exports from them. Last year her imports from these same countries and from Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, aggregated $111,000,000. and her exports more than $40,000,000. The imports from the United States the same year were less than $83,000,000, and the exports less than $33,000,000. GREAT RRlTAlN AND IRELAND. *'•*'■ ^* Chile. CLAIMS SKTTLRD. June 17, the United States and Chilean Claims Commission (Vol. 10, pp. 296, 389) finished its work. It has heard seventeen eases against Chile, and two against the United States. Of the American claims again si Chile, amounting to $3,400- 000, .084 per cent have been allowed, making awards of $28,062. Of the two Chilean cases, one was allowed, and an award of $3,000 made to Richard Trnmlmll ; and the other, the Itata case, was dismissed June 17, on the ground that judgment had already been awarded and paid on the same case by the Chilean govern- ment. Don Jerman Riesco has been elected to be the next president of the republic. Venezuela. CASTRO'S ARBITRARY CONDUCT. A fresh instance of the supreme authority wielded by President Castro has been afforded by the news of the recent imprisonment of the presi- dent of the Supreme Court of Venezuela. The president Inspected the Caracas prisons; and, finding forty or so persons imprisoned with- out specified cause, he liberated a monber of them after making inquiries. This visit was in accord- ance with the written code of Venezuelan justice, which has, how- ever, not often been put in practice lately. President Castro cancelled the older lil>erating the prisoners, and ordered the judge to be thrown into prison. It was before the court pre- sided over by this judge that the asphalt case was being tried (pp. 50, 183, 305). GKN'ERAL ILLITERACY. The last book of Venezuelan statis- tics gives the total population of the country as 2,444,816. In a canvass which included 2,343,816, only 399,- 986 persons were found who could read, and only 378,036 who could write as well as read. This makes a total of 2,044,830 illiterates out of 2,343,8*5. The total number of schools of all kinds is 1,271 with a total number of pupils 54,533. Yet, during the present fiscal year, the appropriations for instruction, including all salaries from the minister of public instruc- tion down, is only 2,800,000 bolivars, or about $560,000 for a population of nearly two million and a-half. **$**j Hffafrs In Europe, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Division of the Liberals. AN open raptors between the Imperialist and Anti-Impe- rialist sections of the Lib- erals on the subject of the war policy of the government has brought the party into an extremely perilous position. Indeed, it is con- sidered by many authorities on Eng- lish polities U) 06 the seu -rest crisis in the party since the great split on Home Rule in Gladstone's time. The pro-Boer members of the Liberal party, led by Mr. Lloyd- George, have seized every opportuni- ty for some months to stigmatize the conduct of the South African war, and their assaults have been silently endured by the Liberal Imperialists for the sake of the unity of the par- ty ; but the Boer sympathizers went too far, and Mr. Asquith, the ablest 370 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. August No., 1901 RT. HON. HERBERT H. ASQUITH, PROMINENT LIBERAL LEADER, FORMERLY HOME SECRETARY IN MR. GLAD- STONE'S CABINET. of the Imperialist leaders, has courageously and openly rebuked^ them. The first indication that the endurance of the Liberal Imperialists had been strained to the utmost was brought out June 18th in the division in the House on the motion of Mr. Lloyd-George to adjourn on the question of the treatment of Boer women and children, which was rejected by a vote of 253 to 134. Al- though Mr. Lloyd-George was supported by Sir Henry Campbell- Bannerman, the party leader, in his scathing denuncia- tions of the policy of concentration, and was followed in the division by Sir Wil- liam Vernon Harcourt, James Bryce, and Sir Robert Reid, nevertheless Mr. As- quith, Sir Edward Grey, and fifty Liberal Imperialists refused to follow the party leaders, and walked out without voting, Mr. Asquith's Speech. An immense mass meeting of the pro-Boers, held the following night at Queen's Hall, at which prominent Liberal leaders were present, made addresses, and passed fiery resolu- tions, elicited a ringing response the next night from Mr. Asquith, the former Liberal Home Secretary. Speaking at a Liberal dinner, and re- plying to the addresses of the night be- fore and those of the National Reform Union banquet held a few days previous- ly, Mr. Asquith vigorously protested against the acceptance of these speeches as a pronouncement of the position of the Liberal party, indignantly repudi- ated the slurs on the British officers and men, and declared his belief that the war was inevitable, and his conviction that Boer independence was now impossible, and that he favored a free federated South Africa on the lines of Canada and Australia. He further denounced the branding "definitely and authoritatively" of Liberals holding these views as "schismatics and here- tics," to whom nothing was open but repentance, and denied the allegation that some of them were changing their views. This downright challenge was the subject of universal discussion the next day, and the comments of the various Liberal organs but served to show more clearly the wide diver- gence of opinion in the party. The Daily Chronicle, Imperialist Liberal, hails Mr. Asquith as a "true leader," while the Daily Hews deplores his action in heading a movement of revolt which can end in nothing but the repudiation of Liberalism ; and the air was thick with rumors of Sir Campbell-Ban - Herman's resignation, and of his suc- cession by Mr. Asquith and by Lord Bosebery. That the situation is considered serious by the party lead- ers also is shown by the call for a meeting of the party on July 9. It is significant that the meeting was set ten days in advance of a ban- quet in honor of Mr. Asquith, which is to be given by his sympathizers July 19. Preparations for Coronation. PROCLAMATION. The coronation of King Edward VII. is to take place a year from now in June. The exact day of the month, however, is not determined as yet. The announcement was pro- claimed by the royal herald June 28, with the same mediaeval ceremonies that accompanied the proclamation of his accession to the throne last January (p. 56), and at the same three places, St. James Palace, Tem- ple Bar, and the Boyal Exchange. No warning of the approaching cer- (JKKAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 371 emonies was given, in order to avoid unwieldy crowds, but the quaint rites were witnessed by large num- bers. The affair was carried through with all the picturesque stateliness and attention to details that charac- terized the previous ceremony. REVISED OATH. The committee appointed by the House of Lords to revise the royal oath of accession (pp. 127, 185), of which the Lord Chancellor was chairman, has reported a modified form believed by it to have attained the purpose desired, namely, to se- cure an unequivocal avowal of Prot- estantism from the sovereign with- out the use of expressions offensive to Roman Catholic subjects. The words u Contrary to the Protestant religion" have been substituted for the phrase " superstitions and idola- tries " in describing the adoration of the Virgin and the sacrifice of the Mass ; and the single word " un- reservedly " for the long paragraph regarding equivocation that closes the declaration. This makes the Declaration read as follows : "I, A, B., by the Grace of God, King (or Queen) of Great Britain and Ireland! Defender of the Faith, do solemnly and sincerely, in the presence of God, pro- fess, testify, and declare that I do be- lieve that in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper there is not any transubstantia- tion of the elements of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ, at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever. And I do believe that the invocation or adoration of the Virgin Mary, or any other Saint, and the sacrifice of the Mass, as they are now used in the Church of Rome, are con- trary to the Protestant religion. And I do solemnly, in the presence of God, pro- fess, testify, and declare that I do make this declaration and every part thereof unreservedly." Exceptions to the form have been already taken by both Protestants and Catholics. « 1IANOK OF TITLE. July 4 Mr. Chamberlin announced to the House a proposal to so change the royal title as to indicate more dearly the extent and solidarity of the British Empire. The proposed change is by no means startling, as the royal title has already undergone a number of changes, and suggest [one for another change have been heard occasionally for the last few years. The history of the English royal title is an interesting one. William the Con- queror styled himself simply " King of the English." Henry III. was the first to call himself " King of England;" and Edward III. added "King of France." The most sweeping change was made by Henry VIII., wlio was the first to drop the Latin titles and use plain English. He also received the cognomen of De- fender of the Faith" from the Fope for his loyalty to Rome! Curiously enough, the meaning of this title is now quite the opposite, referring to the Sovereign's opposition to the belief of the Roman Catholic Church. James I. added the word " Scotland " after England;" Anne called herself "Queen of Great Britain, Ireland, and France;" the Georges added several German titles; and George III. dropped the fictitious M King of France," and adopted the title as it stood until Victo- ria mMM " Empress of India" in 1887. So that it now stands, " Edward, by the Grace of God, of the United King- dom of Great Britain and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of In- dia." Trial of Earl Russell. The trial of Earl Russell for big- amy has brought to mind one of the curious mediaeval functions of the House of Lords. The Earl, who procured in Nevada a divorce from his wife, and married there Mrs. Suinmerville, has been indicted for bigamy, which is a felony ; and so, according to English law, is entitled to a trial by his peers, who can be found only in the House of Lords. Accordingly a committee was ap- pointed to arrange the procedure of the trial, consisting of the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Privy Seal, Lord Shaftesbury, and twelve other peers. The whole House of Peers, or as many as are present, will con- stitute the jury. They will be un- sworn, are not obliged to attend the proceedings, and a bare majority will decide the verdict. Truly an anomalous and anachronous form of procedure. 372 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. August No., 1901 The Earl was formally taken in custody at Westminster, July 2, by the Black Rod, when he fell on his knees with many obeisances, and begged for a postponement of his case until August 6, in order to se- cure evidence from America. His petition was granted. The last time the House of Lords act- ed in this capacity was sixty years ago, in 1841, when Lord Cardigan was tried for having shot a certain Captain Tuckett in a duel. He was acquitted on a pure technicality, as sufficient proof of the murdered man's full Christian name was not presented. This trial raises several other interest- ing questions bet-ides that of hereditary privilege; namely, tbe validity of the divorce under the laws of Nevada and the decisions of the United States Su- preme Court, and the power of any for- eign tribunal to divorce an English sub- ject. American Engines. A prolonged discussion is in pro- gress in England over the respective merits of English and American lo- comotives, arising from the purchase of American locomotives and bridges for the Indian railways. Sir Alfred Hickman, ex-president of the British Iron Trade Association, started the discussion in the House of Commons May 23; and Lord George Hamil- ton, Secretary of State for India, who was not then present, replied by public letter, stating as the sole reason for the purchase of American material, its superiority over the English in price and time of deliv- ery. The contest has gone on since then in the newspapers. Mr. Samuel Johnson, superintendent of the locomotive department of the Midland Railway, England, on which line American locomotives have had a comparative test with English locomo- tives of six months1 duration, states that he finds the American machines inferior in three points: they require from 20 to 25 per cent more coal, 50 per cent more oil, and cost GO per cent more for re- pairs. The oiiginal cost, however, is $2,000 less than that of the English ma- chines, and the delivery is much more Erompt, while the two compare favora- ly in the working. The explanation seems to be in the fact that English engines are designed for precisely the kind and amount of work to be required of them, while the American engines are not built to econo- mize coal, but to haul enormous loads under forced draft. Naval Progress. July 5 the Secretary of the Ad- miralty announced in the House the program of ship-building for the year. It includes three battleships of a new, improved class, six cruisers of the Monmouth class, and ten im- proved torpedo boat destroyers. The battleships will be of 16,500 tons, EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY. (iRKAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. fa 18,000 horse power, and 18 1-2 knots npeed capacity. They will be 20 feet longer than those of the class of the Formidable, and are to have 6-inch guns enclosed in a battery with 7-inch armor. They are expected to compare favorably with any ships now building by any European power. They will be named King Edward, Dominion, and Common- wealth, in honor of the loyal service ren- dered by Canada and Australia in the South African war. South Africa, where it did excellent service. The hospital fittings mn presented with tin* ship by this com- mittee. Mr. Baker made the gift in his private capacity, and not as pres- ident of the company. The gift was accepted in a very cordial speech by Lord Spencer, First Lord of the Ad- miralty. MADAME ADELINA PATTI, famous sin<;kh. 8HK RF.CKNTI.Y PIT IT FOB BALF. HER FAMOUS WELSH C ASTI.K, CKAIIi-V-NOS. Gift of the " Maine." Another gracious instance of the cordial relations existing between the citizens of the United States and of Great Britain has been afforded in the presentation to ihe British navy by Mr. Barnard Baker, Presi- dent of the Atlantic Transport Com- pany, of the hospital ship Maine. The Maine was loaned by the com- pany to a committee of American ladies, who fitted it out for the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers in Vol. 11-25. Turbine Steam Power. The recent trial of a new Steamer, Klnij Edward, on the Firth of Clyde, has shown remarkable advantages in the use of turbine steam power. There was a complete absence of dis- agreeable vibration, and almost no noise, while previous trials of the power in torpedo boats have already proved its superiority in speed. The question of its greater or lesser con- sumption of coal, however, still re- mains to be determined. 874 AFFAIRS IN EUBOPE. August No., 1901 Mr. Carnegie's Gift. Mr. John Morley has announced Mr. Carnegie's decision regarding the use of his gift of $10,000,000 to the Scottish Universities (p. 308). The annual income of the fund, stated to be $520,000, is not to be devoted to the abolition of all fees, as has been stated in many quarters. Half of it is to be devoted to strengthening the faculties of science, medicine, history, modem languages, and literature, and the other half will probably be expended in paying the class fees of Scottish students. Any surplus is to be used for university ex- tension lectures. Miscellaneous. The Derby was won by Mr. W. C. Whitney's Volodyovski in record time of 2 minutes 40 4-5 seconds. The whole day was a victory for American owners and American jockeys. June 18, Baroness Cederstrom (Adelina Patti) offered her magnifi- cent Welsh castle for sale at auction, but bid it in herself, as her reserve price, $250,000, was not reached. The reason for the sale was her in- tention to spend most of her time in future in Sweden, her husband's na- tive land. June 6, Mr. Yerkes of Chicago re- ceived the sanction of the London District Railway to introduce elec- tricity as the motive power of the road. GERMANY. Deficit in Breadstuffs. The most disastrous deficit in breadstuffs of recent years is threat- ening Germany. So serious is the situation that a memorial has been addressed to the government by the Landesokonomie, a permanent gov- ernment agricultural commission, calling attention to the situation, and asking for specific measures of relief. According to this memorial, the antic- ipated deficit in the wheat crop of Prus- sia alone is 1,053,515 tons, which it would cost, at $41.65 a ton, $43,732,500 to re- place with imported grain. The deficit in the rye crop is expected to reach 713,- 121 tons, which it would cost $24,514,000 to replace, at $34.51 a ton. This would make the total loss in Prussia 1,766,636 tons of bread-producing cereal, valued, according to average prices last year, at $67,246,500. The same conditions prevail at large over the whole empire. It is noteworthy that this large expected fail- ure in German crops has not appreciably affected the general market. The relief measures asked for are grants of money and loans at lower rates, reduction of railway freights, permis- sion to gather forage from state lands, postponement of rents and taxes for the year 1901, and distribution of rye and bran at cost prices. A special meeting of the Bundes- rath has been summoned by Count von Billow to consider these propo- sitions. Unveiling of Bismarck Statue. The Bismarck statue, facing the column of Victory in front of the Reichstag building, was unveiled June 16, at noon, in the presence of the Emperor and Empress, Prince Bismarck, Count von Biilow, and a large array of Prussians and impe- rial officials and dignitaries. Count von Biilow made an eloquent address in eulogy of Bismarck, and the Em- peror laid the first wreath at the feet of the statue. It is stated that the Emperor was displeased at the frank and courageous characterization of Bismarck by Von Biilow, and it is pointed out that he did not confer any decorations, even on the monu- ment committee. FRANCE. The Associations Bill. The Associations Bill (Vol. 10, p. 943; Vol. 11, pp. 61, 189) passed its final stage June 28, and needs now only the signature of President Loubet to become law. This meas- ure was the most important project of the Waldeck- Rousseau ministry, and its passage after severe and, pro- longed opposition is another distinct triumph for the Premier. In deference to public opinion, the bill received an important amendment in the RUSSIA 375 Senate, that was adopted by the Cham- ber, and is generally considered to strengthen the jubtice of the measure. The amendment provides that the prop- erty confiscated by the state from those religious orders who do not comply with the provisions of the bill is not to be devoted entirely to old-age pensions, as was at first proposed, but to be used as far as is necessary for the assistance of tlioso members of the dissolved orders " who have no sure and regular means of existence, or who can prove that they have contributed to the acquisition of the common riches of the order." The passage of this bill leaves the government free to press forward its Pension bill for aged and disabled workmen. This will also be severe- ly opposed, as it calls for an enor- mous expenditure of public funds. Excitement in Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies, June 14, was the scene of great excite- ment during the interpellation of the government on the question of the recent trouble in Algeria. M. Drumont, Anti-Semite, of Algiers, bitterly accused the government in the most extreme language, and re- fused to stop speaking when a vote of censure and temporary exclusion was passed, so that the president was obliged to suspend the sitting and summon soldiers to expel him forci- bly. When the Chamber resumed its session a resolution amounting prac- tically to a vote of confidence in the government in its Algerian adminis- tration was passed by a vote of 353 to 82. Royalist Trial. The Marquis de Lur-Saluces, who returned to Paris unexpectedly from his sudden flight to avoid punish- ment, was tried by the Senate sitting as a High Court of Justice, June 24, for conspiring against the Republic. He was found guilty, with extenua- ting circumstances, and sentenced to five years' banishment. His histri- onic attempt to arouse interest met with general indifference. When asked if he had anything to say, he grandiloquently exclaimed, " I will always be able to say to my children, * Your father kept his honor un- stained. '" Automobile Race. A most interesting automobile race was run June 27-29, from Paris to Berlin. There were a large number of entries from several countries, and an extraordinary feature was the overwhelming enthusiasm dis- played by all classes of Germans in Berlin over the leaders in the race as they came in, though they proved to be all Frenchmen. Mr. Fournier won the race, covering the 742 miles, many of them on extremely poor roads, in the remarkable time of 16 hours, 6 minutes. This makes allow- ance for the necessary stops and slowing up in passing through towns. The matter has taken a political turn, owing to the apathy displayed by legislators regarding important matters before the legislature on ac- count of their enthusiasm over the races, and an effort is actually l*'ing made to stir up party passion over the matter. RUSSIA. Imperial Birth. On June 18, the Czarina gave birth to a daughter, who has been named Anastasia. This is the fourth child and fourth daughter born to the imperial couple, and, while her birth was hailed with great demonstrations of loyalty, there is yet much disappointment at the succes- sive failures to secure an heir to the throne. The other children are 6, 4, and 2 years old. Great Railway Development. The amount of work accomplished quietly by Russia in the way of rail- road building the last five or six de- cades is really enormous. So little fuss has been made about the work that its gigantic nature is not fully appreciated. The first Russian railroad, connecting St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo, opened for traffic in 1838, was a little more than 376 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. August No., 1901 16 miles long. In the sixty-two years following, an average of more than 500 in iltis of road-building a year has been maintained, with the result that, at the end of the last fiscal year, the official re- turns showed a total of 31,305 miles of railroad in full operation. Of these, 21,- 377 miles were owned and operated by the state and 9,938 by joint stock com- panies. If the number of miles opened for traffic, but not under full operation, be added, the total is brought up to 33,414. In addition to this, 4,454 miles were un- der construction, and 2,025 miles author- ized to be built, making a total of rail- ways in full operation, open to traffic, under construction, or authorized to be built, of almost 40,000. The earnings of the Russian railways are as interesting as their extent. For example, in 1897, the budget estimates for railways, whose bonds form a large share of the interest-bearing debt, were 253,998,944 rubles for revenue and 157,- 942,117 for expenditures; whereas the actual returns were 277,845,905 rubles in revenue and 167,306,683 in expenditures, making a net revenue of 110,539,282 ru- bles, which was more than 14,000,000 rubles in excess of the estimated net revenue. In 1898 the gross earnings of 28,009 miles of railroad were 53,000,000 rubles, and the operating expenses 33,000,000. The immense expenses of the great Trans-Siberian railway have been and continue to be paid entirely out of the surpluses of the ordinary revenues of the country. wrftiNu Hffaits in Hsia, JAPAN. New Cabinet. ANEW cabinet has at last been formed by General Viscount Katsura, to succeed Mar- quis Ito's, which resigned in May (p. 311) : Premier, Viscount Katsura; Minister for Home Affairs, Baron Utsumi, Presi- dent of the Board of Auditors; Minister for Finance and for Foreign Affairs ad interim, Mr. Sone Arasuke; Minister for Agriculture and Commerce, Mr. Hirata Tosuke; Minister for Education, Dr. Kikuchi Dairoku, President of the Tokyo Imperial University; Minister of Com- munications, Viscount Yoshikawa; Min- ister of Justice, Mr. Kiyoura Keigo. Admiral Yananoto, Minister for the Navy, and General Kodama, Minister for War, in the last cabinet, retain their re- spective posts. The new cabinet includes four mem- bers of the last Yamagata ministry, Vis- count Katsura. who was formerly Minis- ter of War, Viscount Yoshikawa, and Mr. Kiyoura, who hold the same posts as before, and Mr. Sone Arasuke. The remaining three, Baron Utsumi, || Mr. Hirata Tosuke, and Dr. Kikuchi Dairoku assume cabinet positions for the first time. It is reported that the portfolio of for- eign affairs, which is held temporarily by the minister of finance, has been of- fered to Mr. Komura, the present minis- ter at Peking. Prof. Muller's Library. The Imperial University of Tokio is to receive the invaluable library of the great Orientalist, Prof. Max Midler, amounting to about 15,000 works. It is presented to the library by Baron Iwasaki, who bought it from the Professor's widow. Mrs. Midler is reported as being delight- ed to have the library go to Japan, where it will be more useful than in Europe, as it contains so much ma- terial concerning Oriental matters. The library left England May 29, for Japan. SCIENCE AND INVENTION. 377 Hffaits in Hfrfca. REPULSE OF THE MAD MULLAH. Til B British expedition in Bo- in;ililunne of the latest and most efficient of printing telegraph machines is that invented by Donald Murray, a young Australian journalist, who, oddly enough, knew nothing what- ever about telegraphy when he began his investigations. The ordinary capacity of his machine is 120 words per minute, though it has attained 130 in speed tests. About 25 words per minute is the highest speed of 378 SCIENCE AND INVENTION. August No., 1901 the best Morse operators, while 15 is considered a fair average for a day's work. Mr. Murray does not claim a saving of labor for his ma- chine, but does claim a saving of wire, for the capacity of a single wire is doubled and trebled. The fundamental feature of the system is the use of a tape, divided into half- inch spaces, in each of which a character is represented by the perforations of ten small punchers. A typewriter-like mech- anism produces any desired combination of perforations by a system of interlock- ing bars. In all, 84 different characters or signs may be punched. The tape is run through a modified Wheatstone transmitter, a punching magnet at the receiving station produc- ing an identical tape. An ordinary type- writer is supplied with an attachment of which the operation is similar to that of an automatic piano at- tachment. The tape being run through this gives a page typewritten in Roman characters. Three perforating machiues are required to produce the tape fast enough to equal the sending capacity of the system. Wireless Telegraphy. Professor Reginald A. Fessenden attached to the National Weather Bureau at Washington, who has in- dependently paralleled and in a num- ber of details outstripped Marconi's experiments and discoveries in wire- less telegraphy (Vol. 9, p. 263 ; Vol. 10, p. 116), has recently published a paper outlining two especially not- able advances he has made. He has greatly simplified the mechan- ism for sending messages, at the same time increasing its efficiency. Dispensing with induction coils and cylinders, he has produced a radiation 16 times as great as that from a Marconi instru- ment having a one-inch spark gap. He claims a method of securing absolute secrecy, but does not describe it. He shows, however, how communication by Marconi's system can be broken up. Saturday, June 15, a number of long messages were successfully sent by wireless telegraph from the Cunar- der Lucania to stations on shore as the steamer sailed through the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel, bound from Liverpool to New York. The experiment was conducted by the New York Herald, and was continued after the vessel was beyond sight of land. The Herald is to establish a wireless telegraph station on board the Nantucket lightship, within range of which all in-coming ocean liners pass. Notice of their arrival will thus be known thirteen hours earlier than at present. New Chemical Element At the last meeting of the North Carolina section of the American Chemical Society, a paper was pre- sented by Charles Baskerville deal- ing with the existence of a new ele- ment in thorium. The specially purified oxide was found on fractionation to possess a specific gravity varying from 9.4 to 10.4. Mr. Baskerville's observations were made four years ago; since then he has been fully occupied in obtaining from mona- zite a sufficient quantity of pure thorium salts with which to make further tests. The new element has been provisionally named " Carolinium." Dr. Brauner of Prague, in a recently published paper, states that he has fractionated thorium oxalate into two bodies which ho named "Th. a" and " Th. b." Hydrogen Solidified. At the meeting of the Royal Soci- ety in London, Eng., June 13, Pro- fessor James Dewar exhibited nearly two quarts of hydrogen in the liquid state, subsequently reducing it to a solid which appeared like snow in the test tube (Vol. 9, pp. 471, 736). He stated that a temperature had been produced within nine degrees of absol ute zero. The crystal nitrate of uranium, when placed in liquid hydrogen, became for a time self- luminous on account of the high electric stimulation produced by cooling, causing actual electric dis- charges. The new gas, helium, is the only substance now known which has not been reduced to a liquid ; and it is thought that this may be liquefied by using liquid Hydrogen under exhaustion, as liquid air under exhaustion was used to liquefy hy- drogen. SCIENCE AMI) INVENTION. 870 WILLIAM ZIEGLER, OK N. Y. CITY, WHO MAS UoHNE TIIK EXIK.NSK. OF KOlll'1-lNO THE ZIIiil.KIC-li AI.I.W1N \1{< Tl< EXPEDITION. The French-Canadian expedition un- der Captain J. E. Bernier, sailing from Vancouver for Bering Strait, and thence along the Siberian coast (p. 68). 'Die vessel is the 8cottlHh Eing% described as an improvement upon the principles of Nansen's Fram (Vol. 6. pp. 204, 702). One feature of this expedition is that a complete wireless telegraph outfit is car- ried, with which Captain Bernier ex pects to keep in touch with his base of supplies. The route to be followed is that of Gree- ly's wrecked Jeanm-tte. An Austrian expedition under Herr Anschutz-Kampfe of Munich, which will make its dash for the pole in a submarine boat. This novel expedition is based on the theory that the region about the pole is one of shallow seas filled with fields of floating ice, intersected in every direc- tion by spaces of open water. The boat is capable of staying under water for fif- teen hours, but it is expected that a ten minutes' dive will ordinarily be sufficient to bring her to clear water again. Italy and Norway are represented in the joint expedition of the Duke of Abruzzi and Fridtjof Nansen, whose plans are not yet definitely known. Already in the field are Lieuten- ant Peary, last heard of at the en- trance to Baffin's Bay; Sverdrup, a Swede, and Stein, a Gerrnan-Ameri- Arctic Expeditions. Six nationalities are represented in the polar explorers who start in the present year. A list of the ex- peditions follows : The American Ziegler- Bald win expedi- tion, equipped by Mr. William Ziegler of New York, and commanded by Mr. Evelyn B. Baldwin (Vol. 10, p. 860). Three vessels havo started from Tromsoe, Norway, two of them with stores which they will deposit at designated places, while the flagship America will carry the party as far as the ice will permit, whence it is said to be their plan to continue over the ice with Siberian dogs and ponies. The Russian expedition of Vice-Ad- miral Makaroff, in the specially built ice- breaking steamer Ermack (Vol. 9, p. 461). This vessel has three propellers aft and one forward, the theory being that the forward propeller will lessen the resist- ance of the ice by displacing the water beneath. In trials in the Baltic the ves- sel has worked successfully. Admiral Makaroff's plan is to enter the polar regions somewhat to the eastward of Franz Josef Land, and to proceed north- ward on dog-sleds if his ship should be inextricably caught in the ice. EVELYN B. BALDWIN, A MEMBER OK TIIK. I'EAKY ARCTIC EX I'K.DITION OF 1893-94, now in command Of mi ZIEULER-HALDW1N EXPEDITION. 380 SCIENCE AND INVENTION. August No., 1901 r /^ s/V^&S :_fB r ?£L ftj^^'v^^^j MUR mM*9tM.tg/* / V. A/ j~ v'*'' *w^^ \ a v l Jl »•- V ^"'TUqS* \ c-c\e,yu* *Y L7 //'' / J^^/^^C<^/'jSfi^'y^ \ V" \ \ 1 / /vyC* v -A\ .?» &KRE.HTB J\ , *Zx •'-'~>Lt ^fci * I ^ 1 - \ j^-o» »PiTtemotw >i» T4 \^^^\\s^/\. *Vj£; — i* \j£^-^ • Jm^\\r»L**5' Ke^aX / .* > A MTJftljiitf L7%v /\?_ J *m \J^ TV •' *« luforK r/^y/ °?l7 1 .'<^ esst set \;S^^/\/V'*^fei 3!^^,ffa«'p\ Jfif\/Varfl'« \ \x ^y 2J«Sv\^ <• rio \ c \* \r~t C_^«— K ^y^» V?V Qti/X^< r^^X" • ^\ \"8b^fx^ . ** /* 7jSM*i™n$U\i N t^tli ^r \ \Y I #vj \ 4 .upLivik \/ y4l' P Tjiuo) T^u'- VIJif-\ ' ' J*/^ T^^t^cJ T '• 1 ;.A *Jj^ DT"S j.'\tj \\ \.'*L) s ^v .«„.*..., 1 0 \ tffc^L v. r\ .''' y/v > V 1 M.-'' ^Vo.1 \/ ( ourtesy of Review of Jterict MAP INDICATING ROUTES OF THE VARIOUS PROJECTED ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. can, both last heard of in Ellesmere Land. Miscellaneous. Under the Act of March 3, 1891, barring from entrance to the United States aliens having "loathsome or dangerous contagions diseases," T. V. Powderly, Superintendent of Im- migration, June 4, issued an order to the effect that tuberculosis of the lungs was henceforth to be consid- ered a dangerous contagious disease, and that immigrants suffering from consumption were to be excluded accordingly. They had previously been barred on the ground that they were likely to become public charges. Mr. Powderly called upon the Ma- rine Hospital for a more explicit riding, and the supervising surgeon- general returned his ruling that con- sumption is now considered a chronic contagious disease. Dr. Gustave Le Bon has recently described before the Paris Academy of Sciences his experiments on the curious phenomena of invisible phos- phorescence. Certain bodies possessing visible phos- phorescence, such as calcium sulphide, preserve for a long period, sometimes nearly two years, the power of giving out completely invisible radiations in darkness. These radiations have a spec- trum similar to that of light, and are refracted, polarized, and can impress photographic plates. At the end of two years, after ceasing to emit dark radia- tions, a residual charge is left. This re- sidual phosphorescence may be made luminous in the dark by certain entirely dark rays, comprised within a definite part of the spectrum, beyond the limits of luminosity. The results of an extended series of observations upon the height of clouds have just been published by the Observatory of Toronto. The highest cirrus cloud was at an altitude of 3rt,000 feet, and moved with a velocity of 149 miles an hour; the lowest was 26,500 feet high, and moved 55 miles an hour. The mean height of cumulus clouds was 6,500 feet in summer, 4,300 feet in winter, and the velocity only about 10 miles an hour. EDUCATION. 381 A chemically pure substitute for alcohol. Called " synthol,"' has been made. Except for internal consump- tion, it ma\ be used fur every pur- jiust' for which alcohol is used, and fur many purposes it is superior to alcohol. It has fifteen per cent. more solvent power. The longest transmission of elee- fcrie power in the world is said to be in California, from the Yuba River, where a current of 40,000 volts is generated by turbines, to Oakland, wlnre the power is used in the op- eration of streetcars. The distance is 140 miles, and the loss in trans- mission dues not exceed five per cent. The Marine Rrrinr remarks upon the fact that Jules Verne is outdone by regularly established and sched- uled trips around the world in sixty- two days. The cost is $685, exclu- sive of a berth across the American continent. A decision was handed down in the Circuit Court for the District, of Massachusetts, June 24, holding the Berliner transmitter patent invalid (p. 135). This closes a long litiga- tion, the outcome of suits brought by the Bell Telephone Company. The decision stated that Berliner's patent should not have been granted in the lirst place, because upon the date of his application, June 1, 1N77, he had not in fact made the discov- ery that speech could be transmitted by his apparatus. EDUCATION. Gifts and Endowments. Many large gifts to our colleges and universities were announced at the closing exercises of the academic year. Most notable was the promise l>y J. Pierpont Morgan to supply the funds for building three out of the five pro- posed new buildings of the Harvard Medical School on Huntington avenue, I lost on. These three buildings are to be amemoiialto .lunius Sponoer Morgan, formerly ■ merchant of RoMon, Mid in volve an outlay of more than $1,000,000. A hospital will be included, which is a great gain to the Bchool, as it has hither to hail to depend upon the public hospi- tals for practical clinics. The other gifts to Harvard for the year amounted to $780,510, including the new architectuial building, to the value of $462,075, by Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Robin- son, of New York, in memory of their son, who died while studying at Har- vard. President Hadley of Yale was able to announce that the $1,185,000 Deeded to guarantee the bicentennial fund, to be used in the erection of new buildings, had all been subscribed, part of it not until the last minute. The university will have the total of $2,000,000 by next fall. The largest single gift was $100,- 000, by Matthew ft I). Borden of New York. A number of other smaller gifts and endowments were also announced. Dr. D. K. Pearsons of Chicago gave $20) 000 to Beloit College, other friends of the institution having raised $150,000, the condition laid down by Dr. Pearsons in his original offer. Mr. John D. Rockefeller has offered $250,030 to Cornell, on condition that a like amount bo contributed by others. Tho whole fund when secured is to be used in providing additional accommo- dations for instruction and research Mr. Rockefeller also mado a gift 'to establish in New York City an endowed institu- tion for medical research, to be devoted entirely to original work in investigating the causes of diseases and methods of preventing and treating them. Dr. Wil- liam II. Welch, of Johns Hopkins Uni- versity is to be tho first president of the board of directors. At Brown University it was announced that the desired $2,000,000 endowment fund had been raised, and that subscrip- tions were still coming in. Two Criticisms. At the commencement of Boston University, President William De Witt Hyde, of Bowdoin College, de- livered an address on " Academic Freedom" which has been the sub- ject of much comment. He referred specifically to Brown University, Chicago University. Kansas State Agricultural College, and Lelanil Stanford, Jr. Universi- ty, and remarked that the troubles which have recently arisen in the faculties of these colleges are symp- toms of a new issue. Ho sounded a n«te of apprehension and warning against the spread of what he termed " Kockefellerism." He out- 382 RELIGION. August No., 1901 lined the general rights of the donor to a college: "lie may give, or he may not give; but, when he has given his money, it should be as completely be- yond his individual control as is a thrown stone after it has left the hand. . . . Neither may he legitimately draw up a creed or statement of opinion which the {>rofessors in the institution shall be >ound to teach." Again, in regard to the position of a professor in a college: " But a professor has no right to become an agitator in behalf of views and measures which are repugnant to considerable portions of the constituency of the institution — no right, I say, to do these things as a pro- fessor. If he wishes to do them as an individual, he of course has a perfect right to do so. But he should first hand in his resignation." In his address at Cornell's com- mencement, President Jacob G. Schurman called attention to the fact that in oiir pride over the mate- rial prosperity of the country, we overlook the entire absence of great intellects in the history or in the present of America : " In art, in literature, in scholarship, in science, we are a long way behind Europe. . . . Apart from the domain of politics or invention, America has not produced a single man or woman whose name will shine in the intellectual firmament with Raphael, Shakespeare, Copernicus, La Place, Goethe, and Dar- win. ... In all things material we are winning the empire of the world; in the things of the intellect we are still living on the bounty of Europe." He thought the hope of the country was in its colleges and universities. If these would only realize our secondary place, they would be moved to higher effort, and would in time amend the deficiency. New President of Johns Hopkins Dr. Ira Remsen was elected to sue ceed Dr. Daniel C. Gilman as presi- dent of Johns Hopkins University. This fulfils the wish expressed by Dr. Gilman when he retired after 25 years' service (Vol. 10, p. 1045), and was the unanimous desire of the trustees. i: i .m-i \, Pkofessok Ira, Ph. |DM LL. D., was born in New York City in 1846. He studied at the College of the City of New York, and in 1867 graduated from the College of Physicians and Sur- geons. Studied abroad for three years, and then became assistant in chemistry to Professor Fittigat-the University of Tubingen until 1872, when he returned to this country to accept the professor- ship of chemistry and physics at Williams College. At the opening of Johns Hop- kins in 1876 he was called to the head of the Chemical Department. For portrait, see opposite page 327. Miscellaneous. After 45 years of service in the Greek Department of Harvard Uni- versity, Professor W. W. Goodwin has retired. In speaking of the elective system and college Greek at a banquet given to him in Boston, Dr. Goodwin acknowledged that there were defects in the elective system, but said he knew of no sub- stitute that had not greater defects. Its real strength lay in the fact that, although giving the lazy a chance to shirk, it enabled " the willing and able to push ahead, and not to be impeded in their progress by the dull or indifferent." In the International Monthly, Pro- fessor Hugo Mi'insterberg of Harvard deplores the preponderance of wom- en in all the non-political functions of life in this country. " The result is an effemination of the higher culture, which is antagonistic to the development of a really representative national civilization, and which is not less unsound or one-sided than the op- posite extreme of certain Oriental na- tions, where the whole culture is man's work and the woman a slave in the harem." RELIGION. The Y. M. C. A. Jubilee. In Boston, June 11-16, was held the international Jubilee Convention of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation of North America. Delegates from twenty-three countries, speak- ing nineteen different languages, some of whom had traveled over 1,200 miles, attended the meetings. The first association in America was founded in Montreal, December 9, 1851 ; the second in Boston, Decem- ber 29 of the same year. The ses- sions were devoted to addresses and reviews of the various phases of the work by prominent members and by prominent men outside of the organ- RELIGION. i/ation. An interesting feature was ;m extensive exhibit of photographs, diagrams, and drawings. Betting forth the different systematic energies of the work. At the farewell meeting the future policy of the Associations of America was stated by their " statesman- leader," John R. Mott, of New York: "... North America is not now so much a battlefield as it is a base of woi i-wide operations in behalf of the young men of the Orient and tlie isles of the sea; not a field, but rather a force for the evangelization of the untouched millions of men beyond." Revision of the Episcopal Canons. The report of the joint commission OB revision of the constitution and canons of the Protestant Episcopal Church was made public June 18. The report will be submitted for approval to the next general conven- tion, at San Francisco, Cal., in Octo- l>er. By far the most important of the recommendations relate to mar- riage and divorce. No minister may solemize the marriage of a minor unless the parent or guaidian is present and consenting, or has given written consent, or is permanently resi- dent in a foreign country. Two witnesses must be present at a marriage, either the minister or the witnesses being person- ally acquainted with the parties. The minister must satisfy himself that " neither person has been, or is, the hus- band or the wife of any other person then living, unless the former marriage was annulled by a decree of some civil court of competent jurisdiction for cause exist- ing before such marriage." Divorced persons who have married again are not to be admitted to baptism, confirmation, or communion, unless they shall have submitted their case for review to the bishop of their diocese or missionary district, and have gained a favorable judgment. The canons, as revised, number fifty-six in all, and they are far less complex in arrangement than those in force at present. Attached to the report is a " Proposed Canon on Prohibited De- grees," the main point is that it forbids marriage with the deceased wife's sister. Beliefs of Christian Science. The Annual Message of Mrs. M;uy Bftker Eddy to her followers, read ill the Bolton Christian Science Temple on Sunday, June 23, contains an in. terpretation of the doctrinal of Christian Science which may l>e ac* oepted M authoritative. The letter consists of three parts, the doctrine concerning God, the doctrine concern. ing evil, and a specific reply to a specific critic. Making allowance for a mind wholly untrained in phil- osophy, coupled with an ambition to use philosophical terminology, the substance of the first two parts is as follows : Mrs. Eddy's doctrine of God is that of a divine immanence, somewhat vaguely conceived and ill-defined. In common with all evangelical Christians, she denies a corporeal deity and affirms God's spirit- ual personality. The divinity of Jesus Christ is affirmed: "Christ is not God, but is like God." This again is an ortho- dox interpretation of the evangelical conception of Christ's divinity. The distinctive tenet of Christian Science, however, at once its power and its weakness, is to he found in Mrs. Eddy's declaration about evil. Sin is naught; it does not exist; it is noth- ing; to believe that it exists is itself sin; at best it is but a negation— the absence— of virtue, as darkness is the absence of light. She says: "Evil is neither quality nor quantity; it is not intelligence^ person, or a principle a man or a woman, a place or a thing, and God never made it. The outcome of evil, called sin, is another nonentity that belittles itself until it annihilates its own embodi- ment; this is the only annihilation." Miscellaneous. A fragment of a clay sherd, about 4 3-4 by 5 1-2 inches in size, contain- ing part of the Greek text of the Lord's prayer, was lately found at Megara, in Greece, and is now iii tlit- National Museum at Athens. Vari- ous indications show that the frag- ment dates back to the fourth oen- tury, A. Tf. An organization called the Feder- ation of Churches and Christian Workers was recently effected in Tolelo, 0. It is said to include all the Protestant Christian bodies, and has for its object to create and strengthen a sense of common fellow- ship among the members of the different churches of the city, sad to bring abotri oo-operatire effort when- ever possible. .964 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. August No., 1901 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. BKINO A SELECT, CLASSIFIED LIST OF TIMELY AND IMPORTANT ARTICLES APPEAR- ING IN OTIIER MAGAZINES, AND FORMING VALUABLE SUPPLEMENTARY READING. For convenience of reference the classification is made to conform to that of the contents of " Current History.'''' ABBREVIATIONS USED. Atlan. Can. CENT. Cll AIT. COSMOP. FOKUM gumt. Haki'kk INDEP. Internat, Atlantic Monthly, Boston. Canadian Magazine, Toronto, Ont. Century, New York Chautauquan, Cleveland, O. Cosmospolitan, Irvington, New York Forum, New York Gunton's Magazine, New York Harper's Monthly, New York Independent, New York International Monthly, Burlington Vt. McClukk . McClure's Magazine, New York Munsey, . Munsey "s Magazine, New York Nat. Geo., National Geographical Mag., N. Y. N. E. M. . New England Magazine, B*" .ton No. Am. North American Review, New York Out Outlook, New York Pop. Soi. Popular Science Monthly, New York R. of R. . Review of Reviews, New York BOBIB. . Scribner's Magazine, New York W. W. . World's Work, New York In indicating dates, the usual abbreviations of names of months are used. International Affairs. The Russian Problem in Manchuria. G. Frederick Wright. R. of R. July. A Plea for the Integrity of China. W. C. Jameson Reid. Forum. July. The Ethics of Loot. Gilbert Reid. Forum. July. Our Relations with Canada. J. D. Whelpley. W. W. July. Affairs in America. Aspects of the Pan-American Exposi- tion. Eugene Richard White. Atlan. July. The Spirit of the New World as Inter- preted by the Pan-American Exposition. Hamilton Wright Mabie. Out. July. Significance of the Porto Rican Prob- lem. L. S. Rowe. No. Am. July. The Sale of Texas to Spain: Its bearing on Our Present Problems. Henry Sher- man Boutell. Forum. July. The Declaration of Independence. Herbert Friedenwald. Internat. July. The Story of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Ida M. Tarbell. McClure. July. The Buddhist Discovery of America. John Fryer. Harper. July. Our Vast Excess of Exports. Joseph F. Johnson. No. Am. July. American Progress and British Com- merce. Harold Cox. No. Am. July. New Orleans and Reconstruction. Albert Phelps. Atlan. July. Breaking up the Solid South. Hon. John L. McLaurin. W. W. July. Condition of the South. W. G. Oak- man. No. Am. July. The Salvation of the Negro. Booker T. Washington. W. W. July. The Railroads and the Post-Office Deficit. Stanley Washburn. Gunt. July. Preserving the Hudson Palisades. R. of R. July. Affairs in Europe. The " Millenary " of King Alfred at Winchester. Louis Dyer. Cent. July. King Alfred. Louis Dyer. Atlan. July. Alfred. Ellen Dean Smith. Cent. July. The Liberal Party. A Menace to Eng- lish Democracy. Hattie E. Mahood. Forum. July. Why the French Republic is Strong. Sydney Brooks. W. W. July. The Vatican in the 20th Century. Sal- vatore Coutesi. Internat. July. Affairs in Asia. The Link Relations of Southwestern Asia. Talcott Williams, LL. D. Nat. Geo. July. Science and Invention. The Limits of the Stellar Universe. T. J. J. See. Atlan. July. New Phases of Polar Research. Cyrus C. Adams. R. of R. July. Evolution of the Mammalia. W. B. Scott. Internat. July. Recent Work on the Principles of Mathematics. Bertrand Russell. Inter- nat. July. Cocaine Analgesia of the Spinal Cord. Dr. S. E. Jeliffe. Pop. Sci. July. Transmission of Yellow Fever by Mos- quitoes. Surgeon-Gen. G. M. Sternberg, U. S. A. Pop. Sci. July. Intelligence of Monkeys. Prof. E. L. Thorndike. Pop. Sci. July. Evidence of Snails on Changes of Land and Sea. Dr. H. A. Pilsbury. Pop. Sci. July. Climate and Carbonic Acid. Bailey Willis. Pop. Sci. July. How the Sequoias Grow. Henry W. Warren. Chaut. July. The Great Texas Oil Fields. E. R. Treherne. Cosmop. July. NEC HO LOG Y. Bluo Hill Meteorological Observatory. Dr. Frank Waldo. Pop. 8el. -July The ((evolution in Farming. L II. Mai h- v. W. W. July. An Infant Industrial Hercules: ( - pressed Air. Henry A. Ferguson. Mud- Hey. July. Literature. A Plea for Cultivating tlie English Language. Alfred Ayres. Harper. .Inly. The Spelling of English. Brander Matthews. Internat. July. A Possible Difference in English and American Fiction. No. Am. July. Education. Tlir Pan-American Exposition as an Kd ii rational Force. Charles Edward Lloyd. Chaut. July. Academic Freedom in America. Win. DeW. Hyde. Internat. July. The Shortened College Course. Clarke F. Thwing. Forum. July. Working < hM '■ Way Through Women's Colleges. Alice Katheriue Fallows. Cent. July. The New Mauual Training. Arthur Henry. Munsey. July. Religion. The Jubileo Convention of Young Men's Christian Associations. James M. White. Out. July. Great Religions of the World — XL Catholic Christianity. His Eminence, Cardinal Gibbons. No. Am. July. The Absurd Purodox of Christian Sci- ence. J. M. Buckley, LL. D. No. Am. July. Religious Journalism in England and America. Herbert W. Horwill. Forum. July. *cftrW 1Recroloo\\ American and Canadian. ALLAN, ANDREW, head of the well- known shipping firm; born at Saltcoats, Scotland, Dec. J, 1822; died at Montreal, One., June 27. He went to Canada in his seventeenth .war, and in 1846 joined his brother, Sir Hugh Allan, in Montreal. The firm established a line of fast sailing packets, and in 1853 began to add steam- ships to their fleet. Upon his brother's death. In 1H82. Mr. Allan succeeded him as president of the company, and also as prosidotit of the Merchants' Bank and of the Montreal Telegraph Company. Ho was also for some years chairman of tho Board of Harbor Commissioners of Mon- treal, president of the Sailors' Institute, and a trustee of Queen's University, Kingston. ARMSTRONG,! GEORGE W., presi- dent of the Armstrong Transfer Company of Boston; o. TAYLOR, JAMES E., artist and illus- trator; born at Cincinnati, O., Dec. 12, 1839; died in New York City, June 22. Graduated from the University of Notre Dame, '55. Entered the Civil War as a private, and later became correspondent and artist for Frank Leslie, in whose employ he remained for many years afterwards. NECROLOGY. August No., 1901 VILLENEUVE, J. O., Canadian Sena- tor; born at Mr. Aunedes Plaines, county of Terrebonne, Que., Mar. 4, 1837: died at Montreal, Que., June 27. In 1858 he founded what became a large firm of wholesale grocers. In 1864 he was elected mayor of the village of St. Jean Bap- tiste, holding the office until 1886, when the village was annexed to the city of Montreal. In I8!M, he was elected mayor of Montreal. In 1896, he was called to the Senate by Lord Aberdeen to represent the De Salaberry division. Foreign. BESANT, SIR WALTER, of interna- tional repute as a novelist, essayist, and playwright; born at Portsmouth, Eng., August 14,1856; died at, Hampstead, north of London, June 9. Educated at King's College, London, and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1K>9. In 1861 he was appointed senior professor in the College or Mauritius, where he re- mained six years. He returned to Eng- land on account of his health and pub- lished his first book in 1868, "Studies in Early French Poetry ". He contributed casually to periodicals and newspapers until 1871, when he entered into his famous and brilliant collaboration with James^ Rice. It is said that only the Erckmann-Chatrian combination in France offers any parallel to the series of works produced by these two up to the death of Rie in J8S2. Since that time he wrote more than a scorce of novels, besides working in other branches of literature. He had an intimate knowl- edge of the history of London, as well as an intimate sympathy for the poor of that city, and under these two divisions his later work falls. His best known novel, " All Sorts nnd Conditions of Men," had a practical result in ihe build- ing of the People's Palace in East Lon- don. He, was in 1884 the founder and always the moving spirit of the Society of Authors, which has put the affairs of author and publisher upon a business footing. He was knighted in 1895 (Vol. 5, p. 427). Among his most noted books in collaboration with Rice are u The Golden Butterfly ", and " Ready-Money Mortiboy". Among the later novels, 41 Children of Gibeon ", 'Beyond the Dreams of Avarice", and "The Master Craftsman ". At the time of his death he was engaged upon a " Survey of Lon- don ", a series of historical and descrip- tive sketches of different phases of Lon- don life. For portrait, see Vol. 8, p. 439. BUCHANAN, ROBERT, poet, novelist, critic and playwright ; born at Caverswall, Staffordshire, Eng., August 18, 1841; died at Streatham, June 10. Was educated at the Glasgow Academy, High School and University. His novels had considerable vogue, and as a dramatist he was success- ful. As a critic he was violent and per- sonal. " The City of a Dream ", " Th« Martyrdom of Madeleine", and "Sophia", an adaptation of Fielding's "Tom Jones", are his most successful productions in poetry, fiction and the drama respec- tively. CASABIANCA, GEN. MANUEL, prominent political and military figure in the Republic of Colombia; born in Cura- cao; died early in June in Bogota, aged 58. He fought for Colombia in several revolutions, and held high offices under various presidents. HOSHI TORU, ex Cabinet Minister in Japan, and formerly Minister to Wash- ington; born at Tokio, 1850; assassinated at Yokohama, June 21. He was minister to Washington, where he became very popular, 1896-98, resigning upon his re- election to the lower house of the Jap- anese Diet. When the Marquis Ito formed his new cabinet last October, Mr. Iluslii was made minister of commu- nication, but was obliged to resign in a few weeks in consequence of persistent attacks upon his official integrity. HOSKINS, SIR ANTHONY MILEY, admiral in the British navy, retired; born at North Perrot, Somerset, Eng., Sept. 1, 1828; died near Dorking, June 21. He took part in the China war of 1857- 58, and had passed through all grades of the service, including the most responsi- ble posts. He retired in 1893. NAKAJIMA, BARONESS. Japanese literary woman and poetess; died June 25, at Oiso, Japan, aged 42. While a young girl she was given a post in the Imperial Household as a confidential secretary, but this she resigned to travel through the empire advocating freedom of the people and equality between man and woman. While on this tour she met the gentleman who became her husband, later minister to Rome and the first pres- ident of the House of Representatives. SALAMAN, CHARLES KENSING- TON, well known English musical com poser; died in London, June 24, aged 87. V1ERLING, GEORGE, prominent Berlin composer; born at Frankenthal in the Palatinate, Sept. 15, 1820; died at Wiesbaden, June 4. WANTAGE, BARON (Robert James Lindsay); born in 1832; died at Wantage, Eng., June 7. Was given the Victoria Cross for bravery during the Crimean War. Elevated to the peerage in 1885. WHITE, REV. WILLIAM J., English Baptist Missionary in Japan; born at Portsmouth, Eng., 181S; died in Tokio, May 2. Went to Japan to engage in busi- ness when nineteen years of age. In 1876 returned to England to take a course at Spurgeon's College, and went back to Japan as a missionary. For the last ten years had been secretary for the English- American Bible and Tract Society in Japan. He was an oriental scholar of ability. Vol. 11-26. THE LATE EMPRESS DOWAGER FREDERICK OF GERMANY, MOTHER OK EMPEROR WILLIAM II, HORN NOVEMBER 21, 1840. DIED AUGUST 5, 1901. VOL. 11. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW or CURRENT HISTORY. RECORD OF JULY, 1901. No. 7. IF nter national Hf fairs- THE SITUATION IN CHINA. Achievements by the Powers. THE foreign domination in China through three-quar- ters of a year is drawing to a close. The withdraw- al of the European powers is the most notable feature of the situa- tion. To the question as to what they have accomplished, the reply of the best-qualified observers now is that they have rescued from massa- cre their envoys, with their families, in company with a few hundreds of Chinese Christians, and that they have looted large sections of Peking and terrorized its environments. In addition, they have obtained the promise of a fixed sum as indemnity for the expenses of the various gov- ernments in their military occupa- tion of the capital, and in some cases for damages to private property ; and they have procured the punish- ment of a few, a very few, of the prominent leaders in the Boxer out- rages. Beyond these no immediate effects of the international alliance in China are visible on the surface. Concerning its indirect and ultimate results conjectures are various. In nearly all public remark ootids sub- ject there is a tone — almost a preva- lent tone — of disappointment, rea- sonable or unreasonable, according to the point of view. DISAPPOINTMENT. Instead of the expected Shead- ing, or imprisonment, or deposition from power, of the Empress-Dowager and Prince Tuan, as instigators of the Boxer atrocities, with the plac- ing of the Emperor in control at Peking, surrounded by a conclave of foreign envoys as his administrative council — this to be accompanied with provision of safety for foreigners, and with the " open door " of the empire for the trade, commerce, and industry of the world— many signs of the present give prospect of the empire's slipping rapidly back into the ruts worn by the slow and stolid generations. All reports agree that the military governments in cities held by the allies have failed to bring order even in their near neighboring districts.. With the best intentions, they set up a foreign magistracy, but with the result of nullifying, or at least cramp- ing, the Chinese official action, with- out l>eing able to supply its place as one term in the series which consti- tutes the Chinese government. TWO OPEN QUE8TION8. The month of July closed leaving two questions of prime importance as unsettled as they were half a year ago, indeed with their ominousness increased by the prolonged delay. One of these questions concerns the policy of the government. The hoj>e, always vague, that the Empn-ss- Dowager would find that the reins of power had slipped from her hands, and that the young Emperor might Copyright, 1901, by Current History Company. 890 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1901 practically, as well as nominally, be given control through the influence of the few more enlightened officials near the throne and of the two great viceroys of the central provinces (pp. 141, 142), was growing more dim. Not yet had it become known wheth- er the announcement of the court's return to Peking, with the elaborate preparations therefor publicly an- nounced, were anything more than a ruse to procure the withdrawal of the allied forces. The court, ill- housed in its present quarters, was even rumored to have decided on re- moval to a city in the remote inte- rior reachable by foreign troops only with enormous difficulty. This spe- cific rumor may as yet be discredited. The Empress- Dowager, however, has announced a further postponement till September of her return to Peking. The other unsettled question con- cerned the feeling and action of the Chinese people, and the possible recrudescence of the Boxer element if the foreign pressure were relaxed. The most experienced observers, while telling us of many estimable traits and hopeful possibilities in the Chinese nature, report a liability to sudden and furious spasmodic con- vulsion in the vast, torpid mass of the vicious and the superstitious. In the journals, European and Ameri- can, of recent weeks have appeared numerous predictions of a repetition of the Boxer horrors as soon as the foreign troops shall have been with- drawn. The various missionary boards generally take a more favor- able view, and the missionaries them- selves show willingness for a prompt return. One unfavorable sign re- ported is that, because of threats re- cently heard of massacre of native Christians in the northeastern prov- inces, they are again in some places gathering together and fortifying their houses. The Empress and the Boxers. Turning from what may or may not be anticipated to what has oc- curred, we note the evidence of Dr. Arthur H. Smith, special correspon- dent of The Outlook in China — a writer whose character and long ex- perience in that country give weight to his words. He testified that the Boxer outbreak was furthered by the Empress-Dowager through imperial decrees so worded as to convey to certain high provincial offi- cers the assurance that the throne would look with disfavor on any vigorous sup- pression or severe punishment of Box- ers. The substance is given of one con- fidential communication recently made public which was sent by the throne last February to the governor of Shan-tung province. Two copies are known— one in the hands of the British consul. The substance of the Imperial rescript, in reply to the governor's memorial recom- mending extirpation of the Boxers as indispensable for restoring public order, was that, as there were good Boxers as well as bad, the governor must remem- ber that if mischief ensued from the governor's entering on the course which he recommended, the responsibility would be on him. From such a position of the throne a shadow of uncertainty is cast on the future. The Immediate Prospect. To the suggestion that China may be expected at least for many months to refrain from extensive outrage on foreigners till the memory of the overwhelming power of the allied nations shall have faded from the public mind, it is replied by what' seems a majority of those who know the empire that such expectation may be in some degree warranted. But they are quick to suggest that it will be wise not to trust this ex- pectation too many months. They say that public opinion in the form known in occidental lands exists in China in the form chiefly of national prejudice,inbom,unchanging through generations — one of its elements be- ing patriotic self-conceit. They say that of the four hundred millions of the empire the great majority are probably ignorant of the conditions in the north-eastem provinces during the twelve-month past, eithter not knowing of any tumult, or hearing of it as only a riotous and pillaging TIIE SITUATION IN CHINA. m invasion by foreign barbarians who did great damage in the capital for a while, but are now defeated and glad to be allowed to take themselves alive out of the country. Some for- eign observers inform us that the only nation which the ruling classes in China really fear is Russia, whose thirst for land they well know, and from whose territory, skirting their northern boundary for thousands of miles, military forces could be swift- ly poured over northern China. Of other nations in general the popular estimate makes small account. One of the observers (Dr. A. H. Smith above referred to) who recognizes the dangerous elements in the situation, but deals in counsel more than in prediction, illustrates the present feeling of a large fnroportion of the people when he quotes n The Outlook, June 22, from a " Call to Arms," with the motto, " Search for and Slay the Foreign Devils," issued by an organization which doubtless perpetu- ates the Boxer spirit: " Dogs and goats in herds are barking at our Heavenly Dynasty; they have coerced our sacred Lord to slay our high officials; they have burned our imperial throne-halls, dese- crated and profaned things that were used by our Emperor, plundered our treasuries and valuables, massacred our people and outraged our women and maidens, and brought destruction on our capital, tearing down the city walls. What is more, these devils even went so far as to desecrate the Ancestral Temple of the imperial dynasty." This corre- spondent asserts that the national feel- ing of the Chinese has been stirred as never before, and that in order to pro- cure peace " something must be done to make new conditions." What that some- thing may be he leaves to the interna- tional debating society of rulers, cabi- nets, and envoys, now in session around the globe, to decide. It was reported, July 2, that in the region of Pao-Ting-fu a society known as the Allied Villagers was replacing the Boxers. The German foreign office was reported from Berlin, July 4, as stilting that, on investigation, the various alarming reports of approach- ing trouble in China were found to be unwarranted. The missionaries in Shan-Tung reported a calm at present, but doubted its perma- nence. Boxerlsm Reviving? It is uncertain what degree of credit is to be given to some later reports which from July 10 to July 29 have shown a revival of Boxerism under various names. Some of these are from Shanghai, a notorious source of untrustworthy rumors. One is given as a specimen, which may al- most surely be rejected — that which on July 11 represented the heir ap- parent to the throne, Pu Chul, with other members of Prince Tuan's family, as having gone to join Tuan on the borders of Mongolia, intend- ing to march against the foreigners, with the tacit approval of the Em- press-Dowager. Such reports may be presumed to indicate nothing more than a natural rekindling here and there of the embers of last year's fires. Prince Tuan and other mur- derous anti-foreign leaders of a year ago are believed to be domiciled in Turkestan, whither they were ban- ished as the alternative to the death penalty. Some credit may perhaps be given to a report (July 11) of a defeat of 3,000 imperial troops by the u allied villagers society " at Chichou, forty miles southeast of Pao-Ting-fu. These rumors are noticeable chiefly as indicating disquiet in the popular mind. If the last mentioned above be true, then, according to the peace protocol which holds high officials responsible for anti-foreign societies, Li Hung Chang, as viceroy of Pao- Ting, can be brought to account. The Indemnity. A DEADLOCK. The hope of a prompt settlement of this main topic of negotiation came to naught before the end of June, and three or four weeks were given to discussions on various points of principle or of method by the ministers of the powers at Peking. July 16, the admission was freely made that a deadlock had existed since July 11, owing to the radical m. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1001 difference between Great Britain and Russia concerning details of the plan for China's payment of the in- demnity. July 18, the ministers formally accepted the change pro- posed by China in the scheme of amortization which extinguished the indemnity in 1940 (instead of 1950). This gain of ten years involves con- siderable financial loss to China, as it maintains the burden of the na- tional debt to the last at about 42,- 000,000 taels per annum, instead of steadily reducing it after the first few years. CONCESSIONS. On July 17, Japan and the United States made concessions for the sake of promptness in the settlement of terms. Japan had sought to increase her original demand of about $23,- 000,000 to about $27,000,000, and the United States had promptly ac- ceded to the increase, because Ja- pan's large force, early sent in and kept at large expense, had done- much the heaviest fighting in rescu- ing the legations, and because her present financial condition was such that she would be unable to sell at par the Chinese bonds which she was to receive in lieu of cash (p. 331). Her demand was opposed in a long debate, and Japan magnani- mously withdrew it. The United States government in a similar spirit authorized its special commissioner, Mr. Rockhill, to agree to a reasona- ble increase in the maritime customs- duty, which in company with Great Britain it had desired should be as low as 5 per cent, while Russia, having no ocean commerce to be taxed, insisted on a duty of 10 per cent (pp. 330, 331). THE INDEMNITY SETTLED. On July 26, the ministers of the powers sent a note to the Chinese peace commissioners formally accept- ing the recent Chinese offer, which was in anticipation of the ministers' plan for the payment of about $333,- 900,000 (450,000,000 taels) as in- demnity at 4 per cent interest, the final payment to be made in 1940. The total payments of principal and interest will be aJ)out $700,000,000. The portions of Chinese revenue now applied to foreign debts previously incurred will be applied to the pay- ment of this indemnity whenever these debts are extinguished. Un- less China in the meantime incurs other obligations, she will be free of foreign debt in 1940. The ministers of the powers were hopeful that the final protocol would be signed in a fortnight. According to Mr. Rockhill's report, the interest on the indemnity will be paya- ble semi-annually — the first payment to be due next January. For payment of the first instalment of the principal China will be given three years. Pay- ments will be made to a mixed commit- tee at Shanghai to be known as the Com- mittee of Encashment, composed of heads of the foreign banks in that city, to be designated by the governments interested. The taels in payment of the indemnity are to be converted into gold at the equivalent of the tael value on April 1, 1001. The new tariff seems to be provision- ally set for the present at 5 per cent ef- fective duty in silver, with the free list practically abolished, except cereals. The formal settlement of the in- demnity will compel the departure of the armies of the allied powers from China, according to their agree- ment. Russia in Manchuria. A DEMAND BY RUSSIA. About the end of June the ques- tion of Russia's policy regarding Manchuria, quiescent for several weeks, was renewedly agitated. The occasion was the report that Russia, through her representative, M. de Giers, had begun to press the Chi- nese government to resume negotia- tions on the subject immediately after the expected signing of .the in- demnity agreement. China must then be ready for final settlement of the future administration of Manchuria. This demand in itself seems not to THE SITUATION IN CUINA. have been opposed by Great Britain or by any of the powers, though some of them strongly demur to M. de Giers's arguments for it. None of them deny that Russia has special and important railway and other interests in Manchuria which may right- fully demand prompt arrangements for the restoration and permanent mainte- nance of order there. The disorder is reported to be increasing and to amount to social anarchy, traceable largely to the savage massacres of thousands of men, women, and children in the region of Blagovestchensk by Russian troops last summer (Vol. 10, p. 798). Those horrors occasioned utter detestation of RuBsianrule; and the resulting anarchy cannot be reduced to order without some co-operation of the Chinese authorities. To this demand from Russia no power will object. THE BRITISH VIEW. The Russian minister, however, contends that the objection of the powers to the recent Manchurian convention (pp. 148-150) was based by them on the ground that China ought not to carry on at the same time joint negotiations with all the powers and separate negotiation with one of them ; and he urges that this objection will disappear with the ending of the joint negotiations by the signing of the indemnity agree- ment. This statement the British press declares both incomplete and distorted as a presentation of the facts. Referring to Lord Lans- downe's public utterances as official- ly stating the objection to the Man- churian agreement, the British jour- nals show not only one but many reasons for objection, of which the most important will remain after China shall have accepted the indem- nity proposals. Assuming that the *• preposterous extension of the Rus- sian claims " beyond Manchuria to Mongolia and Turkestan will not be revived, they stoutly object to other ]>oints in the convention — to the de- struction of the former state organ- ism in a wide portion of the Chinese empire, to the practical partition of that empire by the substitution, in fact if not in name, of Russian for Chinese sovereignty, and to the preferential treatment intended for Russian trade in breach of the sub- sist ing treaty rights of other na- tions. The London Tmmt undoubtedly representing on this subject the views of the British government and people, deals in plain terms with the Manchurian agreement and with any agreement to the same effect now or hereafter to be proposed : " The main lines of our policy are perfectly clear. We shall offer no oppo- sition to an agreement for the future ad- ministration of Manchuria which is fair- ly designed to protect the admitted in- terests of Russia and for no other pur- pose. * * • On the other hand, we shall object now, as we objected before, to anything resembling a new edition of the agreement which Russia attempted to conclude [with Manchuria]. That agreement, according to the unofficial version of its contents, which were the only versions Russia ever allows the world to see, was not limited to Manchu- ria, but affected a great part of Central Asia, reaching close to the borders of our Indian dominions; it was not tem- porary or provisional, as Count Lams- dorff had declared it was, and it included Srovisions which were, in Lord Lans- owne's words, 'clearly derogatory to our treaty rights in the Chinese empire.' The remembrance of more than one epi- sode in the Prime Minister's dealings with Russia will make the country vigi- lant to see that the government keep their word in regard to it." VIEWS OF THE POWERS. The powers generally show a ten- dency to interpret Russia's position in a cautiously diplomatic sense, though no official utterances from them have been made public. The United States has, as have Great Britain and Japan, large trade inter- ests in Manchuria, which demand the "open door." The authorities at "Washington are understood as trusting to Russia's explicit promise of withdraw*] of her military force from northern China, while they, with the other governments con- cerned, admit that the present mo- ment may not offer favorable condi- tions for her withdrawal. She natu- rally desires to secure arrangements 894 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1901 for protection of her extensive rail- way and other interests in that re- gion. The time for pressing the Manchurian question to final decis- ion will be when all questions in discussion at Peking have been set- tled and the allies have withdrawn all their forces except legation guards from the province of Pe-Chi-Li. Meanwhile, from Manchuria, in ington, Mr. Wu, informed the United States government that, in accord- ance with the demand of the foreign ministers in the last article of the protocol of last December (Vol. 11, p. 11), a decree was issued, July 24, establishing a board whose special function will be the dealing with foreign affairs. This board of for- eign affairs, the Wei- Wu-Pu, takes PRINCE CHING, CHINESE PEACE NEGOTIATOR, AND SUPERVISOR OF THE NEW BOARD OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, THE WEI-WU-PU. the last days of July, come reports of frightful anarchy. The Kussian forces are unable to quell the insur- rection which now involves the whole province of Shing-King. The rebels are burning whole villages and kill- ing their inhabitants. It is hoped that the reports are exaggerated. Reforms. A NEW FOREIGN OFFICE. On July 30, the Chinese govern- ment, through its minister at Wash- the place of the worthless Tsung-li- Yamen, and is to have precedence of the six other boards. Its five mem- bers— one of whom, Prince Ching, is made supervisor — are men of re- pute for intelligence. Prince Ching's appointment is of course welcomed by the foreign ministers. Whether the other members are progressives or conservatives is not known. It is believed that China, in organizing this board, has made a substantial advance ; though, as Prince Ching's THE SITUATION IN CHINA. m headship is merely nominal, a liabil- ity is recognized to the shifting of responsibility that has so often enfeebled Chinese official procedure. A REFORM IN OFFICIAL ETIQUETTE. The edict creating the new board of foreign affairs also provides for more courteous treatment of foreign ministers, who heretofore have found the ceremonial prescribed for their reception at court annoying with sundry humiliating suggestions. The edict also provides that the ministers are to be received in the hall which has heretofore been entered only by near relatives of the Emperor. It provides also for entertainment of the ministers by the Emperor at occasional banquets. Preparing for the Court Doubts are expressed in some quarters as to the return of the court to Peking, with predictions that the capital is to be established at some far inland and inaccessible city. All that is known is that elaborate prep- arations have been in progress since the middle of July for the Empe- ror's return. The Forbidden City has been closed to the public, and its palace, the least in- jured of the imperial domiciles, is being refurnished for the court. The winter palace, which was partly burned, and was denuded of such movable carvings and ornaments as the fire spared, is now closed for repairs. The summer palace was till recently in possession of the Italians and the English. Li Hung-Cbang has requested the withdrawal of the for- eign troops nof ..iter than August 15, and the ministers of the powers have acquiesced. In anticipation of the Emperor's re- turn, elaborate preparations are being made to " save his face", by temporarily disguising all evidence of the destruc- tion wrought by the war in the streets through which he is to pass. The Chen Men gate,almost demolished by the bom- bardment, is to be repaired with wood and plaster painted in resemblance to stone, and the damaged walls and large buildings will have similar treatment. It is reported that the transfer of im- ferial state business from Si-Ngan f u to eking has commenced. The Suspended Examinations. An edict of the emperor was an- nounced about the middle of July, in nominal conformity to the agree- ment in Article 2 of the peace pro- tocol which required the suspension for five years of the literary exami- nations for official appointments in all cities in which foreigners had — ,— — _^. ...... .^ .... inr 396 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIB8. September No., 1901 been cruelly dealt with (p. 10) . This edict in effect robs the suspension of its intended punitive character, and saves China's prestige by making the suspension operative not only in the guilty cities, but in all China ; and it gives as the reason, not the neces- sity for punishing crimes against foreigners, but the Emperor's pur- pose to give students in every prov- ince an opportunity to prepare for opment of further complications by authorizing new requirements. Miscellaneous. The final evacuation of Peking by the allies is reported as ordered for August 14, the anniversary of the relief of the legations. The control of the city is then to be ceremoni- ously transferred to the Chinese au- thorities. The Chinese are said to MR. WILLIAM WOODVILLE ROCKHILL, SPECIAL UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER TO CHINA, WHO IS ON HIS WAY HOME. an entirely new and improved system of literary examination. This, if true, would constitute an immense stride in reform. Some of the foreign ministers have favored an insistence on added pun- ishments for the guilty districts. The United States government op- poses such a course, deeming the protocol sufficiently harsh in its de- mands, and desiring to avoid devel- show elation at what their childish self-conceit considers their success in finally wearing out the endurance of the foreign commanders. The foreign residents express regret. Mr. Conger, United States minis- ter to China, sailed from San Fran- cisco, July 17, on his return to China, where he will relieve Special Commissioner Rockhill, who has been authorized to leave China July THE liOKR WAR. Wl 28. Mr. Conger Ins been fulh ad- rifted of the purposes <•!' the govern- ment, and of tfee requirements <>f the business oommunity regarding the oommerouU treaties now to be mimed. Qeneral Gaselee, oommander of the British forces in China, left for England in July, travelling by way of Japan, Canada, and the United states. He has gained repute as an observant and judicious oommander, less lenient than the Americans, less severe than the Germans. Mail reports in the state depart- ment at Washington are said to show that the lives of several entirely in- nocent Chinese officials accused of Boxerism were saved through the moderation of the United States representatives, Messrs. Conger and Rockhill, at Peking, in the early peace negotiations — the death pen- alty in these cases having been strongly urged by several foreign ministers on insufficient proof. The United States consul at Tien- Tsin, James W. Ragsdale, has sen- tenced three American looters caught in the Chinese quarter of that city to four years imprisonment in the American jail at Shanghai. Prince Chun, younger brother of Emperor Kwang-Hsu, left Peking on July 12 for Berlin, whither he goes to make a formal apology for the murder of the German minister, Baron von Kettelen His departure was attend- ed with spectacular ceremonial. It is hoped, but not known, that a dispatch of July 11 is true which states that the Empress-Dowager has ordered Chinese ministers abroad to report to her the names of young- Chinamen in foreign lands who have shown special abilities in various professions, with a view of bringing them to China at government expense as candidates for official positions. THE BOER WAR. The Military Situation. In the South African contest, a military situation in the strict sense of that term scarcely exists. There is a daring movement of many small predatory Lands under leaders skilled in that kind of lighting — the so-called battles being mostly running lights, surprises, and escapes. Only one ending IS possible, whether its date come speedily or be months ahead. The friends of the Boers — and their admirers and sympathizers on both continents are many — may well hope for the hastening of the end. A NEW CAMPAIGN PLAN. There are reports of a new plan by Lord Kitchener for a campaign to end the war. More full statement must await official announcement ; but as outlined it involves sending home 70,000 men as no longer needed, in- cluding many of the yeomanry and of the departmental corps, with the guards, and about thirty battalions of militia. There are to be three corps of mounted troops selected for constant pursuit of the most impor- tant Boer forces ; and these corps will have each its special body of in- fantry and sharp-shooters as rear- guard both to hold important points and to protect supplies. An impor- tant change— already begun with great efficiency under Lord Methuen in the region around Kimberly — will be the establishing of lines of block- houses protecting the railways. These will be near enough together to strengthen one another, while guard- ing the line far more completely than the constantly moving columns which have so often been decoyed from the railway region in ineffectual chase after Boer rovers. BOER FORCES AND LOSSES. Early in July the report of the British army intelligence department to March 1 was issued in London. Among its statements are the follow- ing:— The maximum Boer strength was at- tained soon after the war began, and was about 05,000: to this force the Trans- vaal contributed 28,000, Orange Free State 22,000, Cape Colony and Natal in- 398 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1901 surgents 8,000, and foreigners 7,000. At the date of this report, this force had shrunk to 20,600. It is here to be added that during four months since this report was closed, the total has been so lessened that according to the best military opin- ion not more than 14,000 were in arms at the beginning of July. The report estimates (March 1) that of the Boer forces 11,000 had been slain or died of disease, 16,000 (besides 4,000 Cape and Natal insurgents) were prisoners, 5,400 were on parole, 2,500 foreigners had been sent away from the country, 500 foreigners had escaped, and between 4,000 and 5,000 were in hiding or incapac- itated for service. These figures have since been much increased. Four months later, July 1, a government official stated that the total number of Boers who had been made prisoners or had surrendered during the war was 33,000. July 9, a dispatch from Lord Kitchener published in London stated that during the last two months the raiders had lost heart, and the leaders were able to retain in the field orly small bodies of des- perate men. They have, however, recently received some recruits from the Dutch in Cape Colony ; but the recent Boer invaders of that colony avoid fighting and cling to the moun- tainous localities. An average of the Boer loss for the three weeks, July 1-22, in captured, wounded, or surren- dered, shows a monthly loss of more than 1,400, besides those killed which are not included. Steyn's Narrow Escape. On July 11, at dawn, Gen. Broad- wood made a sudden descent on a town near Longley in the Orange River Colony about eighty miles east from Kroonstad. He took twenty- nine prisoners, including two gen- erals, a commandant, and several officials of the so-called a Orange River government ". President Steyn's brother was one of the cap- tives ; and Steyn himself with one other man had. a narrow escape, being waked from sleep, mounting a horse and fleeing without coat or boots. The Orange River govern- ment papers were captured. The documents were interesting, if not important. A letter from Mr. Reitz to Steyn, May 10, informed him that a meeting of the Transvaal government had been held, attended by General Botha, General Viljoen, and Mr. Smutz, to consider the national situation — the numerous surrenders of burghers, the rapidly decreasing ammunition supply, the disintegration of the government, and the lack of definite assurance of European intervention. " In view of these facts," the letter pro- ceeded, "the government has decided to obtain permission to send a messenger to President Kriiger pointing out the terri- ble conditions. If this request is refused, we will ask an armistice to obtain both [the Boer] nations' future policy to end the present state of affairs. The time has passed for us to let matters drift as at present. The time has come to take a final step". Mr. Steyn in his reply on May 15, upbraids Mr. Reitz as weakhearted. He reminds him that in declaring war against Great Britain, •* We trusted in God and in foreign inter- vention" ; and proceeds to assure him in these words : — " I have seen recent European news- papers, and I firmly believe that compli- cations will occur in Europe in the course of a few months which will secure our good fortune." He urges Reitz to take no step until he has heard further from him. Boer Atrocities Charged. The London Daily Mail July 8, created a sensation by publishing advices by mail from Vlakfontein on the Johannesburg-Durban railway, where six weeks previously, on May 28, the British garrison was attacked by a large Boer force under Delarey and had 174 men put out of action. This account related atrocities com- mitted by the Boers that at first were judgedincredible. The following is part of the account : — "A couple of Boers who were armed with Martinis, walked around among the dead and dying. Some they turned over to see if they were dead. If it were other- wise, then one or the other of the Boers shot them as you would shoot'an ox. I saw four killed in this way." In the house of Commons, July 11, the war secretary, Mr. Broderick, read THE BOER WAR. m LORD STANLEY OF PRESTON, JUNIOR LOBD OK THK TREASURY. the telegraphic correspondence with Lord Kitchener on the subject. The latter at first declared that the re- ports were unfounded, but he subse- quently telegraphed the statement of a wounded yeomanry officer, corrob- orating the reports, and finally, Lord Kitchener, July 9, informed Mr. Broderick that he had the testimony of men to the effect that they saw Boers shoot the wounded. On July 22, the Pretoria corre- spondent of the London Telegraph, who had defeuded the Boers against the Vlakfontein charges, admitted that in many respects they were true. Hesaid : — "The message was written under cir- cumstances which prevented my making an inquiry " He then intimates that his praise of the conduct of the Boers re- ferred to the past, and adds that it is a fact that Botha himself expressed to Kitchener and others his regret at the demoralization and degeneracy that were spreading among the lighting Boers and t lie impossibility of repressing them. Tli is gives occasion to the oppos- ers of the Boer cause, in Britain and elsewhere, to say that a nation which began a war which it is unable to carry on without violation of all civilized usage, might do well to end it as suddenly as it began it. July 27, the Daily Mail published Lord Kitchener's official report re- garding the Vlakfontein affair which is as follows : , "Lieut. W. S. B. Duff has given me tho following information: On the day after the right at Vlakfontein, May 20, Lieut. Hearn told him that, while lying on the ground wounded, he saw about twenty yards from him Lieut. Spring and Sergt. Findlay, both slightly wounded. They were binding up each other's wounds when a young Boer, with a pink puggaree around his hat, came up and shot both dead. Lieut. Hearn lay quite still. The Boers thinking him dead, contented themselves with taking his spurs and leggings. Lieut. Hearn said also that others of our wounded were shot by Boers. " Lieut. Duff collected the testimony of eight privates and non-commissioned officers, who affirmed that they saw Boers shoot our wounded. " Several of the men saw a Boer, evi- dently some one in authority, trying to stop his men from shooting our wounded." The foregoing was from Lord Kitch- ener's first mail report on the subject. He wired that he would supplement it by sworn testimony. The Daily Mail, which has made itself conspicuous as a strong "jingo " organ, based on the Vlakfontein affair an attack on the government for what it deems the latter's weak- ness in offering* the Boers terms of peace. It denounces the censorship which concealed the Vlakfontein murders and the general policy of the government in withholding news which would arouse the hostility of the electorate of Great Britain to its endeavors to secure peace at almost any price. The paper declares that the Cape Dutch have taken the fool- ish attempts of British conciliation as signs of weakness, and as proving that the English are tired of the war. This, it declares, tends to aid the rebel element in Cape Colony. This partisan controversy being here set aside — as also all discussion as to the alleged inhuman outrages — there remains the surprising course of the government censor, or of Lord Kitchener, or as it seems, of both, 400 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1901 in studiously concealing from the public for weeks the report of the charges made against the Boers. By the opponents of the war, and to a large extent by the public, Kitche- ner's name had been deemed almost the type of a cold-blooded military commander from whom the public enemy could expect neither kindly judgment nor considerate treatment. He was regarded as aiming only to crush the enemy by an extreme use of all severities allowable by the military code. This latest episode has called public attention to the fact which seems to have been little noticed, that he has been for months endeavoring to find on what terms the Boers would consent to stop the war. In this course he has been earnestly carrying out the policy of the government. The government has continued to express its disapproval of the course of the Daily Mail. It has refused to allow that journal the usual facilities extended to the press, and does not include it in distributing official news at London. The severe censorship against which the Mail protested has not been relaxed. Despatches from Lord Kitchener now made public show that though the atrocities charged were, indeed, committed, there certainly was no general or authorized slaughter of British wounded. One of the murderers has been identified as a German merce- nary. The Detention Camps. A parliamentary paper giving statistics of persons in the detention camps in June was issued July 24, showing as follows : white 85,410 (more than half being children, and about one third women) ; colored, 23,489. Deaths among the whites numbered 777, of which 576 were children. The mortality, however, is steadily decreasing. ' The inmates of these camps are housed, fed and guarded by the British government. Much responsibility and solicitude is felt in England regarding the con- dition of the people in these camps. Miss Emily Hobhouse was recently sent to South Africa as visiting agent of a British committee. By special permission from Lords Mil- ner and Kitchener she visited camps in six different districts, inspecting the conditions, and conveying the supplies, clothing, etc., subscribed by the society. Her report praises some camps, and points out deficiencies in others, such as overcrowding, bad water, deficiency of fuel, etc. She adds some positive recom- mendations. The English journals point out that provisions for the thousands in these refuge camps must be brought from the coast over single lines of railway which the energy of the refugees' husbands and fathers is continually devoted to destroying. Epidemics must be pro- vided against. Good temper and patience must be used, in the remembrance that by watchful enemies in many lands every misfortune will be interpreted as a crime. The last statement finds full illustration in the journals of continental Europe, some of which express a pitying hope that the English people will be awakened to see their crime. The St. Petersburg Novoye Vremya. an exponent of a high civilization, perhaps excels all the others when it denounces Kitchener's concen- tration-camp policy as "absolutely com- plete in shameless and dishonoring bar- barity". In the house of commons, July 23, Secretary of War Broderick an- nounced the names of a committee of women who are to visit, inspect, and report on these camps. Among those named, were Lady Knox, The Hon. Mrs. Millicent Garrett Fawcett, fc oh*lf to tit w."-rw IftbikpaH* (Ewrtch). EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL 8ITUAT10N. 401 LL.D ; Miss Lucy Deau, inspector of factories; and Miss Scarlett. The first three had Bailed the day previous. Conditions in Cape Colony. There is a subsidence of alarming rumors. The prime minister, Mr. Bprigg, in an address on July 16, declared that the cabinet would render all possible support to the imperial government, understanding that that government would not flinch from thoroughly accomplish- ing its work. He foresaw for the new colonies, first, a period of mili- tary rule, followed by a crown-colony government. Federation was to come, but must not be hurried. He con- sidered the aspect of South African affairs more hopeful now than at any other time since the outbreak of hos- tilities. Olive Schreiner's brother, Theophilus, has publicly contradicted the statements made in England by "Ouida" (Louisa de la Ramee) published in the London Daily News. July 16. The statements were that Olive Schreiner had been im- prisoned within a wire fence guarded by armed sentinels with orders to fire if attempt was made to escape; and that her brother, the former premier of Cape Colony, was not allowed to visit her. Theophilus says his sister is living in Hanover, Cape Colony, on account of her health, and that her husband is with her. The town of Hanover has been under martial law because of recent incursions of the Boers. The Schreiner family is di- vided on the Boer question. Miscellaneous. Mr. Kruger was reported as pur- posing to visit the United States in the autumn. The latest statement from The Hague is that he has de- cided not to come, on account of the fatigue of travel, and of the clearly expressed attitude of strict neutrali- ty maintained by the United States government. Mr. Krhger's wife died at Pretoria, July 20, after an illness of three days from pneumonia. Her age was 71. She was a pattern) of all the plain and homely virtues. The London papers Eublished kindly editorials concerning er death. The Times begins a eulogy thus: " The English people will fool gen- uine sympathy with the aged ex-presi- dent of the Transvaal in the severe domestic bereavement which has befallen him." Advices of July 26 from St. Helena, the British island to which many hundreds of the Boer prisoners have been transported, report great disorder and a fierce quarrel between two parties of the prisoners on the question of taking the oath of alle- giance to King Edward. The vigi- lance committee of the irreconcila- bles subjected those who had taken the oath to indescribable indignities. It was necessary to remove those who had taken the oath to a separate enclosure. The ringleaders of the other party were imprisoned in the fortress. EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. British Strength in the Mediterranean. The extent of Great Britain's power in the Mediterranean, and the promptness with which it can be brought to bear at one or another point, have continued to draw atten- tion in Europe (pp. 343, 344). The press, not in England only, where the Times strongly urges increase of the Mediterranean fleet, but also in Germany, Italy, and Spain, contrib- utes to the discussion. The question has made its way also into the Brit- ish parliament. The topic is not necessarily of pressing importance; yet its wide discussion on the conti- nent indicates the constant readiness of Europe to estimate and measure Britain's strength and to detect her vulnerable points. If England's strength in the Med- iterranean sea can be overborne by an alliance of the fleets of any two nations, wresting from her the con- trol either of the western gate at the straits of Gibraltar or of its eastern gate at the Suez canal, the coveted North African coast would lie open to the colonizing ambition of more than one European nation, and Eng- 402 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1901 ADMIRAL FREDERICK WILHELM VON OTTER, SWEDISH PREMIER. land's present indefinite but sufficient hold on Egypt and the Nile would come to nought. Then her access to her vast southward possessions stretching through central Africa to the great lakes — a magnificent em- pire of the future — would become difficult and perilous. But far great- er and more sure would be her loss in Asiatic possessions to which her shortest way would* be blocked. Russia, watching through more than a quarter century for some concur- rence of events that might open a path into India — availing herself of every opportunity to take one short step thitherward, now on Afghan, now on Persian, now on Mongolian soil — would suddenly find the road for her hordes opening wide and straight to the shores of the Indian Ocean. All this would result not merely from England's loss of control of the short water-way to India through the Mediterranean. It would result also from England's loss of the chief part of her naval power, inasmuch as she would not have yielded her points of vantage on that sea until her powerful fleet lay at the sea's bottom or floated helplessly as the enemy's prize. One French writer in the Journal des Debuts, while granting the im- portance of Gibraltar as a Mediter- ranean fortress, ridicules the common statement of its invulnerability. Another French writer, Robert de Cais, urges that the Straits of Gib- raltar be neutralized, a step to which England, he strangely seems to think, could be brought by persuasion. HISPANO-BRITISH RELATIONS. The English discussion concerns chiefly the strength of the fleet (pp. 343, 344), and the defences of Gib- raltar (p. 159). The latter question seems to have introduced a discussion in Spain on Hispano-British rela- tions in general. A leading Spanish writer on politics, Senor Guzman, in an article in the principal conserva- tive paper, the Epoca, Madrid, con- siders that the ultimate possession of Morocco will depend on the possession of Gibraltar ; and that the future " equilibrium of the Mediterranean " as concerns Spain, France, Italy, Britain, and Germany, awaits the due adjustment of Morocco. Senor Guzman wishes Spain to cultivate friendship with England rather than with France, and de- clares that England in her Mediter- ranean interests would find a Span- ish alliance more profitable than even an Italian alliance. The Epoca and other Spanish papers show deep distrust of France, which country has offended and alarmed Spain by her policy in reference to Morocco. They repel the idea now gaining currency in Europe that Spain is following the lead of France. This recently developed Spanish preference for Britain, if it should have reality and permanence, may be found helpful to England in* the event of a continental alliance against her. Gibraltar will be more easily held if its immediate environ- EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. 408 ment be not hostile. The British press, however, so far as it has spoken, expresses no wish for any- thing from Spain except neutrality; though '/'//*■ Spectator offen the re- markable suggestion of a treaty with Spuin, supporting her claim to the African peninsula opposite Gibral- tar, incl mling Tangier and Cape Spartel, if the Moorish empire comes to an end — France being given to understand that her course regarding the remainder of Morocco would not be disputed. Anglo-French Relations. PACIFIC SUGGESTIONS. The spirit of recent articles on this subject by well-known writers on diplomatic affairs in England and France is much more considerate and pacific than was noticeable two or three years ago. A prominent Eng- lish writer, arguing for friendship, and antagonizing the common Eng- lish conception of France as a " de- cadent Latin nation", denies that she is either Latin or decadent. Eng- land, he asserts, has more than France of Latin blood. French genius he declares to be classic and philosophic, and therefore to possess what the British lacks — the ele- ments of reasonableness and gaiety. So far as civilization tends to be ur- ban rather than rural, it will follow the French type, as London has been doing for the last quarter-century. A Frenchman in a well-known Paris review searches the record of Anglo- French relations through the last sixty years, and finds no cause of quarrel; while a former under-secretary of the French colonial office points out the aid which England's colonizing projects in Africa have had from the preliminary work of France in civilizing the regions through which the British were to pass to their new colonies. Baron Pierre dr Coubertin, in the Fortnightly Review, London, discusses the liabilities of war between the two countries, for which he finds only two causes: the Franco-Russian alliance and French colonial expansion. The alli- ance he lightly esteems, and especially in view of recent events in the far East deems it doubtful whether, as a new project, it could now be formed. British contempt for French colonizing policy and achievements— and the existence of some reason for the contempt the baron lines not at all deny — he considers the chief source of danger; inasmuch as the Englishman is constantly ready to ex- press his contempt, and is tempted to see reasons for extending the area of good government by compassionately annexing the less fortunate possessions of France. If the Englishman can con- trol t his disguised cupidity the two na- tions can keep peace. HYSTERICAL PATRIOTISM. In both countries extremists in the newspaper press probably exag- gerate the national feeling, either through honest partizanship or for pecuniary reasons — misrepresenting certainly the governments and prob- ably the mass of the two peoples, which can scarcely be supposed to be subject to such spasms. The summer dulness of Paris in mid- July was relieved by a discovery of fearful English machinations, made by three editors, Paul de Cassagnac, Henri Rochefort, and Charles Lau- rent. The navigation interests of all nations required a recharting of the channels, rocks and currents that make the waters around the British channel islands the dread of sailors. As some of these lie near the French coast the British government asked and received from the government of France permission to do the work specified as needful. Thereupon, de Cassagnac thus ex- pressed himself in the Autorite : " It is an unheard of thing that our secular enemy, our eternal enemy, the one that hates us most, and that is ever haunted by the thought of destroying us, should receive from the French government this mission." Rochefort's paper said: "We may wonder what judicial punishment, if one exists, ought to be visited on M. Delcas- se for surrendering openly the whole of France to the English." Early in August some English papers, notably the St. James Ga- zette, London, showed tendencies to paroxysm much milder than the French variety, and, many will say, not entirely beyond reason, in char- acterizing the Duke of Orleans' con- Vol. 11—27, 404 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September Ko., 1901 tribution of $500 to the Queen Vic- toria memorial fund as " a piece of astounding impudence". The Gazette joins the Daily Chronicle in urging the lord mayor to reject the gift on account of the duke's connection with caricatures of Queen Victoria in the Paris newspapers. The German Position. THE GENERAL VIEW. From various causes the opinion has gained place in recent years that Germany is aiming at recogni- tion as the leading power in Europe, and contemplates mischief to Britain. The evident ambition and restless activity of the young emperor are adduced as evidences for such an opinion — the opinion having gained expression sufficient to be argued against, and sufficient even in this country to be affirmed by some men in public life who give Germany the place formerly held by England as an antagonist to be watched by the United States. The Specta'or (London) deems all such fears of that empire in either Europe or America baseless. Germany's growth in power it views as in part fictitious. The emperor's feverish activity tends to efface the great German statesmen, while as yet it has practically established noth- ing. The attempts at colonies in Africa and in China show no success. The in- crease of the army and navy has quick- ened other nations to similar advance. An expanding industry seems to have amounted chiefly to formation of a mul- titude of companies which found insuffi- cient markets for their products. Banks have been in serious financial stress. The stimulus and hopefulness manifest in business circles during a decade up to two years ago now seem almost lost. Germany indeed is a poor country without the vast capital which has been accumulated in Great Britain, the United States, and France. There are signs of impatience with the increase of taxation for which the Emperor's great schemes of fleets and canals are justly or un- justly blamed. THE GERMAN VIEW. In recent months a tendency has developed| "within the empire itself toward criticism of the for- eign policy of the government, as leading to the isolation of Germany, while other nations appear to be making advances toward friendliness with their neighbors. This is the complaint of the Vossische Zeitung, for which, however, there is known to the public no real foundation. The Kreuz Zeitung has expressed wonder at the general aversion to Germany, shown even by the United States, in commercial relations, and by some of the allied powers in China. So far as this aversion is not imaginary, it may be merely such a feeling as has long been shown toward Great Britain in view of its real or imagined dominance or independence in international movements. The Albanian Disturbance. The disorder in Albania is the breaking out of along-pent sore with possible results of grave menace to the peace of Europe. Albania is a province of the Turkish empire, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic, 290 miles long, averaging about 60 miles in breadth, with a population estimated at about 1,200,000, besides Italians numbering (it is asserted) about 100,000. Of the people a consid- erable minority are Mohammedans, though it is stated on good authority that only the men attend the mosques, and that in order to secure various advantages from the Turkish authorities, while the women and children are classed as adherents of the Roman Catholics or of the Greek churches. Albania has been called the most out-of-the-way district in Europe. It is avoided by travellers because of the danger of capture by brigands — the profession of a robber being no disgrace. Turkish rale is here, more even than in general, misrule. The situation of this province makes it an object of covetousness by three nations which for scores of EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. m years have oeen watching to seize it when the Turkish empire breaks up. Kussia, counting all Turkey — and n<»ne can say how many other lands — as her prospective territory, imag- ines herself entitled to Albania as a Turkish possession with a most, val- uable opening toward the Mediterra- nean and toward the whole Balkan region. Austria deems its possession necessary both for the enlargement and for the safety of her outlet on the Adriatic. Italy claims Albania as hers not only by territorial pro- priety re-instating Italy in command of the Adriatic sea, but as bound to her by racial ties — 100,000 Italians living in Albania, 500,000 Albanians living in Italy. About the middle of June, Count Prunetti, Italian minister of foreign affairs, in a speech in the chamber of deputies at Rome— though saying that neither Italy nor Austria would strive to seize the advantage in Al- bania—created great enthusiasm throughout the kingdom by his ut- terances of sympathy with the un- happy inhabitants of that province. It is reported that the Italian imag- ination is aroused, with the purpose of emancipating Albania from Otto- man misrule, and establishing it as an independent state under Italian suzerainty. Accordant with this is the account of the Albanian congress at Naples about mid-June, at which ex-Premier Crispi (since deceased) was honorary president, himself of Albanian origin. Delegates are reported present from every town ami district in Albania, and representa- tives of Albanian nationalist committees in thirty-two Italian cities. The con- gress, which comprised many public men of repute, recalling Garibaldi's wonls "The cause of Albania is our own1', called on the Italian government to end the " enslaving oppression of the Albanians by Turkey", which was de- nounced as intolerable, and to place " a formidable obstacle to the ambition of Austria to control the Adriatic". It is noticeable that Italy's heavi- est expenditure for defensive works through the last fifteen years has been for building of fortifications on the Austrian border. A Vienna dispatch, July 24. an- nounced that a rising had began, and that Albanian insurgents had had several bloody encounters with Turk- ish soldiers on the frontier. There were reports that the Turks massa- cred their prisoners, and that the Albanians cut off the heads of their prisoners and bore them on poles through Albanian towns. On July 31, a dispatch in London from Budapest said : "In conse- quence of the agitation in Albania, Austria has ordered every garrison in Bosnia and Herzegovina to be immediately placed on a war footing. Additional regiments leave Vienna this week for Serajevo and Banja- luka. All the officers on furlough have been ordered to rejoin their regiments." There has been no offi- cial confirmation of this. It is too early to estimate the ef- fect of this disturbance on the European situation. Some observers treat it lightly, as of the same sort as the repeated outbreaks in the Balkans. Others deem it liable to introduce grave European complica- tions. Albania is not within the spheres of influence recognized and provided for : no treaties protect her from disorder or from misrule by Turkey. Cretan Affairs. l'KTITION FOR ANNEXATION. Annexation of the island of Crete to the kingdom of Greece is growing in favor with the Cretans of nearly all races and is drawing general at- tention in Europe. On June 7, Prince George, opening the session of the Cretan Assembly, stated that he had expressed to the powers the desire of the Cretan people for union with Greece ; and that the reply of the powers was that at present they were unable to sanction any such political change. Nevertheless, the chamber passed a resolution asking the powers to grant this as the crown of their noble and philanthropic 406 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1901 work in the island. Prince George officially communicated to the con- suls this resolution. They, as in- structed by their governments, re- turned the document to the prince. PETITION REJECTED. The island, under the nominal suzerainty of the sultan, is under the protection of England, France, Russia, and Italy. These four pow- ers in a joint note rejected the Cre- tan petition, on the ground that any infringement of the Sultan's rights might endanger the peace of the East and arouse Turkey's former hostility against Crete. It might also awaken anew the fears of the Moslem population. Among argu- ments adduced in European journals against the Cretan petition is that it would re-open the Balkan question. The general European view seems favorable to the result which Crete is seeking, while strongly advising delay for the re-adjustment, which must soon come, of the present merely artificial balance in Eastern affairs. The present government is severely criticised for inefficiency and extravagance. Turkish Troubles. The efforts of the Porte to induce intervention by the representatives of the powers for preventing settle- ment of foreign Jews in Ottoman territory have come to nought. The embassies have twice practically re- fused to intervene. The character of the Turkish gov- ernment was indicated in May by the prohibition of the entry of type- writing machines into the country, and by the order that 200 machines in the custom house should be re- turned to the consignors. The gov- ernment's objection is that as type- writing has no distinct feature by means of which its author or writer can be traced, seditious writings can be easily put in type. For like rea- son hektographic paste also was pro- hibited. The embassies presented objections to the restriction. An arrangement concluded in June assured payment to British subjects of indemnities amounting to $318,- 000 for their losses during the Ar- menian massacres of 1896. A refusal in July by Turkey to permit the Greek squadron to visit Smyrna, Salonica, and Mount Athos, is said to be regarded by diplomatic officials as illegal. It was announced in Constantino- ple that on July 26 the Sultan had agreed to comply with Russia's de- mand for release of the Servians re- cently arrested in Albania and for restoration of the arms taken, and for recall of the mutessarif of Prishti- na, instigator of the arrests. France is pressing for a settlement in connection with -the French-owned docks, the contract calling for their purchase by Turkey. All the lega- tions are protesting against interfer- ence by the Porte with the decisions of the sanitary council. The palace officials receive these protests with the utmost serenity, reply] ng that the Sultan is the sovereign of Tur- key. Courtesy of Harper's Weekly. ONE OF THK SULTAN'S PALACES ON THE BOSPORUS. OTTIER IN TERN A TIONA L A FFA 1MB, 407 OTHER INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. American Competition with Europe. During flu; last few years the re- markable commercial growth of the United States has drawn the earnest attention of Europe, A presentation of the foots end principles relative to •the competition in trade between this country and other countries would not be in place here : some general statements are given with a glance at sonic international hearings. England has led the world in manufactures and in the commerce which was required to carry them to all lands. A few years ago Germany began seriously to invade some por- tions of the British field of trade. Now, the complaint alike in Britain and in Germany is that the United States is crowding out their manufac- tures by sending over goods of equal Ot superior quality at lower juice. This has been almost as much a sur- prise to us as to them : our manufac- turers not very long ago found them- selves making more things than there was sale for here, and therefore sent the surplus abroad. Purchasers found them preferable by reason either of better making or lower price ; and, the gates having been thus opened, the mighty stream began to flow. In agricultural products, our vast area of wondrously fertile terri- tory naturally summoned, while scientific methods of farming aided, this country to become one of the chief focxl producers and food ven- ders of the world. It was not strange that industrial Europe was alarmed, and sought how to make reprisals. Offense was easily taken against our tariff policy protect- ing large classes of our manufactures from European competition by mak- ing Europe's productions pay for the privilege of being admitted here for sale. In return it has been proposed in Germany and Austria-Hungary, to enact tariffs which would form a "continental system of exclusion against the United States " ; and in Russia retaliatory action has already begun. TARIFF WAR WITn RUSSIA. The controversy with Russia began as a result of the action of Sec- 1 iKIh V * — B) IS, Ihr P|fW ■■ lt .- $y_ tmj*4&/TS&i'*&M3g *' = \ A 'Z. ^^H i '5£^21 ^ f> TH« UBLCTON OKTTINO OIT OF TBI OtMH From Ikt MiniutPahi Journal. July is, 408 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. September No., 1901 retary Gage of the United States Treasury in imposing a countervail- ing duty on Russian sugar to offset the effect of the export bounty indi- rectly paid through the operation of the Russian excise law (p. 97), and has assumed the proportions of a tariff war, but without any immedi- ate or serious danger to amicable political relations. Petroleum, in addition to sugar, has become a basis of controversy, the American imposi- tion of a countervailing duty on that commodity calling forth retaliation in the shape of an order of the Rus- sian finance minister, M. de Witte, June 7, increasing the rates on Amer- ican white resin and American bicy- cles. Realizing that commercial friction, if long continued, tends to engender bitter popular enmity Secretary of State Hay, about June 22, addressed to the Russian ambassador at Wash- ington, Count Cassini, a note explain- ing some of the points on which the Russian government labored under misconception, showing, for example, that the action of the United States involved no discrimination against Russia, but resulted from the auto- matic operation of our tariff laws, which give the Secretary of the Treas- ury no discretion, and, which are equally applicable to all countries, having since (June 18) been applied in the imposition of a countervailing duty on Italian beet sugar entering the United States. In her reply, about July 3, Russia expressed a desire to maintain her historic cordial relations with the United States, and a willingness to remove her retaliatory duties on repeal of Secretary Gage's order im- posing a countervailing duty on Rus- sian sugar. The Secretary, of course, was obliged to state in replying that it was not within his power to remove the duty, as the sugar question is now before the courts. It is thought that the Russian government does not thoroughly appreciate the thorough separation of the legislative and ex- ecutive functions in this country, as the two are so closely united in the Russian government. it is evident, however, that the attitude of the Russian government is not unfriendly, and it is expected that the matter will soon be satisfac- torily adjusted. American Claims Paid. Announcement was made at Wash- ington, July 10, that the state department had received $95,000, the amount of the claim of this gov- ernment against Turkey for destruc- tion of property of American citizens at the time of the Armenian massa- cres (Vol. 5, p. 812; Vol. 7, p. 807 ; Vol. 8,. p. 634; Vol. 9, p. 462; Vol. 10, pp. 43, 337, 428, 986). The money, due mostly to the Amer- ican Board of Foreign Missions, was forwarded through the United States legation at Constantinople. The settlement of this long-standing account was finally effected by the United States minister, John G. A. Leishman, who is duly credited therefor, while the earnest efforts of his predecessors in office also should have acknowledgment. Treaties. REVISION OF GENEVA TREATY. Announcement was made, June 21, that the United States government had been invited to take part in a congress to assemble at Berne, Swit- zerland, for revision of the treaty of Geneva, the convention under which the national governments conduct their red cross and other humane work in time of war. A prospec- tus is issued showing some important enlargements proposed in the treaty, chief of which is a broadening of the scope of neutrality in time of war so that all persons not engaged in active furtherance of the work of fighting shall have larger facilities for their humane work. As the rules *now stand, all persons captured in a hos- pital or on the field, including the THE AMERICAN DEPENDENCIES. in sick and wounded and those engaged in medical or surgical work, are classed among prisoners of war. The proposal is to give immunity to all such. RECIPROCITY TREATIE8. A protocol has been signed extend- ing for one year from May 9, the period allowed for ratification of the reciprocity treaty lietween this country and the Danish West Indies. An extension of time has been ar- ranged for ratification of the recipro- city treaty between this country and the Argentine Republic (Vol. 9, p. 857). Hffafrs in Hmerfca. THE AMERICAN DEPENDENCIES. Cuba. WAR COULD HAVE BEEN AVOIDED. A CABLE communication from Stewart L. Woodford while American minister to Spain to the Secretary of State was first made public in July of the present year, though it was placed on file April 3, 1898. It shows that war with Spain could have been averted then if Congress had not been urgent for armed intervention in any event The despatch from Mr. Woodford was: "If conditions at Washington still enable you to give me the necessary time I am sure that before next October I will get peace in Cuba, with justice to Cuba and protection to our great American interests." The Secretary of State, Mr. Day, then cabled to Mr. Woodford the question, " Would the peace you are so confident of securing mean the independence of Cuba?" No answer appears to have come from Mr. Woodford till two days later, when he cabled to the President asking whether, if the Spanish Queen should proclaim immediate and uncon- ditional cessation of hostilities in Cuba, hostile action by Congress could be pre- vented. "I believe," he added, "that this means peace, which the sober judg- ment of our people will approve long before next November, and which must be approved at the final bar of history." The President in reply said that he highly appreciated the Queen's desire for peace, but could not assume to influence Congress otherwise than by submitting to it the whole matter. The correspon- dence is published by the State Depart- ment in a volume of papers touching the foreign relations of the United States in 1898. U. S. NAVAL AND MILITARY STATIONS IN CUBA. The New York Tribune of July 20 had a very circumstantial account of the intended occupation by the United States of " the principal sea defences of the island that was left there by Spain". This occupation would seem to be "an essential part of the protection the United States is pledged to give Cuba by the Piatt law ". " Now that the Piatt amendment has been adopted", continues the Tribune correspondent at Washington, " officials here, including members of the Cabinet and of Congress, freely assert the inten- tion of the United States to occupy all the principal sea defences of the Island. 'I'll is, of course, means that the forts at Havana, Cienfuegos, Santiago and Ma- tanzas will fly the American flag and be mounted with American guns, even after the Cuban Republic is an accom- plished fact and its independent sover- eignty is recognized by the nations of the world. This situation would be somewhat anomalous and incongruous if it were not for the fact that by the terms of the Piatt law the United States is entitled to five coaling or naval sta- tions on the mainland of Cuba, and the further well known fact that the Cuban Republic intends to maintain neither an army nor a navy. It may be that the clause in the Piatt law giving to the United States the privilege of establish- ing five naval stations on the island will be considered as affording all the mili- tary protection needed by Cuba. In that 410 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 event the navy would be compelled to assume all the responsibility for the island's defence, and accordingly the fortifications would be manned by Uni/ted States sailors and marines, and naval guns would have to take the places of the fine army batteries which are now stationed at Havana ". When news of this intended oc- cupation of strategic positions by the United States reached Havana, it was received without any marked evidence of dissatisfaction. The pub- lic, it was said, had expected that Morro Castle and Cabanas fortress would be taken for naval stations. The journal La Lucha strongly ap- proves the step, saying: " Cuba could not do anything with the two historic fortresses of Havana and Santiago, while the flag of the formidable republic of the United States would command the respect of strangers, and other nations would see behind the flag not the lilipu- tian State of Cuba, but one of the great- est powers of the globe. The two points of most strategic importance on the Cuban coast the United States should take and strongly fortify." La Discusion, on the contrary, sees in it "an imposition of a strong power on a weak one; yet Cuba can do nothing save accept". SUGAR PRODUCTION. The British consul-general at Havana, Lionel Carden, in a report to his government makes a very en- couraging forecast of the future of sugar production in Cuba. The present year's crop, 600,000 tons, is twice as large as that of last year ; and Mr. Carden believes that next year's will be not less than 800,000 tons, to be increased before long to 1,500,000 tons per annum. "The whole sugar situation in Cuba", he writes, " since the war has furnished an agreeable surprise. At first every- body supposed that large amounts of capital would be necessary to restore the burned cane fields and rebuild the dam- aged factories. Great delay was pre- dicted and great consequent distress, but facts have falsified that prophecy. The Cuban plauters and manufacturers at- tacked their problem vigorously and re- suscitated the stricken sugar business before the pessimists had finished repin- ing. Nothing else could have benefited the island so much as did this temporary pinch of ill fortune. It made economists out of spendthrifts and taught Cuban sugar producers their first real lesson in the art of wasteless production. The re- sult will be that henceforth Cuba will yield more cane to the acre than ever before and enrich the country accord- ingly. " What she will do with the fruit of her increased crops is a question that looms large in the future. At present America takes her entire output, but this condition cannot last. America's consumption is now only 1,400,000 tons a year in excess of her production, and she will steadily produce more as indus- try develops in Hawaii and the Philip- pines. Therefore, sooner or later Cuba must enter the general markets with her sugar and compete with the product of beet root. That she can successfully do so I do not doubt. When this develop- ment takes place the dislocation of the European sugar trade will make a mighty noise." LONG VOYAGE OF DRY DOCK. The United States government has purchased the Spanish floating dry dock now in Havana harbor, and it is to be carried to Subig Bay in the Philippines. Rear-Admiral Bowles will direct the voyage, and recommends that the structure be towed to its destination by naval colliers especially fitted up for this service. The route and the distance to which the dock will be towed are as follows : Miles. Havana to Canary Islands 3,100 Canary Islands to Gibraltar 700 Gibraltar to Port Said 1,920 Port Said to Aden 1,310 Aden to Colombo 2,130 Colombo to Singapore 1,270 Singapore to Manila 1,380 Manila to Olongapo, Subig Bay 100 Total distance towed 11,916 YELLOW FEVER. There were in Santiago de las Vegas, a suburb of Havana, July 23, five cases of yellow fever, the subjects being unacclimated Span- iards in the employ of the Havana Commercial Company, manufactu- rers of cigars. The place is in bad sanitary condition and contains three hundred unacclimated Spaniards. No case of the fever existed in Ha- vana proper. THE AMERICAN DEPENDENCIES. 411 Porto Rico. A NEW GOVKKNOK NAMED. Governor Gharki H. Allen's resig- nation of the governorship takes effect September 1; in Jul}, the President Mined as his successor William EL Hunt, at that time sec- ret a ry of the insular government. HUNT, WILLIAM H., the new gov- ernor, is a native of New Orleans, born November 6, 1857; his father, William Henry Hunt, was secretary of the navy under Garfield and Arthur, and after- ward minister to Russia. After gradu- ating at Yale, Mr. Hunt settled in Mon- tana and served as a member of the con- vention which drafted the constitution of the state in 1884. He was elected Judge of the district of Montana in 1889 and again in 1892, and in 1894 Judge of the Supreme Court of the state. PROSPERITY OK THE I8LAND. Mr. Jacob H. Hollander, treasurer of the insular government and au- thor of the Hollander revenue law, was in the United States on a vaca- tion in July. The economic condi- tion of the island, he says, is most satisfactory. The island is free from all funded and floating indebtedness, and the burden of taxation is less than in any part of the United States. The revenues this year will suffice for all necessary expenditure, about $2,000,000, half of which is for schools and roads, and there will be a surplus for any unforeseen con- tingency of" the year's expenditure. The sources of revenues are the customs duties on goods imported from foreign countries, excise taxes on tobacco and a few minor articles, and a direct tax of one half per centum on property real and person- al. Four-fifths of this revenue comes from customs and excise du- ties, which, in the United States Territories, go to the general govern- ment. Hawaii. CHINESE LABORER8. Sugar planters are complaining of the want of field laborers and are about to present a petition to Con- gress for a relaxation of the anti- Chinese immigration law and per- mission to import and employ Chi- nese laborers. The planters regard Chinese as by far the best sugar plantation laborers in the world, better than Japanese, better than Portuguese. They are quiet, peace- able, industrious, faithful to con- tract. In the next session of Congress, when new legislation will become necessary through expiration of the Geary act (Vol. 8, pp. 276, 512, 744), Hawaiian planters will make a strong effort to pro- cure the insertion in the new law to be enacted of a provision that Chinamen may be brought from China to the Hawaiian Islands under contract, to do purely agricultural work for a period not to exceed ten years, when they will be deported. Under the terms of such a provision it is believed that no conflict would be precipitated with organized labor, as the law would provide that the Chinamen should do nothing but agri- cultural work, and this class of work in Hawaii white men cannot do on account of the climatic conditions. Another way of procuring the needed laborers is under considera- tion, viz., importation of natives of the Philippines. Several large planters believe that the Filipinos may yet .solve the labor question of Hawaii. The Porto-Ricans now in the islands are not proving generally satisfactory. * They have to a great extent the disposition of the native Hawaiian, and love ease a great deal more than work. It is not likely that an effort will be made to in- crease by importation the Porto Ri- can population of the islands." Of the proposition which has been mooted to annex Hawaii to Califor- nia by act of Congress, as an inte- gral portion of that State,Mr. Rod en - burg, member of the United States Civil Service Commission, who re- turned in the latter end of July from an official visit to the islands, said it is not approved by the native ele- ment They want to be an indepen- dent state of the Union, and when the population in the islands is suf- ficient, they will ask for admission to the sisterhood of states. 412 AFFAIBS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 Guam. MISCONDUCT OF THE MARINES. Governor Schroeder on May 14 issued another order or address to his command in which he is under- stood to have virtually withdrawn or at least modified his previous censure of the whole garrison (p. 348). In the new order he writes : " The commandant of this station is congratulated upon the promptness with which, in less than two days, evidence was found which apparently tends to the discovery of the perpetrators of a theft of private property alluded to in tinue to assent itself, and refuse to per- mit the reputation and privileges of all to suffer in order to screen a few crimi- nals who do not deserve much leniency." The Philippines. GOVERNMENT OF MANILA. At the first meeting of the legis- lative chamber, held July 26, Mr. Wright, of the Civil Commission, spoke of the charter of Manila and held that under it Manila's situation would be much like that of the city of Washington, " the best governed city in the world ". CHARLES G. DAWES, COMPTROLLER OF UNITED STATES CURRENCY. Courtesy W. J. Root, 111. naval station order No. 4. This confirms the belief that members of an honorable profession do not wish to harbor thieves in their midst. It must be pointed out that the first duty of a battalion, duty for which it was sent to Guam, is primarily the pro- tection of government property. While there are one or two members of the command who had cause to suspect pos- sible thieves of private property, there are a dozen who positively know who stole the public property. If they wish it, they can have this matter cleared up at once. The entire command is now waiting to hear from them, and it is hoped that American manhood will con- Several members of the Spanish Chamber of Commerce strongly con- demned the charter. It is, they said, inconsistent with the principles of the freest government on earth to deny the right of suffrage to the peo- ple of the Philippine capital, while granting it to small municipalities. The proposed system of government is, they declared, far less liberal than that offered by the Spanish authori- ities, which made the city officials elective. TUB AMERICAN DEPENDENCIES. 413 Under this American charter the legislative ami exeoutire authority is exercised iiv ;i board of three memben appointed by t In* Governor. An ad- visory board to represent each district will also 1m' eamed by the governor. •vmnnrnn ov general mellak- MINO. On July 4, at Legaspi on Albay Bay, the insurgent leader Bellar- mino (p. 290), with thirty-two of his officers, 215 rifles and 3000 rounds of ammunition, surrendered to Col- one] Theodore J. Wint of the Sixth Cavalry. In that district (Sorgoson province 1,681 insurgents surren- dered between June 1 and July 4. GENERALS OTIS AND MACARTHUR AT VARIANCE. In the annual report of Lieuten- ant-General Miles, Vol. 6, published at Washington July 10, is contained correspondence between General MacArthur and Governor-General Otis at various dates in 1899, which gives ground for l>elieving that no little friction existed between them In a dispatch to Gen. Otis's Chief of Staff, General Schwan, dated Nov. 23, 1890, General MacArthur, then at Bay ambang, announces the complete over- throw of the native government — Agui- naldo a fugitive, and the rebel forces utterly disorganized and reduced to the status of banditti. General MacArthur, in view of this, suggests the offering of amnesty, with a small gratuity to every armed insurgent who will surrender; but "declaring with emphasis that after the date fixed the killing of American sol- diers will be regarded as murder, and that all persons concerned therein would be regarded as murderers and treated accordingly." The reply was, briefly stated, "Your recommendations cannot be carried out. . . . No further advice on this subject desired by the commanding general ". The reply was not made till two weeks after receipt of Mac-Arthur's communi- cation. But six months after making that reply General ( Mis had been superseded by General MacArhur, who, on June 21, 1900, issued his amnesty proclamation. Another communication from General MacArthur related to conspicuously brilliant services rendered by Captain Hairy A. Heyeman and Captain Carl I.. Stone, both of the Thirty-sixth Infantry, and General MacArthur suggested " as preliminary to more substantial re- wards," that these services should be forthwith recognized by brevet promo- tion. Coneral Otis the next day quoted Sec. 005 Revised Statutes, which author- izes brevets for "distinguished conduct in presence of the enemy" and Sec. 090, which requires that "exact dates" be given. General MacArthur then speci- fies fully the services of the two officers, and then goes on to say: " If the servico described was not in the presence of the enemy, I am unable to comprehend what the language of the statute means. The date of the particu- lar action in rescuing the locomotive, which made further rapid pursuit of the t'ni'iiiy possible, and resulted in driving him entirely away from the railroad line and in giving us possession of the road- way, track and all the bridges before they could be destroyed, was November 17, and the brevets should be given as of that date." General Otis replied to this in a tele- gram which called forth a dispatch from General MacArthur "closing the inci- dent". In this last communication Gen- eral MacArthur says: "It seems to me that the case fulfils every condition of the statute, even as narrowly construed in your telegrams; but rather than have these highly mer- itorious officers humiliated by the publi- cation of this correspondence, I respect- fully request that the applications be withdrawn and no further action taken." RETURN TO MILITARY RULE. By decree of the Civil Commission issued July 18, the responsibility of maintaining peace and order in three pacified provinces, viz., the islands of Cebu and Bohol and Batangas province in Luzon was again imposed upon the military authorities, after a three months' trial of civil admin- istration. But the civil officials of the provinces will continue to hold their places and to exercise their functions, yet in subjection to the military. The military governor of the islands has power to remove from office without cause assigned and at his discretion, any or all of the civil officials and to abrogate or suspend indefinitely all the provin- cial laws. The native population of Cebu protested strongly against the step, but in vain. The fact is that several of the municipalities are besieged by insur- gent forces. In Bohol, the insurrec- 414 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 tion has come to life again ; and the population of Batangas is disaffected toward the Americans ; that province will be occupied by the Twentieth Infantry. General Corbin, adjutant-general of the army, is in the islands on a tour of inspection. In an interview with a newspaper correspondent at Manila, July 17, he said that the chief end of his visit to the Philip- pines was to learn the details of the situation and to second the govern- ment's effort for greater economy in the army of occupation. He de- clined an invitation to accompany the Civil Commission in a visit to the provinces of northern Luzon, and intended to visit the southern islands instead. NATIVES APPLAUD AMERICAN RULE* Mr. Arthur W. Ferguson, formerly an attache of the Bureau of Ameri- can Republics at Washington, but now secretary of the Philippine Civil Commission, in a private letter to his former superior, William C. Fox, Director of the Bureau of American Republics, gives two nota- ble examples of pro- American senti- ment on the part of native Filipinos. One is an editorial article published in the journal La Paz of Nueva Caceres, province of Ambos Cama- rines ; it contains these passages : " With respect to this province, so soon as the rainbow of peace appeared above its horizon the honorable Civil Commission assured this condition of things by immediately creating a civil, paternal government, which will satisfy the desires of all, and whose platform is none other than that the government is for the people and not the people for the government, as was wisely said by one of the members of the honorable commission at the meeting held for the purpose of discussing the special pro- vincial act applicable to this province. "We shall soon have also Courts of the First Instance and Justices' Courts, where we may try our cases, for within two months these needs will be filled. " These are the blessings of peace which one day departed from our Filipi- no land. Blessed be peace! Under it we shall carve out our happiness without fear that our protecting America will in- terfere with our legitimate aspirations. We need no proofs of this truth; we have witnessed the session for the estab- lishment of civil government, and we have there been able to appreciate the indisputable good intention of America, when the honorable commission granted all those present the right to be heard with entire freedom. May the people of the United States be our protectors for- ever!" The other example is a speech de- livered at Boac in Marinduque island, May 1, by Eduardo Nepomuceno, provincial secretary, on the passage of the special act organizing civil government in the island. He is addressing the members of the Com- mission, and says in the conclusion of his flowery harangue : " Honorable gentlemen of the commis- sion: In these solemn moments for this beloved country, . . . permit me to re- cord that the Philippines, on throwing themselves into the arms of America, do so without doubts or suspicion, trusting that the latter, upon taking them under its tutelage, desires only their prosperity and well-being, and in this understanding will weave their future, conducting them along the path of progress until it makes them worthy of figuring in the concert of cultured countries. In the mean while, gentlemen, the sons of Marin- duque, of this small parcel of Filipino land, bless once and a thousand times the happy hour in which America re- deemed it from the state of abjection in which it existed under the oppressive aegis of Spain. Meanwhile, also, from this unknown corner of Marinduque, caressed by the soft murmur of the Ma- layan breezes, we waft to the great re- public the homage of our sincere loyalty and profound respect in the enthusiastic cry of 'Long live America! Long live the Philippines under American sover- eignty!' I have spoken." SPANISH AND ENGLISH IN THE COURTS. The Civil Commission has decided that Spanish shall for the next five years be the language of the law courts. But it is provided that an oral argument may be made in Eng- lish and interpreted in Spanish ; or that a brief may be drawn in Eng- lish accompanied by a Spanish trans- lation : or even that, with the con- sent of the court and all the parties in the case, English may be substi- tuted for Spanish. But always the official record must be in Spanish. THE AMERICAN DEPENDENCIES. 415 Governor Taft gives as follows the grounds of the decision : " To make English the official language of the courts would drive out of the practice of their profession the Filipino lawyers. It has been suggested that the mure inconvenience or injury to a com- paratively small class of men ought not to weigh against the public good. Per- haps this is so, if the public good abso- lutely and necessarily requires it. Hut, in weighing reasons, the injury to the Filipino lawyer is certainly one to be considered. The lawyers of a community are always influential; they are always able to make themselves heard. On mere grounds of public policy, when we are attempting to convince the Filipino people of our sincerity of effort to cre- ate a government for their benefit, we ought not to alienate a class of men who do so much to initiate and formulate Buch public opinion as exists in these islands. With deference to the memori- alists of the American bar, I differ ut- terly from their conclusion that there is any antagonism between the Filipino lawyers, or the educated classes and the masses. Deeply as the masses felt upon some features of the Spanish regime, it seems to me clear that there would have been no public expression of their feel- ings, and no revolution, had it not been for the educated class of the Filipinos. It was their guidance, their bravery, and their sacrifices of life and property which developed the silent protest of the peo- ple into forcible resistance. It seems to me to be blind to the most ovident fea- ture of the situation here not to see that the masses of the people are largely controlled by the educated classes— in- deed, I think too much so." RECRUITMENT OF THE CLERGY. The object of recent conferences of Cardinal Gibbons Hod Archbishop Chappelle at Koine with Cardinal Rampolla, as reported by a telegram of July 1 bom Kome, was to devise means for counteracting the Spanish sympathies of the priests in Cuba and the Philippines. It is said that the United States, through Cardinal Gibbons, requested tli;it the necessary measures be taken to secure the immigration of Dutch, Belgian, French and American clergy to Caba and the Philippines, in order to gradually dilute the pro-Spanish eliuiai tei of the priesthood. It is added that the suggestion was favor- ably received at the Vatican. A telegram from Manila, July 19, denies that the Catholic authorities there have any intention to with- draw the friars. Their belief is that the friars will be welcomed by the Filipino people, now that the relig- ious orders are precluded from exer- cising any temporal authority. The clergy, according to the telegram, bitterly accuse the leaders of the Federal party, themselves Catholics, of inciting the people against the clergy. They also say they would be willing to substitute American for Spanish friars, except for diffi- culties arising from the Americans' ignorance of Spanish and the native dialects. THE NORMAL SCHOOL. The Civil Commission having voted $25,000 for organization and maintenance of a normal school in Manila for the present year, the first term was opened April 10 by the acting principal, Dr. David P. Bar- rows, formerly of San Diego, Cal. ; the term closed May 10. H. G. Squier reports in Harper's Weekly the gratifying success of the institution. First, Dr. Barrows sent out to all the American teachers throughout the archipelago a letter asking them to co-operate in induc- ing the native teachers to attend the school. It was thought that as many as 350 might apply for matricula- tion ; but by the middle of the first week of the term more than 600 ap- plied for admission, and there was an " overflow " into an additional building. Thirty-three classes in English, geog- raphy, arithmetic, physiology, manual training, art, nature study, kindergarten and music were organized, and success- fully conducted throughout the entire term. The main object of most of the studies was to familiarize the native teachers, through observation of work principally, with the various forms and methods which will be introduced later <>ii in all the schools. The most marked interest was taken in the work, as is shown by the high average daily attend- ance. Following is a part of the statis- tical report of the school: Number matriculated, 620; average number at- 416 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 tending, 570; percentage of attendance, 98; number of male students, 450; num- ber of female students, 170; average age of students, 25; number of islands and provinces represented, 31. Native youths in considerable numbers are arriving from the Phil- ippines at Yokohama, designing to profit by the great educational ad- vantages to be had in the higher schools of Japan. These youths are nearly all of the higher class, and according to a telegram from Yoko- hama, July 5, they are winning high praise for their correct behavior and their eagerness to learn. UNITED STATES POLITICS. Ohio Democratic Convention. The Democratic State Convention held in Columbus, nominated candi- dates for the state offices, July 10. The platform adopted makes no mention of William J. Bryan, or of the money question. When a dele- gate offered a "plank" indorsing the Kansas City platform and ex- pressing confidence in "the leader- ship of that matchless commoner, William J. Bryan," he was, says the New York Tribune correspondent, " hooted, jeered and hissed", and the resolution was voted down by an ever- whelming majority, only six votes being given for it to 950 contra. The platform declares that "Powers granted the Federal government weie not meant to be used to conquer or hold in subjection tho people of other Afro i j." GMAT STin STBUE II5.0W SS9KW qaiT mm*. <;oai mwi.tl tiAtniHfsis an' \ MM lo cons jg-. A^0m 'B'COSH, Ul 3 ALL STK1KK1 countries. The Democratic party op- poses any extension of the national boundaries not meant to carry speedily to all inhabitants full equal rights with ourselves. If these are unfitted by loca- tion, race or character to be formed into self-governing territories, and then incor- porated into the union of States, they should be permitted to work out their own destiny." And also that "the obvious sympathy of tho national administration with the British government in its efforts to destroy the South African republics, and tho policy which has made the ports of the United States a basis of supplies for the British army, without which the war could not he successfully carried on, are condemned by the Democracy of Ohio." Mr. Bryan in his newspaper The Commoner has these remarks upon the repudiation of the Kansas City platform by the convention : '• Whether Congress will have to deal with the proposition to open the mints to the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 will depend upon conditions. It is easy to 'sit down on' Mr. Bryan; he is only important as he aids in accomplishing reforms; but to • sit down on ' Democratic principles and a national platform is a more serious matter. Before Mr. McLean put on the Senatorial toga, he is likely to discover that the voters of the Democratic party are a great deal more interested in prin- ciples, than they they are in individuals. There is no evidence of a change among the voters, and the party in Ohio cannot afford to alienate a large number of real Democrats in order to gratify a small number of men who have become so accustomed to adulterating their Democ- cracy that they are not good judges of the pure article." Negro Suffrage and the Insular Decisions. How the decisions of the Supreme Court upon the political status of the new territorial acquisitions and their people will affect national politics, and in particular how they will weaken the foundations of the Four- teenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution is shown by a writer in the New Orleans Picayune who views the imposition of negro suf- frage upon the former slave states as " a crime," and says : # " Once on a time the Republican Party, which for a long period has dominated the Government of the United States, and THE NAVY. 417 haa been virtually the Government itself, held that every human creature over whom the national flag waved in sov- ereignty thereby acquired the right to be a citizen, with all the franchises, privi- leges, and immunities tbereto pertain- ing. " It was under that doctrine that four million slaves, illiterate, ignorant, de- graded, and absolutely unfit for any of the duties and responsibilities of free citizens, were, by a brutal blow of arbi- trary power, fully enfranchised and forced upon the States as voters and offioe- holders " If this [expansion] doctrine is sound as to the negros and mongrels of Porto Rica, and as to the Malays, the Tagals, and Negritos of the Philippines today, it was good doctrine in the sixties and seventies of the last century. The Federal Constitution can not mean one thing one day and something different another. If it means that the Porto Ricans and Fili- pinos are not fit to be citizens, it means that the ignorant and degraded slaves in 1888 to 1875 were not fit to be citizens and office-holders, and that they are not any more fit to-day." THE ARMY. Pension Office Statistics. The names on the pension roll on July 30 numbered 997,834, which is a net increase in a year of 4,305. There were 38,082 deaths of pension- ers in the year. The claims for pensions on account of the Spanish war in the fiscal year ended June 30, were 15,710, of which 7,986 were allowed and 7,059 rejected after ex- amination ; the remainder awaited examination. The year's expenditure on account of pensions was $138,531,494.11, being $69,353.46 greater than in the previous fiscal year. The money voted by Congress to the Pension < tffioe Eat tin- year was $144,000,000 ; but owing to the refusal of Commis- sioner Evans to make rulings not justified by the law, though de- manded by pension attorneys and old soldiers, there was at the end of the year an anexpended balance of $5,468,505.89, which was paid back into the Treasury. THE NAVY. Schley Court of Inquiry. s< hi.ky's kequkst. The censure of Commodore (now Kcar-Adniiial) Schley's conduct in Cuban waters during the war with Spain, in official reports and in tin- public press, and specially in a " History of the Navy " which was send-officially recognised :is a text l>ook in the Naval Academy, called forth a letter to President McKinley on July l'.Hh from Felix Agnus, publisher of tin- a Baltimore Ameri- can", which sa\ B : " Maclay's l History of the Navy ' is the standard in use at the Naval Acad- emy. I n the third volume, just issued, the historian charges Rear-Admiral Schley with being a coward, a liar, a caitiff, an incompetent and insubordinate. In an interview in " The American " this morning, Maclay, the historian, who is a Navy Department clerk classed as a laborer and attached to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, says that proofs of this third volume, which should have told the most glorious story in all our naval annals, were submitted to Secretary Long and Admiral Sampson and approved by the in in advance of publication; also that Long put him in his present position after he liad read and approved this scurrilous attack upon Admiral Schley. These proofs were also submitted to Admiral Dewey, who refused to read them. If aught were needed to convince any fair , minded man that clique in the Navy Department has conspired tn traduce the hero of Santiago, and that the conspiracy was carried into execution while that brave and gallant officer was suffering expatriation on the fever infected coasts of South America, this should furnish it." The letter concludes with an appeal to the President to intervene in the matter for fair play. Thereupon the Secretary of the Navy the same day ordered the re- jection of Maclay's history as a text book in the academy, and denied that he had read the proof of the work as a whole, but only of the third chap- ter relating to the mobilization of the fleets, which contained a sum- mary of orders issued by him ; but he did not see Maclav's account of the battle of Santiago till after the book was published. 418 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 Admiral Sampson, in an interview published July 22, in the Boston Transcript said : " In one way, possibly, I was responsi- ble for the statements made in the history. I was commander-in-chief of the squadron and was responsible, so far as reading the proofs goes. If the historian has taken facts from my official reports to the Navy Department, that is all well and good. I stand by first reports and official communications. I would wel- come an investigation of this whole matter by Congress or by the Navy Department," he said, " but I see no hope of its being taken up." On the same day Admiral Schley, in a letter to the Secretary of the Navy, after some remarks upon Maclay's history, says : "Third — I have refrained heretofore from all comment upon the innuendoes of enemies, muttered or murmured in secret, and therefore with safety to them- selves. I think the time has now come to take such action as may bring this entire matter under discussion under the clearer and calmer review of my brothers in arms, and to this end I ask such action at the hands of the department as it may deem best to accomplish this purpose." COURT APPOINTED. Secretary Long replied to Schley's letter, heartily approving his action and promising that " the Department will at once proceed in accordance with your request'*. The members of the court of inquiry were named 11 (:^|n^rS^VENT OK TIIK AMAI.Ii AMAI Kl> ASSOCIA- TION OK IBOB, STBBIi AXl> TIB WOKK8. u,While non-union employees benefited by a strike might theoretically do other- wise, they are almost sure to join the union. The aim of this strike is, there- fore, to draw all employees affected into the union to consolidate them for the exercise of more power over the manage- ment of the steel industry and over the distribution of its returns." So, then, it would appear that the chief obstacle to settlement is that the companies will not permit organi- zation of the men to grow. And this is what Mr. Schaffer alleges in a statement published July 15 : — " We do not ask assistance of the manufacturers in unionizing the plants now being operated non-union. We simply ask that the three companies — the Sheet Steel, Tin Plate, and Steel Hoop — sign the scale for all mills, whether non-union or union, thus pre- venting discrimination in favor of the non-union plants during dull times. We ask that all agreements now in force between the companies and the men binding the latter not to join any labor organization be canceled by the compa- nies. We ask to be let alone in the matter of organization. . . . " The thing that we insist on is that the men be released from the contracts now binding them to belong to no labor organization and be allowed to join our association without being discharged, as has been the rule heretofore in the non- union plants of the sheet steel company." 422 AFFAIRS IN AMEBIC A. September No., 1901 SPORT. The "America's" Cup Yachts. The trial races between the old and the new " America's " cup yachts on both sides of the water seem to show that while Sir Thomas Lipton has a better all-round boat than the Shamrock L, the New York Yacht Club has a boat which can cut-sail the former defender only in a light breeze. In the trial races off Newport, July 1-12, of five races finished the two won by the Consti- tution were sailed in very light breezes. The Independence, which, at the present writing, is not to be a competitor for the " America's" cup (pp. 233, 294), failed to win any race, but made so good a showing in the last two, when the wind was stronger, that Mr. Lawson published a statement that he believes her to be the fastest yacht afloat. She made a particularly gallant showing in the last race, in which there was a stiff breeze, for she gave the two Herreshoff boats a close fight, in spite of a broken topmast and a dragging jib-topsail. The trials seem to indicate that of the three boats the Independence is the best in a breeze of ten knots or more, the Columbia in a seven or eight knot breeze, and the Constitution in the very lightest wind. It was hoped that the sailing powers of the Constitution might be improved before the cup races. Up to the first of August, however, this apparently had not been done, for while she won over the Columbia in a seven-mile breeze, on the New York Yacht Club cruise, July 23, the Columbia beat her in the race of the club from New London to Newport, July 25, and won the chief Astor cup over her on July 30. The Constitution then retired from racing to have a new mast set. On the other hand, the Shamrock II. won nine out of fourteen races with Shamrock /., proving herself unmistakably better to windward and a trifle faster before the wind. Alterations in the Shamrock I., moreover, since the last cup contests, are said to have made her from five to ten minutes faster over the thirty- mile course than she was then. Inter-Collegiate Boat Races. Cornell beat Columbia, Wisconsin, Georgetown, Syracuse, and Pennsyl- vania in the 'varsity race at Pough- keepsie, July 2. The other ciews came in in the order named. The first four all broke the world's record for a four-mile pull by a 'varsity eight, Cornell reducing it from 19.44 3-5 to 18.53 1-5. Columbia lost by only 4 4-5 seconds. Syracuse and Pennsylvania were not timed. In the four-oar race Cornell won in 11.39 3-5 over Pennsylvania, second, and Columbia, third. The Freshman race was won by Pennsylvania in 10.20 1-5, over Cornell, second, Co- lumbia, third, and Syracuse, fourth. The University of Pennsylvania crew at Henley, after defeating the London and the Thames crew on July 3 and 4, was beaten by Lean- der on the fifth. The number of spectators at the last race broke all previous records. The ensuing week a protest against the admission of foreigners to the Hen- ley Regatta was begun in the London papers. The correspondent of the Daily News complains that "Americans de- tract from the enjoyment of Henley", and that their general behavior " is not conciliatory to Englishmen ", who "can take a defeat, but do not care to have it rubbed in until the whole atmosphere is a jumble of stars and stripes". Mr. R C. Lehmann, who has trained two Har- vard crews in recent years, and is much liked by American oarsmen, expresses a more serious as well as a better-tempered view in a letter to the London Times. He fears that the competition of foreign crews trained with the sole object of winning the Henley race will make row- ing a serious business instead of an amusement, that rowing will be profes- sionalized, and that Henley will " lose all its charm in an atmosphere of un- healthy excitement produced by interna- tional competition." The Field accordingly proposes, apparently with the sanction of the Henley authorities, the founding of two international challenge cups. one for eights and one for fours, to be competed for at Henley or Put- ney after the Henley regatta, the VARIOUS STATES AND TERRITORIES. m English crews eligible to be those entered ;it Henley. Trotting: Record Broken. The trotter Cresceus, owned by George II. Eetchain, broke two world's records during the past mouth. He lowered the trotting nice record at. Detroit, July 19, from 2.05 1-4 to 2.05. The world's trot- ting record he broke twice, lowering it from 2.03 1-4 to 2.02 3-4 on July 26, at Cleveland, and again to 2.02 1-4 on August 3 at Columbus, O. Cresceus is a chestnut stallion, sired by Kobert McGregor from dam Mabel. Miscellaneous. At the 69th Regiment field games on July 5, John Flanagan, of the Hew York Athletic Club, broke the world record for the nine-foot throw of the 16-pound hammer. At the amateur championship field games at Huddersfield, England, American athletes won all but one event. Dwight Davis and Holcombe Ward, the American champions, won tin- all-comers' doubles in the All- Engitnd lawn-tennis championships at Wimbledon, England, July 21. VARIOUS STATES AND TERRITORIES. Alabama. RESTRICTION OF CITIZEN FRANCHISE. The constitutional convention has adopted a suffrage provision which requires that until January, 1903, those only shall have the right to vote who are " of good character and who understand the duties and obligations of citizenship and a re- publican form of government". The New York Evening Post sees in that specification an underhand device for practically excluding the negro from the pulls: "The judges of this charac- ter and understanding", says the Even- inn Post, " are to be three appointed registrars in each county. This plan of sifting out undesirable citizens is obvi- ously intended to work the same dis- franchisement as the 'understanding' clause in Mississippi; nor is its vicious- ncss relieved by a farcical provision for an appeal to the courts by those rejected by the registrars. Members of the class aimed at will never engage lawyers to try their character and understanding before a prejudiced jury. It is assumed in Alabama that there will not be time enough before 1003 to test the constitu- tionality of the hereditary suffrage clause. But even if that should be de- clared invalid, the arrangement to pass on 'character and understanding' will be sufficient to attain the desired end. Under its partisan operation all the poor and illiterate whites of voting age can be registered, and all the negroes can be excluded. In Alabama, as in the Mary- land Democratic convention, 'the duties and obligations of citizenship ' can be construed to mean the duty of voting the Democratic ticket for the mainte- nance of white supremacy." Illinois. SERVANT GIRLS' UNION. Female domestic servants in Chi- cago have formed a protective union to define the minimum wages they will work for, the number of hours a day they will serve, and the free time they must have at their own dis- posal. In their manifesto to house- holders they lay down these rules : Rule 1 — Work shall not begin bofore 5.30 o'clock, and shall cease when the evening's dishes are washed and put away. Two hours each afternoon and the entire evening at least twice a week, shall be allowed the domestic as her own. Kule 2 — There shall be no opposition on the part of the mistress to club life on the part of the domestic. Entertain- ment ot friends in limited numbers shall not be prohibited, provided the domestic furnishes her own refreshments. Rule 3 — Gentlemen friends shall not be barred from the kitchen or back porch. Members of the family or the house shall not interrupt the conversation arising during said visits. Rule 4 — Domestii-s shall be allowed such hours off on Mondays as will per- mit them to visit the bargain counters of the stores, and enjoy on that day the same privileges enjoyed by the mistress and her daughters. New York. carnegie's gift to new york on v. Andrew Carnegie's gift of $5,200,- 000 to the city of New York for 424 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 building and equipping sixty-five free circulating libraries (p. 174) was formally accepted by the municipal board of estimate and apportion- ment July 17, with the conditions specified in the deed of gift. Full powers in the selection of sites, construction o~f buildings and manage- ment of the libraries in the three bor- oughs of Manhattan, Bronx and Rich- mond were given to the trustees of the New York Public Library and the Astor, Lenox and Tilden libraries. But there are to be founded twenty- three libraries in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens: trustees of the Brooklyn Public Library will be empowered to take charge of these. The city is required, by the terms of the agreement, to provide in its annual budget for the entire cost of the main- tenance. The appropriation for mainte- nance is to be not less than ten per cent of the amount expended by Mr. Car- negie. Sites will at once be selected for the first ten of the buildings in the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx and Richmond. Mr. J. S. Billings, director of the New York Public Library, will start for Scot- land in a few days to confer with Mr. Carnegie. Oklahoma. GOVERNMENT LAND LOTTERY. On July 7, the President issued his proclamation prescribing the method and order of opening for settlement the lands ceded by In- dians in Oklahoma Territory. Persons wishing to make entry of these lands under the homestead law were to nave their names registered in the land office at El Reno or at Lawton between July 10 and July 26. Each ap- plicant had to appear in person. Regis- tration could not be effected through the use of the mails nor through an agent, excepting that honorably dis- charged soldiers and sailors might be represented by agents: but no agent would be allowed to represent more than one such applicant. No one was permitted to register more than once. After being registered, applicants re- ceived certificates allowing them to in- spect the lands. The drawing of the names was to commence at El Reno July 29. The drawings, said the Proclama- tion, would be held at the land office at El Reno on Monday, July 29, continuing as long as may be necessary. The reservation is a tract of 160 acres, and contains lots for about 13,000 homesteads. The rush for registration exceeded all expecta- tions ; no less than 167,000 persons made application. The drawings were carried out as planned, begin- ning July 29 and lasting till August 1. Although the occasion of intense excitement, it was unattended by any such scenes of violence as have sullied previous land allotments. The first lot in the El Reno dis- trict was drawn by Stephen A. Hol- combe, of Paul's Valley, Indian Ter- ritory ; and the first name taken from the Lawton wheel was that of James R. Wood, of Weatherford, Oklahoma. rIhe second Lawton lot was drawn by Mattie H. Beals, a telephone operator in Wichita, Kan- sas. These two claims are valued at from $20,000 to $40,000 each. This method of disposing of the public lands has been widely criti- cised. The most bitter criticisms emanate from the class who wish to avail themselves of the opportunity again to secure land by the exercise of brute force or "push," as they term it. Another, and more disin- terested class of criticisms, is well represented by the following ex- cerpt from an article in the Outlook of July 20 by John Gilmer Speed : " The President might have selected a much more sensible plan with the aid of Congress, and, at the same time, escaped the wrong of giving away five millions PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. of acres of land for practically nothing. Quite apart from the fact that It Is wrong in both morals and economics for a man to get something for nothing, these lands should have been made to realize their full value, and that value should accrue to the benefit of the right- ful owners — the Comanche, the Kiowa, and Apache tribes of Indians. All well- informed people in that section of the country, and very many elsewhere, know of the value of these lands. '1 hat is why they are so keen to secure them. Their greed is not stimulated by poverty, but by the knowledge that in these vir- gin lands, now that there is quick rail- road connections with the rest of the country, there are potentialities of wealth which make the farming lands of the older States seem poor and un- profitable. They want the lands because of the quick wealth to be taken from them. Now these lands would sell so quickly that the settlement on them would be just as rapid as by a " rush," or through a lottery; and the purchasers would be more desirable citizens of what is soon to be a new State. It Beems to me that Oklahoma would be immeasura- bly better off if the lands were sold by public auction to bona-flde settlers only, the highest bidder not being permitted to prove his title until he had lived on Ins purchase for a year, and no bidder being allowed to secure more than one quarter section. Such a regulation would prevent capitalists from acquiring an undue share of the land, and so the scheme would not be open to the objec- tion that the poor were not given a fair chance." PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. Settlement of the Northern Pacific Strife. The contention over control of the Northern Pacific railroad, which caused to holders of the shares of stock loss of many millions of dollars and brought to thousands financial ruin (p. 296), had a happy ending on July 17, when J. Pierpont Morgan-an- nounced a consolidation of the large interests concerned, which, it was declared, will prevent " for all time " any recurrence of similar strife. On that day Mr. Morgan named as members of the new Northern Pacific directorate Mr. James J. Hill, represent- ing the Great Northern; Mr. William Rockefeller, representing the Standard Oil company and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad; Mr. H. McKay Twombly, representing the Vanderbilts and the Chicago and Northwestern rail- road; Mr. Edward H. Harrimaa, repre- senting the Union Pacific Company; and Mr. Samuel Rea, representing the Penn- sylvania railroad. Further, as noted by the New York Herald, " the various ele- ments represented generally by the terms Standard Oil, Vanderbilt, Morgan, Union Pacific and PerJnslyvania interests — and specifically in connection with the vast railroad systems from the Atlantic to the Pacific which are associated with those interests — are closely knit and welded together. They are to remain so for all time, for the means have been provided for the settlement of any future disputes by arbitration." Not less important is the an- nouncement made by Mr. Morgan that Mr. William K. Vanderbilt is to be referee as to a further develop- ment of the plan of settlement. When the history of the great struggle for control of the Northern Pacific comes to be written, its main features will necessarily be substan- tially as they are sketched by the Herald of July 18 : — 11 The fight over the control of the Northern Pacific road will go down In the annals of Wall street as one of the most sensational affairs in the history of modern finance. It was precipitated by the purchase of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy by the Morgan-Hill syndicate in the interest of the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific. The purchase of the road was strongly objected to by the Union Pacific-Kuhn, Loeb syndicate, previous to the purchase of the road, and this fact was well known to the purchas- ers. It did not deter them from carrying out their plan, and a disruption followed. "The stuck market at the 'time of the Burlington deal was ripe for a coup such as Kuhn, Loeb & Co. planned. There was a violent speculative movemeat in fu-ogress, during which all stocks on the 1st were advancing sharply, and the volume of trading amounted to from two to three millions of shares a day. Kuhn, Loeb A Co. bought Northern Pacific stock largely on the New York Stock Exchange and heavy private sales were made at home and abroad. "When they felt assured that the control of the road was in their possession it was quietly intimated to Mr. Hill that the control of the road had passed from bis possession and that of the banking house of J. P. Morgan. Both Mr. II ill and Mr. Morgan's partners — Mr. Morgan w:is at the time in Europe — refused to believe the announcement, and began to buy heavily to strengthen their position. It was at this time that the famous order 426 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 to buy 150,000 shares of Northern Pacific stock was given, and the price was forced up to 146. " Large short sales were caught in the buying order, and when the day came for the delivery of the stock a panic devel- oped on May 9. . . . Northern Pacific common stock was forced up that day to $1,000 a share, and had not both the warring factions given notice that they would not force the deliveries of the stock that day it would have been a day of ruin for half the banking and broker- age houses in Wall street. A meeting between the two interests was held shortly after the panic, at which it wag decided to allow Mr. Morgan to name the non-partisan Board." New Postal Rule. New regulations published by the Postmaster-General, July 17, ex- clude from the privilege of second- class all publications which have the characteristics of books rather than of periodicals ; also, all publications that circulate less because of what they are as news or literary journals than because of premiums or prizes offered to subscribers. It is asserted that the enforcement of these regulations will effect a great saving in postoffice expendi- ture, and that thus the rate for carrying letters can be reduced to one cent an ounce. The new regulations are generally approved by the organs of public opinion. Says the New York Even- ing Post : — " The government has been spending millions of dollars in carrying "fake" publications and lottery schemes at much less than the cost of freight. Congress has been struggling to rid the service of these parasites for years, but in every instance the schemers have been too strong when the final vote was taken. After successive convulsions over the Loud bill, it succeeded at .last in putting an end to the pneumatic-tube delivery in the large cities, which was the most im- portant advance in postal service of recent years, and which the postmaster- generai earnestly desired to continue and extend. But it could do nothing to stop the tremendous abuses prevailing under the head of second-class matter. It is to be hoped that Mr. Smith will carry out the reform which he has initiated, with unyielding purpose. He may not reach the desired goal of one-cent postage for letters, but it is not impossible to make the department self-sustaining, which is the first step toward the contemplated reduction and toward other advantages." Juries of the Pan-American Exposition. The awards voted by the several class juries of the Exposition will be subject to revision by a superior or supreme jury consisting of John G. Milburn, president of the Exposition Company, W. I. Buchanan, the di- rector-general, Dr. Pritchett, super- intendent of awards, W. V. Cox of the government board, the superin- tendents of the several departments, the foreign commissioners, and the chairmen of the class juries. The chairmen of the class juries are: — Agriculture— Professor S. M. Babcock, of the University of Wisconsin. Agricultural Implements— Colonel J. H. Brigham, United States Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. Foods and their Accessories — Lieuten- ant-Colonel A. L. Smith, chief of the commissary, U. S. A. Forestry— Professor B. E. Fernow, Cornell University. Fisheries— United States Fish Commis- sioner Charles H. Babcock, of Rochester. Mines and Metallurgy— John Birkin- bine, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Machinery— Professor Ira N. Hollis, Harvard University. Electricity— Dr. Carl Herring, consult- ing engineer, Philadelphia. Transportation— Colonel H. G. Prout, Editor of " The Railway Gazette." Ordnance— Admiral Belknap, U. S. N. Manufactures— Dr. E. A. Engler, Poly- technic Institute, Worcester, Mass. Graphic Arts— Theodore L. De Vinne, of the De Vinne Press, New York. Liberal Arts— Carroll D. Wright, United States Bureau of Labor, Washing- ington. Arts— Daniel V. French, sculptor. As advisers those juries have the ser- vices of some of the most eminent experts, such as Carroll D. Wright of the Bureau of Labor; Chief Tittman, of the Coast Survey; Theodore L. De Vinne, of the United Typothetae; Elihu Thomson, Admirals Belknap, Bowles, Endicottand O'Neil, who will serve on the ordnance, manufactures and transportation juries; E. L. Morse and W. H. Holmes on the ethnology jury, while in machinery the services of the best men in the United States Patent Office have been secnred. An exhibitor may appeal to the superior jury from the award of the class jury. The superior jury may l'h.i:*ONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 427 GENERAL VIEW OF THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION GROUNIS, BHOWIMi TIIK KLKWltH' TUW1 It, < . H KT 00 KOI MAINS AM> THI 1 M I'll A I. HKIIx.R. C«p] right, 1900, by Matthews, Northrup Co, go behind the returns ami examine of the marine Hospital Service, a the exhibits. study has been made of leprosy in this country by a commission of Leprosy in the United States. three surgeon8 who have been mak- Under '.he directions of the chief ing their investigations since 1899. 428 AFFAIRS IN AMEBIC A. September No., 1901 In answer to circular letters ad- dressed to physicians, health officers, hospital superintendents and others in six hundred localities, they re- ceived information regarding 277 cases of the disease. Eight thousand such circular let- ters were sent out; but only 2000 replies were received. It is found that New Orleans has about a hun- dred lepers, many of them people in good circumstances. There are in Minnesota about twenty victims of leprosy, nearly all of them Scandi- navians; New York City reports seven cases, Chicago three, and Balti- more three. Fifteen cases are known in San Francisco, and the same number in North Dakota ; there are in South Dakota two. New Mex- ico has at least twelve. The com- mission believes that only one-fourth of the existing cases have yet been reported. One of the commissioners said in an interview : — " It is not a generally known fact, but it is nevertheless true that leprosy is not an absolutely incurable disease. Cases have been caught in their incipiency and have yielded to treatment, but these, it is true, have been lare and numerically of infinitesimal proportion to the sum to'al of cases recorded. Leprosy is a conta- gious disease in one sense of the word, but it is not so in the same meaning that smallpox, scarlet fever and other similar diseases are contagious. A man may bo leprous and communicate the bacilli to a neighbor or companion, yet if he takes what are the simplest of precautions there is virtually no danger of such communi- cation. In fact, consumption is a disease which is vastly more communicable. The new possessions of the United States are especially adapted to the spread of leprosy. The Philippines, in particular, are always in prime condition for the birth and growth of the disease, and there are hundreds of cases there, which will necessarily have to be at- tended to by our government. In Cuba and Porto Rico, however, the disease is not so general." CANADA. The Pacific Cable. A proclamation in the Canada Gazette declares the Pacific Cable act to be in force from and after August 1. It is brought into force by procla- mation because of the concessions given by New South Wales to the Eastern Extension Company which now has the monopoly of the cable ser- vices to Australia. The act provides that Canada shall contribute 5-18 of the cost of the Pacific Cable, pro- vided it does not exceed $2,000,000. Failure of Privy Council Scheme. The conference of colonial repre- sentatives with the imperial govern- ment to prepare a scheme of reor- ganizing the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council into a Supreme Court of the Empire, on which the great colonies should be directly represented (Vol. 10, pp. 303, 378, 391, 395, 489), has come to nothing as yet. This is due in part to the objections raised by the Canadian representatives who declare that Canada values highly a court which stands outside the interests which divide the Canadians. The privilege of appealing to such a court is espe- cially prized by the French minority. Concerning the Annexation of Canada. The widespread distribution of printed matter has called attention to the existence in the United States of an organization called the Na- tional Continental Union League, which was formed for the purpose of persuading Canada to cast in her lot with the United States. The secretary and manager of the League is Francis Way land Glenn, a former member of the Dominion Parlia- ment. Among the members of its advisory committee are such distin- guished men as Andrew Carnegie, John Jacob Astor, Seth Low, Sam- uel L. Clemens, Alexander K. Mc- Clure, Hon. Elihu Root, Russell Sage, and John Hay. Canadian Trade. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. The trade n turns for the fiscal year 1901, ending June 30, show a CANADA. «:•.. great increase over last year. The total amounts almost to four hun- dred million dollars. The aggregate trade of the Dominion f.»r the year closing June 30, 1001, will be * :'.»1,OJO,OJO, the largest the country has ever known. This is over twelve million dollars more than last year. On the basis of imports entered for consumption and Canadian produce exported the total trade was $358,864,681. The exports of Canadian produce show an increase for the past year of $12,458,334. They also show an increase of $15,000,000 in the produce of the mines, and a marked in- crease of exports of manufactures. The exports may be tabulated as follows: 1900 Produce of Mines 924,580,260 Produce of Fisheries 1I,1«S9,083 Produce of Forests 29,663.668 Animals and their produce 56,148,804 Agricultural products 27,516,609 Manufactures 14,224,287 Miscellaneous 208,070 Coin and bullion 1,670,063 Total 1901 $39,982,573 10,720.352 30,003,857 55.499,527 24,977,662 10,012,502 44,642 398,077 $165,180,858 $177,039,198 TRADK Willi I III: KMI'IKK. The Hon. Sydney A. Fisher, .Minister of Agriculture, found in England a growing interest in op portuuities for investment in Canada. He brings back the report that there is a British market for all the best class of Canadian goods that can !><■ sent. He and Professor Rol>ertson, Dominion Commissioner of Agricul- ture and Dairying', have done much toward disseminating information in England concerning Canadian pro duce, and toward improving meth- ods of transporting perishable ex- ports. Enquiries received at the Trade Department at Ottawa, July 26, indicate that English houses are desirous of extending business deal- ings with Canada. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS. Figures with regard to the exports of foreign produce snow the Canadian ship ping routes to have been more widely patronized last year than ever before. The exports of foreign farm produce amounted to $15,820,302, as against $12,- 101,213 for the year preceding. The imports for consumption during the last fiscal year amounted to $181,225,- ■ :-'.». as compared with $180,804,316 the previous year. If the coin and bullion be deducted, the imports for consump- tion for 1901 were $177,688,075, as against $172,508,878, showing an increase of five million dollars. The duty collected in 1901 was $29,128,548; in 1900, $28,889,110. The average rate of duty imposed on the imports dutiable and free, after deduct- ing coin and bullion, and the value of Canadian coin imported and afterwards exported, was 16.89, as compared with 17.-2 in 1900. It is evident, moreover, from sim- ilar enquiries and from information sent by Mr. James dimming, Special Trade Commissioner to South Africa, that Canada has a great opportunity there for trade. It will be years, according to Mr. dimming, before the country can food itself, and in the meantime Canada ought to be carrying on a steady trade with this gold-bearing country. There are good chances that Canada will be given trade ad- vantages over foreigners, and that she will be able to supply foods, lumber, boots and shoes, and other commodities at a better profit than 430 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 190l either Great Britain or the United States can. Mr. Gumming recom- mends Durban as a point at which commission houses in Montreal or Quebec might well establish agen- cies, and thus develop trade imme- diately between Canada and Natal. At the Department of Trade, Mr. J. S. Larke, the Canadian Commis- sioner in Australia, reported July 17, that he has received complaints as to the quality of the goods sent there from Canada. He said that New Zealand is likely to become one of the. wealthiest countries in the world, but that its trade with Canada is not keeping pace with its development. FRANCO- CANADIAN TRADE. The newly organized Franco-Ca- nadian Navigation Company intends to run steamers from Montreal di- rectly to Havre. Mr. Charles N. Blakely, manager of the line, says that its object is to develop freight and passenger trade between France and Canada, by taking advantage of the preferential rate of duty granted by France when goods reach her ports on steamers directly from the country of production. The Salmon Fisheries Trouble. There is renewed trouble among the* salmon fisheries on the Fraser River, the scene of a conflict between white and Japanese fishermen last year about this time (Vol. 10, p. 659). Fifteen hundred Japanese fishermen were followed to the sal- mon fishing grounds by six hundred striking white fishermen on July 8, and a severe, though bloodless, strug- gle followed in the open boats. July 12, the strikers held forty-seven non- union Japanese prisoners marooned on a small island in the Gulf of Georgia, supplying them every few days with food, and planning to keep them prisoners throughout the season. Meanwhile the provincial police were vainly trying to find this island, and to prevent further hos- tilities. Manitoba. TI1K WHEAT ('KOI'. This month the cutting of the largest crop in the history of the Canadian wheat belt has begun in Manitoba. The estimates of the probable number of bushels of wheat vary from forty to sixty millions. Besides, there are 700,000 acres of oats and 500,000 acres of barley to be cut. The Provincial Department of Agricul- ture shows much ingenuity in grappling with the problem of obtaining enough laborers to save this enormous crop. There were at the department in Winni- peg, July 19, two hundred packages of grain in straw, ready for shipment to the immigration agent at Toronto for distri- bution through Ontario. It is hoped that these samples, measuring four or five feet in height, will induce many farm hands to go to Manitoba who could be influenced in no other way. Mr. George H. Bradbury, representing the interests of Manitoba in Eastern Canada, says that in his province agricul- tural reports are systematically sent in from every municipality, and that from these it is possible to judge that 20.000 laborers from the east will be needed to help get in the crops. In 1899, 15,000 went to Manitoba, of whom 5000 have never cared to come back. Wages will be from $40 to $50 a month with board ; and work will last till the winter sets in. Ten dollar excursions have been planned by the Canadian Pacific Railway and Grand Trunk Railway from any place in Eastern Canada to any place in the grain belt; return tickets are to be granted on the payment of $18 to those who can show certificates for having worked at least thirty days for a farmer. If a person is taken by accident to a place which is already supplied with laborers, he is to be carried free to some other point. These terms are advertised in public places throughout Canada by large posters. The Canadian Pacific Railway carried 2000 men from Ontario in its first excursion train. Ontario. THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION. Among those citizens of the law- abiding Province of Ontario who are interested in the liquor problem, there has been much discussion this past month as to "state control1'. Two Methodist Conferences in the Dominion have recently endorsed this project, but the Provincial Al- NEWFOUNDLAND. 481 liancc of Ontario, after a debate of an hour ami a half, decided to op- in v proposition "to make the government a saloon- keeper". TIIK MINI -. The reports of the Ontario Bu- reau <>l" Mines for 1901 was issued July 16. The total number of iron mines worked last year in Ontario was twelve; the product is valued at the pit's mouth at fit 1,805, or $80,854 more than the iron produced the year before. The nickel produced last year is worth $750,626, or $2(0,522 more than the nickel produced the year before. The copper produced last year is worth $310,681, or $143,445 more than tho copper produced the pre- ceding year. In the case of gold, how- ever, the previous year produced $126,- 707 more than this last year; the yield in 1900 was valued at $297,801. On the other hand, the silver produced last year is worth $30,792 more than that produced in 1800; the yield for 1900 being $96,367. Personal and Miscellaneous. Sir Percy Girouard, the distin- guished young Canadian soldier who was knighted while in South Africa, received the honor (K. C. M. G . ) July 25, in person, from the King himself. Maj. J. II. C. Ogilvy, also a Ca- nadian, the same day received the distinguished service order from the King. A severe storm in the Carberry district is said to have caused about $100,000 worth of damage. Forest tires in the Ottawa Valley have caused great losses to several lumber companies. Because of the dry weather they have been very hard to tight. Another unsuccessful attempt has betp made to climb Mt. Assiniboine. Bit. llungable, guides say, will prove equally difficult. Mt. Sir Donald and Mt. Vaux have been successfully climbed lately, the latter for the first time. NEWFOUNDLAND. Reid Negotiations Concluded. The negotiations between Premier Bond and Mr. Reid, the "Czar" monopolist (pp. 304, 367), have been concluded and sanctioned by the legislature. The victory is clearly with the government in the terms of settlement, but it is expect- ed that Mr. Reid will stubbornly contest every point in the carrying out of the terms of the contract. In introducing the contract to the legislature on July 22, Mr. Bond made the startling statement that the preceding Winter government in March, 1900, had entered into a new contract with Mr. Reid after its defeat, but before its resignation (Vol. 10, p. 203). By this con- tract, Mr. Reid was granted over 3,000,000 acres of land, selected throughout the colony, including 1,130 miles along the coast, 50,000 acres homestead, 270,000 timber, and 25,000 mining land actually occupied by other parties who had, however, no redress. This land, he explained, the government would be obliged to buy back, in order to prevent a paralysis of all industry in those sections, and would pay Mr. Reid 26 cents an acre for it, making a total of over $80,000. The weak point in Mr. Re id's position that enabled the government to bring him to terms was that, in his contract with Premier Winter's government, there was a clause pro- viding that he should not assign or sub let it without the consent of the government. In order to carry out his vast schemes for the development of the country, he found it necessary to form a joint-stock company. By so doing, he gave Mr. Bond's gov- ernment the opportunity it had been watching for to interfere. The main points of the contract are given below. It simply works out the details, with the addition of the pur- chase of the lands above mentioned, of the plan as heretofore announced (p. .".04). 1. Mr. Reid surrenders the ownership of the railway, receiving back his million dollars, with interest for three years, at 6 per cent. 482 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. September No., 1901 2. He surrenders the ownership of 3,200,000 acres of land, accruing to him under his last contract, accepting pay- ment at 26 cents an acre, or $830,000 in all. 3. He surrenders his rights to the tel- egraphs, retaining only the right to a line for the purposes of railway operation. 4. He is to accept a new contract to operate the railway for 50 years, taking his chances of payment from its receipts. 5. He is to put into the development of his properties the $5,000,000 which he hopes to raise on mortgages of his several concessions, through the lumber com- pany. 6. He is to deposit $250,000 with the government as a guarantee of good faith in this particular. 7. He is to incur penalties for breaches of the details of the contract, said penal- ties to be deducted from his subsidies. 8. He is to fence the railway track to prevent the killing of cattle, said fencing being estimated to cost $100,000. 9. He is to perfect the railway line on suggestions of the government engineer, saidwork being estimated to cost $250,- 000. 10. He is to build hotels, pulp mills and other concerns, and encourage settle- ment of desirable immigrants in the island. Two More Steamers Lost. Two more ^.wrecks occurred the first week in August near Cape Race, where the Lusitania was wrecked in June. August 2, in the night, the Nor- wegian steamer, Vera, from London, loaded with ballast, struck on the rocks within sight of the wrecked Lusitania. Her crew made their es- cape uninjured, but there is no hope of rescuing the ship. Another vessel, thought to be the Acts, from Galveston for Hamburg, was found wrecked nine miles west of Cape Race, and abandoned by her crew. She carried a cargo of cotton and grain. SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina. QUIET RESTORED. The crisis at Buenos Ayres (p. 368) has been tided over temporarily, at least, so that martial law is no longer necessary. In a message to Congress, the government, although it stated that it could not see its way clear to withdraw the objectionable bill for the unification of the debt, since it had already been passed by the Senate, nevertheless, in view of the great opposition expressed to it by the people, recommended the Lower House not to support it Brazil. Proposed tariff changes inimical to the United States have been de- feated in the Brazilian congress. The political outlook is cloudy. The ministers of Interior and Police, the directors of the medical college and the sanitary department, and other high officials have resigned. Taxation is burdensome, and there is a great depreciation in the value of the coffee crop, owing to over-pro- duction. Chile. THE PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS DIFFICULTY. It has been difficult to follow Chile's gyrations on the Pan-Ameri- can Congress question (Vol. 10, p. 294; Vol. 11, pp. 243, 304), so often does she change her mind. According to the last reports received, she has reverted to her original position, and refuses to attend the congress, if there is any danger of the arbitra- tion of her disputes with Peru and Bolivia coming up for discussion. It is significant that Vice President Zanartu has handed in his resigna- tion "as a protest against further military preparations ". THE NEW PRESIDENT. Jerman Riesco was formally pro- claimed President of Chile, July 2K Riesco Jerman, Presides Chile, was born at Rancagua, May 2d, 1854, educated at the Santiago Coun- cil Seminary and the University of 80UTU AMERICA. m DON .TFRMAN RIE8CO. nkw I IMIHI ok < ii ii.k. Chile ; was employed in the office of Justice and later promoted chief secretary in the same office. In 1880, he was made counsellor of the Santiago Court of Appeal, and in 1890, minister in the same court In 1897 he became Fiscal of the Supreme Court, resigning in 1898. He was elected Senator from Talca in 1900. Colombia. REVOLUTION RENEWED. The restless General Uribe-Uribe who mysteriously appeared and dis- appeared in New York a few months ago (p. 246), and was credited with assisting largely in inducing his fellow rebels to lay down their arms, has now as mysteriously appeared in Colombia, where he has revived the supposedly defunct rebellion. The General claims as his excuse that the conditions of surrender were not ob- served by the government. Another complication for the dis- tressed Colombian government has arisen in the seizure by one of its officers of a revolutionist on board of a German merchant ship in the harbor of Carthagena, in spite of the fact that he had wrapped himself in the German flag. This incident may possibly lead to international diffi- culties. It is hardly expected that it will, however, as most authorities on international law agree that a merchant ship in port is under the jurisdiction of the port. Peru. The President's message read at the opening of Congress, strongly appealed for peace and disclosed a surplus in revenues and a marked increase in trade. There is much excitement at Lima over a resolution to censure the cabinet, which is now before the Chamber of Deputies. The people uphold the ministry, who are to attend the Chamber, Aug. 8, to answer the charges made against them. Venezuela. ANOTHER REVOLUTION. Venezuela, like Colombia, is in- dulging again in the luxury of a rev- olution, although in Venezuela, it is a brand new one, under the leader- ship of General Garbiras. It is claimed that he entered Venezuela from Colombia with five thousand men. General Castro declared mar- tial law throughout Venezuela and called for 10,000 troops. The United States Government then ordered the gunboat " Machias " to proceed to Colon to protect the rail- road across the isthmus from inter- ference. RESIGNATION OK MINISTER OF WAR. Senor Pulido, the Venezuelan min- ister of War, resigned after a violent scene in the cabinet owing to the orders of President Castro to recog- nize the revolutionists as belligerents and to deliver a passport to Senor Rico, the Colombian minister. 434 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. September No., 1901 Hffairs in Europe, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. The Liberal "Truce." AT the party meeting of the Liberals held July 9 (p. 370) an agreement was patched up between the two divisions of the party that were threatening its disintegration. A unanimous vote of confidence in Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was passed. Mr. Asquith supported the resolution, expressing his personal respect for the leader in the most courteous terms, but insisting on the right of the Liberal imperialists to express their opinions on the war. It is clear from this that the rec- onciliation is only a " truce," as it has been called, and not real peace, for the fundamental differences be- tween the two factions will hold until the war is over. Lord Rose- bury, in a letter written to the City Liberal Club, July 16, went still further, and declared that the divis- ion was still more far-reaching. " The severance," he said, " is one not simply on the war, which will terminate with the war, but a sincere, fundamen- tal, and incurable antagonism of princi- ple with regard to the empire at large and our consequent policy. One school, blind as I think to the developments of the world, is avowedly insular; the other places as the first article of its creed the responsibilities and maintenance of our free and beneficent empire." Lord Rosebery's Position. This manifesto by Lord Rosebery was emphasized by him in an ad- dress to the Liberal Club on the afternoon of July 19, in which he still further characterized the Lib- eral attempt at harmony as " organ- ized hypocrisy," and re-affirmed his intention not to return to the politi- cal arena, but to " proceed alone and plough his furrow alone." Lord Rosebery's caustic criticism of the Liberal party diverted the public attention from Mr. Asquith, and the dinner given in his honor that had been so eagerly anticipated (p. 19) passed off veiy quietly the same night. Lord Rosebery's letter of the 17th had spoiled Mr. As- quith's speech, and his reiteration of his determination to stand for impe- rial progress, and to urge the union of the party on domestic reforms, fell rather flat. Lord Rosebery is bitterly con- demned in some quarters for his frank condemnation of the .Xiberal party, coupled with his unwilling- ness to enter the harness again and lead the party to better things. The conservatives, however, laud him for the service rendered to the country by revealing .the true situa- tion of the opposition. Parliamentary Proceedings. The government suffered a defeat in the House of Lords July 10, be- ing outvoted 41 to 20 on a matter of minor importance. The real govern- ment majority is so large, however, that the matter was treated as a huge joke. In the House the week previous, the government won quite a triumph in securing the passage of the second reading of the Education Bill by a vote of 333 to 215, in spite of the united resistance of the opposition. The usual attempts of the Irish members to create obstruction was carried to such an extent July 30 as to lead to the suspension by name of Mr. Redmond, Mr. O'Brien, and Mr. O'Shee for conduct "highly disor- derly". Grant for Lord Roberts. Mr. Balfour, in an eloquent and forcible speech in the Commons July 30, paid a generous tribute to Lord Roberts in describing the value ^of the services rendered by him in the African war. He moved that a grant of $500,000 should be awarded to t.'REAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 4:',:. Lord Roterts, and was seconded by the leader of the opposition, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The Nationalists, Mr. Labouchere, and Mr. Keir Haidfe opposed the mo- tion. It was tarried by a vote of 281 to ra Great Unionist Meeting. Seven thousand persons were pres- ent ;it a Unionist meeting at Blen- heim Castle Aug. 10. Earl Russell Convicted. The trial of Earl Russell took place July 18, earlier than was an- ticipated (p. 371). It resulted in the defendant pleading guilty be- cause of ignorance of the laws of Ins land, and his l>eing sentenced to three months' imprisonment, which entails the loss of his privilege of sitting in the Upper House, but not the loss of his title. RT. HON. LORD HALSBITRY, P. C, LORD III. .11 . II \ v I I i. ..it, WHO, AS !.<>KI> IlKill STEWARD, PRESIDED OVER 1 II I TRIAL OF EARL 1:1 -M.l.l. In a spoecli Mr. Balfour said that the " erstwhile alliance between the Conser- vatives and Liberal Unionists was now an indissoluble union." Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, who also spoke, declared that "the alliance of the parties had resulted in building up a truly national party. The Liberal party was now only the "rump ' party." The trial was very brief, lasting a few hours, on account of the Earl's admission of his offence, but it was carried out with all the elaborate med- iaeval ceremonial anticipated, and was witnessed by a large number of peeresses and their sons from the gallery. Lord Halsbury, the Lord High Chancellor, whoso portrait we give above, pre- Vol. 11-30. 436 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. September No., 1901 sided over the court as Lord High Steward, sitting in front of a crimson dais, on which stood a golden chair surmounted by a crown. He was flanked on eitLer side by five rows of peers, resplendent in ermine, ^old lace and scarlet. Judges were present from all parts of the kingdom ready to give their opinion on any legal difficulties that might arise. Much interest was taken in the antiquated procedure, as it is thought that it will never be repeated. Miscellaneous. The remains of King Edmund the Martyr, the last king of the East Angles, 855-870, have been brought back to England again from France, where they have reposed more than 700 years. This has been brought about by the good offices of the Pope. The remains will be re-in- terred eventually in the new Catho- lic cathedral at Westminster. Miss Abbie G. Chapin, a mission- ary of the American Board at Pekin, has received the unusual honor from His Majesty of the Royal Red Cross Decoration. GERMANY. Death of the Empress Frederick. The Empress-Dowager of Ger- many, widow of Emperor Frederick, and mother of the present Emperor, William II., died at Cronberg, Au- gust 5. The immediate cause of death was dropsy supervening on the cancer from which her majesty had long suffered. The end came peacefully and painlessly, and the children of the Empress, with the exception of Prince Henry of Prussia, who was at Cadiz, were present when she breathed her last. SKETCH OF HER LIFE. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Dowager Queen of Prussia, Dowager Empress of Germany, and Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland, was born Nov. 21, 1840. [For her portrait see frontispiece.] She was the first child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, and received a care- ful education under the personal supervision of her royal parents. She was married at the chapel Royal, London January 25, 18J8, to the Crown Prince of Prussia, who was nine jears her senior. The match was one of affection, and their married life was one of unclouded felicity until, in 1887, the Prince was attacked by the malady which proved fatal a year later, only three months after his accession to the imperial throne. She had eight children, six of whom survive their mother. The Emperor William II. of Germany; Princess Charlotte, who married Prince Bernard of Saxe-Meiningen; Prince Henry of Prussia; Princess Victoria, who married Prince Adolph of Schom- berg-Lippe; Princess Sophie Dorothea, who married Constantino, Prince Royal of Greece; Princess Marguerite, who married Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse. In character, as in personal appearance, the Empress was a true daughter of her distinguished mother, inheriting her sweet domestic qualities and her sterling worth and goodness. For nearly thirty years she gave her best energies and her widest sympathies to the encouragement of literature, science and art; and to the establishment of hospitals, asylums, and other benevolent institutions. Her lib- eral opinions and English ideas, however, were unacceptable to the German people, and she has never been a popular woman with the masses of the German people. Indeed, much of her life has been ren- dered unhappy by the hostility by which she was met on all sides. It was her determined persistence that won the throne for her husband, although he lived but a few months to exercise sovereignty, and won, at the same time, the bitter opposition of Bismarck, which was never abated. He influenced the present Emperor to such an extent that for a long time he was estranged from his mother, though there was never an open break. THE FUNERAL SERVICES. The funeral services, which were very simple, and were carried out under the personal direction of the Emperor largely in accordance with the expressed wishes of the late Empress. There were three requiem services at Cronberg, Augusi, 8, 9, and 10, with a final service at Potsdam on August 13, where the remains were deposited in the mausoleum at Friedenskirche near the late Emperor, her husband. TheSe ser- vices were largely attended by the Ger- man royal family. King Edward VII. and Queen Alexandra also were present, and many other royal persons. FRANCE. 437 The presence of large bodies of sol- diers as a precaution for the safety of the Emperor was the occasion of consid- erable comment The Proposed New Tariff. July 26, the text of a new tariff law that the government will intro- duce at the next session of the Reichstag was published in the Reiclisanzeiger. It seems to have granted the full demands of the agrarians. The text fills a pamphlet of 167 pages, and can receive only the briefest summa- ry here. There is a maximum and minimum scale on cereals, the minimum rate to be applied to those countries with which Germany has commercial treaties. But on the principal staples, the minimum rate is considerably higher than tbe present maximum duties, and the tariff generally is exceedingly high. Some idea of the increased rates will be gained from the following examples: On wheat tbe maximum charge will be 65 marks a ton (about $15), and on rye and oats 60 marks (about $12) ; tbe mini- mum on wheat is 55 marks (about $13), and on rye and oats 50 marks (about $11.90); while the present duties on rye and wheat are only 35 marks (about $8) a ton, and on oats 28 marks (about $7). This will serve as a specimen of the great increase. The duty on cattle is raised more than 1000 per cent, and on swine more than 100 per cent, while the duties on machinery, locomotives, electrical goods, and other American products are also largely increased, showing that the United States is clearly aimed at (see also p. 407). That retaliation is a marked feature of the measure is also shown by Section 8, which provides as follows : " Dutiable goods sent to Germany * mm countries treating German ships ..1 German goods more unfavorably than those of other countries may be assessed at double the rates provided for under the bill, or to tbe full value of the goods, and t hat goods on the free list arriving from such countries may be assessed 50 per cent, of their full value." EFFECT ON AMERICAN TRADE. That the United States will suf- fer, if the bill becomes law, is shown by the statements of our ambassador to Germany, Mr. Andrew White, who says that this country's exports to Germany in 1900 amounted to $266,- 750,400 in value, advancing the United States from fourth place, held in 1891, to first place among the nations sending exports to Germany. OPPOSED IN GERMANY. The proposed measure has aroused great excitement in Germany also, for an increase in the cost of food will follow the increase in duties on food-stuffs, though not necessarily as great an increase. It is felt by the industrial classes that far too much has been conceded to the Agrarians, and that the result would be ruinous to German manufactures and indus- tries. It wonld seem to furnish the ground for a decisive struggle be- tween the two interests to determine whether Germany's destiny shall be that of a great industrial nation or whether she shall rely on her agri- cultural productions for her wealth. It is broadly hinted in some quar- ters that the Chancellor has taken this course as a desperate resort to convince the Agrarians of the un- reasonableness of their demands by invoking upon them an avalanche of popular resentment at their extreme character. FRANCE. Revenue Deficit. The deficit in the revenues of the government continues to fall far short of the budget estimates of last year (p. 300). The receipts from indirect taxation during the month of June were $4,077,000, short of the Budget estimate, and $5,400,000 less than the actual receipts from tbe same source in June, 1900; while tbe receipts for the past six months fall $10,700,000 below tbe Budget estimate. The addition of the supple- mentary credits voted by tbe Chamber since January, 1001, brings tbe actual deficit for tne half year to tbe sum of $16,000,000, which does not include the $16,000,000 already spent for the war in China. 438 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. September No., 1901 The Naval Budget for 1902. The naval expenditure for France in 1902, as proposed in the official Budget, will be $62,420,000. Of this, $24,365,000 is set apart for naval construction, of which $18,- 070,000 is for laying down new ships. Miscellaneous. Owing to the passage of the Law of Associations Bill (Vol. 10, p. 943 ; Vol. 11, pp. 61, 189, 374), the Jesuits and some other orders are preparing to withdraw from France into Hol- land and Belgium. The Pope has decided to permit unrecognized in- stitutions to apply for authorization under the law. In its general bear- ings the law will restrain only certain monastic orders. The sentence of M. Guerin (Vol. 9, p 940) to ten years' confinement in a fortified place for conspiracy against the government has been commuted to banishment. July 30, an unsuccessful attempt was made upon the life of Maria Pia, Queen Dowager of Portugal, at Aix- les-Bains, where she was taking the baths. She left hastily for Rome. The would-be assassin is reported to be one Galliotti, of Paterson, N. J., the same town from which the so- cialist Bresci came, who killed King Humbert I. (Vol. 10, p. 668). ckt in the above map ahow the amoui.t ol rtal i afo by the mooaatlc ordere Is aacti detriment 9t Prance, tit* Urge black block* akow the amount held at the prr«*nt — Conn t»v o( Tk* Uutt.vk. THE DUKE OF AOSTA, NEPHEW OF THE LATE KINO HUMBERT, AND HEIR APPARENT TO THE THRONE OF ITALY. ITALY. Anniversary of Humbert's Death. The first anniversary of the death of King Humbert I. (Vol. 10, p. 668), was celebrated July 29. A hundred thousand persons passed in procession before his tomb in the Pantheon. A pilgrimage was made also from Milan to the place of his assassination. The foundation stone of the expiatory chapel which is be- ing erected by King Victor Emman- uel was laid by the Duke of the Abruzzi as proxy for the King. Agrarian Troubles. The olive and grape crops in the south of Italy have suffered from the bad weather, and many districts have petitioned the government for remission of taxes and other allevia- tions, while the Socialists demand the abandonment of the triple alli- ance as a measure of relief. Five thousand agrarian strikers made a riotous demonstration * near Ferrara June 26, and were fired upon by the military. Six were killed and twenty wounded. DEN MA UK. m RUSSIA. The Liquor Monopoly. Tin- Farther extension of the gov- ernment supervision of the liquor trade, which went into effect Janu- ary, 1895, has resulted in the closing of hundreds of brandy distilleries, and the discharge of sixty thousand workmen. More than eighteen thou- sand gin ■hope and liquor dealers liav.' been obliged to close their es- tablishment*. The state now sup- plies liquor to sixty-four provinces and territories of the empire. Failure of the Crops. The almost, complete failure of the grain crop in Siberia, and the shortage caused by drought, hail- storms and the Hessian fly in other grain-] >rodueing regions of Russia, are causing grave fears of famine in the coming winter. In the vast re- gion of the Volga the peasantry are already nearly destitute, as the Superfluous grain reserves were sold to the War Department last year for the Manchurian reserves. Expulsion of Mr. Kennan. The expulsion of Mr. George Kennan, the noted traveler and lec- turer on the Siberian Exile System, is an interesting evidence of the pe- culiar character of the Russian gov- ernment. Mr. Kennan arrived in Russia early in July, and three weeks later he was ordered to leave the country on the ground tliat lie was "untrustworthy politically". This was done under the law giving the Minister of the Interior authority to expel undesirable foreign- ers. Mr. Kennan made no resistance to the order, and the affair was managed quietly throughout. SPAIN. Religious Riot. At Saragossa, July 18, an encoun- ter between Free Thinkers and Catholics resulted in the killing of General Cavero, a Carlist. and the wounding of forty-live other persons. The offices of the Noticitro, a Catho- lic newspaper, wen; wrecked, the convents of the city bombarded with stones, and the gates of the convent of Santa Inez tired. Religious pro- OessionS are for the present prohib- ited HOLLAND. Clerical Victory. The Liberals were defeated in the elections whieh took place June 1 I, by a union between the Roman Cath- olics and the ultra ( alvinists, result- ed in placing the government in the hands of the Clericals for four years. This " monster alliance," as the Dutch call it, on account of the intensely antagonistic extremes represented in it, is much deprecated by the Liberals as being likely to retard the modernization of Holland. The issue was on the "Separation of Church and State". The clericals of course stand for the subser- vience of the state to the church. The New Ministry. M. de Kuyper, who headed the astounding combination of extreme Catholics and extreme Calvinists, has formed a new ministry. It in- cludes as Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, M. Melvill von Lynden, who is the Secretary-General of the Inter- national Court of Arbitration. There will be a new portfolio created, the Ministry of Labor. DENMARK. A New Cabinet. The De Sehested ministry formed on April 27, 1900, has resigned at the request of King Christian, and the formation of a new cabinet was undertaken July 19 by Dr. Deunt/.er, and completed July 23, as follows : Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Deuntzer; Minister of Finance, Alfred ilage; Minister of War, Colonel Madsen; Minister of Marine, Admiral Joencke; Minister of Public Instruction; Christensen Standil; Minis- ter of Justice, Alberti; Minister of Agriculture. Ole Hansen; Minister of Public Works, Hoerup; Minister of the Interior, Enevold Goerensea. 440 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. September No., 1901 Hffaite in Hefa* KOREA. Massacre at Quelpart JULY despatches brought news of the massacre the last of May of a large number of Roman Catholic converts in Quelpart, a penal settlement of Korea. Two French warships repaired to the Island the first of June, rescued two French missionaries, and put an end to the disturbances, after some re- sistance on the part of the natives. The Japanese man-of-war Senyen, hastening from Chemulpo, Korea, arrived June 2 to find that the up- rising had been put down by the French. Korean troops, sent to quell the disturbance, found everything quiet on their arrival. The cause of the uprising, and the number of converts massacred is dif- ferently given. Mail advices from the governor of the island of Quel- part lays all the blame on the Cath- olic converts, who, he says, began the affair by attacking the natives, raiding the town under the leader- ship of two French missionaries. The French minister at Seoul, Korea, gives as the reason for the outbreak the employment of native Catholics to collect exorbitant taxes. The number of Christians killed is vari- ously given from 50 to 300. The editorial comment on the af- fair of the Japan Weekly Mail is in- teresting as coming from an Oriental source near the scene of action. While recognizing the confusion of the different reports, it says : — " The disturbances are purely of an anti-religious character it is impossible for any impartial onlooker to deny that some fault must have rested with the Christians In this case the scope of inquiry is narrowed by the fact that Roman Catholics only are con- cerned. Now it is against the Roman Catholic fathers that all the complaints have been made, especially the French fathers." Mr. Allen, the United States Min- ister at Seoul, in a report to the State Department, says : — " If the islanders persist in their re- bellious attitude, it will be difficult, if not impossible, for the Korean govern- ment to put down the rebellion without foreign assistance. It is not improbable that the incident may lead to foreign in- tervention." JAPAN. Exports to Japan. The exports from the United States to Japan, according to the Japanese official report just published, have grown from six million yen in 1893 to sixty million yen in 1900 ; and the United States which held sixth place in 1893, is now siecond in the list of countries export ng goods to Japan, her trade only being exceeded by that of Great Britain. In 1893, the United States supplied 7 per cent, Germany 9 per cent, and the United Kingdom 32 per cent of the total imports into Japan ; whereas, in 1900, the United States supplied 21 per cent, Germany 10 per cent, and the United Kingdom 25 per cent. The following table shows the total imports of Japan, and the im- ports from the United States and the United Kingdom, respectively, at quin-quennial periods, since 1881 : — Yrs. Tot. Imp Imp. from Imp. from United States. United Kingdom. Yen. Yen. Yen. 1881 31,128,126 1885 29,35«.967 1890 80,564,874 1896 127,260,844 1990 287,261,846 1,781,108 2,751,320 6,900,190 9,276,360 62,761,196 16,364,740 12,456,610 26,619.102 46,172.110 71,638,219 SCIENCE AND INVENTION. 441 Science, IReligton anb flDiecellan^ SCIENCE AND INVENTION. The Tuberculosis Conference. Dr. Robert Koch, of Berlin' startled the Congress on Tuberculo- sis, in London, July 24, by an ad- dress in which he advanced the view that bovine tuberculosis is not trans- missible to human beings. The announcement, coming from so eminent a bacteriologist as the discov- erer of the tuberculosis germ, created a wide stir, both in the press and among sanitarians and physicians generally. It was opposed by a large majority of the scientific men at the congress, including Lord Lister, a fact which did not pre- vent, in several American cities, the im- mediate consideration of the practical question whether it would not be bestto give up examination of cattle. Dr. Koch also held that heredity is unim- portant in transmitting the disease. He maintained that the real danger of con- tagion lay in the sputum of consump- tives, and laid great stress on the impor- tance of prevention of the spread of germs by this means. It is to be noted that the difference between the human and the bovine bacil- lus was pointed out by Dr. Theobald Smith, of Boston, in an article in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, in 1898. Dr. Amos R. Jenkins, of Chicago, also claims to have discovered the fact that bovine tuberculosis is not transmis- sible, and to have published his discov- ery in a Chicago newspaper in May, 1900. At the final meeting of the Con" gress, July 23, a resolution was passed that health officials should continue to use every effort to pre- vent the spread of tuberculosis through infected meat and milk. By this last resolution the Congress de- clared itself against Dr. Koch's most striking point. Many scientists have expressed disagreement with Dr. Koch, and have given numbers of instances of infection of human beings with animal tuberculosis. The Santos-Dumont Air-Ship. M. Santos-Dumont, a young Bra- zilian, has succeeded in making a navigable balloon that has reached the speed of about 25 miles an hour, ami has ]>erformed evolutions show- ing it was entirely under his control as regards direction, in favorable conditions of sun and wind. The balloon is 111 feet long and 20 feet in diameter, with a volume of 650 cubic meters. Beneath it is a cradle suspend- ed by steel wires and containing a four- cylinder motor of 16 horse-power. From the centre section hangs a triangular cradle which carries the screw, four meters across, and revolving 200 times Eer minute. The aeronaut sits in a small asket at the opposite end. The frame- work is aluminum and pine. The bal- loon changes its plane by raising and lowering its bow and stern by means of movable ballast worked by rope. On July 12, M. Santos-Dumont made a trial trip over Paris. On July 13, he tried for the $20,000 prize offered by M. Deutsch to the aeronaut who should succeed in propelliug a balloon from the Aero Club grounds at St. Cloud around the Eiffel Tower and back, a distance of about eight miles, in half an hour. M. Santos-Dumont accomplished the trip, but was eleven minutes over time, and so failed to win the prize. M. Deutsch is having a 00 horse power aeronef built on M. Santos Dumont's model, and will lend it to M. Santos-Dumont to try for his $20,000 prize. On July 29 and August 3, the new air-ship made other trips over Paris, proving to be perfectly dirigible in each case. M. Santos-Dumont, with rare mod- esty, says of himself : " The only thing I have accomplished in fifteen years of experimenting, during which I have wrecked four aeronefs, is to be able with tolerable certainty, in fine weather and with a mild breeze, to start from a given point and navigate through the air in any direction, right or left, up or down. To anything more than this I have no pretensions. We are at the beginning of the problem, which, however. I am absolutely confi- dent will some day be solved on the lines 1 have been patiently following." German Lance Boats. The German army has just adopt- ed a portable boat which promises to be a great advantage in cavalry movements. It consists of a frame, work, formed of cavalry lances which can be taken apart or put to. 442 SCIENCE AND INVENTION. September No., 1901 NEW PORTABLE BOAT MADE OK CAVALRY LANCES FOK USE IN GEBMAN ARMY. gether in live minutes. Over this frame is stretched a cover of water- proof material. One horse can carry material for two boats. Pictures by Telegraph. THE ELECTROGKAPH. Among the exhibits of the United States Patent Office at the Pan-Amer- ican Exposition is a machine called the electrograph, the invention of -Herbert R. Palmer, M. E., Thomas Mills, and Dr. William P. Dun Lany. Unlike previous attempts in the di- rection of sending pictures and sketches by telegraph (Vol. 6, pp. 714, 950 ; Vol. 7, p. 1005; Vol. 9, p. 474), the construction of this instru- ment is not complex, the speed of transmission is greatly increased, a chemically treated paper is not neces- sary, and one instrument can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The machine consists of a substantial metal frame carrying a 110-volt, direct current electric motor, the armature shaft of which is connected by a reduc- ing gear with the shaft of a rotatablo cylinder. This cylinder, of which the speed may be varied, carries either a transmitting or a receiving sheet, as the case may be. The transmitting sheet is a zinc enlargement of a half-tone plate, the variations on the surface of the zinc sheet being considerably more pro- nounced than those of the smaller orig- inal. Into the depressed portions of the zinc enlargement, corresponding with the etched portions of the original half- tone, an insulating material is filled. Thus the zinc sheet presents a fairly smooth, partially metallic and partially insulated surface. The filled zinc plate is curled around the cylinder; upon its surface glides a stylus which is caused to travel along the rotating cylinder by a carriage simi- lar to that of a phonograph, describing a continuous spiral. A piece of ordinary paper is wrapped about the cylinder of the receiving instrument, which is pro- vided with an automatically inked pen in placo of the stylus This pen travels along the paper synchronously with the stylus at the other eud. When the stylus TWO LANCE-BOATS WITH WATER-PROOF COVERING, READY FOR SERVICE. EDUCATION. Ml is in contact with the metal of the zinc plate the circuit is completed, aixl a line or dot in traced hy the pen correspond- ing in length with the non-insulated sur- f.K'D traversed by the stylus. The image thus made upon tho paper is reduced for reproduction by tho press, giving a clear picture, exactly similar to the original. In actual practice tho ma- chine operated faultlessly over some 770 miles of line, from St. Louis to Cleve- land, by way of Chicago. Tho pictures are transmitted at the rate of one inch of the cylinder length per minute. A picture can be sent in the same time as words that would fill an equivalent space in print in a newspaper. On a 1,600 mile circuit 80 minutes suffices to prepare the zinc enlargement, transmit the picture, and reduce it for reproduction, ten min- utes being occupied in the transmission. The machines hitherto tried have cylin- ders eight inches in length, but machines with 30-inch cylinders are now under construction, with two carriages, so that pictures may be sent and received at the same time over one wire. BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. In the office of the New York Herald, Mr. - W. J. Clarke has suc- cessfully demonstrated the possibil- ity of transmitting pictures by wire- less telegraphy. He used the Marconi system and the " telediagraph " in- strument invented by E. A. Hummell of St. Paul, Minn. (Vol. 9, p. 474). The latter system is similar to the one described above, but more com- plex in some of its details. Mr. Clarke sent pictures through the walls of the building. By means of a small model, he showed that trolley cars could be started and stopped, and incandescent electric lamps lighted and extinguished by the wire- less telegraph. He claims that off- shore lights and beacons, whether fed by gas, oil, or storage battery, and whether steady or flash lights, can be operated and controlled from the mainland by wireless telegraphy. He has already conducted experi- ments in this line in conjunction with members of the United States Lighthouse Board, and is about to experiment with the firing of big guns and artillery. Extermination of Mosquitoes. Since the theory that malaria is disseminated by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles has l>ocome gener- ally accepted (Vol. 9, p. 735), move- meats to exterminate the pests have booome widespread. The. means ad- vocated are generally drainage of pools, emptying of pails and tubs containing stagnant water, straight- ening of the banks of slow-running streams to do away with eddies, and sprinkling with petroleum. Dr. Voges, of the National Board of Health at Buenos Ayres, claims to have discovered an effective rem- edy for mosquito bites in napthalene. Miscellaneous. Two new systems of wireless tele- graphy are reported, one by M. Vic- tor Popp, a French electrical en- gineer, and Col. Pilowski, an en- gineer officer of the Russian army. The other system is brought forward by Lee DeForest and Edwin H. Sinytheof Chicago and Prof. Clar- ence E. Freeman of the Armour In- stitute. In this the receiver acts upon an ordinary telephone receiver. M. Marconi has recently invented a portable wireless telegraph appara- tus for use in war. An automobile is fitted with a cylinder -~> feet high, which may be laid down fiat when not in use. Mr. Hugo .lone, an assistant city chemist) has taken out a patent on a battery which, he thinks, will' de- rive electricity directly from coal, and utilize 80 per cent of the energy stored in that material, about four times the amouut now obtained through the combination of steam engine and dynamo. Such an inven- tion has l>een the dream and the aim of electricians for years. Many of them, including Thomas A. Edison, who has been working for the same object for several years, look upon Mr. Jone's patent with much doubt. EDUCATION. A National University. There has been organized in Wash- ington an institution which is in- 444 ARCHAEOLOGY. September No., 1901 tended to realize the aims of the founders of the republic — a great national university, to be situated in the capital, and to supplement the educational courses of all the great colleges of the land. The plan of organization is a pri- vate foundation independent of all government support or control. The George Washington Memorial Asso- ciation undertakes to secure a site and to erect a building to the mem- ory of Washington ; the Washington Academy of Sciences, with whom the idea originated, is to provide for the maintenance and conduct of the institution. The object is to facili- tate the use of the scientific and other resources of the government for research ; to co-operate with uni- versities, colleges, and individuals in securing to properly qualified per- sons opportunities for advanced study and research now obtainable only to a limited extent at Washing- ton, and not at all elsewhere. Dr. Daniel C. Gilman, lately resigned from the presidency of Johns Hop- kins, will, it is said, assume the di- rection of the institution. National Education Association. The fortieth annual convention of the National Education Association was held at Detroit, July 9-12. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year : President, Dr. Wm. M. Beardshear, Ames, la. ; Secretary, Irwin Shepard, Winona, Minn. ; Treasurer Charles H. Keyes, Hart- ford, Ct. In a noteworthy statement of prin- ciples it was held that education should be compulsory ; that the fed- eral government should have the management of education in all ter- ritory not under state control ; that all grades of schools, including uni- versities, should be free, and shoidd be supported mainly by the govern- ment; that educational legislation should be under the direction of experts, and should lead rather than follow public opinion ; that rural schools should be the centre for the mental life of the entire community, old and young ; and that these schools should be far more carefully supervised. State support of rural high schools, and the consolidation of country schools and free trans- portation of pupils were endorsed. Requirements for utility and beauty in school architecture, should, it was said, be definitely fixed by law. ARCHAEOLOGY. The Buddhist Discovery of America. Professor John Pryer, of California University, has announced his belief that Buddhist missionaries visited' the Pacific coast early in the Chris- tian era. He points out the easy route from Asia to America by way of the Kurile and Aleutian Islands ; cites early Chinese classics which refer to a country called Fusang or Pusu, twenty -thousand Zi(6500 miles) east of China, ten thousand li (3250 miles) broad, and having a broad sea east of it ; and lays stress on the ac- count of a journey to Fusang, with re- ports of the inhabitants and the work of Buddhist priests there, given by Hui Shen in 499 A. D. Many details in this account relating to the country and people correspond, says Profes- sor Pryer, with what we know of the Pacific coast of America and of Mex- ico in particular, and with nothing else. Parallels in religion, architec- ture, arts, the calendar, have, he says, convinced persons who know nothing of the story of Hui Shen that there must have been some early communi- cation between America and Asia. He points out the resemblances be- tween the common Asiatic names for Buddha, " Gautama " and " Sakhya", and the Mexican names Gautemala, Huatamo, Guatemotzin, Sacatec, Sa- capulas, and Quatu Sacca. The high priest of Mixteca had the title rt Tay- Sacca", the man of Sacca. Professor Fryer also finds many close resem- blances between the architecture and RELIGION. 445 carvings of Buddhist Asia and those of Mexico. The Basilica Aemilia. The work of excavation in the Roman Fonun shows that the Ba- silica Aemilia was a structure ahout 120 yards long by 52 yards deep, facing southwest on the Via Sacra. It was a marvellous work, built of rare Greek and African marbles, with colonnades and friezes carved in the best Augustan style. The parts hitherto cleared are those most damaged and robbed, but many val- uable fragments have already been found. Egyptian Exploration Work. During the past winter Professor Petrie, in his investigations at Aby- dos, has arranged the chronology of the first and second dynasties, and found many valuable relics of those periods, including the oldest and most perfect set of Egyptian jewelry known, and a royal sceptre in good preservation. Mr. J. Garstang, at Beit Khallaf, westward from Girga, discovered the long-sought tombs of the hitherto unknown third dynasty, and proved that there was no break in the history of the country. He found also the earliest known arch. RELIGION. A New Version of the Bible. The Joint Commission on margina Readings in the Bible, which was formed in 1895, consisting of five Bishops and four presbyters of the Protestant Episcopal church, has, after sixty-five days' united work, finished its task of sifting "out of the very large number of alterations made in the familiar English text by the Revised Version those which are really important to make clear the sense". The final report will be given at the General Convention of the Episcopal church in San Fran- cisco in October Conventions. The seventh annual meeting of the Congress of Religion was held June 26-30, in Buffalo. The general topic was " New Century Problems of Re- ligion". The twentieth annual convention of the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor, representing 43,272 societies, met in Cincinnati, July G-10. The Students' conference at North- field closed July 7 after a session of ten days. The ninth annual North- field conference for Young Women, opening July 12, was largely at- tended. The Epworth League con- vention met at San Francisco, July 16-22. The eleventh annual conven- tion of the Baptist Young People's Societies was held July 25-28 in Chicago. The Spread of Islam. With the approval of the Sultan, it is said, a movement is being organ- ized for the revival of Mahometan ism throughout the world and the strengthening of his position as chief of the Mahometan peoples. He wish- es to be recognized as the temporal and spiritual head of Islam and the only rightful holder of the sacred office of Caliph. He holds this title by inheritance, but in the view of many of the faithful without proper right. The strength of this movement can be shown by the increase in Mahometan adherents in the last twenty years. In 1880, when the revival practically began, the Mussulmen of the world numbered about 175,000,000. In 1000 the number was estimated at about 200,000,000. Modern Mahometanism has abandoned the sword as a means of making converts ; the Star and Crescent is carried to the uttermost corners of the earth by mis- sionaries, well trained, zealous teachers, often fanatics. Parts of Russia, all of Asia and Malaysia, and northern Africa are the fields of their active endeavor. A number of strong and semi-secret societies have been organized for the propaganda, with a definite and settled policy, the keynote of which is close adaptation to the conditions of the people they are trying to reach. 446 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. September No., 1901 DISASTERS. Floods in West Virginia. The Elkhorn Iiiver valley, in which is the Pocahontas coal held, was devastated by floods caused by a great downpour of rain which be- gan shortly after midnight June 21 and continued for many hours. Railroad tracks and bridges for miles of the Norfolk & Western railroad were swept away along the whole length of the narrow valley. At the town of Keystone, forty houses were carried off by the flood ; most of the inhabitants found safety in the mountains, but ten or fifteen persons were there drowned in the streets. The lives lost in the whole Elkhorn valley were about sixty. The houses carried down by the swollen streams, mostly miners' cabins, were between 200 and 300. Explosion of Fireworks. At Paterson, N. J., at noon of June 21, a stock of fireworks was exploded in a store on the ground floor of a three-story building, the upper floors of which were occupied as dwellings. Seventeen lives were lost. INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. BKINO A SELECT, CLASSIFIED LI8T OF TIMELY AND IMPORTANT ARTICLES APPEAR- ING IN OTHER MAGAZINES, AND FORMING VALUABLE SUPPLEMENTARY READING. [For convenience of reference the classification is rnade to conform to that of the contents of " Current History". ABBREVIATIONS USED. f Ati.an. Can. Cent. CH AIT. CosMOr. FOKUM (iOXT. Harper Indep. internat Atlantic Monthly, Boston. Canadian Magazine, Toronto, Ont. Century, New York Chautauquan, Cleveland, O. Cosmospolitan, Irvington, New York Forum, New York Gunton's Magazine, New Y'ork Harper's Monthly, New York Independent, New York International Monthly, Burlington Vt. McChtre . McClure's Magazine, New York MCNSBY, . Munsey's Magazine, New Y'ork Nat. Geo., National Geographical Mag., N. Y. N. E. M. . New England Magazine, Boston No. Am. North American Review, New York Out Outlook, New York Pop. Sri. Popular Science Monthly, New York R. of R. . Review of Reviews, New York Scriii. . Scribner's Magazine, New York W. W. . World's Work, New York In indicating dates, the usual aMrreciations of names of months are used. Affairs in America. The Insular Cases. Ex-Senator Geo. F. Edmunds. No. Am. Aug. The Supreme Court and the Depen- dencies. Geo. S. Boutwell. No. Am. Aug. Governor Taft and our Philippine Policy. Raymond Patterson. R. of R. Aug. Cuba's Industrial Possibilities. Albert G. Robinson. R. of R. Aug. The Isolation of Canada. J. D. Whelp- ley. Atlan Aug. Our Trade with Latin-America. Fred- erick Emory. W. W. Aug. The Spanish Treaty Claims Commis- sion. J. I. Rodriguez. Forum. Aug. Defects in our Pension System. Fran- cis E. Leupp. Forum. Aug". A Candid View of the Steel Strike. Gunt. Aug. The Government exhibit at Buffalo. F. W. Clarke. Forum. Aug. The Recent Great Railway Combi- nations. H. T. Newcomb. R. of R Aug. American Primacy in Iron and Steel Production. John Franklin Crowell. Internat. Aug. Affairs in Europe. Trade Unionism and British Tudustries. Benjamin Taylor. No. Am. Aug. The Political Parties of France. Ch. Seignobos. Internat. Aug. The Paris Commune, Thirty Years After. William Trant. Cent. Adg. America's Agricultural Regeneration of Russia. Alexander Hume Ford. Cent Aug. NECHOL(». I 447 Affairs in Asia. Tlio Passim.; of Li Hung Chang. Edwin Wildman. Munsey. Aug. A Great New Nation. (Australia). Walter Jeff cry. Munsey. Aug. Asia, The Cradle of Humanity. W. J. MeGee. Nat. Geo. Aag. Science and Invention. A Century of American Invent inn. I n Mead. Cunt. Aug. Photographing hy the Light of Venus. Dr. Win. K. Brooks. Cent. Auir. The Ouest of the North Pole. Henry Collins Walsh. Munsey. Aug. Weaving Bpidem N. Hudson Moorr. Chant. Aug. Tho Search for the Missing Link. Kay Stannard Baker. McClure. Aug. The Birth and Death of the Moon. Edward S. Holden. Harper. Aug. Mosquitoes as Transmitters of Disease. L.O.Howard. R. of K Aug. Insects as Carriers of Disease. Smith Ely Jelliffe. Munsey. Aug. Literature. The Simplification of English Spelling. Brainier Matthews. Cent. Aug. Word-Coinage by Living American Authors. Leon Mead. Chant. Aug. The Gadic Revival in Ireland. Thomas O'Donnell. R. of R. Aug. The English of the English. Julian Ralph. Harper. Aug. Music and Drama. Music in the Church. Louis C. Elson. Internat. Aug. Reminiscences of a Dramatic Critic. I. Henry Austin Clapp. Atlan. Aug. Education. The Kxpansion of Our Great Universi- ties. Ethelbert D. Wartield. Munsey. Aug. Our State Universities. Andrew S- Draper. Out. Aug. The Yale Bicentenary. Arthur Reed Kimball. Out. Autr. E hi at on in the Smth. Edwin An ilers 111 Alderman. Out. Aug. The Rural School of a Half Century Ago. George W. Crocker. N. E. M. Aug. Civics, Economics, and Sociology. The Economic Development of Western Europe under the Influence of the Cru- sades. Hans Prutz. Internat. Aug. Economics in the Public Schools. Gunt. Aug. Great Industrial Changes Since 1893. Carroll D. Wright. W. W. Aug. The Metric System and International Commerce. Prof. J. H. Gore. Forum. Aug. The World's National Indebtedness. O. P. A ust in. No. Am. Aug. Abandoned Farms as Homes for the Unemployed and City's Poor. Clarence E. Blake. N. E. M. Aug. Biography. Out. Van Ira Remsen. Portait and Sketch. Aug. Daniel Coit Oilman. Louis E. Norman. Out. Aug. An Exemplary Citizen. (Booker T. Washington.) W. D. Howells. No. Am. Aug. John Fiske. John Graham Brooks. R. of R. Aug. Joseph Le Conte. Nat. Geo. Autr. Richard Croker. Louis Seibold. Mun- sey. Aug. 1Recrolog\\ American and Canadian. ALLAN, HON. GEORGE WILLIAM, Canadian senator since confederation; born in Toronto, Jan. 0, 1822; died in the same city July 24. Senator Allan was called to the bar in 184*1; elected Mayor of Toronto in 1856; Ml tor York division in the Legislative Council of Upper Can- ada from 1858 until confederation. In Mr. Allan was called to the senate by royal proclamation. He was Speaker of that body from 1888 to 1891, and was then appointed a member of the Cana- dian Privy Council. He served also as- Chancellorof Trinity University, Toron to, for many years. ADAMS, PROF. HERBERT B., editor, historian, and educator; born at Shutes- bury, Mass., April 10, 1850; died at Am- herst, Mass., July 80. Mr. Adams graduated from Amherst College in 1872, and received his Ph. D. at Heidelberg University in 1878. He was a professor in Johns Hopkins University for many years, and was secretary of the American Historical Association since its founda- tion in 1884. 448 NECROLOGY. September No., 1901 BUTTERFIELD, GENERAL" DAN- IEL, Major-General of the United States Army, born at Utica, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1831 ; died at Cold Spring, N. Y., July 17. He was the son of John Butterfield, founder of the American Express Company, graduated at Union college in 1849, and entered his father's house. He served in the New York state militia from 1851 to 1861, when, as colonel of the 12th N. Y. militia, he led the advance to Virginia. He participated in the Peninsular cam- paign of 1862, and, though severely wounded at the battle of Gaines Mill, continued in the field, for which Con- gress voted him a medal of honor. He saw considerable active service during the remainder of the war, and was rapid- ly promoted, finally reaching the rank of brigadier-general and major-general in the regular army. At the close of the war General Butterlield was appointed superintendent of the general recruiting service of the army, and placed in com- mand of the forces in New York harbor. In 1869 he resigned from the Harbor to become assistant treasurer of the United States in charge of the Sub-Treasury at New York. ERRAZURIZ, DON FEDERICt), presi- dent of Chile; born at Santiago, Sept. 10, 1850; died at Buenos Ayres, July 12. He was the son of an eminent statesman, who was also president of Chile 1871-'76. Senor Errazuriz was admitted to the bar in 1873. He was elected a member of Congress in 1876 and held his seat con- tinuously until 1889 when he was elected to a seat in the senate. He held the port- folio of war during the administration of President Balmaceda, and that of justice and public instruction under the Presi- dency of Senor Jorge Montt. He was elected President of the Republic in 1896 as a Liberal-Conservative candidate, and proved an able and judicious admin- istrator. His term of office would have terminated Sept. 16, in the current year. FISKE, JOHN, philosopher, historian and lecturer; born at Hartford, Conn., 1842; died at Gloucester, Mass., July 4. He entered Harvard in 1860, and as a Sophomore had advanced further in study than the college course could take him. He graduated from the Harvard Law-School in 1865, but after six months abandoned the law for literature. Since 1869 he was associated more or less inti- mately with Harvard University, either as lecturer on philosophy, instructor in history, assistant librarian, or as member of the Board of Overseers, a position which he had held since 1879. He also held a non-resident professorship in his- tory at Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Professor Fiske devoted the later ! rears of his life mainly to history, though le is more widely known in this country and abroad as a philosopher, as an ex- pounder of the doctrines of Herbert Spencer. Among his best known works THE LATE JOHN FISKE, HISTORIAN AND LECTURER. are: " Myths and Myth Makers", " The Idea of God", " The Destiny of Man", "American Political Ideals", "The Crit- ical Period of American History", " The Beginnings of New England", " The War of Independence", "The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America", " Darwin- ism and Other Essays", and " Through Nature to God". KYLE, JAMES HENDERSON, United States senator for South Dakota, born near Xenia, Ohio, Feb. 24, 1854; died at Tacoma, S. D., July 1. He was the grandson of Judge Samuel Kyle. He graduated at Obeiiin College, 1878; and at the Western Theological Seminary, 1882. He was pastor of several congrega- tional churches. He was elected as com- promise candidate of the fusionists for the United States senate in 1890. LE BRUN, NAPOLEON, architect, born at Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1821; died in New York city, July 9. Son of Charles Francois Eugene Le Brun, a Parisian who settled in Philadelphia early in the cen- tury, an architect and a noted author. Napoleon Le Brun studied architecture under Thomas H. Walter. He was con- nected with the American Institute of Architects in various capacities for many years, and was its representative on the Board of Examiners of the New York De- partment of Building for eighteen years. LE CONTE, JOSEPH, scientist^ born in Liberty Co., Ga., Feb. 26, 1823; died in the Yosemite Valley, July 6. He was the son of the distinguished naturalist NECROLOGY. 441 Louis Conte and a brother of President Conte of Columbia University. lie piud- uated at the University of < <*•• i u i:t in 1841, at the college of Physicians and Sur- geons, New Yoik, in 1H5, and from the Lawrence Scientific School in l^-.M. w here he was one of Prof. Louis Ana*siz's first pupils in zoology and geology, lie occu- pied various scientific chairs at Ogle- thorpe University, Ga., Franklin ( olle^e, South Carolina College, and in the Uni- versity of California from 1W19 up to the time of his death, l'rof. Le Conte was an eminently successful lecturer and in- structor and veisatile contributor to scientific and philosophical journals upon topics of geology, biology, optics, art, philosophy, tlu-ology, education, and aeronautics. His principal works are "Religion and Science" (1873); "Ele- ments of Geology " (1878), used as a text-book in American colleges; " Sight; an Exposition of the Principles of Monoc- ular and Biuocular vision " (1880), which is used at Harvard and at the Sorbonne, Paris; " Evolution and its relation to Religious Thought" (1887). NEUMANN, NEWMAN, lawyer and diplomat, born in Prussia, about 1833; died at Honolulu Hawaii, July 2. Mr. Newmann practised law in California and sat for three terms in the state senate. He-removed to Hawaii, became a promi- nent lawyer and was attorney-general during the reign of King Kalakaua. In 1893, he was the emissary of Queen Lili- uokalani to Washington, and represented the Hawaiian government at Washington before annexation. SPRAGUE, HORATIO J., United States Consul born at Gibraltar, Aug. 12, 1823; died there July 18. He was ap- { minted by President Polk to succeed his athor Horatio Sprague as United States Consul at Gibraltar, May 12, 1848, and his fifty-three years' Bervice made him the oldest member of the consular service at the time of his death. STILI.MAN, W. J., iournalisr, born June I, 1828, at Schenectady, N. Y.; died at Surrey, England, July (>. He graduat- ed at Union college; founded and for some years edited "The Crayon", a New York art journal. In 1861, Mr. Stillman was appointed United States Consul at Rome, Italy, and in 1865 was transferred to Canea, Crete. In 1884, he became the correspondent of the London "Times" at Rome, Italy. Foreign. BEAMISH, HENRY HAMILTON, C. B., Rear-Admirable of the British Navy ; born in Buckinghamshire, Eng., 1829; died at Brasted, Kent, July 23. He en- tered the navy in 1845, served in India 1861 to '63, in the Baltic during the Russia war of 1854-'55, and, during oper- ations in China seas, as naval aide-de- camp to Lord Elgin at the capture of Canton, and at the capture of the Pei-ho Porta. .July, 1858. COKTHALS, Roman Catholic Arch- bishop, born in Belgium in 1888; died at (a < utta, July 4. After a distinguish! d clerical career in Belgium, he was, in 1878, nominated to t lie Roman Catholic bishopric of Calcutta, then under the "extraordinary jurisdiction" of the Archbishop of God. In lsst;, a concordat was issued by which the jurisdiction of that dignitary was limited, and Dr. G< c- tlials was made archbishop of Calcutta, the head of the Roman Catholic church in India, under the diiect jurisdiction of the Propaganda at Rom e. HOH EN LOB E-SCH I LL INGFURST, CHLODW1G CARL VICTOB, PRINCE VON, Ex-Chancellor of Germany; born in Bavaria in 1819; died at Kagatz, July fl. He was educated at the German uni- versities, entered the civil service, and in lMl'.i became prime minister of Bava- ria. He was vice-president of the first German parliament in 1871; in 1874 was appointed Ambassador to Paris; was one of the German plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Berlin in 1878; and on the death of Marshal Manteuffel, was made governor of Alsace-Lorraine. In 1894, at the age of seventy-five years, Prince Von Hohenlohe assumed the chancellorship of the German Empire; but resigned the onerous position, October, 1900. For portrait see p. 450. KRUGER, MRS. PAUL (born Du Plessis), wife of the ex-president of the South African Republic, born in Africa in 1834; died at Pretoria, July 20. She was Mr. Kruger's second wife, and the mother of sixteen children. A typical Dutch housewife and a devoted wife and mother, " Tante " Kruger took little in- terest in politics, though she occasional- ly used her influence with the president on the side of leniency. When Mr. Kru- ger left Pretoria, she remained in the presidential residence where she received every courtesy from the British. MONKHOUSE, COSMO, assistant sec- retary of the Financial Department of the British Board of Trade, and art critic, born in England, 1840; died at Skegness, Lincolnshire, Eng., July 24. He was educated at St. Paul's school, entered the Board of Trade in 1857, and held a high position in its Financial department at the time of his death. Mr. Monkhouse was an authoritative critic on art. Some of his best known works are the mono- graph on Turner in the "Great Artiste" series published in 1879; "The Earlier English Water-Colour Painters", 1890; "The Italian Pre-Raphaelites", 1887; "In the National Gallery", 1896; and "Brit- i>h Contemporary Artists", 1899. ORMEROD, ELEANOR A., entomolo- gist; born at Sidbury-park, Gloucester- shire, Eng., May 11, 1828; died at Torringtou House, St. Albans, Eng., 450 NECROLOGY. September No., 190j July 23. She was a daughter of George Ormerod, D. C. L., F. R. S., historian. She early began her observations on the ravages of insect pests of farm, orchard, and garden, and, in 1877, published the first of a series of pamphlets bearing up- on that subject, entitled " Notes for Ob- servations on Injurious Insects", the 24th and last of the series being published in March, 1901. In 1882 she was appointed honorary consulting entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society, a position which she finally resigned in 1892. PIATTI, CARLO ALFREDO, musi- cian, born at Bergamo, Italy, Jan. 8, 1822; died near Bergamo, July 23. Signo Piatti was a pupil of Merighi at the con- servatorio of Milan, where he made his debut as a violoncellist in 1834. He was chief violoncellist of the London Popular concerts from their inception in 1859 to 1897, when ill health necessitated his re- tirement. He was a recognized authority on antiquarian music. SZILAGYI, M. DESIDER, a distin- guished lawyer and eminent statesman; died at Budapest, Hungary, July 31. On the restoration of Hungarian indepen- dence, M. Szilagyi entered the ministry of justice in an official position, and in 1870 was sent to England to study civil and criminal jurisprudence as a prepara- tion for the projected codification of the Hungarian law, in which he subsequent- ly assisted. On the completion of that work, he became professor of criminal law and politics at the Budapest univer- sity and thereafter took a leading part in the politics of the country. He was president of the Reichsrath, and member of the permanent international court of arbitration at the Hague. For portrait, see p. 332. TAIT, PETER GUTHRIE, professor of natural philosophy; born in 1831; died at Edinburgh, July 4. He was educated at Edinburgh University and St. Peter's college, Cambridge, and was professor of natural philosophy at Edinburg Univer- sity for fortv-one years (1860-1901). WESTCOTT, BROOKE FOSS, Bishop of Durham, Eng., born at Birmingham, Jan., 1825; died at Durham Castle, July 27. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1851. From 1852 to 1869, Mr. Westcott was assistant master at Harrow school and during that time " "His Canon of the New Testament" (1855), wrote and published his " History of the » ana pi )n of tin which is still an authority. In 1870, he was appointed Regius Professorof Divin- ity at Cambridge, a position he held for twenty years. In 1884 he became a canon at Westminster, and in 1890 he was ap- pointed Bishop of Durham. "The Greek New Testament", also called the " Cam- bridge Text", which was published in 1881 in two volumes, was the result of 28 years of careful collaboration on the part of Dr. Westcott with Dr. Hort, and is considered by many scholars as the final authority on textual criticism. PRINCE HOHENLOHE, NEW CHANCELLOR OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. Vol. 11—30. REAR-ADMIRAL WIN FIELD SCOTT SCHLEY, OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OF Current History. VOL. II. RECORD OF AUGUST, 1901. No. 8. International Affairs. THE SITUATION IN CHINA. A General View. CONTINUED INDEFINITENESS. THE month of August opened auspiciously, if trust could be placed in edicts and proclama- tions claiming to be issued by the Chinese court, instituting some reforms in internal administration and pledging sedulous regard for the rights of for- eigners. But it was evident that these utterances, though stamped as " im- perial," failed to gain the confidence of men who by years of residence had become habituated to the peculiar ways of Chinese thought and utter- ance. These men were not charging the whole body of Chinese — or rather, Manchu — officials with inten- tional deception, though many of those officials are reckoned, by common consent, among the most accomplished liars on earth : the doubters were merely remembering the invincible compulsion of habits solidified through thousands of years that makes any sudden and large change impossible, even though under foreign pressure the reactionaries might allow the more enlightened minority to issue edicts of reform. WAR NOT RECOGNIZED. This is also the view of the public in Europe and in this country as reflected in the press. The govern- ments, of course, allow themselves no such expression. From the start they have been proceeding on strictly conventional lines, fearing a disagree- ment instant, fierce, and fatal, if any one of them should allow facts known of all men to come into official recog- nition. Thus, they have never declared war against China: technically there has been no "war." The foreign envoys and their wives and children have been • murderously besieged ; Chinese forts have been stormed and destroyed ; thousands of Chinese troops slain ; the capital assaulted and captured — the imperial government fleeing 800 miles inland, and many government buildings looted and des- troyed, the foreign forces after a year's stay in this peculiar visit consenting to withdraw only on condition that $350,000,000 should be divided among their governments. The frequent criticism on this blinking of facts shows a fear in the public mind lest, since the war was after all not a war, the peace may after all be not a peace. THE POWERS CRITICISED. An undertone of dissatisfaction and apprehension has for months been audible in the press of Europe and America, and in the utterances of men who by long residence in China have gained insight into Chinese character. These men fear that the interests of the civilized nations of the west in the development of their trade with the immense far-eastern empire, and the interests of that empire itself in the development of a higher type of civilization whose beginnings in the educational work of Christian missions were beginning to show remarkable success when the anti-foreign storm Copyright, 1901, by Current History Company. 452 INTERNA TIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 broke out, have failed of the safeguards which the powers had a rare opportu- nity to secure. These experienced observers deeply distrust the Empress- Dowager and the clique of reaction- aries which still holds its place as her court. They tell us of more enlight- ened individuals, some of whom are still in high places, whose hands might have been quietly strengthened without introducing any revolutionary overthrow, but whose influence has been strangely nullified by the powers' neglect. A severer criticism is heard fre- quently in this country and in Great Britain, and occasionally in other lands : the " Christian " powers have not been Christian in China, but have shown heathenism and that not of the highest type. These pages have merely to record this censure as a noticeable fact of the time, not adjudging it, whether as true or as a mistake. Naturally the governments give no attention to such a charge. If they did, they could find reasons for their course familiar and plentiful. In effect they are charged with heathenism. It is said: If the Christ who walked in Jerusalem were walking in the streets of Peking or in one of the many humble villages in the days when the troops commissioned by Christian governments were making those streets red with pro- miscuous slaughter, while rapine, ravage and plunder were being wrought upon the helpless, he could scarcely have imagined that those governments had ever heaid of his name. Japan, however, which the western nations call "heathen", he might have imagined as giving — together with the United States and Great Britain — in their general restraint of murder and pil- lage, and in the comparative mildness of their final demands, signs of having heard at least the historic echo of his name. But, even were the religions ques- tion dismissed as being out of place, there are indications of an indefinite but general feeling that the powers may stand chargeable in history as having failed to use a rare opportunity for furthering all their own social and material interests, as well as those of all mankind, when they failed to bring their superior ideals into such action as was practicable and fitting as an object lesson for the one-fourth part of the human race whose development seems to have been arrested three thousand years ago. THE SETTLEMENT DEFECTIVE. As a result of the causes above indicated, or of whatever causes, the most notable characteristic of the present and the immediate future situ- ation in China is — uncertainty. There is a variety of predictions menacing or comforting ; but in order to arrive at any, even approximately certain conclusion, knowledge must be had first of the purpose, then of the power, of the Empress-Dowager, who thus far has shown herself chiefly as the evil genius of China. Subsidiary questions are as to the strength of the reform party, said to be led by the two viceroys of the central provinces ; as to the recrudescence of the Boxer anti- foreign fury ; and as to the designs of Russia. Repeated announcements of a " final settlement " being at the point of conclusion have proved to be mis- takes. A " settlement " has indeed been reached, but it has been tempo- rary, because it has been only partial. Its main point is the exaction of in- demnity for frightful damage done by China. Its defect is alleged to be in providing inadequate security against the same or worse damage ;n the future. TWO FAVORABLE CONSIDERATIONS. The general tone of public expres- sion in Europe and America indicates that the defectiveness of the settlement is clearly seen. No thoughtful ob- server of public affairs is being largely deceived concerning it. It is known that several officials for whom it provid- ed beheading or other penalty are still at large, and some of them in office. Two points, however, are to be noted in this judgment formed by the public. One point is that any settlement that should be complete and final was for the powers in conference an impossi- bility. THE SITU A TION IN CHINA. 453 Among the group were two or three who, if acting individually, might con- ceivably have found such a settlement possible. Hut it is not conceivable at the present stage of the moral development of the human race that a concert of dele- gates from eleven governments on three continents could avoid disharmony in settling a case involving interests in so many diverse departments. These gov- ernments, bringing to their task the widest is that there seems a general hope that, from this beginning, a gradual im- provement may be developed through successive .experiments on various points till the nations shall at length felicitate themselves on the Chinese outbreak as having been the violent opening of the path for a higher and world-encircling civilization. WU TING-FANG, CHINESE MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES, WHOSE TRANSFER TO LONDON IS RUMORED. Copyright 1900 by/. E. Purely, Boston, Mass. differences of character and interests, were fortunate in reaching any settlement what- ever. It has been well remarked that " the action of a concert of the powers does not represent their collective wisdom and justice, but rather their aggregated jealousies, prejudices and animosities." The other point to be noted in the public judgment of this "settlement" Chinese Delay. THE SETTLEMENT DELAYED. After the terms of the final settle- ment had been regarded as complete, it was found that the two Chinese negotiators at Peking had not received plenary power to affix the final signa- 454 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 ture without first submitting the docu- ment to the Empress-Dowager. Thus the signature awaited an imperial edict. August 28, Earl Li informed the for- eign envoys that the requisite edicts had arrived, and asked them to appoint a day for affixing the joint signature to the protocol. August closed with- out tidings of the signing. Li Hung Chang, having been chief postponed by successive edicts, by one of which, August 19, the return was announced for September 6. One reason assigned for delay was the impassible roads, cmt it is believed that the continued military occupation of the capital by the allies is the true reason. The British still occupy the summer palace, deeming that withdrawal before the Chinese signature of the protocol would remove a chief inducement for the MAJOR EDGAR B. ROBERTSON, COMPANY B, NINTH INFANTRY, WHO WAS LEFT IN CHARGE OF THE UNITED STATES LEGATION AT PEKING AFTER THE EVACUATION BY THE TROOPS. negotiator with the powers, is being violently denounced in the native press as having betrayed his country to foreigners, and the emperor has been petitioned to punish him. court's return delayed. The promised return of the court to Peking has been from time to time signing. The Japanese still hold the northern section. On August 28, was announced at Peking the arrival of an edict declar- ing the intention of the court to return unostentatiously to the capitaj. To the people in the region of Si-Ngan, distressed by famine, $70,000 was to be given as a farewell contribution, THE SITU A T/ON IN CHINA. 455 and along the route through Shan-Si, Honan, and Chil-li a year's taxes are to be rebated or refunded. Sir Robert Hart's suggestion is to be acted on by paying from the Chinese imperial ex- chequer all the expenses of the journey instead of levying them on the region passed through. Military Affairs. Early in August, the legation defences at Pekin were approaching completion. They consisted mostly of brick walls 1 5 to 20 feet high and 3 to 4 feet thick, loopholed for rifles. Each government has built independ- ently, not adopting the plan of the generals for a uniform system of de- fences— the policy adopted by the ministers being to avoid provoking hostilities by conspicuous military works. To the protest of the com- mander of the United States legation guard against what he calls "the de- fenceless position of our legation" by its exposure to attack on four sides, Commissioner Rockhill replied that it was not intended to maintain a fort- ress, but to provide a wall for defence against sudden mob violence. The loopholes in the wall are bricked up in consideration of Chinese pride. In the British House of Lords, August 7 , Lord Lansdowne stated that the final total strength of the legation garrisons would probably be 1,800 men, with an additional force of 3,000 distributed at important points on the road to the sea. The foreign ministers had sanc- tioned the marching in of a division of 3,000 Chinese troops to a camp in the vicinity of Pekin about August 8, preparatory to the evacuation of the capital by the allies, August 15. Evacuation of other points in China will depend on circumstances. The British military authorities are arranging for protection of the Peking- Shanhaikwan railway — which is under British control — by armed Chinese guards under eight foreign police commissoners. The Chinese, according to one account, may be able to save their forts on the Taku road — the ministers of the powers having failed to agree on the clause requiring their demoli- tion. Another account states that though the clause was omitted at Earl Li's earnest request, the forts will be destroyed on the ground of military necessity. Boxerism Reported. At the beginning of the month violent anti-foreign threats were re- ported from Canton to have been posted by the Boxers in the vicinity of Christian chapels. They were protests against the house-tax as levied to meet the indemnity to foreign powers; and they threatened that, if they were collected, the chapels would be burned and the Christians driven out. At Peking soon after the de- parture of the allied troops the mut- terings of the populace were becoming again unfriendly to foreigners. Chinese Protective Measures. A good showing of protection to be extended by Chinese authorities to foreign travelers (mostly missionaries) and to native Christians of whom the Roman Cotholics number more than two-thirds, is made by the proclama- tion of Yuan Shih-Kai, the governor of Shan-tung, who is deemed friendly to foreigners ; and by an edict issued by Li Hung-Chang. The governer's proclamation — notably just in its spirit and clear in its wording — prescribes that the Chinese courts shall do exact justice in all disputes or quarrels arising between any Chinese people and the Chinese Christians. He calls atten- tion to the fact that all Chinese Christians, though members of a Western Church, are none the less subjects of China, and that no distinction whatever is to be made between them and other Chinese subjects. Some of them, the governor is informed by various officials, are unwor- thy members of the church, joining it simply for protecton from the law in quarrels ; but the courts are to know no other distinction than that between good and bad conduct Whether the people annoy the Christians, or whether the Christians annoy the people, let there be in every case a clear distinction between the crooked and the straight. 456 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 190! The missionaries have no authority whatever to interfere in ihe affairs of the Chinese people nor any power to exercise official funcitons (a power understood to have been claimed by some European Roman Catholic missionaries): they nave no other object than to exhort men to do good, and they have nothing to do with local disputes. He declares that the rela- tions of the Chinese with foreigners are daily increasing in number and complexity, and peaceful relations between the people and the native Christians and the foreign residents in the interior will have influ- ence on Chinese international relations. The mandarins are to avoid currying favor or yielding to common prejudices. To those that ought to be protected they are directed to give a real protection ; to those that should be treated with gene- rosity to show extra generosity ; what ought to be allowed allow at once ; and when it is necessary to withold permis- sion explain reasons for so doing. August 10, a thousand of this governor's troops arrived near Peking, being sent to maintain order in the city. They were orderly, well dis- ciplined, and well armed. Li Hung-Chang's edict establishes in the provinces of Chi-li and Shan- tung, in which outrages on foreign travelers have been most frequent, an armed patrol for the sole purpose of protecting such travelers. At each station are to be one cadet and ten mounted men, and an escort is to be sent with foreign travelers, keeping a distance not more than four metres ( about 13 feet) from the foreign travelers' con- veyance, using extra care for protection on crossing a river, bridge, or mountain ravine. They are to prevent annoyance by boisterous or curious people, to stop for rest at the traveler's convenience, to furnish their own food and lodging, and, " if the foreigner offers to make them a present, they must not receive it". Manchuria. A report made public August 19, not officially confirmed but judged credible, stated that Li Hung-Chang in a recent interview with the Russian minister, M. de Giers, had urged set- tlement of the Manchurian question in the interest of permanent harmony. Earl Li said that the protocol was nearly ready for signature, various interests had been settled, and a complete settlement might be delayed if the suspicions of the powers were excited by a failure of definite action regarding Manchuria. The Russian minister is reported as replying that the delay was not Russia's fault. Russia was satisfied with the treaty that had been framed, but China was not. Earl Li replied that the treaty previously proposed would certainly not be ratified by China, and that other nations had strongly objected it. A radical change of its terms after mutual consultation was requisite. PARLIAMENT HOUSE, CHRISTIANIA, NORWAY. THE SITUATION IN CHINA. 457 If this report be true, an unprece- dentedly straight-forward expression of views between China and Russia has occurred. RUSSIAN ACTIVITY. Early in August there was a renewal of Russian activity in Manchuria. At Niu-chwang a stringent and compre- hensive scheme of taxation for Russian police purposes was proclaimed. The reply to remonstrances against this proceeding was that it was on the same principle as that of the allies in the privisional government at Tien- tsin. Also, the time was declared in Russian's view inopportune for nego- tiation on Manchurian affairs till after final signature of the peace protocol. There is an evident British apprehen- sion that, when negotiations are re-opened, Prince Ukhtomsky's pro- posal of a few months ago for joint exploitation by China and Russia of all mines in Manchuria will be agreed to. This enterprise, though nominally Russo-Chinese, is practically Russian throughout. A NOTABLE SUICIDE. A steamer recently arriving from the far-east at Victoria, B. C, brings a report not yet fully confirmed of the recent suicide, near Blagovestchensk on the Amur River, of General Gribski, who, as Russian military commander in that city, August, 1900, was held responsible for the massacre of 3,000 peaceable Chinese (Vol. 10 p. 798). This frightful slaughter is now said to have been due to mis-interpretation by a subordinate official of a severely worded message from St. Petersburg. TREATY-RIGHTS INVOLVED. Late in August a dispatch, non- official, but said to be in some degree corroborated, stated that at Niu- Chwang the czar's suzerainty had been proclaimed by Russian officers who had also abrogated all Chinese laws and put Russian laws in their place, forbidding all appeal in disputes to any other than Russian authorities. It was stated also that Russian forti- fications had been begun. If this report presents facts, the United States may find it neccessary to make some inquiry in the case. The treaty of 1858 between this country and China, not recorded as abrogated, establishes Niu-Chwang as a "treaty port" open to citizens of the United States, for import, export, purchase, and sale of " all merchandise not prohibited by the laws of the empire". There is no record of any consent of the treaty powers to the withdrawal of the port from the list of treaty ports or to the establishment of Russian authority as paramount there contrary to treaties. Various Affairs. In the numerous claims for idem- nity which have been presented at Peking, it is reported that none of the claimants, except the missionaries, allow any deduction for the " loot " of the first days after the siege, which in some cases — as in the case of the enormous Japanese seizure of silver from the Chinese board of revenue — was very great. These spoils of war are said to rank as to amount in the following order : Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, United States. The Roman Catholic missionaries who have been claiming high indem- nities in Shan-Si have modified their claims at Taiyuen from $7,000,000 to $2,500,000 with property for a provin- cial college. The missionaries who had been escorted from Peking to Shansi by a Chinese guard were returning on Au- gust 2 to the cities which were the scenes of the Boxer massacres. Fears were expressed of the insincerity of their official reception ; as one magistrate who had zealously furthered the attacks on Christians in that region had been promoted, and another who had been degraded by an imperial decree six months ago was still hold- ing his office without protest. Two members of a missionary party carrying relief funds for the famine sufferers in the Si-Ngan region, left Taiyuen-fu about the middle of 458 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 August, escorted by Major Pereira. There are reports that the famine in some districts is terrible. The total of these funds carried in now amounts to more than $50,000, of which $20,000 was the amount first sent by the " Christian Herald", New York. There are reports of an anti-foreign rising by the soldiers of Tung Fuh- Siang which may grow into rebellious attempts against the court. This movement can scarcely be deemed menacing. Sir Ernest Satow, British minister at Peking, it is stated, has notified the Chinese peace plenipotentiaries that, The Turkish Sultan's Mohamme- dan embassy to China (attributed by the " North Chinese News " to sug- gestions from the German emperor) returned home in August by the Trans- Siberian railway. Their mission was to bring influence from the head of the Mohammedan religion to pacify the Mohammedans in the north-west provinces of China who were said to be preparing a Mohamme- dan insurrection. The embassy dis- covered that the Mohammedans of north- west China know nothing of the Turkish sultan, and (this possibly a caricature) that their chief idea of Mohammedanism is that it is a religion which prohibits eat- ing of pork. BARON von RHEINBABEN, NEW GERMAN MINISTER OF FINANCE. unless the decrees for punishment of the authors of the Chu-Chow massacre are forthwith carried out, Great Britain will reconsider the arrangements for withdrawal of British troops. These massacres occurred in what is known as the British sphere of influence. It was made known early in August that the foreign ministers had decided not to include in the protocol awaiting signature any reference to grants of commercial privilege, but to leave these for discussion by each nation with the Chinese government. United States Minister Conger, who returned on August 17 from his visit in this country, found the Germans still in occupancy of the property of the American University atTien-Tsin, whose furnishings and apparatus are now mostly destroyed. He is said to have made urgent representations to Washington concerning the German refusal either to vacate the building or to pay rental — thereby preventing Dr. Tenney from resuming his educa- tional work as the Chinese desire him to do. THE BOER WAR. 459 THE BOER WAR. Qeneral View. CONFLICT CONTINUED. GREAT Britain and the world show increasing weariness of the conflict in South Africa. As yet neither Britain nor any other nation discovers any way to its prompt ending. In wars usually the struggle ends with a notable battle in which a defeat opens the road to the defenceless national capital, or metropolis of trade, or chief depot of national supplies, or scatters the last great army. But no such ending is possible in South Africa. No Boer cities or large towns or fortresses remain to be captured ; one of the two presidents is a fugitive, the other an exile ; there has been for more than a year no Boer capital other than the village in which two or three of the officials might be tran- siently resting till dislodged by the continual British chase. This chase extends also to the Boer " army ", which for many months has been only a dozen or a score of rambling bands — each numbering a few hundred men — comprising perhaps the very best guerrilla fighters that the world has seen. These rapid riders watch their chance to enter and plunder some small town for ammunition and other supplies, or to wreck the railway, or to capture a train, or to surprise some small British post or detachment. Their total number was estimated, August 2 1 , at less than 1 1 ,000. A NEW TYPE OF WAR. Meanwhile, a large proportion of the Burgher population of the districts that are the scene of disturbance have been gathered and are being guarded, housed and fed by the British in immense encampments, (more than 100,000 of these people were reported August 14); whereby the farmers, relieved from care for their families, are enabled to leave their fields untilled and give their whole attention to the field of war, a mode of procedure which they seem likely to continue for an indefinite period. The situation has thus in recent months become a military curiosity. One and another of its characteristic features can readily be matched in history, but concerning the situation as a whole there is reason to believe that by the joint efforts of the Burghers and British the world has now been supplied with a new specimen of war PREDICTIONS FEW. The peculiar conditions of the con- flict have brought to naught all pre- dictions as to its time of ending. These predictions are little heard of late. The British expenditure is pil- ing up enormously week by week ($6,250,000 weekly), as are also their more grievous losses by disease — a dismal record with no hint of glory in it, even should their victory be no longer delayed. As for the Boers, they have nothing left to lose — except a few more lives — except their tena- cious purpose, which seeks no nego- tiation and insists on its own terms of peace without surrender, almost as if they had won in the fighting. With- out any assertion as to the justice of the British position — the question here being simply as to the war's probable end — it suffices to say that a war which was begun with a sudden inva- sion and capture of British towns on twenty-four hours notice while nego- tiations were pending, will never be ended by Great Britain, without first making it impossible for the same people ever to repeat that perform- ance. The ending of the war by an intervention from Europe in favor of the Boers, so steadily promised by Messrs. Kruger and Steyn, is by all judicious observers pronounced im- possible. The Government's Policy. STATEMENTS IN DEBATE. In the House of Commons, August 2, a discussion arose over the colonial office appropriation. The opponents 460 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 of the government used the oppor- tunity for attacking its policy in South Africa under a merely formal motion to reduce by $500 the Colonial Secretary's salary. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, liberal leader, demanded a statement from Mr. Chamberlain on the war— especially on the Boer invasion (then renewed) of Cape Colony, on the conditions to be expected in Cape Colony after the war since its constitution has been set aside by a proc- lamation of martial law, and on the pros- pect of a famine resulting from the gov- ernment " policy of devastation". Mr. Chamberlain replied that, in- stead of farm-burning, the policy of concentration camps had been adopted. Into these camps in which every effort was made for humane treatment, thousands of Boers had voluntarily come and still others were coming or asking admission. He declared that the vast majority of the Boers know that they are beaten, and would quickly surrender were they not held under the iron rule of a handful of irreconcilables whose guerilla war was degenerating into brigandage and mur- der. Lord Kitchener's new expedient for dealing with this last phase of the prob- lem was the establishment of blockhouse cordons with whose long protecting lines (covering, it is said, 2,000 miles of railway on August 1) the people who desire peace can safely settle. In reference to Lord Kitchener's announcement that Commander Kru- itzinger had declared his intention to shoot all natives caught in British employ, whether armed or unarmed, Mr. Chamberlain said that the gov- ernment had telegraphed Lord Kit- chener to notify the Boer leaders that civilized usage did not admit such acts, and that all persons found guilty of them on being caught would promptly be courtmartialed and put to death. This announcement drew cheers from the house. Mr. Chamberlain also characterized as untrue the impression that "by some sort of an agreement with the Boers " natives were not to be em- ployed in this war. He added that MAP A. MAP B. # Maps showing the Effective Occupation of the British Forces, Sept. 1, 1900 (Map A) and May 1, 1901 (Map B). \, *_«^ *■. » The portion colored black indicates the British and that colored white the Boer occupation. By courtesy of Methuen's " Peace or War in South Africa". THE BOER WAR. 4«t in the earlier British policy there had been mistaken leniency ; this is now changed. " It is nonsense to speak of offering terms to men who say it must be a fight to the finish." After a speech from John Red- mond, Irish leader, expressing the EARL OF SELBORNE, FIRST LORD OK THE ADMIRALTY. hope that God would strengthen the Boers, the motion against the govern- ment was rejected by a vote of 154 to 70 Some comments in the press indi- cate a general opinion that the recent declarations of the Boers show them to have now become so demoralized and desperate by their guerrilla war- fare that all armed Boers may soon come to be dealt with as brigands. Lord Kitchener's Proclamation. In accordance with instructions from the imperial government, and in concurrence with the governments of Cape Colony and of Natal, Lord Kitchener issued, August 7, the pro- clamation following: "All commandants, field cornets and leaders of armed bands, being burghers of the late republics and still engaged in resisting his majesty's forces, whether in the Orange Colony, the Transvaal or other portion of his majesty's South African dominions, and all members of the gov- ernmentsof the late Orange Free State and Transvaal, shall, unless they surrender before September 15, be permanently banished from South Africa. The cost of the maintenance of the families of all burghers in the field who have not sur- rendered by September 15 shall be recoverable from such burghers, and shall be a charge upon their property, remov- able and immovable, in the two colonies." The preamble recites as the basis for this proclamation, that the burghers remaining in arms are few in number, have lost almost all their guns and munitions of war, are devoid of regular military organization, and therefore unable to offer organized resistance to the British force, and can only make isolated attacks on small posts with plunder of property and destruction of railways. The preamble then declares that an end must be put to this aimless prolonging of bloodshed and infliction of ruin on the inhabitants who now wish peace, and that the proclamation is justly issued against those, who, being in some position of authority, are respon- sible for continuance of the present hopeless resistance. CRITICISMS. The criticisms on this proclamation were quite as notable as was the document itself. The pro-Boer papers termed it "an empty thunderbolt"; while by some it was declared inhuman — a view that seemed general in the German press, which of late has abounded in remarks derogatory to Great Britain. Some Eng- lish papers gave it great praise for mod- eration, but the most common British criticism — deeming the document to proceed from the colonial office rather than from Lord Kitchener — was that it was either ineffective or inadequate. A still further criticism charged it with indefiniteness concerning the status of the Boers whether as belligerents or rebels. The fault-finding mood, so recurrent with the English public, led to its being frequently classed as " paper 462 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 warfare" from which no large result could be expected. The penalties pro- posed by it were judged to be " not practi- cal " in the present circumstances. Alleged Boer Atrocities. Reports of atrocities committed by the Boers, such as the murder of wounded men, of prisoners, and of natives were at first disbelieved and were even suppressed for many days by the British government (pp. 398- 400). These reports are denied by the Boers ; and in England some of them are still deemed untrue or much exag- gerated. Evidence of such crimes in some cases, however, has increased during the month, and has called forth a public demand for casting aside Lord Kitchener's policy of leniency against the Boer guerrillas, and for visiting all proved offences against the laws of war and against civilization itself with extreme and relentless penalty. Lord Kitchener telegraphed, August 1 , that after the surrender of an officer's patrol of 20 men and a few native scouts who had been surrounded by 200 Boers in Orange River Colony, the Boers compelled the native scouts to hold up their hands and shot them in cold blood, and afterward shot one wounded trooper, whom, as they said, they believed to be a Cape Colony boy. On the same date General French reported to Kitchener his receipt of a letter from Commandant Kruitzinger announcing his intention to shoot all natives caught in British employ whether armed or unarmed. Reports were coming in of many recent cases of cold-booded murder of natives in Cape Colony. The British government, on August 29, in view of the non-receipt of the expected assurances in denial of the murders at Vlakfontein, ordered Lord Kitchener to proclaim the punishment of death for all found guilty of such an outrage. This order was severely criticized in the house of commons by Sir William Vernon Harcourt, and upheld by Mr. Chamberlain. Some prominent liberals, whether just or unjust in their opposition to the war with the Boers, are spoken of by many critics as now carrying on a guerrilla war at home with the govern- ment which tends to the great detriment of their own party with no real help to the Boers. The liberals have become so divided as to be, for the present, incapable of serving the country as a strong and vigilant opposition. In Cape Colony. In the earlier part of August con- ditions in Cape Colony caused some apprehension. Several small bands of Boers — the largest with Kruitzinger— were raiding and plundering in various districts, and even threatening some important towns. Several thousands of the Cape Dutch farmers, professedly loyal, were reported as acting with these invaders, either joining their ranks or giving them supplies. Before the end of the month, however, Kruitzinger 's band, with most of the others, had been driven out with much loss. In the last number for August, of the London " Fortnightly Review", an article by Ivan Muller, who is thor- oughly informed as to Lord Milner's in- tentions and Mr. Chamberlain's plans, makes it evident that, in the confed- eration to be constituted as the new South-African Dominion, British influ- ence is to be paramount. The article maintains that it is indis- pensable that the senate be made the centre of political power, with control of the federal funds, while English senators should outnumber the Dutch by two to one. For the constitution of the upper chamber he favors American, rather than Canadian and Australian precedents, but in the first instance the senate would be nominated by the respective governors or the high commissioner. All this is believed to be a hint of the new constitution that Lord Milner has carried to Cape Town, where he had an enthusiastic reception, August 27. Replying to an address of welcome, Lord Milner said there was no doubt whatsoever of the unshakeable deter- mination of the people and govern- ment of Great Britain to adhere to their South African policy. THE NEARER EAST. 463 THE NEARER EAST. Russia in Asia. THE Russian shadow moves slowly but steadily southward on the Asiatic continent. Its line in the farthest east, darkening on Korea, deepening over Mongolia, advances in the nearer east with a wavering motion over Tibet, Persia, and Afghan- istan. When it has fully covered these lands the mighty shadow will sweep slowly onward without stay till it reaches the shore of the great south- ward sea. Asia will be Russia. This is the tone of newspaper prophecy long grown familiar through re-iteration, and recently redoubled in North America and in southern and western Europe. The facts on which the prophecy supposedly is based have lately been set forth with great cogency of argument — and perhaps with some force of imagination — by the pens of many ready writers. Some recent facts — rather than the prophecy — have place here, especially as they concern three regions that may be deemed gates to India — Tibet, Persia, and Afghanistan. RUSSIA AND TIBET. Tibet, scarcely to be classed in the nearer east except as it may form one of the approaches to India, has newly broken into the world's notice by a remarkable act. It has suddenly emerged from its mysterious seclusion, and has sent a special mission to St. Petersburg. The report from St. Petersburg is that a Buriat from Transbaikalia, named Dorshieff, a favorite of the Dalai Llama of Tibet, was received by the Czar at Livadia last October, and returning to Tibet was able to impiess the Grand Llama with the desirableness of opening friendly re- lations with Russia. Accordingly in July, under Dorshieff 's guidance a special mission of four persons arrived at St. Petersburg, was received by Count Lamsdorff , and presented to the Czar an autograph letter from the re- gent of Tibet. This nearly completes the statement of the facts that have been made public. Further reports are diverse, though each claims the Russian foreign office as its origin. One declares that the mission was entirely religious, in the interest of the nearly one million of the Czar's Buddhist subjects who deem the Dalai Llama head of their faith. The other, generally favored by the Russian press (except Prince Ukhtomsky's paper the Vied- omosti) is that Tibet — finding the power of its former protector, China, weakened by the allied nations — sees necessity for a new protector and turns to Russia to save it from the destructive British grasp. Whichever of the two reports may be true, the incident is generally regarded in Russia as important. It is deemed one more point gained in the chain of com- munications which Russia seeks to estab- lish along the rear of Britain's Indian empire, separating the great Yang-tse- Kiang valley from India. Outside of Russia, the suggestion is heard that more importance is attached to the mission than was intended by Tibet. The geographical location and the peculiar shape of Tibet would cer- tainly cause Russia's occupancy or entrance of it to be a menace to India. From it a hostile force mov- ing southward could separate British Burmah and British India. Conse- quently, the report at the end of July that a Russian expedition which had entered the country had been attacked by the Tibetans, drew much attention, though the object or even the fact of the expedition which had entered was not certainly known. Britain might readily suspect that, if the report had any truth, the incur- sion was intended to draw a Tibetan attack and thus serve Russia as a cause for invasion. RUSSIA AND AFGHANISTAN. Afghanistan is another of the northern gates to India. For twenty- one years Abdur Rahaman, the reign- ing Ameer, has been able to control his warlike people, and has maintained a more or less active though unan- nounced alliance with Great Britain in spite of Russia's repeated efforts to gain influence at the capital. Abdur 464 INTERNA TIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 Rahaman has declared that of the two alliances, Russia or British, he would prefer the British. The fierce Afghans are not likely to accept the suzerainty of any foreign ruler. The recent announcement of the Ameer's failing health brings into the situation an element of uncertainty. To the British view his death would open an entrance for Russian inter- vention, or for Russian intrigue with his unknown successor at Cabul. For portrait of the Ameer see Vol. 10, page 951. RUSSIA IN PERSIA. The testimony of trustworthy ob- servers who have travelled extensively in Persia as has Robert E. Speer, secretary of the Presbyterian board of foreign missions, or who have resided there some years as has John Kimberly Mumford writing in The World's Work (New York, May), gives no encouragement to any hope for Persia as a nation of the future. It is a country, according to them, practically without schools, without char- itable institutions, whose public offices are bought and sold, whose prisons are mere torture pens for extraction of a fine, whose courts are without written codes, jury system, or pleading, and in which testimony takes the form of bribes. Roads, bridges, caravanseries, and the village homes are falling into ruin. Such a country lies open to any neighboring nation that has any use for its lands or its waters. Persia offers its colossal neighbor a tempting prize — the shore of the Persian gulf as the location for a Russian port that 1lgf0^ i Bk ^B BL ■- . J A fay V i^ H'V" A NEW SPECTRE THREATENS JOHN BULL. The Chicago Record-Herald. MOZAFFER-ED-DIN, SHAH OF PERSIA, WHO IS REPORTED TO BE CRITICALLY ILL. shall be free from ice the whole year round — a port that shall be a naval station looking forth on England's sea-route to India. Thus is recalled Peter the Great's injunction concern- ing Persia to the Russian leaders : " Provoke war with her ; re-establish the ancient trade with the Levant; advance upon India." Many observers report Russia as diligently providing on lines of trade and finance the ways for her move- ment to the gulf. A writer in the Saturday Review (London) says : " The conversion of the Caspian into a Russian lake, and the subjugation of Central Asia, have laid Persia open all along her northern frontier. The Trans- Caspian railway has cast its arms about her borders, and the garrisons along the line from Kizil Arvat to Khushk EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN AFRICA. 465 stand ready to replace diplomatic dom- inance by military occupation whenever the occasion arises. That the occasion will arise whenever Russia requires it is not a prophecy but a commonplace. Everything has been carefully prepared. Russian trade, sedulously fostered, has surveyed and opened the roads of ad- vance, and furnished at each step a rea- son or a pretext lot fresh interference. Russian officers command the most dis- ciplined section of the Persian army, and Russian diplomacy, backed by irresistible force, has transcended, it might almost be said has excluded, all other influence in the Persian court. The right of rail- way construction in Persia has passed into the hands of the Czar." The statements in the two closing sentences may be true, but some recent reports seem not fully to up- hold it. Another writer, John Kimberley Mumford (referred to above), says : " One need be in Persia only a little time to discern the Russian predomi- nance. Persia is Russian. It is manifest in the conditions of trade, the manage- ment of the military, and the incessant increase in the number of Russian sub- jects and the volumeof Russian commo- dities in the bazars; and it is recognized by the populace. More eloquent than all other indications is the custom, arisen of late among the Persians — some of them the foremost in wealth and influence — of adding the Russian termination 'off, to patronymics as old as Iran itself." With the statements preceding, at- tention should be called to the fact that Persia has for years been a bank- rupt nation, meeting her expenses only by loans from Great Britain and from Russia. Thus the two nations are partners in the business of keeping Persia afloat. Of the two partners, Britain is financially much the strong- est. This is one element in the situation. IN EUROPEAN INFLUENCE AFRICA. The New Era In Egypt. THE NILE IMPROVEMENT. IN the world-wide field of British colonial administration, Egypt has now taken a prominent place. Viscount Cromer, the chief agent of British government in Egypt and the Sudan, has shown remarkable foresight in planning and energy in executing measures for the permanent uplifting of the people long debased and — as an aid thereto — for a marvellous transformation of their land itself. The tutelary Nile is to be curbed in its annual rise and taught new ways of doing in immense increase its ancient fertilizing work. Its naviga- tion also is being rapidly improved by the removal of the remarkable vege- table growth known as the sudd, a lacustrine vegetation so dense through 150 miles of the Bahr-el-Gebel as to prevent the passage of vessels and even to impede the current. This growth has been removed from all but 23 miles, and the clearing of this remainder will open a navigable channel of 1,200 miles from Rejaf to Omdurman. The chief object is not the improve- ment of navigation, important as that may be. The very life of Egypt is from the Nile without whose periodical overflow the country would become a desert of sand. The waters depend on the rain-fall in the far southward regions drained by the Upper Nile with its various branches — the main supply coming from the great equa- torial lakes. In years when the rains fail in those regions, as in 1899 and 1900, scarcity results in the whole lower valley, which is Egypt. In other years there is over-supply of water and an immense waste by the draining off of the flooded upper streams into vast wilderness marshes and lagoons through a length of 400 miles. It has been shown that in these marshes 50 per cent of the water issuing from the lakes is lost, and worse than lost as it creates and perpetuates a wide swampy desolation. Sir William Garstin, under-secretary of state for public works in Egypt, has sought to solve these problems of irrigation. The surplusage of Nile water is to be held in reserve for continuous, or at least repeated use, by barrage or regulating dams creating great reservoirs, one at Assuan near the first cataract, about 650 VoL 11— 3L 466 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 miles above the river's mouth, the other at Assiut. These immense engineering works are now approaching completion. The dam at Assuan, the largest, is one mile and a quarter in extent, with 180 openings about 23 feet high and 7 feet wide controlled by steel sluicegates. There are also in construction navigation- channels each with its chain of locks. One result of English irrigation work thus far, as reported by Lord Cromer, is the doubling of the cotton crop in Lower Egypt. The work when completed, at the beginning of 1903, is expected to bring new districts under tillage greatly increasing sugar- cane cultivation, while enabling wide tracts of land now bearing only one crop in the year to bear two crops. The authorities — looking toward the future not of Egypt proper alone but also of the Sudan in whose development lies the true interest of Egypt itself — propose a further needed increase of water supply by creating reservoirs not at a point near the third cataract, which would serve for Egypt, but in some region indefinitely nearer the Nile sources. Sir William Garstin advocates no definite location but indicates the direction for fresh inquiries. In general he favors utiliz- ing the lake sources of either the White or the Blue Nile as future reservoirs. He would choose Lake Victoria, whose area is nearly the same as that of Scot- land, were it not that a dam at its exit would flood a large and populous region of which nearly half belongs to Germany. Lake Albert would serve admirably, but it is an earthquake region which would threaten the stability of the dam. A third lake excellently fit in all respects is Lake Tsana, the source of the Blue Nile ; but it lies in Abyssinia, and Lord Cromer rules it out of the question until the hearty consent of King Menelek can be secured. Delay for a few years will work no harm ; meanwhile a much-needed railway can be built from the Nile valley to the Red Sea. EGYPTIAN EDUCATION. Lord Cromer's latest report indicates the educational results of the British rule. In the government schools, for the one foreign language whose study is required more than three-fourths of the children are now electing English instead of French. The Anglo-Egyp- tian department of public instruction has now under its management twelve times as many pupils as it had twelve years ago. In the larger towns, gram- mar schools are being established, to which come scholars from the Moslem mosque schools. These grammar schools have their place in the Sudan, in a system of schools preparatory to the Gordon Memorial College at Khartum, whose plan is as- cribed to Lord Kitchener, its buildings having been provided by popular sub- scription in Great Britain. In view of the Moslem prejudice there is in this college no definite teaching of a religion. Financially, the British administra- tion has been remarkably successful. The accounts for 1900 show a surplus of #2,795,000. The deficit in the four years 1883-86 aggregated $13,030,- 000; in the fourteen years 1887- 1900, the aggregate surplus was $49,930,000, or an average of $3,500- 000 annually. Yet there were mean- while heavy expenditures on public works and large reductions in taxation. The British hold on Egypt, though indefinite, seems secure. Somaliland. The cruel, crafty, and ambitious Mohammedan mystic, Haji Moham- med Bui Abdullah, known as the Mad Mullah, is officially reported to have been defeated, July 17, near Hassan Ughaz by a combined British, Somali, and Abyssinian force. This young man, claiming to be an incarnation of the prophet Mohammed, divinely commissioned to exterminate the infidels and establish a great Somali kingdom, had gathered a large army, mostly of marauders to whom he promised rich pillage, and after many plundering expeditions into Abyssinia and British Somaliland, began an in- vasion to conquer the British posses- sions. His force was dispersed with great slaughter and driven back into the Dolbohanti country. The Abyssinian expedition is understood to have with- drawn to their own country, finding EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN AFRICA. 467 the region both hostile and unpro- ductive. The important feature of the situa- tion may be judged to be the alliance of the Abyssinian king with the British (Vol. 10, p. 213) — an alliance which Russia is said to have been seeking with a view to a foothold in northeastern Africa. France and Morocco. For two or three months rumors of It is constantly supplying by its social disorder and its wretched misgovem- ment pretexts to other nations to make reprisals on it for injuries or wrongs inflicted on their subjects. Probably the kingdom has held its ground thus far chiefly by reason of an equilibrium in the interests of various environing nations. The claims of Spain and of France are the most impressive. Spain recalls MULAI ABD-EL-AZZ, SCLTAN OF MOROCCO. French designs on Morocco have been persistent in Europe. The command- ing situation of this old Moorish realm at the gate of the Mediterranean — its chief seaport, Tangier, being opposite Gibraltar — together with its produc- tive soil and general resources, would make it an enviable possession for any power of southern and central Europe. her historical association with the Moors, points to Morocco's territorial nearness, and deems herself vitally concerned in its future. France claims a position in Morocco privileged on geographical grounds, as the Moorish possessions border on Tunis, which, while not yet formally annexed with Algeria as a French possession, is 468 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 recognized as practically a French protectorate. Spain, weakened by its war with the United States, was deemed unable to uphold its claim, and reports became rife that France was on the point of absorbing Morocco. A fine pretext for this was given in April by the brutal shooting of a French officer by subjects of the Sultan of Morocco, for which a money indemnity was demanded by France and has been promised by the Sultan. A strong party in France have been demanding through the press that Morocco be absorbed at this favorable moment when Britain's attention must be drawn to South Africa, and Spain has no force left for a contest and Germany appears unusually quiescent in North Africa. A party in France, less violent but apparently stronger, characterize such " an adventure in Morocco " as " mad- ness". It denies that the country could be easily conquered. The British papers have not tended to magnify the matter thus far. It is stated on good authority that the Spanish gov- ernment has received from the French government assurances that the polit- ical or territorial status in Morocco is not to be altered. In the French Sen- ate, July 6, M. Delcasse, minister of for- eign affairs, made this statement : " We shall remain faithful to our promise, given when we occupied the southern Algerian oasis. * * * Morocco knows that we are resolved to respect the integrity of her territory." This utterance is in a spirit fully in accord with the dignified and pacific tone of the present Erench government in international concerns. In the latter part of July there was fighting in the Franco-Morocco hin- terland south of the Atlas mountains between the French troops (said to number 20,000) and the wild native tribes, supposed to be in rebellion against the Sultan of Morocco. The French were victorious, and occupied the oasis of Tafilet. August 2, a semi-official note in the Temps (Paris) stated that a modus vivendi had been satisfactorily established between France and Morocco regarding the boundary between Morocco and Al- geria. August 9, the Gaulois (Paris) an- nounced that the exact import of the convention between the French min- ister of foreign affairs and the Moorish legation in Paris was in effect as follows : (1) Recognition by the Shereefian court of accomplished facts in southern Algeria; (2) organization of special police for fron- tier incidents; (3) abandonment of the Sahara by Morocco; (4) early opening of new regions to French trade; (5) access to the French oasis on the west side by the organization at Maghzen of the new tribes ceded to France; (6) possibility of actively pushing forward the construction of the south-western railway under con- ditions which will diminish the expenses of the budget. Kongo Free State. The question of annexing this great domain in Equatorial Africa to Bel- gium, which was raised at Brussels a year ago but had been quiescent for several months, has been again dis- cussed— developing a sharp disagree- ment between King Leopold and the Belgian parliament and people. In accord with action by the Berlin conference of 1855 the powers concerned declared the vast central region south from the Soudan and the British posses- sions and between German East Africa and Portuguese West Africa with the region on the west coast around the mouth of the Kongo river, a Free State under the immediate personal sovereignty of the king of Belgium who had given much thought and effort to the develop- ment of the region. In this Kongo state the conference established free trade and free navigation of all the Kongo river waters, prohibited slave trade, and set forth rules for protection of natives. In 1889, King Leopold made a will in which are these words: "We bequeath and transmit to Belgium, after our death, all our sovereign rights over the Kongo Free State, together with all property and advantages attached to this sover- eignty." In 1890, under a convention into which he, as sovereign of the Kongo Free State, entered with Belgium, that kingdom loaned to the state $5,000,000, to be paid at the rate of $500,000 annu- ally for ten years, at the end of which EUROPEAN INTERNA TIONAL SITUA TION 469 period Belgium should have the option of directly and fully annexing the Kongo State ; or if Belgium chose not to annex it, the state should repay the loan at the same rate in ten years. As the ten years expired, July 2, 1900, there seems no question of Belgium's right to annex the state. If Belgium does not take the state, with its thousand miles of navigation on the Kongo, France would strongly urge her claim to the succession, as the French Soudan immediately ad- joining on the north is lacking in navigable streams. France, however, in no way contests Belgium's right. May 30, a bill was introduced in the Belgian chamber by a member, providing for the direct and absolute annexation of the Kongo State after one year. This was replaced, June 4, by a bill prepared by the government providing for annexation within ten years, and framed on the theory that while the king might well be provision- ally a governor of the state, the right to annex rested not in him but in the Belgian government. This bill brought out a letter from the king to the Ultramontane leader in parliament opposing the scheme of annexation as premature and as failing to assure to Belgium her proper advantages. The letter was interpreted also as declar- ing the king's non-acceptance of the provisionl governorship proposed for him. August 6, alter prolonged debate in the senate, the bill was passed by a vote of 54 to 6, with one abstention. Various. In British New Guinea, the expedi- dition sent by the lieutenant-governor to punish the native murderers of the Rev. Dr. Chalmers and his mission- ary party has partially destroyed vil- lages and killed 24 natives. Before the government expedition started, the London Missionary Society me- morialized the British government that " while not desiring to hinder the course of justice, they earnestly hope that care will be taken to seek out and punish only those individuals actually guilty and not a whole tribe". A Belgian jurist, Baron Lamber- mont, has been chosen by Great Bri- tain and France as arbitrator in two affairs — the confiscation of a French vessel by the Niger company, and the firing by French troops on an English detachment near Sierra Leone which they mistook for hostile natives. It is made known that at the time of Germany's negotiation with Spain for the Caroline Islands, Germany secured also a purchase option on the island of Fernando Po fronting the Cameroons territory in German West Africa. EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL SITUATION. Franco-Turkish Rupture. ELEMENTS OF THE DISPUTE. A long-standing dispute concern- r\ ing various claims by citizens of France against the Ottoman government be-came on August 21a diplomatic rupture. At the French foreign office, August 7, it was made known that two classes of claims against the Porte had long been pending. One claim, whose settlement had been agreed on three years ago, was that of a French quay and dock company, which, under a Turkish concession, had built quays and warehouses at Constanti- nople, but now finds itself so dealt with as to be prevented from beginning the operations which were the purpose of its creation. In the other class are claims by Frenchmen for re-imbursement of money advanced for constructing rail- ways, whose amounts had long ago been decided and payment promised ; of this class is one claim which now, with its unpaid interest, amounts to nearly $9,000,000, The French minister at Constanti- nople, M. Constans, having failed, after personal negotiations with the Sultan, to get satisfaction in either class of these cases, made an intima- tion to the Porte three months ago that a continued procrastination by Turkey would make it necessary for him to ask his government for recall. The quay company had, by explicit agreement, the option of sale to the Turkish government. When, some 47° INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 time ago, that government adopted a course of interference with the admin- istration of the quays and warehouses which greatly hindered and damaged the business — of late increasing this interference on account of the Sultan's fears lest assassins seeking to kill him should be landed there — the company decided to avail itself of the option which it held and make sale to the government. A report on high M. PIERRE BAUDIN, FRENCH MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS. authority is that the Turkish govern- ment promised August 15 to raise a loan of $8,000,000, to buy the quays at a certain price, and to adjust the other claims to the satisfaction of French citizens ; but that instead the Sultan August 20 sent M. Constans a statement of terms differing essentially from those agreed upon. The French minister, acting two days later on authorization from Paris, declined further negotiations or com- munications with the Porte, and referred the whole business to the French foreign office. A high French official said at this juncture : " If the Sultan does not keep the promises which he made at the last audience, we shall have to recall M. Constans and send the (Turkish) ambassador his passports." The official added that at that date, August 21, there was no foundation for the newspaper reports of orders given for a French naval demonstration in the Bosphorus. It is scarcely necessary to say that France expected no war. The Sultan, it is suggested, may have hoped that party clamor in France might induce the government to withhold support from Constans in his demands. THE SULTAN'S FEAR. A considerable influence on the situation is undoubtedly exeted by the Sultan's well-known fear of the "Young Turks" — a party of his sub- jects that is conspiring for his over- throw or assassination, and that makes France its centre of organization. The Sultan has of late years made it the chief function of his ambassador in France, Munir Bey, to keep watch, and send to his master reports, of the secret works or schemes of these plot- ters. The departure of Constans from Constantinople would naturally involve the enforced absence of Munir Bey from Paris. In this state of affairs the general opinion was that the Porte would yield to the French demands. THE RUSSO-FRENCH ALLIANCE. In this country the suggestion has been heard that the conditions and results of this disagreement might be affected by the extent of the Russo- French alliance which may conceiv- ably include or develop into a plan for some sudden and great change in the decadent Ottoman empire, the result of that empire being forced to a settlement of heavy outstanding claims. The claims might be settled in land while Great Britain is busied in South Africa. Russian torpedo- boats and troops were reported begin- ning to mobilize along the Turkish frontier. On the other hand, one of the oldest members of the diplomatic INTERNA TIONAL TREA TIES. 47 1 corps in Paris said : " It is not likely that France will run the risk of open- ing the Eastern question on the eve of the Czar's visit." turkey's deceptive yielding. August 24, an official French announcement of Turkey's yielding was issued, as follows : ''In consequence of the declaration made to the Porte by the French ambas- sador that he acts under instructions from the minister of foreign affairs, an imperial irade has been issued declaring embassy in charge of subordinates. The French Government took the corresponding course of notifying Munir Bey, then absent from Paris, that his return was not desired. AN ADROIT STROKE. The Sultan, August 31, retaliated adroitly on France by putting addi- tional taxes on the French monastic associations at Beyrout and Jerusalem. The" Paris monarchial and imperialist papers point out that the Sultan's M. CONSTANS, FRENCH AMBASSADOR TO Tl'RKBY, WHO LEFT CONSTANTINOPLE AUGUST 27. that no obstacle shall be opposed to the free exercise by the quays company of the rights resulting from their concession." Two days later it was found that Turkey's yielding was as deceptive as her usual protesting. The imperial irade had indicated that the Sultan would accept the entire French claim; but it was declared to refer only to the question of the quays, providing no settlement for other questions in- volving many millions of francs. August 27, M. Constans manifested his disapprobation by officially quit- ting Constantinople leaving the French decree reproduces almost literally the French law against such associations. Thus the Soliel makes the Grand Vizier reply to the French protesta- tions : " The Turkish government asks only for a portion of the revenues of your proteges, the monks ; whereas your own government confiscates their property outright." AN INDEFINITE STATUS. The month ended leaving the affair unsettled. Thus far its international bearings have been indefinite. War seems not at all to be expected. There 47* INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. October No., 1901 are, however, in official circles some observers who fear that any act of positive compulsion of Turkey by any European power being a signatory of the treaty of Berlin, which guaranteed the integrity of the Turkish empire, would give an occasion for the oth «^5 Aff airs in Am erica. u GREATER AMERICA. Cuba. GENERAL GOMEZ AND THE PRESIDENCY. /^~"> ENERAL Maximo Gomez, hav- ing been named by a com- mittee of Nationalists as a candidate for president of the Cuban republic, declined the honor in a letter dated August 12, in which he wrote: "I hasten to say that I must refuse to undertake such high office under the re- public. I look upon Senor Estrada Palma and Senor Maso as the best selec- tions that could be made for the Presi- dency and Vice-Presidency. Let all Cubans agree upon this important matter, and Cuba will have a strong and stable government, entirely fitted to deal with the external relations in which Cuba will have to exist as a republic." The candidature of Senor Palma has the support of many of the revolu- itonary generals. Overtures made to Senor Maso to induce him to stand as candidate for the vice-presidency had failed to win his consent: it seemed likely that he would seek a nomination to the presidency; it is expected he would be supported by the whole negro vote. ANNEXATION AS A THREAT TO AMERICAN TOBACCO BUYERS' INTERESTS. The Union of Tobacco Buyers in Havana, having been asked by the Merchants' Union for an opinion re- garding the duties levied in the United States upon Cuban tobacco, replied, August 7, that the American duties' on cigars should be reduced to $2.50 a pound without regard to value, and that the duties on wrappers and fill- ings should be reduced to 20 and 25 cents respectively a pound. The Tobacco Buyers, in their reply, note one grave consequence of a refusal of the tobacco-growing inter- ests of the United States to permit these reductions. If Cuba, say they, does not obtain concessions to which she has a perfect right, in view of the fact that she is under the economic as well as the political protection of the United States, she should ask for anexation. "This the United States would grant" the preamble goes on to say, "as it would be in conformity with the desire of a majority of the American people. Thus the success- ful opposition of the sugar and tobacco interests of the United States to granting concessions to Cuba would only result in the ruin of those interests, since, with annexation, Cuba would have free trade, and this would mean the overthrow of the sugar and tobacco industries in the United States." NEGRO IMMIGRATION. , Deep dissatisfaction is expressed in Cuba at the importation of negro laborers by Sir William Van Home's GREATER AMERICA. 475 Cuba Company. Laborers are very much needed in the island and some time ago the Cuba Company under- took to bring in at once 10,000 Spanish laborers and as many more as might be required. Instead of that, the Company has been bringing in negroes from Florida and from Jamaica. Other companies, too, mostly American, are charged with importing undesirable immigrants — negroes and Chinamen: this with the approval or connivance of officers of the United States. Says the correspondent of the New York Tribune at Havana: "In the future, as in the past, labor will be mainly drawn from Spanish prov- inces, and those who look to see Cuba 'Americanized' will be disappointed. When the new Cuban government is formed and the Congress gets to work, a restrictive treaty or exclusive law will undoubtedly be enacted. Such a law will be passed not so much because Cubans or Spaniards are as a race hos- tile to foreigners as for self-preservation and national advancement. The Sugar Planters' Association, which knows the agricultural needs of the country, holds to-day to white immigration. The old Autonomist party in its first declar- ation of principles was specifically for white immigration. The Cuban Republican party platform to-day con- tains a plank in favor of Spanish and American white immigration, with a preference to the Spanish. Representa- tives of all parties agree that the hope of the country for the future lies only in immigration that is based on the family. This is true, although it may disappoint projects of venturesome and impatient capital." Porto Rico. TARIFF ON COFFEE IMPORTS DEMANDED. Federico Degetau, resident commis- sioner for Porto Rico at Washington, on August 15th filed with the Secre- tary of the Treasury a plea that, under the provisions of the Foraker act, a duty of five cents a pound should be imposed on all coffee imported into the Island. In the course of his argument Mr. Degetau says that Section 2 of the Foraker act places the territory of Porto Rico in its relation with foreign commerce in our general tariff system, and immedi- ately follows with three provisos estab- lishing the exceptions peculiar to the island. The first proviso directed that upon all coffee imported into the island a duty of five cents a pound should be collected. The second and third provisos direct that Spanish scientific, literary and artistic works shall be admitted free. The plain purpose of these exceptions, it is contended, is to establish the excep- tions to the general tariff system. Refer- ring to the President's proclamation, Mr. Degetau says that its object and purpose was not to abolish the duty imposed by Section 1 of the act upon all coffee, as it has been understood, but, according to the language of the law, to repeal the 15 per cent duty on all merchandise passing between the United States and Porto Rico. The matter was submitted to Mr. Felix A. Reeve, acting Solicitor of the Treasury, who gave an opinion adverse to the contention of Mr. Degetau. In his " opinion " Mr. Reeve says : " I see no escape from the conclusion that the broad and unrestricted provision of Section 3, abolishing ' all tariff duties on merchandise and articles going into Porto Rico from the United States' upon the enactment of a local system of taxa- tion, etc., embraces the duty on coffee as well as the duty on any other article of merchandise. The case seems to me to be one of mere inadvertence on the part of Congress. They merely neglected to make the exception of coffee from the free list applicable as well after the adop- tion of the new system of taxation as during the existence of the 15 per cent, duty system." NO NATIONAL BANKS. The general banking law of the United States contains this provision with regard to national banks : " Every director must, during his whole term of service, be a citizen of the United States, . . . and at least three-fourths of the directors must have resided in the State. Territory or district in which the association is located for at least one year immediately preceding their election, and must be residents therein during continu- ance in office." The question arises, is this provision applicable to Porto Rico? To this question, raised by the Comptroller of the Currency, the Attorney-General of the United States replied affirmatively: " It might be enforced." Meanwhile 476 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 many applications had come to the Comptroller's office from capitalists desirous of establishing national banks in the island. When they were advised of the opinion of the Attorney-General, they saw that they could not comply with the provision of the law. But a " National Bank of Porto Rico " is projected with a large proportion of native stockholders and a majority of directors also natives ; the papers in this case are held open until the exact status of native Porto Ricans is finally ascertained. TOBACCO TRADE. Owing to the removal of the tariff on Porto Rico tobacco imported into the United States, there is a marked revival of business in the cigar trade of the island. August 16, one great factory renewed operations with 150 hands employed in making cigars. In the interior other factories are starting up, and manufacturers antici- pate a season of great prosperity. The large stock of tobacco on hand is being shipped in haste to New York. UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. Mr. Gage, Secretary of the Treasury, when asked his opinion, said : " This is a question that has just been called to my attention. It seems to me that there are two alternatives. One is for Americans intending to establish national banks in the island to live there for a year before going on the board of directors, and the other is for those interested to elect native Porto Ricans, when their citizenship status is fixed conclusively, to the directing board. This latter method may be easy and practical of adoption. Porto Ricans might be elected to the board, yet the active man- agement of the bank might remain in the hands of Americans." Hawaii. CHINESE MIGRATION FROM THE UNITED STATES. At request of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney-General of the United States gave an official opinion as to the migration to Hawaii of Chinese from the United States. At- torney-General Knox holds that all Chinese persons who have a right to be in the United States as evidenced by valid certificates of residence or registration are entitled to pass from the United States to the Hawaiian GREATER AMERICA. 477 Islands, and to be protected while there by their registration certificates as they would be in any organized Territory of the continental and in- tegral domain of the United States. The Attorney-General, however, especially limits his opinion to this one question, and does not pass upon their right to return to the United States. He also strictly limits his views of the liberty of passage of Chinese persons to the different por- tions of the United States to this particular case, which submits the question as affecting this particular Territory of Hawaii. The Philippines. GENERAL MAC ARTHUR'S REPORT. General Mac Arthur, in his annual report to the Secretary of War, which was published August 8, insists on the necessity of maintaining in the islands a well organized military and naval force to protect present and future American interests in the archipelago. But he expresses confidence that if the beneficent policy of the United States has opportunity to operate with full force, the native inhabitants will become firmly attached to the Ameri- can government both out of self- interest and gratitude. He sees in these islands a base from which the United States will exert an active and potential influence over the affairs of Asia. " To doubt the wisdom of retaining possession is ", he says, " to doubt the stability of republican institutions, and amounts to a declaration that a nation thus governed is incapable of successfully resisting strains that arise naturally from its own freedom and from its own produc- tive energy." With General Mac Arthur's report is published the report of Brigadier General Kobbe, in command of the Department of Mindonao and Jolo, who says of the institution of slavery existing in those islands, that " slavery, as the term is usually understood, does not exist among the Moros, and radi- cal and comprehensive measures to abolish it would at this time be pre mature and ineffective. The slaves and masters belong to the same race and live on equal social terms." Major O. J. Sweet, of the Twenty- third Infantry, who is in command of the third district in General Kobbe's department, says that slavery, although not recognized by the United States, is still a fact and a constant source of trouble. He adds that thousands of Moros are held as slaves, who are by right free people. INSURGENCY LINGERS 1 In the first days of August, a bat- tallion of the Thirtieth Volunteer In- fantry occupied the town of Calapan, Naujan, and Pola, on the northeastern coast of Mindoro, meeting but feeble resistance from the insurgents, who fled into the interior of the island. The commander of these insurgents, one Howard, is a deserter from the United States army. A dispatch from Manila of August 26, told of his cap- ture by Lieutenant Hazzard, of the Third Cavalry, commanding a troop of native scouts. In the island of Jolo, the sultan and some of the other chiefs have had conflicts among themselves and there has been fighting with considerable loss of life: the American military authorities do not interfere in these domestic quarrels but are in readiness to do so when occasion demands. A telegram from Manila of August 5 reports that a proclamation by Miquel Malvar, recognized by the junta at Hong Kong as AquinaJdo's successor, was issued July 16 ; in it he gives assurance to his countrymen of the continuation of active warfare, and expresses confident hope of a success- ful issue. The proclamation purports to be dated from Batangas. All man- ner of atrocities are charged against the Americans. The American forces are, he says, constantly suffering loss of war material: on July 10 four American generals were slain. Gen- eral Cailles (p. 350) is outlawed and threatened with death by Malvar for his treachery to the Filipino cause. 478 AFFAIJRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 Filipinos who surrender to the Ameri- cans are warned that their lives will never be safe outside of the American lines. Malvar asserts that he has sufficient arms and supplies to con- tinue the war indefinitely. Fifty thou- sand copies of the proclamation were printed. The police were striving to prevent distribution of them. General Sumner's troops were in close pursuit of Malvar. In Batangas province, about the middle of August, Lieutenant Walter S. Grant, of the Sixth Cavalry, while scouting with a detachment near the town of Taal, captured Colonel Martin Cabrera, his adjutant and six other insurgents. Cabrera was in command of all the insurgents of Southern Batangas and had the reputation of being a capable and enterprising officer. Manila advices of August 25 report the decision of the military authorities to increase by four companies of infan- try the garrison of the city : the force at present is but one thousand men, and it is not sufficient to perform the the guard duty required of it. That is one reason for the increase ; another is, that the authorities wish to guard against a native uprising. General Chaffee, however, was not apprehen- sive of any such trouble ; and Com- missioner Wright considered the population to be " extremely peace- able". But army officers strongly approve the increase of the force. An insular constabulary was at the same time organizing : it is to consist of 10,000 men. Time-expired Ameri- can soldiers were entering this force. The men are to be armed with shot- guns and revolvers ; in case of need they will be subject to the authority of the Civil Governors. THE COMMERCIAL SITUATION. A correspondent of the New York Tribune writing from Manila finds the business of the islands almost wholly engrossed by English merchants, who are stubbornly contesting every ad- vance of American enterprise. The " giants of the business world " at Manila, he says, are McLeod & Co., who own the Compania Maritima; Smith, Bell & Co., and Warner, Barnes & Co. These firms and Com- panies are in control of the whole commercial field — of hemp, sugar, copra, rice, cocoa; of transportation, banking, insurance: their agents are everywhere throughout the archipel- ago. They are heavy stockholders in the principal banks and an American merchant can get even ordinary bank- ing accommodation. " If citizens of the United States," he says, "are to control Philippine business, their first step will have to be the estab- lishment of their own bank here. And it seems incredible that no American bank has been established here to date, for, with the entire insular government and army as its patrons, its profits would be immediate and magnificent. Ever since American occupation the English banks have received the benefits of millions of dollars of government deposits, and American business men here are justly indignant at the course taken by these banks in withholding ordinary business courtesy from the citizens of a govern- ment that is so favoring them." TEACHERS FOR THE FILIPINOS. The transport Ingalls, which sailed from New York August 22, had on board fourteen male teachers for the schools in the islands. The same day Colonel Edwards, chief of the Division of Insular Affairs in the War Department at Washington, expressed his satisfaction in learning of the arrival at Manila of four hundred teachers : this arrival, he said, " prac- tically marks the completion of the work of selecting American teachers for service in the Philippines". He announced that no more applications for places as teachers can be consid- ered. It is unofficially reported that, while en route to Manila, thirty couples of this company of teachers entered into matrimonial engagements, and, when the transport reached Honolulu, they were married. UNITED STATES POLITICS. 479 UNITED STATES POLITICS. The Tariff Issue. f~^\ ENERAL Charles H. Grosvenor, \~T member of Congress from Ohio, while visiting in London, was asked August 17, to make a forecast of the result of the next election for Congressmen. In re- ply, he declared that the political issues that were foremost in 1896 and 1900 are now dead, and that the opponents of the Republican party will try to revive the old question of the tariff. General Grosvenor sees in the effort to revive that issue and in the Democratic approval of Representative Babcock's bill for repeal of duties on iron and steel a retrogressive move- ment to stay the onward progress of American prosperity. " Repeal of the duties on iron and steel,'" he said, " would not seriously harm the Trust, but would destroy independent manufacturers, • The introduction of foreign products would disastrously com- pete with our own and labor would suffer an irretrievable loss. Fifty-five per cent of the steel manufactured is now pro- duced outside of the Trust, and would at once meet the sharp competition of cheaper labor in foreign countries and go to the wall, leaving the monopoly in the hands of the foreign competitor and the American Trust. "Republicans will enter the Congres- sional and Presidential campaigns stand- ing steadfastly for protection. They cheerfully father the Dingley bill, re- enacting the McKinley law of 1890, and expect that the country in 1902 and 1904 will rally overwhelmingly to the idea of uncompromising protection." The Boston Herald (Ind.) praises the effort made and yet to be made by Mr. Babcock in favor of the tariff reform. " He recalls what a lot of sordid capi- talists and cheap statesmen would like to have forgotten now, that the professed aim of the Republican tariff legislation was to protect labor and material. That aim has been accomplished in respect of certain kinds of production, so that the industries have become giants such as the world has never before known, and the productions are exported like cotton, corn and wheat. There is no longer need of a tariff which produces no revenue, and the only effect 01 which is to compel our own people to pay for American goods more than foreigners pay for them, all for the enrichment of the monopolists." Negro Disfranchisement. The Democratic State Convention of Maryland, which met at Baltimore August 1 , was called for the purpose of. naming candidates for the offices of Comptroller and of Clerk of the Court of Appeals. But it took occasion also to put forth a declaration of principles and policy and in particular this regarding the restriction of the right of suffrage : "The Democratic party represents more than forty thousand majority of the white people ot Maryland. They in com- mon with their brethren of other States into which large masses of colored voters have been injected into the body politic, recognize that the peace, gooa order, personal safety and proper development of our material interests depend upon the control of the commonwealth by its intelli- gent white residents. Without the aid of the sixty thousand colored voters the Republican party in Maryland would be a hopeless minority. We therefore without hesitation pro- claim that the success of the Democratic party will mean that, while we shall deal with perfect fairness in securing all the benefits of good government and full and free opportunities for education to all classes, such action must be taken as to prevent the control of the State govern- ment from passing into the hands of those who have neither the ability nor the interest to manage public affairs wisely and well." Democratic Repudiation of Bryanism. The virtual repudiation of Bryanism by Democratic conventions in Michi- gan, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, has evoked from Mr. Bryan these comments upon the movement to reorganize the party : " The loyal Democrats," says he in the Commoner, " who have made pecuniary sacrifice to support Democratic principles ought to learn something of the meaning of reorganization by running over the list of suggested Presidential candidates. Among the men who supported the Dem- ocratic ticket in 1896 and 1900 (not be- cause of party regularity but because of conviction) were some of the best, bravest, and truest Democrats ever known, and yet none of them are mentioned in con- nection with the presidency. The reor- ganizes want 'harmony,' and their method of securing it is to place under 4 So AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 the ban all who believe in the creed of the party as promulgated by recent national conventions. The reorganizers consider three things essential to 'success,' viz., first, the abandonment of the Kansas City platform ; second, the nomination of candidates who do not believe in that platform; and, third, the selection of a national committee composed of men who either opposed the ticket in 1896 or gave it passive support. Why ostracize the best men in the party? Why place a premium on disloyalty ?'' THE ARMY AND NAVY. Schley Court of Inquiry. APPOINTMENT OF ADMIRAL HOWISON. KEAR-Admiral L. A. Kimberly ( retired ) having been excused, on account of physical infirm- ity, from duty as a member of the court which is to investigate the charges REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY L. HOWISON, MEMBER OF THE SCHLEY COURT OF INQUIRY, WHOSE COMPETENCY MAY BE CHALLENGED BY ADMIRAL SCHLEY. against Rear- Admiral Schley (pp. 417- 419), it was announced officially August 6 that Rear- Admiral Henry L. Howison ( retired ) had been appointed in his stead. As the name of Admiral Howison was in the list of officers eligible as members of the court which had been submitted to Admiral Schley, and as the whole list had been approved by him as unexceptionable, it was believed that now the court was definitively constituted. But, in a letter dated August 19 and addressed to the Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Schley enclosed a newspaper clipping con- taining a report of an interview had by a Boston Journalist with Admiral Howison, in which that officer spoke lightly of the personal and professional standing of Admiral Schley: to this matter Admiral Schley requested the Secretary to call Admiral Howison's attention for his consideration ; he also requested to be favored with a copy of Admiral Howison's reply. The Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Long, being away on vacation, the Acting Secretary, F. W. Hackett, answered Admiral Schley's letter, reminded him of his having already accepted Admiral Howison as a per- fectly satisfactory judge of the cause, and declined to forward the clipping to that officer. His reason for declin- ing he states as follows : " Your request is based upon a news- paper clipping that purports to contain statements in regard to the truth of which you do not yourself express an opinion. You ask the department to lay before Rear-Admiral Howison a statement wholly unsubstantiated, that appears to have been made by some person unknown, at a time and place likewise unknown. The department is unable to view your request in any other light than that of a preliminary challenge of the fitness of Rear-Admiral Howison to serve as a member of the court. It will be treated as is usual in cases of courts of inquiry. The established practice in the military as well as in the naval service has fixed the method in which the right of chal- lenge before courts-martial and courts of inquiry shall be exercised. The department, having instituted the court, should not at this stage of the proceedings undertake to hear and deter- mine questions that may arise respecting the competency of its members. Such a proceeding would be irregular, all ques- tions of this nature being left to the determiuation of the court itself." THE ARMY AND NA VY. 481 To this Admiral Schley replied : " While it is true that one of my coun- sel, Captain Parker, in reply to an inquiry made to him, did give his personal opinion of the several rear admirals on the active and retired lists, among whom was Rear- Admiral Howison, I am assured by him that he believes the Secretary misunder- stood him that any one of the officers named would be perfectly satisfactory to me. Captain Parker's conversation was had at a time when nothing was known of the alleged interview as published. It was with the desire to avoid the necessity of making a former challenge that I requested the department to lay before Admiral Howison the statements that he is alleged to have made, and thus give him the opportunity to take such action as his sense of the propriety of the occasion might suggest. I therefore respectfully state that the department has not placed the proper construction upon my letter when it treated it in the nature of a preliminary challenge for cause. I could not chal- lenge for cause until I discovered there was a cause, and the object of my com- munication, as is evident upon its face, was to ascertain if Rear Admiral Howison had made this statement. You will observe in this connection that in his original statement he says, ' I have made no public utterance relating to this sub- ject.' I submit that his private utterances would affeqt his qualification as much as his public utterances, and my request was only to have this alleged interview submitted for his consideration." Although the Navy Department had thus refused to interrogate Rear- Admiral Howison concerning the interview, he voluntarily made a state- ment regarding it in a letter to Acting Secretary Hackett dated August 31, in which he says 1 "I have no recollection of the gentle- man representing the Boston Record, and I do not approve of his public statement as mine. I cannot say that I have not discussed with acquaintances matters published in the newspapers relating to our navy's success, as well as the unfortu- nate disputes so widely commented on." Admiral Howison also expressed in this letter his entire readiness either to be relieved from duty on the court or to serve on it conscientiously as the best interests of the service would seem to require. In his reply, Mr. Hackett says the department has no purpose of relieving Vol. 11—33. him of his duty, but considers itself fortunate in his choice. Spanish Comments. Very important and interesting is the testimony of Spanish officers of the ships sunk by the United States fleet at Santiago. The New York /ournaPs Madrid correspondent elic- ited from Admiral Cervera, Captain Moreu of the Colon and another Spanish officer their judgment upon the part played by Admiral Schley and his flagship the Brooklyn in the memorable engagement. Said Ad- miral Cervera : '• Admiral Schley accomplished fully the work allotted to him, and, therefore, it does not seem to me that there is any room for adverse criticism — at least, from the American side. I don't know Admiral Sampson, and I have no comment to make upon him. Your ships went straight to work, probably without much com- manding." And Captain Moreu, of the Colon . "All the American officers, without exception, did their duty in the naval battle at Santiago. So did we, although it is certain that we were vanquished by superiority of force. " It is absurd and unpatriotic to make any exception in the case of Admiral Scnley. "It is absurd, because the Brooklyn was in the thick of the fight throughout. She was at the mouth of the harbor when we tried to pass out, and engaged us with a terrific fire, doing frightful damage to the end. In the pursuit of the Cristobal Colon we surrendered to the Brooklyn forty-five miles west of Santiago. " The Brooklyn was the first to en- counter us as we were coming out, and the first to lead in the pursuit, and she kept up the lead, with the Oregon vastly aiding. " I believe the whole crew of the Brooklyn, including Schley, acted with great bravery under fire and amid the storm of projectiles. '' Of all the American ships the Brook- lyn was the most exposed to our fire and to that of our batteries. " Commodore Schley's own report was a model of a plain, sailor-like, and gentle- manly statement. " Schley directed that our officers retain their personal effects. "A coward is never generous." Lieutenant Capriles, Governor of 482 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 Santiago, who was aboard the Vizcaya, testifies : •' I was on the bridge of the Vizcaya and saw the fight. I saw the Brooklyn, and from an excellent position observed her movements. The Brooklyn attacked us, and it is ridiculous to say the Brooklyn kept too far away or stayed out of the fight. The number of times the Brooklyn was struck shows she was more in the fight than any other American ship. * * " I should be ashamed of my manhood, of my country, and of the people who, though having beaten us, treated us as brothers, if I did not bear testimony that Schley is a brave and accomplished officer, and that the Brooklyn played a distin- guished part in the battle." Rear Admiral Evans Reprimanded. In a book written by Rear Admiral Rob4ey D. Evans entitled "A Sailor's Log" are contained certain dis- paraging remarks upon the motives of Mr. William E. Chandler, Secretary of the Navy in 1884, in detaching Mr. Evans, then a commander in the Navy, from duty as an inspector in a lighthouse district. Mr. Chandler, in a letter of complaint addressed to Mr. Long, Secretary of the Navy, calls the remarks of the rear-admiral libelous and denies that in detaching Commander Evans he was actuated by partisan motives. August 9, Mr. F. W. Hackett, Act- ing Secretary of War, addressed a reprimand to Rear-Admiral Evans, "for this breach of the obligation imposed upon him as a commissioned officer in the Navy." "You are informed,"writes Mr. Hackett, "that this deliberate publication of yours has justly incurred the displeasure of the department. For an officer thus to attack a former head of the Navy Department because of orders given to him by that official is to abandon the courtesy that should always acterize an officer of the navy. If tolerated it would unquestion- ably prove subversive of discipline. It would tend to bring the office itself into disrepute. The act is the more repre- hensible in this instance because of your long experience in the service." The New York Evening Post thus remarks upon the action of the tem- WILL IT COME TO THIS? Future Lieutenant : " Aren't you going to sink the enemy, captain? "* Future Captain: "I'd like too, but it's safer to keep out of the way. Think of the inquiries and court-martials and things ! Full speed ahead ! " — The Chicago News. LA BOR I NT E RES TS. 483 porary head of the Navy Department: "Assistant Secretary Hackett's repri- mand of Rear- Admiral Robley D. Evans is a blow in the face of every naval officer. In telling non-officially the story of his naval career, Rear-Admiral Evans narrated the incident of his being de- tached from the lighthouse service because of his refusal to give way to political demands upon him and charac- terized the action of the Secretary at that time, without mentioning his name, as the sting of an insect. Secretary Chandler has Deen out of the Navy Department for sixteen years, and therefore Rear-Admiral Evans was in no way contravening the usual rules of discipline which wisely forbid a subordinate to criticise his superior. Had he criticised Gideon Welles or some earlier Secretary, no one would have dreamed of taking him to task for it. Authority of Naval Militia Officers. A coal-passer in the naval service named Tegeler having appealed to the supreme court of the District of Columbia from the sentence of a court martial which had ordered him to be imprisoned three months for refusing to obey an order of Lieutenant Com- mander S. G. Hopkins of the District of Columbia naval militia, Justice Clabaugh dismissed the petitition August 14. Tegeler then had the case taken up to the Court of Appeals. The Secretary of the Navy, it was believed, would release Tegeler on parole pending the final judgment. The case possesses great interest for regular naval officers. They are of opinion that should the sentence of the court martial be confirmed, the effect will be to subject all subordi- nate officers of the navy as well as enlisted men in the regular service to the orders of naval militia officers. War Pensioners. According to a statement by Com- missioner Evans of the Pension Bureau published August 18, the pen- sioners on the rolls at the end of June numbered 997,735, a net gain of 4,206 over the previous year. Of the gains to the rolls, 3,849 were from the war with Spain. The pensioners are classified as follows: Survivors, 8,655; invalids, 739,994 ; widows, 249,086. There were 45,860 claimants for pen- sions in the year. The pension rolls still contain the names of one survivor and 1,527 widows on account of the War of 1812; 1,086 survivors and 3,479 widows on account of Indian wars, and 7,568 survivors and 8,109 widows on account of the Mexican War. The bureau issued 109,668 certificates of all classes in the year, 44,225 being for original pension. The number of claims pending on July 1 last was 403,569. The statement gives the following amounts of money paid pensioners under different administrations: President Grant's first term $116,136,275 Average per year 29,034,064 President Grant's second term 114,395,357 Average per year 28,598,839 President Hayes's administration 14t.332.489 Average per year 38,110,622 President Garfield's administration. ... 237,825.070 Average per year 59,456,263 President Cleveland's first term 305,036,662 Average per year 76,409,165 President Harrison's administration ... 519,707.726 Average per year 129,926,931 President Cleveland's second term 557,9^0^07 Average per year 139,487,602 President McKinley's first term 560,000,547 Average per year 140,000,137 LABOR INTERESTS. Steel Workers Strike. FAILURE OF CONFERENCE. A CONFERENCE of President Theodore J. Schaffer and fourteen other members of the executive board of the Amalgamated Association of iron, steel, and tin work- ers (p. 420 )was held with J. Pierpont Morgan, Charles M. Schwab, and other representatives of the United States Steel Corporation and its con- stituent companies in New York City, August 3. The two parties were in conference for one hour and failed to come to an agreement. The officers of the Amalgamated Association published a statement in which, after quoting the terms of the basis of settlement offered by the United States Steel Corporation in the conference, they set forth their own terms of settlement, which are a modification of the terms they pro- posed in July. The terms offered in this conference by the representatives of the United States Steel Corpora- tion are given as follows in the state- 4»4 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA, October No. 1901, ment signed by Mr. Schaffer and his fellow members of the Amalgamated Association's executive board : " Conditions under which we are willing to advise a settlement of the labor diffi- culties : " Tin Plate Company — Should proceed under the contract signed with the Amal- gamated Association of July 1, 1901. "American Steel Hoop Company — Committee should sign the scale for all the mills owned by the American Steel Hoop Company that were signed for last year. "American Sheet Steel Company — Should sign the scale for all the mills of this company that were signed for last year, except the Old Meadow mill and the Saltsburg mills." Mr. Schaffer and his associates in their statement remark upon these terms that they are far less liberal than the Steel Corporation had offered in July : They further note the expres- sion in the " preamble " of an intention simply " to advise settlement by the underlying companies". These terms, the corporation's " ultimatum " as they have been termed, Mr. Schaffer and his associates declined to accept, but offered a new basis of settlement which is a modification of the one offered by the Amalgamated Associa- tion in July. These new terms they preface with an explanation as follows: " At the last conference, as at those preceding it, we required signatures of the scales for all the mills owned and operated by the United States Steel Corporation, while in the proposition given below we ask that the scale be signed for none but those mills which are organized, and where the men ceasing to to work have signified their desire to be connected with the Amalgamated Associ- ation. This modification has been made be- cause the trust officials declared that we wished to force men into the organization against their will and desire. We there- fore asked that the scale be signed for only those men who desire it." The new proposition was that the scales should be adopted in "Sheet Mills — All mills signed for last year, with the exception of Saltsburg and Scottdale, and with the addition of McKeesport and Wellsville. "Hoop Mills — All mills now known to be organized — namely, Youngs town, Gir- ard, Greenville, Pomeroy, Warren, Lind- say, McCutcheon, Clark, Bar Mill Monessen, Mingo, 12-inch and 9-inch and hoop mills of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. " Tin Mills — All mills except Monessen. " Note: All other matters of detail to be left for settlement by conference." GENERAL STRIKE ORDERED. August 6, Mr. Schaffer, duly author- ized by the entire executive commit- tee, sent out to the vice-presidents of the Association in the various dis- tricts and to the presidents of all the lodges in the mills of the United States Steel Corporation the follow- ing letter : " Brethren : The officials of the United States Steel Trust have refused to recognize as union men those who are now striving for the right to organize. The executive board has authorized me to issue a call upon all Amalgamated and other union men in name and heart to join in the movement to fight for labors' rights. We must fight or give up forever our personal liberties. You will be told that you have signed contracts, but you never agreed to sur- render those contracts to the United States Steel Corporation. Its officers think you were sold to them just as the mills, with contracts and all. Remember, before you agreed to any contract you took an obligation to the Amalgamated Association. It now calls you to help in this hour of need. Unless the trouble is settled on or before Saturday, August 10, 1901, the mills will close when the last turn is made on that day. Brethren, this is the call to preserve our organization, We trust you and need you. Come and help us, and may right come to a just cause. Fraternally yours, T. J. Shaffer." The day before the order to strike was to go into effect, Mr. Samuel Gompers, President of the Federa- tion of Labor, issued an address de- fining the attitude of the order of which he is the official head toward the Amalgamated Association in its contention with the United States Steel Corporation. After reciting the history of the strike he says : " We shall stand by the Amalgamated Association in the present conflict to the full extent of our power, both morally LABOR INTERESTS. 485 and financially ; we shall aid in every lawful way the men on strike, or who may come out on strike to maintain the workers in their right to organize and the extension of their organization, so that the only power which stands for their pro- tection and advancement against the avarice of concentrated wealth may be perfected and perpetuated. When the overweening rich combine for avarice, power and tyranny, is it not the duty of the workers to unite for home, justice, right and humanity?" PROGRESS OK THE STRIKE. The response of the workers to the order to strike was far less en- couraging than its managers had expected. In Milwaukee, the Bay- view lodge of the Association, by unanimous vote taken on August 1 1 , decided not to obey the order. The works at Bayview are managed by the Illinois Steel Company, and the president of the lodge warned his associates that should they go out, they would stand alone among that Company's employees, for the mills at Chicago and at Joliet would surely go on, as the men had decided to observe their contract with their em- ployers. In both those places, the vote to remain at work was nearly unanimous. The men in the Chicago mills made a public statement defin- ing their position in which they de- clared that in justice to themselves and the Illinois Steel Company they were compelled to disregard the order of President Shaffer, as they had no grievances, and had contracts signed that would not expire for another year. August 1 4, however, at the instiga- tion of the strike leaders, the men at Joliet held a meeting to reconsider their action of the nth. This meet- ing was addressed by Vice-President Davis of Chicago and by Assistant Secretary Tighe of the Amalgamated Association, both of whom appealed to the organization fealty of the men and urged them earnestly to be men and to stand by the union. The con- ference was in session six hours and then by a unanimous vote decided to comply with the order of President Schaffer. Similar efforts at Milwau- kee had a like result: the vote to continue at work was rescinded and the men struck. But an effort in Chicago to rescind the action taken on Angust n had a different result. There the steel workers by an overwhelming vote re- fused to reconsider their refusal to strike: they laughed and cheered when Mr. Tighe declared them ex- cluded from the Amalgamated Asso- iation. In a long statement pub- lished by the Chicago lodges, the Lakeside Lodge, No. 9, and the Com- mercial Lodge, No. 1 4, they base their refusal to obey the order to strike on the existence of a contract with their employers, the Illinois Steel Com- pany, adding the notable statement : MAr SHOWING LOCATION AND CONDITION OF PROMINENT MILLS AFFECTED BY THE STRIKE ON AUGUST 1$. 486 AFFAIRS IN AMFRICA. October No., 1901 " We do not wish to bring the Amalga- mated Association into disrepute with our employers, all labor organizations, or the general public by breaking a con tract at this time." The number of members of the Amalgamated Association who went out on strike in response to the two calls, the first in July and the second in August, was estimated two days after the second call at 60,000. Dur- ing the month there were gains and losses both for the Association and for the several Companies: at the end of the month the number of strikers was probably undiminished, but the Companies had in some meas- ure filled the places of strikers with new men, and mills that immediately after the second strike order were closed, were one after another opened and put in full or in partial operation. No statement was made by the companies during the month of the state of affairs in all their mills ; but on August 5 — five days before the second strike order was issued — the situation, as reported, by official au- thority of the companies apparently, was as follows : Number of men and boys employed in mills of the American Tin Plate Com- pany in 27 plants 8,320 ; their daily wages $23,575. On August 5, all of these plants were idle except that at Monessen, which had 500 men at work, earning $1,500 a day. The plants of the American Steel Hoop Company that were idle (11) em- ploy 3600 men and boys; wages $8,200. This company had only one of its plants in operation: 100 men and boys at $200. a day wages. The idle plants of the American Sheet Steel Company were 17 in number: it usually employs in these 4300 men ; daily wages $12,600: the company had in oper- ation four plants with 1200 men, wages $3,600. The National Steel Company was as yet untouched by the strike: it had six plants employing 4100 men at $10,450: several of these plants were closed afterward in virtue of the strike order. The National Tube Company had six plants organized by the Amalga- mated Association and nine plants that were non-union: it usually employs 10,700 hands: wages $2 1 ,000. The Federal Steel Company in its six plants employs 13,000 men: wages $26,000. As it was not thought probable that the Carnegie plants would be involved in the strike, no account was taken of the number of men or of the wages paid in these plants. SPORT. International Yacht Races. COLUMBIA THE DEFENDER OF "AMERICA'S " CUP. \ FTFR two official trial races off r\ Newport, the Columbia was chosen over the Constitution as cup-defender in the races for the " Americas " cup ( pp, 233, 294, 422 ). The first race took place August 31. Both boats were in perfect trim, and the breeze was light, a breeze of the Constitution to do her best. Pos- sibly the Constitution suffered by a mistaken placing of the living ballast too far off on the homeward run, mak- ing her drag water. The Columbia beat by 3 minutes, 8 seconds elapsed time, 4 minutes, 9 seconds cor- rected time. The second race was sailed September 4 in a nine-knot • breeze, freshening to a stiff blow. The Columbia won by 17 seconds, cor-, rected time, though her elapsed time was 54 seconds longer than the Con- stitution's. Work was begun on breaking up the Independence, September 5. ARRIVAL OF THE SHAMROCK. The Shamrock II arrived in New York, August 12. Experts who ex- amined her hull as exposed in the Erie dry docks pronounced the model produced by Watson's towing-tanks experiments an entirely original and admirable one. The yacht has made some of her best trials off Sandy Hook, add the feeling that the Colum- bia has a dangerous challenger is on the increase. Odds against her have fallen in New York from 5 to 3 and 5 to 4 on August 31 to 10 to 9 and even money September 5. Sir Thomas Lipton was received in New York, August 21, with an, enthu- siastic welcome that began when the Teutonic reached the harbor and may be said to have continued ever since. Sir Thomas's generous sportsman's VARIOUS STATES AXJ> TERRITORIES. 487 spirit makes him the man to whom, if to anyone, Americans might be willing to lose the cup. * CANADA V' CUP WON BACK. The Invader, the challenger for the Royal Canadian Yacht Club's Cup, commonly called the " Canada's" Cup, won it back from the Chicago Yacht Club's (vol. 9, p. 650) defender, "The Cadillac" being the leader in three in a series of four races, sailed August 10-14, on Lake Michigan. One of the races, however, was won on a foul. Cresceus Lowers His Own Record. Cresceus, the world's champion trotter, (Vol. 10, p. 738, Vol. 11, p. 423) again broke the race record, lowering it at Brighton Beach, August 16, from 2.05 to 2.031-4. At Read- ville, August 23, he reduced the world's record for a final quarter to 0.293-4. The great trotter is described as "a big, raw-boned, ungainly animal, and a sleepy-looking one until lie is called upon to exert himself. Just then, however, he wakes up, and anything more suggestive of the power of an irresistible machine than Cresceus in action it is difficult to imagine". His pedigree is a subject of sharp controversy among breeders. One school maintains that he is not well-bred because none of his near ancestors are thoroughbred. The other holds that a •great sire and dam are worth more than the longest pedigree which lacks strength in (immediate parents. Robert McGregor, the sire of Cresceus, was not a fashion- ably-bred horse, but was considered on the whole the best trotting stallion of his day ; and Mabel, the dam, was practi- cally invincible in her campaign of 1892. Mr. Ketchum bought her when she was old, and paid less than a hundred dollars foj her. For Robert McGregor he paid about $1 7,000. VARIOUS STATES AND TERRITORIES. Alabama. THE NEW CONSTITUTION. THE draft of the new Constitu- tion (p. 423) was approved by the State Constitutional Con- vention early in August. Some of its leading provisions are : A four-year instead of a two-year term of office for State officials ; State elections to be held at the same date as Congress elections ; schools to receive a certain proportion of the taxes paid to the state, instead of depending on appropriations made by the legislature ; a new basis of suffrage, with the "grandfather clause", whereby soldiers in colonial, Mexican, Indian and civil wars and their descend- ants can vote without subscribing to an educational qualification. This provis- ion allows ignorant white men to vote. Negroes will not come under this head, as their being descended from soldiers would be too difficult of proof. All negroes and whites not protected by the " grandfather clause " will be allowed to vote only upon being able to read and write any article of the State or the United States Constitution, and who shall have paid a poll tax of $1.50, or upon paying taxes on $-300 worth of land. The latter provision will, of course, let in some negroes. New York. DEFRAUDING THE CUSTOM HOUSE. Early in August it was discovered that certain importers at New York had for some time been, by collusion with employe's of the Appraiser's office, evading the custom law by fraudulent appraisals. The charges of fraud lie principally against the firm of A. S. Rosenthal & Co. It now appears that for some years official examiners of silk fabrics were in the pay of im- porters of such goods. To cover up such transactions the cash paid to the conniving officials used to be entered in the books of the importing firms as salary to one or more of their own employes. This salary was actually drawn by the employe to whom it was credited, and afterward the money was turned back by him to the head of the firm, enclosed in a plain envelope, which was handed to the custom's official who had been bribed. As outlined to the Government the method of procedure closely resembled the method said to be followed in the New York Police Depart- ment in selling protection to gamblers and other lawbreakers. The fabrics undervalued were chiefly from Japan ; woven of silk thread and a fine quality of cotton ; they are in lively demand and are im- ported in great quantity. These silks are not produced in the United States, because the operatives in 488 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 Japan who are engaged in this manufac- ture receive only six or seven cents a day, and American mill owners have found it impossible to compete with them, despite the fact that the duty upon the goods is exceedingly high. Consequently, the tariff affecting this class of silks is not a " protective " tariff, and it is obvious that importers able to bring the silks into the country at a less cost Than their competi- tors have an immense advantage over other importers in the same business. ALLEGED COLLUSION OF POLICE WITH CRIMINALS. The revelations of police protec- tion of criminals in New York City and-complicity-with-them filled every day whole pages of newspapers and occupied much of the time of courts and grand juries through the whole month. Captains of police were charged in court with being the pro- tectors of the criminal classes and with receiving contributions from them ; several captains were held for trial, and with them several " ward- men " and sergeants. Each day brought new developments of corrup- tion leading apparently to the highest officers of the department. It was affirmed that the Police Department's telegraph system was regularly employed as a means of notifying the keepers of gambling- houses and other disreputable places of " raids " intended to be made upon them. Of this feature of the revela- tions the New York Journal (Dem.) said : We no longer have a police force. The machine for which honest men pay £10, 000,000 a year is in the hands of the crim- inal classes, who use it to defeat the ends of its existence. And the New York Press (Rep.) : " We pay a sum approaching ten mil- lions a year for its (the police force's) maintenance. We devote a large part of that sum to an elaborate signal system of telegraphs and telephones. Its pri- mal purpose nominally is to facilitate the capture of the violaters of the law. Its primal purpose actually is to facilitate the escape of the violators of the law. Its sergeants and telegraph operators are the 1 lookout men ' for pool rooms, we know from this evidence, gambling-houses and brothels, we may fairly infer from this evidence, counterfeiters', bank robbers', burglars*, forgers', swindlers', resorts, we may, and not rashly imagine from this evidence. Formerly the use of ' a mes- sage to headquarters' was, in theory at least, to set the machinery of the law in motion for the detection ot crime. Now, in practise, it is to set the machinery of the law in motion for the protection of THEY ARE MINE!" New York Herald, August 19. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. crime. Those wires were supposed to be burdened with warnings, flashing from post to post, of the sentinel guard- ians of society, against the machinations of the enemies of society. And lo and behold ! they are loaded with priceless counsel, bought by the betrayal of soci- ety's trust, for the safe continuance of those very machinations. If we are fleeced in a gaming-house and complain to the police we hear an operator tick off what we fancy is an order to apprehend the keeper of the den. But if we can read the Morse alphabet we learn that it is a notice to the swindlers that their vic- tim has ' squealed ' and to be on the look- out for Parkhurst agents. If there are a number of such complaints, why, the operator at headquarters has fifteen dens on one 'loop'. With the click of the key or the taking up of a transmitter he can warn every considerable pool-room or faro bank in Manhattan, so perfect is the system for betraying and defeating the ends of society for which society pays." Texas. HOMESTEAD LAWS. The Outlook gives an interesting account of a recent act of the legisla- ture, by which is opened for settle- ment an area of public land larger than the State of Connecticut. The terms of settlement are very liberal. The lands to be disposed of are situated in some fifty of the coun- ties of the western part of the State of Texas: till now they have been rented by the State to cattle breeders and grazers at three cents an acre annually. They are absolutely "worth- less for agriculture", say the cattle- men ; but agriculturists are of a different opinion, and the people of the counties concerned brought pres- sure to bear on the legislature to have the tracts opened for settlement. Any homeseeker who will settle on a section, live there three years, and mean- while make improvements to the amount of $300 at least, may obtain tide by agree- ing to pay one dollar an acre by instal- ments for 40 years, with interest at the rate of three per cent in deferred payments. The settler who takes a quarter-section, therefore, need only pay four dollars a year on his principal, and a maximum of less than five dollars as interest to acquire his one hundred-and-sixty-acre farm. In other words, he virtually leases at a rental of five and a half per cent, and acquires ownership without any other payment in the forty years. The new Texas law allows the settler to take as much as four sections — the motive being doubUess the anticipated desire of some of the homesteaders to go into the cattle business in a small way in connection with their farms. Inasmuch as the homesteaders pay at least as high a rental as the cattle companies have done, and soon begin to pay taxes on the homes they build and improvements they make, the State is of course enriched, in spite of its generosity. Louisiana. EXPLOSION ON BRITISH TRANSPORT. While the British steamship Mechanician lay in the river at New Orleans prepared to carry mules to South Africa, in the night between August 9 and 10 there occurred a violent explosion on board, which filled the crew with terror and shook houses in the neighborhood. No lives were lost. Many mule drivers who from time to time made the voyage to South Africa on British transport ships have complained of ill usage and some of them have brought actions at law against the ovmers or managers of the ships. The explosion was thought to be the act of one of these com- plaining muleteers. PERSONAL AND MISCELLA- NEOUS. Chinese in Transit to Mexico. AUGUST 22, an attache of the Chinese legation at Washing- ton called the attention of Mr. Taylor, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, to a message received from the Chinese consul at San Francisco, complaining that the privilege of landing at that port had been denied to Chinese destined for Mexico. The answer of Mr. Taylor was that the department had become convinced that most of the Chinese who had gone into Mexico in the last two or three years had smuggled themselves back across the border into the United States. He therefore announced that hereafter the department would refuse landing permission to Chinese bound 49© AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 for Mexico, unless it could be abso- lutely satisfied of their good faith. If the Chinaman is under contract to perform labor in Mexico he may pre- sent his contract as evidence, but in case of his failure to satisfy the officials he will not be permitted to land. The first step of the government to put a stop to the reflux of Chinese from across the Mexican border was taken August 24, when William M. Hoey, collector of customs at Nogales, Ariz., B. F. Jossey, immigrant inspector there, and Frank How, a Chinaman, were arrested. The first intimation the department re- ceived of anything being wrong came in a letter from a young man who had formerly been a clerk in the Treasury Department, and who was transferred to Nogales in the Chinese inspection service. He wrote a letter to Assistant Secretary Ailes telling of his suspicions and enclosing such evidence as he had been able to gather. Secret Servicemen were at once assigned to the case and speedily found that the situation was worse than the young clerk had suspected. They found that when a Chinaman had paid money to any one of the conspirators his certificate of identifi- cation was marked with a letter "A". This mark was recognized by men all along the border, and Chinamen who had it had no difficulty in passing through the lines. Hoey, who was foreman in a steel mill and known as a labor leader, was ap- pointed about a year and a half ago. His predecessor had been displaced because of certain alleged violations of the civil ser- vice law, and when Hoey came to Wash- ington for instructions Secretary Gage took occasion to caution him to avoid every temptation to wrongdoing and warned him that the administration of the office must be at all times above suspicion. Notwithstanding this Hoey seems to have soon got into the Chinese ring, which the evidence collected by the secret service men shows had been in existence ever since the last Cleveland administration. The number of China- men smuggled through is believed to have been very large, Standard Oil Company's Dividend. At a meeting of the Directors of the Standard Oil Company, held at New York August 6, a dividend of $8 a share was declared for the third quarter of the present year : the divi- dend, amounting in all to $8,000,000, was made payable September 16. In the previous first and second quarter of the year, the dividends paid amounted to $32,000,000; and thus the dividends for the three quarters is $40,000,000. The divi- dend for the first quarter was $20. a share — in all $20,000,000, and that of the second quarter was $12. a share — $12,000,000. The dividend of the fourth quarter is expected to bring the year's dividends up to a total exceeding that of 1900, which was $48,000,000, viz. first quarter $20,000,000, second $1 0,000,000, third $8,000,000, fourth $10,000,000. That was the company's "banner year". In recording these facts the New York Herald says : " The declaration of the dividend of $8,000,000 yesterday is taken to mean that the development of the oil industry in the California fields and the discovery of the " gushers " in Texas, which have been heralded throughout the country as the greatest blows yet struck at the big Trust, have not by any means impaired its immense earning powers. On the contrary, it is said by authorities on the oil trade, that the discovery of the new oil fields has assisted in developing cer- tain branches of the Trust's domestic business." A Salmon Trust. Arrangements were completed in New York August 16 for the forma- tion of a salmon trust company, the Pacific Packing and Navigation Com- pany, with a capital stock of $25,000,000 and bonds to the amount of $7,000,000. The only large salmon packing com- pany outside of the trust is the Alaska Packers' Association, but that will work in harmony with the trust. It is expected that the new trust will handle 2,000,000 cases of salmon yearly, and should the the Alaska Packers' Association come into the trust, the annual output will be 3,000,000 cases. The trust will have five ocean steamships in its service. Largest Steamship Afloat. The steamship Celtic, of the* White Star line, reached New York on her first transatlantic voyage August 4. The Celtic is the largest vessel ever CANADA. 49« built — the most capacious — though in length over all she is exceeded by the Oceanic and in beam is far less than the Great Eastern of 1858 ; in depth, too, she is less than the Great East- ern. But in displacement and in gross tonnage she has no equal. The Celtic was not built for speed, hence in that regard she is far inferior to almost all the Atlantic liners. How the Celtic compares with her prede- cessors appears from the following table, compiled by the Scientific American : a 2% J 5 i8 ll O 0 H I Great Kastern 1858 1888 1890 1895 1893 1897 1899 1900 1901 Feet. 585 025 649 & 700 Feet. g 3 68 67 75 Feet. 57V» 42 42 42 41 Vi 43 49 40', 49 Tons. 27.000 15,000 13,800 16,000 19,000 21,000 32.500 23.500 37,7oo Tons. 18,915 10,500 9.984 11,600 12,950 14,349 17.274 2o!88o Knots. UV4 Fans 20 20 St. Paul 21 Lucania 22 22.8 Oceanic 21 23.5 Celtic 16 CANADA. The Census Returns. THE population of the Dominion, as given in the first bulletin of the new census issued August 16, is 5,338,883. The total number of families is 1,043,296; of dwellings, 1,006,652. Many of the figures are now undergoing revision, but no im- portant changes are expected. The totals for the various provinces are: Province. Ontario Quebec Nova Scotia New Brunswick.... Manitoba British Columbia . N. W. Territories P. E. Island 1901. 1,167,978 .620,971 459.116 246.464 190,000 145.000 10.1.258 1891. 2,114,321 1.488.535 450,396 321,263 152.506 109, ,078 In- crease. 53.657 132,439 8,720 9.830 93.958 92.927 78,201 '5,820 •Decrease. Some of the cities which show the largest gains are : Cities. 1 90 1. 1891. In- crease. Montreal 266,826 WE 42,336 as 9.908 37.983 l6£ji HB,l8l l8l,220 63.090 25.639 44.154 13,709 2.427 31.977 5.515 12,753 46,645 26,751 Toronto Quebec Ottawa 15.748 If* Sydney Valleyneld iffl Brantford The census returns show that the population is flowing westward, that the cities are growing at the expense of the rural districts, and that French Canada is outstripping British Can- ada. The gain in total population since the preceding census (under the date of April 5, 1891,) is 505,644, or 10.46 per cent, the smallest increase during the last three decades, for the gain between 1881 and 1891 was over n per cent, and that between 187 1 and 1 88 1, 17 per cent The slow growth of population is particu- larly striking in Ontario. REASONS FOR SMALL INCREASE. Some members of Parliament wish during the next session to compel by legislation a recount ; many believing that the totals of 1891 were stuffed. They hold that the small increase of population is inconsistent with the increase in the number of families reported this year. Some criticise the method of taking the census, saying, for instance, that the assessors have too large a hand in it, since people are not anxious to register themselves in records kept by tax-col- lectors. One explanation suggested is that during the rive years 1891 to 1896, so many Canadians moved to the United States as to counterbalance the migra- tion from the United States during the years, 1896-1901. Some think the ex- planation is to be found in the unwilling- ness of English people to incur the re- sponsibility of large families: others point out that the same reluctance exists 492 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 in the United States, where the increase, however, is 18 per cent. AFFECT ON PARLIAMENTARY SENTATION. REPRE- In accordance with the British North America Act, the provinces are represented in the Dominion Parlia- ment in the proportion that their pop- ulation bears to that of Quebec, which always has 65 members. Con- sequently a re-apportionment should follow this census. If these changes in representation should be made, it would result in the reduction of the total number of members of the lower house from 2 1 3 to an. Canada's Foreign Trade. Although the increase in population during tne last decade has been so small as compared with previous years, Canadian foreign trade has increased remarkably. It now averages about $70 per capita, while that of the HON. DAVID MILLS, MINISTER OF JUSTICE, WHO REPRESENTED CANADA IN THE CONFERENCE CONCERNING COLONIAL REPRESENTATION ON THE IMPERIAL PRIVY COUNCIL. Probably Nova Scotia will lose 2 mem- bers, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island each 1 : Manitoba will gain 3 or 4, the North Western Territories 2, and British Columbia 1 or 2. Legislation will be necessary, however, before any increase in the representation of the Territories can be made. Ontario would lose s members, except that the propor- tion of her population to the population of the Dominion is said to be a little short of 1-30 less than the proportion in 1891, while, according to the usual inter- pretation of the British North American Act, the loss in any province must be 1-20 or more before any reduction can occur. United States averages only $29 per capita. During the last 34 years, although the Canadian population has grown only 50 per cent, her foreign commerce has increased 250 per cent. Prof. Robertson, Dominion Com- missioner of Agriculture and Dairying, who has just returned with Mr. Fisher, Minister of Agriculture (whos.e por- trait we give on p. 493), from a two months' visit to England in the interests of Canadian food products, makes the following interesting statements re- CANADA. 493 garding the trade with Great Britain in these products : " There is a more general recognition of Canadian food products in British mar- kets, due to the improved quality and the larger volume of trade in them. For instance, in the year 1900 Canada's export of wheat flour to Britain was sixteen times greater than any year previously. Butter, sixty times, and bacon twenty times greater, while the export of cheese is twice as large. To put it another way — from sending only seven per cent of the total food imports of Great Britain we are now sending sixteen percent — and I see no reason why we should not keep up that rate of increase and make it thirty per cent in the next ten years. " In ten years the value of other exports to Britain has risen from twenty-four to seventy-two million dollars, and in ten years more we should be sending two hundred million dollars' worth, and that without anything but the steady probable increase. In many of these lines of produce the export from the United States to Britain have decreased, owing partly to the growing domestic demand. Already their cheese trade has almost disappeared, being down to twelve per cent of Britain's total import, against our sixty per cent. Only fifteen years ago they sent twice as much cheese as we did." It is noteworthy, however, in this connection that the fifty-first annual report of the Chamber of Commerce of Liverpool makes hardly any men- tion of Canada, although whole sections are devoted to the trade possibilities of the other colonies. Proposed Fast Transatlantic Line. The British House of Lords sus- pended the sessional order August 14 to pass a bill already passed by the lower house that sanctions a new venture to lessen the time of passage between England and America. The bill gives permission for the building of piers in the harbor of Bearhaven, on Bantry Bay, in the southwest corner of Ireland. The intention is to gain about 200 miles sea voyage by starting from Bear- haven, and by means of an express line across Ireland, and a ferry across the English Channel, to land mail and passengers in London in twelve or thirteen hours from Bearhaven. It is proposed to have six steamers, four for New York, and two for Sydney or Halifax in Canada, and a sufficient gain of time is expected to reduce the time of crossing the Atlantic for steamers with turbine engines to four and a half days. Manitoba's Wheat Harvest. The response to Manitoba's call for harvesters for her great wheat crop (p. 430) met a hasty response, but unfortunately, owing to the lack of system in distributing the men, MR. SYDNEY A. FISHER, MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE. and to the fact that the excursions were a fortnight too early, many labor- ers were for a time stranded near some of the large towns, without work except for lower wages than had been promised. A few riotous demonstra- tions were made, but quickly quieted. The responses to the call for help were so generous that the whole crop will undoubtedly be cut and promptly shipped. 494 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 Quebec. SURPLUS IN PROVINCIAL FINANCES. For the first time in her history, the annual financial statement of the province of Quebec for the year end- ing June 30, shows a surplus of re- ceipts over expenditures. This is all the more remarkable, as $60,000 of the public debt has been wiped out during the year. The surplus, when even the railway subsidies are included, is $60,216.64. MR. CARNEGIE OFFERS LIBRARY. Mr. Andrew Carnegie has expressed his willingness to give $150,000 toward a public library building in Montreal, provided the city will pro- vide a suitable location for the build- ing, and appropriate $15,000 annually for its maintenance. Personal and Miscellaneous. The Duke and Duchess of Corn- wall and York are expected to arrive on the royal yacht Ophir at Halifax, about September 15, to begin an ex- tensive tour of tbe provinces of the Dominion, and in all the cities along their route, elaborate preparations are being made to do them honor. They will sail for England from Canada, October 21, thus completing their world-wide visit to the British colonies and possessions. The promotions of Lieutenant- Colonel S. B. Steele, South African Constabulary, late commanding Strath- cona's Horse, to the rank of Colonel, and of Captain W. Forester, Royal Canadian Dragoons, to the rank of Major, were gazetted the middle of August. The twenty-third annual Toronto Exhibition was opened August 27, by Sir Wilfred Laurier. The tri-ennial Convention of the Dominion Education Association was held in Ottawa, August 14-16. The corner-stone of the new Massey Hall and library at the Onta- rio Agricultural College at Guelph was laid August 14. Addresses were made by Mr. Walter Massey and Prof. Goldwin Smith. NEWFOUNDLAND. System of Wireless Telegraphy Proposed. SIR Cavendish Boyle, the governor, announced in his speech at the close of the Legislative Assem- bly, August 2, that the Marconi sys- tem of wireless telegraphy will soon be installed along the Labrador coast. August 18, the unofficial announce- ment was made that the Marconi system would be established on Cape Race by the British Admirality in order to insure the safe approach of the royal yacht Ophir, bearing the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York. LONG LIST OF WRECKS. The dangerous nature of the vicin- ity of Cape Race and the need of some more adequate means of protec- tion against disaster than now em- ployed is well show by the mere list given below of steamers wrecked there this year : January 2, steamer Ivydene, Hamburg to Wilmington, salt cargo. February 4, steamer Lucern, Ardossan to St. John's, coal. May 25, steamer Ciewe, Sidney to Belle Island, ballast. June 6, Steamer Assyrian, Antwerp to Montreal, general cargo. June 25, steamer Lusitania, Liv- erpool to Quebec, 450 passengers and general cargo. July 6, steamer Delmar, Dundee to Mobile, ballast. August 2, steamer Vera, London to Montreal, bal- last. August 3, steamer A sis, Galveston to Hamburg, cotton and grain. This is believed to be a record of shipwreck unequaled in any other part of the world. The record made by the Newfoundland Lighthouse Bu- reau of the wrecks during the last 30 years in a strip of but 40 miles on the south-east shore of the island is also appalling. There have been 82 ships lost in that period, of whicji 67 were steamers and 15 sailers. In some places the wrecks were within a stone's throw of each other. SOUTH AM ERICA. 495 New Naval Station. It is announced, though without confirmation, that the British govern- ment has decided to establish a naval station in Newfoundland in order to to train young fishermen for the British navy and to secure the better protection of her interests in North American waters. The third-class cruiser, Calypso, is to be stationed at Marquise, in Placentia Bay on the south side of the island as a station- ary drill ship, and it is expected that Marquise will be gradually developed into an important naval base and coaling station. The bay is considered to have con- siderable strategic importance, opening as it does upon the Grand Banks of New- foundland and thence upon the North Atlantic. It is claimed that a naval squadron stationed at Marquise could control the commerce of Canada by the way of the St. Lawrence to the westward, and could effectually protect British shipping for a considerable distance. Such a station would also afford Great Britain a great advantage in case the dispute with France over the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon (p. 47) should not receive an amicable settlement, for St. Pierre lies off the mouth of Placentia Bay and the capital of Miquelon is but 80 miles from Marquise. MEXICO. Relations Renewed with Austria. THE negotiations for the resump- tion of diplomatic relations between Mexico and Austria- Hungary (p. 2 5 1 ) have been concluded, and the plenipotentiaries appointed to the two countries. Mexico has appointed Don Jose de Teresa of Myranda to represent her at the Austrian court, as was predicted, and Austria has appointed Count Gilbert Hohenward von Gerlachstein as her minister to Mexico. SOUTH AMERICA. Peru. POLITICAL DEADLOCK. TH E difficulty between the Cabinet and the Chamber of Deputies (p. 433) has resulted in a dead- lock. August 13, by a majority of one vote, the Chambei of Deputies adopted a resolution censuring the Cabinet. But, August 28, a motion to the same effect was defeated in the Senate by a similar majoritv of one. The Colombia-Venezuela Imbroglio. GENERAL VIEW. The Colombia-Venezuela affair is an interesting example of South American politics. The key to the relations of the two republics is that the quarrel is primarily one of parties, not of nations. The Revolutionary party in Colombia and the government of President Castro in Venezuela are Liberal ; the government of Colombia and the Revolutionary party in Vene- zuela belong to the Conservative, or Clerical party. If either party may be said to have any consistent political creed, the Liberal party has one in a strong and lasting opposition to the Clericals. The two nations are as much alike in character as well as in language, as when years ago they were both part of one country. Consequently, the Liberals in one country give aid and sympathy to those in the other, and it has not needed the warm personal friendship of President Castro and General Uribe-Uribe to gain Ven- ezuelan aid for the Colombian revolu- tionists. It is this counter-play of alliance that made the reports at first so bewildering, and gave rise to apparent contradictions, such as the report of the Venezuelan General Garlbiros leading a Colombian inva- sion, and the Colombian General Uribe-Uribe's leading a Venezuelan force. President Castro himself, who stands out as the most conspicuous figure in the affair, has repeatedly spoken in the friendliest way of the Venezuelan people, and has made it perfectly clear that it is the Conserva- tive party, not the nation, with which he is at odds. As in all South American politics, the personal element is almost humorously important here. The Venezuelan revolu- 496 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 tion, which it is alleged has driven Presi- dent Castro on to seek a counter-irritant in foreign war, it is now asserted, had its principal cause, aside from the invaria- ble Latin-American proclivities, in the wounded ambition of General Garlbiros, who was cast aside by Castro for inefficiency. Colombia's internal revolution. The active hostilities, or such reports of them as seem approximately true amid the mass of assertion, denial, and repression, comprise two important actions and a number of insignificant ones. Colombia's internal revolution (p. 433), the object of which is variously stated, by the chairman of the revolu- tionary junta in New York as the overthrow of the Clericals, and by Gen. Uribe-Uribe as the unification of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador into Great Colombia, has continued the state of guerilla warfare which has lastea now for two years. The revolutionists have come unpleas- antly near to Bogota, and have made the Isthmus of Panama the scene of continual looting and disturbance that have con- stantly threatened the traffic of the Panama Railway without ever seriously injuring it. In the southern provinces, the most important action was the gain of the entire province of Tolima by the rebel General Marin. The pettiness of the "revolutionary" actions in general may be inferred from the agitation of Senor Herran, the Colombian charge d' affaires at Washington, at the reports that General Marin's army had reached a total of 2500 men, in some degree of discipline. Other actions reported are a Revolutionary success at Palmira, July 10, where many prisoners and supplies were taken, and others at Cananzas and Craton, both in Panama, before August 14; and government victories at Anapo- mia and Jombalo, reported August 18, with a third at Tomaco, August 22. The first is important as showing the insur- gents to be within a day's horseback ride of Bogota. The Isthmian troubles took their most serious form at Bocas del Toro, which was reported August 31 as virtually besieged by 200 revolutionists on an island in the harbor. Com- merce was so interfered with that the foreign consuls, when threats proved unavailing, were obliged to call for a gunboat. MAP SHOWING THE GENERAL REGION IN SOUTH AMERICA WHERE THE FIGHTING IS GOING ON. SOUTH A At ERIC A. 497 ALLEGED INVASIONS OF VENEZUELA. It was not, however, in the Colom- bian domestic hostilities, but in the relations with Venezuela, that the two really important actions occurred. General Garlbiros is reported to have led into Venezuela the last week of July a force of 6000 men, which force is variously stated to have been all Colombians, all Venezuelan revolu- tionists, and a mixture of both. The fighting was at San Cristobal, near the border of Colombia, Las Pellas, La Parada, and Pirineos, occupied 26 hours, and resulted in a total loss of 1 100. Pres- ident Castro claims a complete victory for Venezuela in both this and the second invasion. The facts of this second invasion are especially surrounded with haze. It is said to have taken place at Las Cambros August 9. The first reports gave the invading force as 5,000 or 6,000, but President Castro puts it at 2,000. The leader was at first said to be General Valencia, though, since he is governor of a province, and there had been no declaration of hostilities between the governments, this report has been doubted. Indeed, the whole report has even been suggested to be a fiction of President Castro's for purposes of policy. However it may be, the mere report has had an important use ; for it is by these two " Colombian invasions ", the first of which there is good reason to believe was chiefly, perhaps en- tirely, a Venezuelan revolutionary movement, and of the second of which almost nothing is certain, that Venezuela, in a note to the friendly powers, published September 3, justi- fies her assumption of an attitude of preparation for expected hostilities. This attitude was made known by the withdrawal of the exequaturs, or authorization papers, of the Colombian consuls August 3 1 , and the placing at the same time of 9,800 Venezuelan troops under General Davila in con- venient positions for invading Colom- bia. It has since been stated, however, that the Colombian consuls from whom the exequaturs were withdrawn were not Colombians but Venezuelans, Vol. u—33. who were, in every instance, antago- nistic to Castro. ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES. The United States took no action towards interference until late in the month. Very early the gunboat Machias was sent to Colon, where it arrived August 26, to protect American interests and the traffic on the Panama railway. The Iowa also was ordered to Panama, but early in September had not yet arrived. When the Colombian legation left Caracas, Au- gust 13, the American charge, Mr. Russell, was authorized to use the good offices of the United States for Colombia. No other action was taken until it became apparent that President Castro was determined to bring on war. August 19 he was reported to have sent arms, ammunition and men to the Colombian rebels at Cucuta, and on the 22nd, 800 men to assist Uribe- Uribe's forces at Rio Hacha. August 24, Secretary Hay, during a short visit to the capital, telegraphed the United States representatives at Caracas and Bogota to notify the Foreign Secretaries of Venezuela and Colombia that President McKinley had heard with distress of the likelihood of serious disturbaee between the two countries and to express the willing- ness of the United States to use its U. S. " Mind you don't spatter any of that on my pants." Minneapolis Timts. 498 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. October No., 1901 good offices in the matter, provided such an act will be acceptable to both countries. Although the tone of this despatch is given out by the State department as being perfectly friendly ( the exact language has not been made public ), it is generally felt to be an intima- tion by the United States to Venezuela that any attempt on her part to sub- jugate Colombia would compel this country to interfere, on account of the guarantees given to Colombia in the treaty of 1846 made with New Granada ( now Colombia ). In this treaty, which is still in effect, the United States is pledged to guard the neutrality of the Isthmus of Panama and to guard also the sovereignty of Colombia. The portion of the treaty of 1846 containing the statement of the obli- gations assumed by the United States in return for the free right of way across the Isthmus of Panama is as follows : "The United States guarantee pos- itively and efficaciously to New Granada by the present stipulation the perfect neutrality of the before mentioned isth- mus, with the view that the free transit from the one to the other sea may not be interrupted or embarrassed in any future time while this treaty exists. And in consequence the United States also guarantee in the same manner the rights of sovereignty and property which New Granada has and possesses over the said territory." The situation was a desperate one for Castro. The revolutionaries had been gaining ground : the state of Car- abobo revolted August 23, the day before the sending of the American note ; Garlbiros was in control of the Province af Pachura ; on the 29th, 2000 revolutionists advanced from the Colombian border into Venezuela. August 30, his brother, General Cas- tro, left for France on a mission to renew diplomatic relations, and Sep- tember 3, appeared a public avowal of the danger of war in a note to the friendly powers, in which he declared the necessity for the maintenance of a warlike attitude for the preservation of order and of national honor. Venezuela's answer to Secretary Hay's note of August 24 containing an intimation of the willingness of this country to act as arbitrator in the matter is announced to be somewhat evasive, and is generally considered to be an- other evidence of President Castro's determination to pursue a war policy. Colombia's reply is said to be concil- iatory in character. It declares that both the people and government of Colombia earnestly desire that war be averted, that the government reposes full confidence in the United States, and is ready to accept its friendly offices. The reported invasions of Venezuela by authorized Colombian forces are denied. This reply places the responsibility of war, if it is declared, upon President Castro. Certain German, French, and Ital- ian papers have held that the United States from the first has encouraged hostilities in order to obtain a South American protectorate, which, they remark, is with us another name for supremacy. They also refer to the in- tense eagerness of Americans to push forward the Trans-isthmian canal enterprise as a probable incentive to interference that might result in obtaining possession of the isthmus. The majority of the American press remonstrates and points out that the United States is maintaining a per- fectly neutral attitude, and is pre- pared only to defend its right of way across the Isthmus and the undis- turbed possession of the Isthmus by the Colombian nation, that is, simply to fulfill the obligation imposed upon the United States by the still existing treaty of 1846, referred to above. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 499 Affairs in Europe. QREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Parliamentary Affairs. THE END OF THE SESSION. PARLIAMENT was prorogued August 17, after an unusually dull session. The most im- portant business done was financial. The voting of the appropriations was materially expedited by an amended method of closure of Mr. Balfour's by which the appropriations were clas- sified into eight heads, requiring only eight divisions instead of eighty-six. By this means $335,000,000 was voted between ten and one, the night of August 8. The Irish members, who had looked for the pleasure of mak- ing eighty-six divisions with the at- tendant discomfort and delay, met with a disappointment. The Pacific Cable Bill and the Imperial Titles Bill call attention to the growing extent and importance of the dependencies. The latter (see p. 37 0 gives the King power to alter the style and title under which he wears the crown " in recognition of His Majesty's dominions beyond the seas". The title which he will prob- ably assume is unofficially announced by Lord Salisbury to be " Edward VII. by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of all the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India". The Factory and Workshops Bill is not likely to be final, and is chiefly important for having caused a defeat for the Government on an insignifi- cant half-holiday clause, and for hav- ing forced them to a concession to the Nationalists on a clause involving inspection of laundries under the management of Catholic convents. Other measures passed were the Naval Works Bill, the Civil List Bill, and the Demise of the Crown Bill, which provides that fresh appoint- ments to crown officers after the death of the sovereign are unneces- sary. No word of the passage of the Education Bill has been received, so that it would seem that it has been carried over to the next session. The editor of the London Globe, Mr. G. E. Armstrong, and the manager, Mr. Madge, appeared at the bar of the House of Commons August 16, in response to a summons of the House. They apologized for an edi- torial published in the Globe that ac- cused the Nationalist members of corruption, and withdrew the allega- tions. The Speaker dismissed them after a severe reprimand. Mr. Arm- strong was formerly a lieutenant. He is a son of Captain Sir George Armstrong, the proprietor of the Globe. The Globe editorial to which exception was taken said: — " The same spirit and the same motives which have made Tam- many the synonym for political obloquy have made the nationalist party what it is. Many connected with it are the very ruck of the population, whose sole object is to make as much money by political jobbery and corruption as they can. Any one who has had connection with Irish private bills, corporation contracts and franchises across the water can bear ample testimony to this." IRISH REPRESENTATION. The obstruction caused by the Irish members has been so annoying as to call forth significant comments on the over-representation of Ireland in the House from the press, and from Mr. Balfour and Mr. Chamberlain in speeches at a large Unionist assem- bly at Blenheim Palace, August 10. The Times followed these up by pub- lishing a letter by Mr. Kimber, M.P., giving statistics of representation, and by lengthy editorial comments August 13, concluding," Mr. Kimber's last communication, with its startling facts and figures, proves that the strength of the case for redistribu- tion has still further increased, and 5oo AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. October No., 1901 that present conditions may become one day intolerable". Mr. Kimber says that England has 34 members too few, Scotland 3 too many, and Ireland 31 too many. English repre- sentatives are returned by an average of 10,897 electors, Scotch by an average of 9,678, Irish by an average of 7,144; but the individual variations are still more startling. " The vote and voice in Par- liament of the 1848 Irishmen of Newry is as great as that of the 33,556 English- men of Romford.'" These utterances roused the Irish members to great wrath. Mr. Healy said : " Mr. Chamberlain's speech is merely an idle threat. The treaty of 1800 gave Ireland 100 members of Parliament. . . . The Conservatives will not violate the old treaty, since by so doing they would involve the dissolution of Parliament, and therefore will not take the risk. If the English grant Home Rule, then Par- liament can do as it pleases regarding the representation." As a matter of fact, the Nationalists have strengthened the Home Rule cause by their tactics. They are now united, and are the best led and best disciplined party in the House. THE ANDOVER BV-ELECTION. Reports of the Andover election returns August 27, show an astonish- ing falling-off in the Conservative majority. The Andover division of Hampshire is regarded as one of the safest Conservative seats in England. In 1885, before the split of the Lib- eral party, the Conservative majority was 1400 votes. Now it is little more than 200. The change is sig- nificant of the general disgust with a ministry which, it is thought, can neither make peace with honor nor war with success. The Cecil Rhodes Letters. The Spectator has published a let- ter, signed C. B., which has given rise to disturbance in the Liberal ranks. The writer, who is identified on good authority as Mr. Charles Boyd, a friend of Mr. Cecil Rhodes, states that nine years ago Mr. Rhodes gave $35,000 to the Liberal campaign fund on the understanding that the Gladstone ministry should take no step towards abandoning Egypt, and $50,000 to the Home Rule fund on the understanding that Home Rule meant the furtherance of imperial federation. This gives the Conserva- tives the opportunity to make one of two charges : either that the Liberals received this money as a bribe, or that they were insincere in their op- position to the control of Egypt. Sir William Vernon Harcourt and Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman have de- nied the statements point-blank. In answer, Mr. Rhodes has sent to Africa for the correspondence. Those who know Mr. Boyd are con- vinced not only that the letter was not Eublished without Mr. Rhode's consent, ut that it appeared at his instigation. Speculations are afloat as to the motive of the mysterious Mr. Rhodes in making the transaction public. The New York Tribune, in comment, observes that while reports of this nature are to be taken with a large grain of salt, English criti- cisers of our own politics will do well to notice the similarity of campaign meth- ods on both sides of the Adantic. The Netherlands Railway Question. The committee for the protection of German shareholders in the Neth- erland South African Railway are reported to have refused an offer of the British Government to buy out the shareholders upon certain terms. The terms are reported to be par value with arrears of interest to the bondholders and a little less than the market value to the stockholders. The Times, August 22, maintains that the terms are " extravagantly, and even dangerously liberal". Since, by the constitution of the company, the stockholders are responsible for all acts of this company, and since the ccmpany has taken an active part in assisting the Boers, it is forfeit to the annexing government as a Transvaal State railway would be, and the stockholders have no legal title to compensation. The Naval Manoeuvres. The manoeuvres of the British fleet in the Channel have been a disap- pointment to both the Admiralty and GREA T BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 501 the country ; 170 vessels were divided into two fleets ; the hostile or " X " fleet theoretically annihilated the " B " or defending fleet. The chief lesson learned was the imperative need of swift cruisers. An interesting detail is that a large amount of information in regard to the defense movements was picked up by the enemy's spies from wireless telegraphic messages. Danger to St. Paul's. Cracks have appeared in St. Paul's Cathedral which, while easily enough repaired, show a disturbance of the Miscellaneous. The syndicate of American capital- ists, headed by Mr. C. T. Yerkes, who are to give London an underground railway, have come into collision with the Metropolitan Railway Company, because it is necessary from the join- ing of the line that the same means of traction should be used on each, and because neither company was willing to use the means used by the other. The matter is to be settled by the arbitration of the Board of Trade. The Glasgow Exhibition is marked ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. foundations of the great building that gives good cause for anxiety. The diers supporting the dome have settled, breaking eight arches, and windows in the nave and transepts. The western towers have sunken, and have thereby cracked the west front verti- cally through the door, the window, and the vaulted ceiling and portico. The architect in charge lays the trouble to the recent excavations for sewers and underground railways, causing disturbance of the light clay on which the building rests. The pending scheme for another under- ground railway still further threatens the building. by the absence of the Midway features so prominent in American expositions. It has a magnificent fine arts collec- tion, but otherwise may easily be seen in a day. The first Pan-Celtic Congress was inaugurated in Dublin August 20. The purpose of the Congress is to further Celtic studies and to interest all branches of the race in preserving the Celtic language and national char- acteristics. Societies with this object exist in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Isle of Man, and Brittany. The Congress adopted a resolution "that bi-lingual education being the key to the best linguistic attainments should 5°2 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. October No., 1901 be made general in every Celtic country". The Eisteddfod, the Welsh national literary assembly, was held August 6-9. There were the usual poetic and vocal competitions. Statistics show that the birthrate of England is declining more rapidly than that of France. In 1875 there were annually 35 births for each 1000 of population; in 1900 there were only 29. The Home Secretary has refused to grant a largely signed petition that was sent to him to release Earl Russell, who is now serving his sentence of three months' imprisonment for bigamy (pp. 371,435). The King's new Yacht, the Victoria and Albert, was completed early in August. GERMANY. Financial Crisis. THE failure of the Leipziger Bank has been followed by a series of failures and a general financial depression. August 6, the Rheinische Immo- bolien Aktienbank, of Cologne, was de- clared insolvent, and a large calico mill in Eilenburg suspended work ; on the ninth, a large grain firm in Dresden and an- other in Cassel were reported in difficul- ties, and one more suicide was added to those of the Leipzig failure, this one the cashier of a small bank in Silesia. The crisis is explained as the result of over-production in manufactures. The banks seem to have over-invested in industrial works, and the first wave of dullness brought a demand for interest which was not forthcoming. American Attitude Toward Proposed New Tariff. The Germans are reported to be somewhat disappointed at the cool- ness with which the American press has received the news of the proposed tariff. The comments here have pointed out that as many of the im- portant duties do not exceed our own, we have little to complain of. The proposed German duty on Indian corn and barley, says the Nation, is less than 1-2 cent per pound ; our own barley tariff is 3-4 cent per pound. The German tariff on rice is 1-2 cent, ours is 2 cents for cleaned, 1 1-4 for uncleaned. Their duty is 3 cents on fresh meat ; ours is 2, but we collect 5 cents on hams, bacon and poul- try. Their duty on wheat flour is 1 1-2 cents; ours is 25 per cent ad valorem, but is merely nominal, since any duty is prohibitory. The Russians and Austrians, how- ever, have not accepted the tariff so indifferently as the American press, as it will seriously injure the commercial interests of these countries. There is talk of retaliatory duties, and even of a tariff war. The general view of the matter is succintly stated by the Nation as follows : " The other European countries(besides Russia and Austria), Rumania, Italy, and the Netherlands especially, will be hurt also, but none will be hurt so much as Germany herself. Whatever adds to the cost of living of the workingman (and this is the precise aim of the bill) will stir up hatred against the governing class, and add to the political power of the Socialists, besides lessening the ability of the manufacturers to compete in foreign trade." Trade With the United States. In view of the proposed tariff changes, the following statistics of the trade relations between Germany and the United States, are of interest. There has been a notable increase in imports from America last year as compared with 1891. In 1891 American imports stood fourth; in 1900 they were first; the increase is more than that of Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and France combined. The fig- ures may be tabulated as follows : TABLE OF GERMAN IMPORTS. Great Britain. 1891 $160,888,000 1900 199,920,000 189I A ustro- Hungary. 1142,324,000 172,312,000 Russia. $138,840,000 173.740.000 United States. #108,528,000 266,750,400 121,618,000 FRANCE. 5°3 In Germany's export trade, the United States has steadily held third place, with Great Britian first, Austro- Hungary second, and Holland fourth except in the years 1896 — 1899, when Russia stood fourth. Russia now stands fifth. The years 1 891-1900 have made marked increase in German exports to England, Belgium, Italy, Sweden and Norway, British India, Austria, China, and Den mark. The greatest relative increase has been in the exports to Japan, which have risen from $3,332,000 in 1891 to $16,660,000 in 1900. The following table shows the rapid growth in exports to the United States since 1891 : German Exports to the United States. 1891 184,966,000 1894 'ofU&ooo 1898 79,492,ooo 1899 89,726,000 1900 104,482,000 •Influence of the Dingley tariff. Count von Waldersee's Return. The Steamer Gera, with Field Marshal Count von Waldersee on board, arrived off Heligoland, August 6. On account of the death of the Dowager Empress Frederick (p. 436) the ceremonies attending his arrival were very simple. He was heartily welcomed, however, at Hamburg, August 1 o, by the Emperor himself, who met him at the station with two of the royal princes. He has been decorated with the German order of merit by the Emperor, who also or- dered a regiment of Schleswig artillery to bear Count von Waldersee's name. Interment of von Ketteler's Remains. The remains of Baron von Ketteler, the German minister who was mur- dered at Peking, June 18, 1900, dur- ing the Boxer outbreak (Vol. 10, p. 513), reached Bremerhaven August 9. They were brought from Tsintau by the German steamer Palatia. The following day, the body was interred, after the celebration of a requiem mass, at Munster, Westphalia, in the presence of the late Baron's widow, mother, and other relatives. The gov- ernor of Westphalia, Baron von Richtho- fen, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and other official dignitaries were also present at the ceremonies. Will of Empress Frederick. The will of the Empress Fred- erick, which was opened August 28, shows a larger estate than had been supposed — $2,750,000. Quarter of a million is left to each of the six chil- dren; Friedrichshof, her late resi- dence, is left to the youngest daughter, Princess Margaret of Hesse. rtarriage to Seckendorff Denied. August 28, it was announced that Count von Seckendorff, secretary to the late Empress, had received from the Emperor the star of a commander of the Order of the Royal House of Hohenzollern. The report, current for many years, and recently repeated, that he had been privately married to the Empress Frederick, has beeD officially denied by the Kaiser. FRANCE. Departure of Religious Orders. The new regulations under th<. Association Law ( pp. 61,189,374 ) making acceptance of the jurisdiction of the diocesan bishops a condition of authorization for religious orders, and debarring members of unauthorized orders from teaching in schools and col- leges, caused general preparations for an exodus of the orders ( p. 438 ). The Jesuits are reported to be preparing to go to Holland, Jersey, Smyrna and Egypt; the Benedictines are said to intend going to Luxemburg. Many of the congregations have already moved to Belgium ( p. 438 ), and an ad- vice from Brussel sof August 30 reports that the Radicals and Liberals there are protesting vigorously, and Baying that the country will become a second Spain. The Carthusians, the (>r;i torians, and the Dominicans, however, are expected to apply for authoriza- tion. New War Ships Break Down. A considerable sensation has been caused in political circles by the reported complete breakdown of S04 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. October No., 1901 France's latest cruiser, the Jeanne d'Arc, which cost twenty- three million francs, and of the Chateau-Renault, which cost sixteen million. Each vessel took nearly six years to build, two years more than the contract time. At the steam trials of the Jeanne d'Arc only twenty-four boilers out of her thirty- six could be lighted. The heat in the engine room rose to one hundred and forty-nine degrees Fahrenheit. What the heat in the stokeroom was nobody knows as the stokers were forced to flee for their lives. The vessel re-entered Toulon going at three knots an hour. She will require completely new boilers. The Chateau-Renault's engines heated and melted and will be required to be replaced. The estimated expenditure on both vessels is put at several million francs. RUSSIA. Famine Threatening. JULY 22, famine was reported in the district of Elizabethgrad, in the province of Kherson, South Russia (p. 439). August, the Baltic provinces were also reported to be suffering famine, and an almost total crop failure was reported for West Siberia and the Volga. By August 17, nearly one-third of the provinces of European Russia were officially declared " insufficient " (which means starvation), others "sufficient ", others " under average ". An area of half a million square miles, about the same as in the great famine of 1891, with a population of 43,000,000, is affected. Personal and Miscellaneous. Prince Peter of Oldenburg and Grand Duchess Olgo Alexandrovna, youngest sister of the Emperor Nicholas II., were married August 9. Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress and Empress-Dowager of Russia, the Queen of Greece, and Prince and Princess Waldemar of Denmark attended the ceremony. Prince Alexander Sayn- Wittgenstein Berleburg, adjutant of the Czar's Circassian body guard, was killed in a duel the last week of August by Anatole Vladimirovich Bariatinsky, an aide-de-camp of the Czar. The latter has since been dismissed from the service. «^C resent, was read by the secretary of the egation, Mr. Ferguson. The nag-ship New York, and the battle-ships New Orleans and Yorktown were ordered to Kurihama for the celebration by the Navy Department. The fine modern Japanese battle-ships, the Shikishima and the Hatsuse, and the ancient wooden corvettes, the Kongo and the Atnaki, were present in the harbor, forming a remarkable contrast, in addition to a fleet of Japanese torpedo boats and other smaller craft. *j£ *j£ Science, Religion and Miscellany. SCIENCE AND INVENTION. Wireless Telegraphy. THE successful operation of the Marconi system on the Lucania promises great practical import- ance for the invention. The ship was in communication with the signal sta- tions at Crookham, Ireland, August 12, and Siasconset, Nautucket, August 16, thereby shortening the period of non- communication with the outside world by twenty-four hours. Mr. Tesla has erected at Port Jef- ferson, L. I., the first of a series of wireless telegraphy stations by which he expects to communicate with all parts of the world. Electricity as a Weather Factor. Professor Elmer Gates of Chevy Chase, Md., has made some extremely interesting experiments and deduc- tions which are recounted in the Scientific American for August 10. Professor Gates holds that varying conditions of weather are due to electricity. His experiments show the expansion of a fluffy ball of cotton when charged with electricity, and his deduction is that the atmospheric particles repel each other in the same way to cause expansion and a low barometer. Depressions he argues, is due to the attraction and contraction of two bodies of air oppositely charged. His experiment to illustrate this shows that two cotton-balls oppositely charged and hung two feet apart approach each other and contract. The rain-making effect of electricity is illustrated by a remarkable experiment. A room was arranged so that the only air that entered was from currents induced by electric fans through two opposite windows. The air outside was rather humid though the day was bright. When the air currents were chargedwith oppo- site kinds of electricity, a remarkable phenomena took place. A mist appeared where the two currents met, and in time 506 St IENC E AND INVENTUS. October No., 1901 the floor below was damp. When the electricity was switched off, the mist disappeared. Other experiments produced phen- omena illustrating thunder-storms and the transportation of moisture from one place to another by electricity. Finally he caused a miniature water-spout by attach- ing one wire of a battery to the bottom of a saucer of water, and the other to a rod. When the current was switched on, the water was disturbed, and as the polential was increased, a cone was formed that rose higher until it met the rod. Polar Exploration. THE BALDWIN ZIEGLER EXPEDITION. The Frithjof reported August 29 that she landed her part of the Bald- win-Ziegler Expedition ( p. 379 ) on July 27 at an island off Franz Josef Landlat. 80.24 N., long. 55.52 E. Six persons and supplies were left. The America, carrying Mr. Baldwin, went out of her course, and did not reach the island until August 18. The Frithjof reports Baldwin's intention to advance northward August 24 across Markham Sound and between Austria Sound and the British Channel. THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. A British Antartic expedition (Vol. 10, p. 2 13) sailed from Cowes, August 6, under the leadership of Capt. R. F. Scott of the Royal Naval Reserve. The Discovery is the best equipped vessel ever sent on a polar expedition. She has devices for coal economy and every possible arrangement for comfort, as well as a highly perfected structure to resist ice pressure. The expedition is to be gone three years. The English and the German explorers have agreed to divide the antarctic region into four quad- ranes of 900 each, starting from the Green- wich line. The English will take f ror« 900 to 1800 E. and from 1800 to 900 W., the German the other two quadranst. The latter expedition sailed from Kiel in the Gauss, August 1 1 , under Professor von Drygaldki of Berlin. It will establish a base at Kerguelen, and go as far south as possible. If nothing is heard by June, a 1904, search expe- dition will be sent. In addition to the British and Ger- man Antartic expeditions, there will probably be two other ventures in the same field this year one, Swedish, the other Scotch. The Swedish expedition is to be conducted on a more modest scale than the others, but will be under the leadership of Dr. Otto Nordenskjold, of Upsala University, nephew of the distinguished explorer, the late Baron Adolf Erik Nordenskjold, a sketch of whose life will be found on p. 512. The nephew has also won distinc- tion for himself in polar explorations. He expects to sail for Terra del Fuego in the Antarctic about November. This expedition will act in harmony with and in support of the British and German ones. The plans for the Scotch expedition are not so well matured as yet. It will be under the leadership of Dr. William S. Bruce. TEST OF OPEN CURRENT THEORY. It is learned that, when the revenue cutter, Bear, sailed in July for the Arctic regions, she carried fifteen casks prepared by Rear-Admiral Melville as a means of finding out whether there is an open current near the North pole. ^ Numbered casks will be set adrift as far to the northward and westward of Behring Strait as the cutter can safely go. The theory is that the casks would, pass if the open current exists, north of Franz Josef Land, and either be found on Spitzen- burg Island or pass through the Greenland Sea east of Greenland. Rear-Admiral Melville believes that the discovery of such a current would offer the solution of the polar problem. Mishap to the Santos- Dumont Air- ship. The aeronef which made such successful trips over Paris in July (p. 441) was wrecked in another trial for the Deutsch prize, August 8, and M. Santos-Dumont's life was saved by the merest accident. The airship met a gust of wind strong enough to counteract the pressure of the gas, which was the only means used to extend the great balloon, and the balloon was dashed against a high building. M. Santos-Dumont's life was saved by the SCIENCE AND INVENTION. 5*> catching of a portion of the frame-work on the cornice and its hanging sus- pended. By September I, the ruined balloon was replaced and refilling begun, and M. Santos-Dumont intendedto make another trial for the Deutsch orize September 8. The accident greatly distressed M. Deutsch, who has been having an airship built on M. Santos- Dumont's model. August 25, he withdrew from competition for nis own prize, giving as a reason the unweildiness of the navigable balloon. The efforts of M. Santos-Dumont have given a decided stimulus to aeronautics. Eight airships are ready or building in Paris, and three English ones also are reported. New Species of Giraffe. Sir Henry Johnston of Uganda has sent home the complete skin and one or two skulls of a new mammal which he has named Ocapia John- stoni. Its nearest living relative is the giraffe and the prong-horned antelope — so called — of North America. The Okapi are thought to be the living representatives of the Hellatotherium genus, of which fos- silized extinct forms have been found in Greece and Asia Minor. The animal is about the size of a large ox, and is of unique coloration, having a reddish body, cream colored legs, with white spaces between the stripes often. The legs and hind quarters only are striped. The hair is snort and the hide extremely glossy. Sir Henry has also found specimens of a five-horned giraffe in the north-eastern part of the Uganda Protectorate. The females had only three horns, but the males showed five-horned cores. The Koch Question. Professor Koch has issued a state" ment saying that he had not intended, in the London address to claim pri- ority over other investigators in the experiments and ideas set forth. He says further that he did not wish to recommend the abondonment of existing precautions against infected meat and milk, but to point out that their extension is unnecessary. Dr. Koch's view in regard to bovine in- fection continues to meet with oppo- sition from scientific men and practi- cal sanitary authorities. The Caldas Yellow Fever Serum. The experiments conducted at Havana during the month of August under the supervision of a medicine board headed by Major Howard, Chief Surgeon for Cuba, have dem- onstrated two important facts: first, that the opinion of the Cuban Dr. Finlay that yellow fever is communi- cated by mosquitoes is correct; and second, that, in the view of the Yel- low Fever Board, the curative and preventive serum of the Brazilian Dr. Caldas is worthless. The first bit of knowledge was gained at the price of the lives of three persons, two or whom, Spanish men, volunteered to undergo the experiment, and an Amer- ican nurse. These cases had nothing to do with the serum of Dr. Caldas, but were the results of direct bites of infected mosquitoes. The experiment with Dr. Caldas's preventive serum resulted in four days in a case which the supervisory board were unanimous in pronouncing to be yellow fever (August 31), though Dr. Caldas maintains that it is septic poison- ing. Dr. Havard has declared all experi- menting at an end. Extermination of Hosquitoes. The efforts at the extermination of the malaria-breeding mosquito (p. 443) have been continued throughout the month of August. Dr. Alvah H. Doty, Health Officer of the Port of New York, began, August 4, experiments on Staten Island with kerosene oil. In ten days the inhabitants in the neighborhood testified to materially improved conditions. Another suc- cessful experiment is reported at Camp Jackson, New Orleans, where the use of crude petroleum has changed the camp from one of the worst to one of the best parts of the city in this respect. South Orange, New Jersey, reports a similar improvement from the use of the same means, although in Orange, close by, the mosquito has been nearly unbearable. LITERATURE AND ART. International Copyright Congress. THE International Literary and Artistic Copyright Congress met at Beme, August 8-12. 5o8 DISASTERS. October No., 1901 It was decided to form an ideal con- vention scheme to replace the Berne Convention that shall embody all the modifications advocated by artists. The scheme will be submitted to ar- tistic and literary societies of all countries for approval or criticism. A resolution was passed declaring all non-authorized execution or reproduction of works by apparatus such as the telephone, the phonograph, and the theatrophone, to be .illegal. Another resolution expressed the wish "that the committee of the In- ternational Association should elaborate plans for the establishment of an inter- national tribunal, and that, when the time came for the revision of the Berne Convention, a council of arbitration should be organized which should decide disputes that might be submitted to it within the domain of the convention, the council decision being made executory in all countries belonging to the union without any revision of its grounds." It was decided that the next Con- gress should be held at Naples, in September, 1902. Ancient Fresco Discovered. A painting of great importance has been discovered in the choir of the ancient basilica of St. Cecilia, Rome. During some repairs, the sixteenth century wainscoting was removed, and the wall found to be covered with ancient frescoes. On being cleaned, the pictures were pronounced by Dr. Hermanin, a government inspector of fine arts, to be the work of the con- temporary and possible pupil of Giotto, Pietro Cavallini, of whom so little is known. DISASTERS By Shipwreck. ON the morning of August 15, the steamer Islander, the flag- ship of the Canadian Pacific Navigation fleet running between Vic- toria and Skaguay, Alaska, by collis- ion with an iceberg off Douglas Is- land at the mouth of Lynn Canal, Alaska, was sunk with the loss of at least forty lives. There were 1 68 persons on board : of them 1 07 were passengers. Among the passengers lost were Mrs. J. H. Ross, wife of the governor of Yukon, with her one- year old child and niece. There was between the first alarm and the sinking of the Islander an interval of only fifteen minutes. The submerged iceberg tore a great hole along the bottom of the vessel into which the water rushed in such volume that the enginemen and firemen had barely time to escape to the deck. The pilot Leblanc nevertheless said there was time enough to have saved all hands if the men had not rushed to the boats and cut them away, without a thought for the women ana children. There was room for all in the boats and rafts, he says, but some of the boats pulled away when they were not half full. Near Paducah, Ky., in the evening of August 19, the steamer City of Golconda, while on her way to Padu- cah from Elizabethtown, 111., was struck by a storm of wind and cap- sized, sinking in ten feet of water. About seventy-five passengers were in the cabin, of whom twenty or more were lost. While the steamboat City of Tren- ton was on her way from Philadelphia to Trenton, N. J., August 28, her port boiler exploded, killing ten per- sons and injuring more than twenty others: nineteen persons were still missing two days later. After the explosion the steamer took fire and ran aground. By Railroad Accidents. August 29, the wreck of a south- bound passenger train on the Sodus Bay division of the Pennsylvania Railroad (formerly the Northern Central) resulted in the death of eleven persons, and in injuries to as many more. A still more fatal railroad disaster occurred the next night, August 30, at Nyack, Montana, 30 miles west of Kalispell on the Great Northern Railway. Thirty-six lives were lost, and thirteen persons were injured in this wreck, which was caused by the breaking in two of a freight train on a steep grade, one end of which crashed into a passenger train as it was pulling out of the station of Nyack. No passengers were injured. Among the employees of the Company NECROLOGY. 5°9 that were killed was Assistant General Superintendent Downs and his son. The cars took fire, and nearly all the dead bodies were cremated. By (Ireat Storms. A violent tropical storm ravaged the Gulf coast for two days in the middle of August. The damage done to property in New Orleans amounted to $1,000,000, and the rice and sugar region of Southern Louisiana suffered losses equally great. During the con- tinuation of the storm, the city of Mobile was completely isolated and much damage was done along the water front. The rainfall at Mobile was 5.84 inches. Intelligence was received at Victo- ria, B. C, August 7, of great floods and appalling loss of life in China through the overflowing of the Yang-tse. The river had risen forty feet and the country for hundreds of miles was a vast lake, only tree- tops and an occasional roof showing. In the single district of Swu-Hue 20,000 persons were reported to have been drowned. By Fire and Water. A terrific explosion August 5 in a block of buildings on Locust Street, Philadelphia, kindled an extensive fire. Seven people were killed out- right, and from 60 to 100 are said to have been injured. A number of buildings, including both shops and residences, were destroyed, the amount of damage being estimated at $75,000. The collapse of a burning oil-tank in the works of the Atlantic Refining Company at Point Breeze, in the same city, August 19, set fire to an immense quantity of oil, valued at not less than $50,000. It is estimated that five lives were lost, and nearly a hundred people burned more or less severely. Fire breaking out in a waterworks crib in Lake Erie at Cleveland, O., August 14, caused the death of five workmen by burning and four by drowning, and many others suffered injuries more or less serious. In the shaft beneath the crib was a party of eight men at work, who became then threatened with suffocation : they were rescued alive, but in a state very near to total collapse. Four-fifths of the town of Farsund, on the North Sea, Norway, was destroyed by fire the middle of the month, and about 1,200 people rendered homeless. A despatch from St. Petersburg to the London Daily Mail estimates the total losses from recent forest fires at $50,000,000. 250,000 acres of forests have been destroyed, and 187 villages partially or completely wiped out. The fires are attributed to Jewish incendiarism. '. *£ '.*& Necrology. AMERICAN AND CANADIAN. BACKUS, REV. DR. BRADY ELEC- TUS, rector of the Church of the Holy Apostles since 1876 ; born at Troy, N. Y., Mar. 24, 1839; died at Ridgefiela, Conn., Aug. 2. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Michigan, received the degree of B. A. at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., in 1870, and the degree of M. A. at the General Theological Sem- inary, New York, in 1873. BARBEAU, EDMOND JUL1EN, financier; born at Laprairie in 1830, died at Montreal Aug. 4. He began life as a clerk in the City and District Savings Bank, Montreal; was manager of that institution from 1855 to 1880, and director, 1880 to the time of his death. He was appointed Assistant Receiver General of Canada in 187 1, and was still in office at the time of his death. BOYLE, PATRICK, a Toronto pub- lisher and the editor of the frisk Cana- dian ; born in Newport, County Mayo, Ireland; died in Toronto, Aug. 1. Estab- lished the Irish Canadian in 1S63. BURTON, SIR GEORGE, late Chief 5'° NECROLOGY. October No, 1901 Justice of Ontario: born at Sandwich, Kent, England, July 21, 1819; died at Toronto, Aug. 22. He came to Canada in 1836; was called to the bar in 1842, and was a member of the Court of Appeal from 1874 till 1 897, when he became Chief Justice and President of the Supreme Court of Judicature of Ontario. Sir George was chairman of the commission which consolidated the statutesof Ontario. He was made a baronet in 1898. He resigned as Chief Justice in 1900. For portrait, see Vol. 10, p. 383. BUSIEL, CHARLES A., formerly Governor of New Hampshire; born in 1842 ; died in Laconia, New Hampshire, Aug. 29. CHARLAND, THE HON. JUDGE ALFRED NAPOLEON, criminal law- yer and judge ; born at Ibervil'a, Quebec, May 28, 1842 ; died at St. John's, Quebec, Aug. 12. He was educated at the College of St. Hyacinthe, and McGill University, and admitted to the bar in 1863. Mr. Charland edited the Franco-Canadien in the Liberal interest. For several years he was Crown Prosecutor of his district ; was raised to the Bench in 1899, and made judge of the Superior Court for the District of Iberville. HAYNES, TILLY, well known pro- prietor of the United States Hotel in Boston, and the Broadway Central Hotel in New York City ; born in Billerica, Massachusetts, in 1827; died in Boston, Aug. 10. He was a member of the Gov- ernor's Council of Massachusetts foi: several years, and served also in the State Senate of Massachusetts. KIMBER, RENE EDWARD, Gen- tleman usher of the Black Rod ; born at Three Rivers, Quebec, 1845 ? died at Lake Alice, near Thurso, Ontario, Aug. 16. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1867; of Upper Canada, 1869. As Black Rod, for 26 years he has announced the open- ing and closing of each session. This office may be abolished. LITTLEJOHN, THE RIGHT REV- EREND ABRAM NEWKIRK, for 32 years Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Long Island ; born in Florida, New York, Dec. 13, 1824: died in Williams- town, Mass., Aug. 3. He had held several important pastorates : had given lectures for ten years at the Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Connecticut, and, while taking charge of the American Protestant Episcopal Churches in Europe in 1874, had lectured at Cambridge Uni- versity. He was the author also of several theological books. He was the only Bishop the diocese ever had, and special services were held in 1899 in commemoration of his thirty years of service LUDLOW, BRIGADIER -GEN- ERAL WILLIAM, one of the most distinguished officers in the United States Army ; born at Islip, Long Island, Nov. 27, 1843: died in Morristown, N. J., Aug. 30. General Ludlow was a graduate of West Point, and served in the Georgia campaign of 1864, >n the Black Hills and Yellowstone Expeditions, 1872-1875. He commanded the extreme right wing at Santiago, and was appointed military and civil commander at Havana, December, 1899. After studying European armies for the United States Army War College, of which he was President, he was ordered to the Philippines in 1900, but was obliged to return to this country in May last on account of his health. His death was the result of consumption contracted in Cuba. For pro trait, see Vol. 9, p. 52. NEWELL, DR. WILLIAM AU- GUSTUS, the originator of the United States life saving service ; born in Frank- lin, Ohio, Sept. s, 1819, died at Allentown, N.J., Aug. 8. Dr. Newell was the first republican governor of New Jersey, and was governor of Washington territory in 1 880. He also served four years as I ndian commissioner, and was the White House family physican during Lincoln's admin- istration. He was the author of the idea of shooting a life line by a cannon to a ship, and secured the first appropriation for such a service on the New Jersey ROULEAU, JUDGE CHARLES BARROMEE, judge of the Supreme Court at Calgary, North West Territory; born at Isle Verle, Quebec, Dec. 13, 1840; died Aug. 25, at Montreal. He was edu- cated at the Laval Normal School; called to the bar of Quebec, 1868; made district magistrate for district of Ottawa 1876- 1883 ; stipendary magistrate and member of the Executive Council of the North West Territory in 1983 ; judge of the Northern Alberta District upon the organization of a Supreme Court for North West Territory in 1877. SCHOTT, PROFESSOR CHARLES A., for over fifty years assistant in the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey; born 1826; died August 1. SHERWOOD, DR. SIDNEY, assis- tant professor of economics at John Hopkins University; born at Ballston, N. Y1, in i860; report of death, Aug. 6. He received a degree of Ph. D. at John Hopkins, 1891, and was instructor in finance at the University of Pennsylvania for one year, 1891; while there he pub- lished his principal work, "The History and Theory of Money". He returned to John Hopkins in 1892 as associate in econmics, and in 1894, was made1 associate professor. STODARD, LORIMER, playwright, died at Sag Harbor, Long Island, Aug. NECROLOGY. 5" ii, aged about 37. He was a son of Richard Henry Stoddard, the poet and essayist. His best known work was the dramatization of "Tess of the D'Urbervilles", which he wrote for Mrs. THOMAS, JOHN R., born at Roches tcr in 1848: died in the Thousand Islands, Aug.27. Among the well-known public buildings designed by Mr. Thomas are the New York State Reformatory at Elmira, the New Jersey Reformatory at Rahway, the former Stock Exchange on Wall Street, and the armories of the 8th Regiment and of the 71st Regiment and the 2nd Hattery, of New York. VICUNA, DON CARLOS MORIA, Chilean Minister to the United States ; born in 1844; died at Buffalo, Aug. 20. He was generally recognized as one of the ablest and most experienced ministers sent by any South American country to Washington for years. His diplomatic career began in 1870, and included appointments in Washington, London, and Paris, besides South American countries. He was connected with the Balmaceda government, and under it was elected president in 189 1, but was forced to flee to Peru soon after assuming office. He came to Washington as minister in 1898. WILLIAMS, GENERAL ROBERT, of the U. S. A. ; born in Virginia, in 1829 ; died in Plainfield, New Jersey, Aug. 24. He served as Colonel of the 1st Massa- chusetts Cavalry from Oct., 1861 to Oct., 1862 ; won honor as a brilliant cavalry officer at Antietam ; was made assistant adjutant-general in 1S62, and brigadier- general and adjutant-general in 1892. He retired from the service in Nov., 1893. WISE, COMMANDER FRED- ERICK M., U. S: N.; born in Washing- ton, D. C; died at the Yokohama Hospi- tal. He served in the gunboat flotilla in Western waters in 1862 ; in the Asiatic squadron, in 1867; and was Superin- tendent of the Naval War Record's Office, 1891-1894. His last command was the old wooden gunboat Monocacy, with which he was present at the capture of Taku forts by the allies, June, 1900. YOUNG, MRS. ZINA D., the most noted wife of Brigham Young; born in Watertown, N. Y., 1861 ; died in Salt Lake City, Utah, Aug. 29. She went to Kirtland as a convert ; at first married one of Joseph Smith's converts ; later became Smith's wife for "eternitv" and Brigham Young's for " time ". She organized the first relief society of the church, and was president of the great organization till ner death. FOREIGN. AUDRAN EDMOND, French com- poser ; born April n, 1842 ; died in Paris. The son of a singer, he obtained a prize for composition, when only 17. On his arrival in Paris (1881). he. collaborated with MM. Chi vol and Duru, who wrote the book of La Mascot te. His best- known operas are : Olivette, La Mascotte, La Cigale, Miss Helyett. I; \KATIERI,GEN.ORESTE,soldier and military writer; born at Arco in the Trentino in 1842 ; died at Sterzing, in the Tyrol, August 8. He joined Garibaldi as a volunteer in the "Thousand of Mar- sala". Later he edited the Rivista Mili- tare, in Rome, 1876. In 1892 he became ageneral and governorof Erythrea, Italian East Africa, and was in personal com- mand of the Italian forces at the disas- trous defeat inflicted at Adowa by the Abyssinians in March, 1896. He Mas afterwards recalled and tried by court niartial on the charge of attacking an impregnable position, under conditions rendering defeat inevitable, but he was acquitted. BEACH, WILLIAM WITHER BRAMSTON, the "father of the House of Commons"; born Dec. 25, 1826; died Aug. 3, in London. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and first elected a member of the House for North Hants as a Conservative in 1857, and sat for this constituency till a re-distribution of seats in 1885, since which he has represented the Andover division. Mr. Beach was made Privy Councillor in 1900. His kinsman, Sir Michael Hicks Beach, suc- ceeds him as " Father of the House of Commons", a position Mr. Beach held from April, 1899, to his death. CRISPI, FRANCESCO, the last of the great "Italian liberators": born in Sicily, Oct. 4, 1819; died at Naples, Italy, Aug. 11. He obtained his degree of doctor of laws in 1S41, but his practice was chiefly nominal. He conspired for the downfall of Ferdinand II. and for the freedom of two Sicilies, and helped with the insurrection of Palermo. Wnen the Neapolitans entered Palermo (1849), he fled to Marseilles. During the next years he wrote for many republican jour- nals, and lived in extreme poverty, taking refuge in various places. In all he did, his chief thought was the aggrandizement of Italy. In 1859, he returned to his fatherland in disguise, joined Garibaldi, and planned the Sicilian revolution and the expedition of the " Thousand ". "United Italy" had no abler advocate than Crispi, wbo has been aptiy described as " more conservative than Mazzini, more advanced than Cavour, and no less heroic than Garibaldi ". Under Victor Emmanuel, he was Minister of the Inter- ior, and in 1S87 he was premier. His great achievement was the formation of 5'* NECROLOGY. October No., 1901 the Triple Alliance. During his last years his ambitious colonial policy brought about the destruction of the Italian army at Adowa (1896). This, with the bank became a traveler and explorer, visiting India, Siberia, Tonquin, Tibet, Mada- gascar, Central Africa, and Abyssinia. His most important journey was one in which he discovered a direct route from India to China, and the source of the Irriwaddy. NORDENSKJOLD BARON ADOLF ERIK, Artie explorer and scientist; born in Helsingsfors, Finland, Nov. 18, 1832 ; died at Stockholm, Aug. 12. He was educated at Helsingsfors University, and settled in Sweden, 1857, and began his explorations by a trip to Spitzbergen. As professor of mineralogy at Stockholm, he made several northern expeditions. In the journey of 1868, he went as far north as 81.42 deg. north latitude. In 1872, he discovered the largest known blocks of native iron. Having given much attention to the North-east Passage, he sailed north in the Vega, in 1878, and succeeded in doubling the most northerly point of the eastern continent, Cape Tchelyuskin. On his arrival home, he was made a baron, and was appointed a commander of the Nordstjerne Order. In 1883, he pene- trated the ice barrier in the east coast of Greenland, a thing which has been attempted for 300 years. He was the author of a series of books on scientific subjects. THE LATE FRANCESCO CRISPI, EP-PREMIER OF ITALY. scandals in which he was implicated, greatly injured his reputation during his later years of service. His private life also was open to serious criticism. Opin- ions of Crispi differ widely. Some say Italy is still suffering from the effects of his personal ambition, that his character was anything but admirable. Others agree with W. J. Stillman, the experienced and disinterested correspondent of the London Times, who knew him well, and who said : " I know Crispi to be an ab- solutely honest and patriotic statesman, the first of Italy since Cavour". It is noteworthy that just now there appears a partial vindication of his foreign policy in the fact that Erythrea is very prosper- ous and that Italian influence is para- mount there. HENRI, PHILIPPE MARIE, PRINCE OF ORLEANS, son of the Due de Chatres, great-grandson of Louis Philippe, first cousin of the Duke of Orleans, an explorer; born at Ham, Richmond, Oct. 16, 1867 ; died at Saigon, French Cochin China, Aug. 9. Forbid- den by law to lead a soldier's life, he THE LATE PRINCE HENRI OF ORLEANS. Vol. il-j*. Copyright, 1900, by the Albany Art Union, Albany, N. Y. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, TWENTY-SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OF Current History VOL. II. RECORD OF SEPTEMBER, 1901. No. 9. International Affairs. THE SITUATION IN CHINA. General Aspect. UNCERTAINTY. THE month of September opened with the sky of China still clouded with the uncertainty that had grown familiar to the world's view. The peace protocol, after weary weeks of debate, lay lifeless at Peking in lack of the long-promised imperial edicts for its signature. Prince Chun, commissioned by the emperor of China to bear to the German emperor the humble apology due for the murder of his minister, Baron Ketteler, a year before in the streets of the Chinese capital, had stayed his progress on reaching Basel. Sundry palaces and important official precincts in Peking whose return to Chinese occupancy had been promised were still held by various foreign forces. Everybody seemed waiting for somebody to proceed. In this darkening mist the trained eyes of some newspaper correspond- ents traced movements of direful menace and duly interpreted them in many lands ; the Chinese government was playing a treacherous part, not purposing to keep faith with the allied powers ; the Empress-Dowager had renewed her league with Prince Tuan, whose exile was merely nominla, while he was preparing a recrudescence of the Boxer horrors ; the court would not return to Peking, but would estab- li>h itself far inland beyond reach of foreign invasion — thus, also, bringing to nought the plans of the powers for ensconcing their legations snugly at Peking behind thick walls loop-holed for defence, while the Chinese forts on the Taku road to the capital were to be demolished. RUMORS. Some press correspondents detected fatal dissensions and antagonism among the allies. Russia was about to throw off even her thin mask, and to declare her final unqualified owner- ship of Manchuria and of nobody knows how many millions of miles beside in Mongolia. Germany, not- withstanding her nominal British alliance, was fully resolved and pre- pared to dispute the historic British claim to a " sphere of influence " in the immense Yang-tse-Kiang valley. France, England's ancient foe, encour- aged by Russia, France's cordial ally, had now become well-started on a combined diplomatic and military process of pushing a strong cordon of French occupancy and control from French Indo-China to connect across the great valley with the vast Russian possessions in the North. It is not appropriate to stigmatize all or any of these rumors as necessa- rily false. Almost any one of them might be allowed to stand here or elsewhere as at least reasonable con- jectures of possible disturbance. This is a peculiarity of the situation in China ; scarcely any turmoil, interna- tional or local, would be incongruous with it. All that needs be said here is that, as yet, not one of the assertions above indicated has proved true. Copyright, 1901, by Current History Company. 5'4 INTER X. 1 /•/< ).Y. I L AFFAIRS, November No., 1901. STABILITY DOUBTED. The judgment of all observers is that without thorough reform in Chinese administration no stable peace or security is even possible ; and the judgment of nearly all is that on the line of the arrangements thus far made by the powers no solid and permanent security is probable. Some of the foreign consuls at Chinese ports have expressed this opinion. On questions of this sort the mouths of diplomats and high officials are necessarily sealed ; and scarcely any other classes of witnesses except a class selected from mission- aries of long residence, unprejudiced judgment, and high character, can give any testimony worthy of public hearing. Such a class of observers will naturally arrive at judgments framed on moral rather than on polit- ical considerations. They will be likely to criticize as insecure and unsubstantial a " peace " whose whole frame is based on an explicit or tacit official denial by sixteen allied powers that there has been any recent "war " in China. It is on the lines thus indicated that the observers in China are expressing their views of the probable future — usually, however, showing in behalf of the powers a due appreciation of the general impos- sibility of settling any Chinese negoti- ations whatever on straight lines, or of expressing in unambiguous and definite terms the settlement when made. They * know well the fitness of the Chinese language in all such negotiations for supplying adumbrations of meaning ind hiding-places of purpose. Such missionary veterans as the Rev. Arthur H. Smith of the American Board (Cong.), writing in The Outlook (New York), and Bishop F. R. Graves (Prot. Epis.) in The Churchman (New York), testify that the allied powers have not availed themselves of their marvellous opportunity to secure in the Chinese administration reforms indispensable to peace and good order. The bishop anticipates civil war. Dr. Smith finds in tke work of the legations and in the conditions of both foreign- ers and natives on the withdrawal of the troops "no hint of anything like regenerating influences tending to remove the intolerable ills of Chinese rule in the past." He expects a covert " neutralizing of the lessons of the past year on the part of whomever holds the practical control of the Chinese government in the disturbed provinces." He declares it to be a well-known custom to accompany reform edicts with secret instructions which materially modify them. On the whole, his most encouraging state- ment of the situation seems to be that " the phenomena are contradictory and obscure in meaning." Bishop Graves criticizes with unqualified severity both the principles and the effects of the recent peace settlement : " Everybody would rejoice at a stable and honorable peace, but the present seeming peace is not founded in honesty; nor can it be stable, for it leaves the forces of reaction, usurpa- tion, and corruption in full possession." The Peace Protocol. After repeated delay of the imperial edicts anthorizing the Chinese plen- ipotentiaries to affix the final signature to the peace protocol, that momentous document was signed on September 7. It has been framed through a twelve-month of negotiation, with many changes from its original draft (pp. 10, n). Publication of the final form of its full text has not yet been made. The following is a general summary of its most important provisions : Demanding infliction of the punish- ments agreed on for those guilty leaders of the Boxers who have not yet suffered the penalty. Stipulating that an indemnity from China fixed at (about) $337,000,000 shall be paid to the foreign powers during the thirty nine years ensuing, with interest at 4 per cent. — the required amount being secured from the foreign customs, the likin (internal transit dues), and the salt tax. Prohibiting import during the two ensuing years of arms and munitions of war. Suspending for the ensuing five years THE SITUATION IN CHINA. ys the government examinations for office in an the centers of Hoxer revolt and outrage. Razing the Chinese forts at Taku ; permitting establishment of foreign mil- itary posts on the road from the sea to the capital ; and granting to foreign governments the right to maintain military guards at their legations. Prohibiting membership in any societies whose character or purpose is anti-foreign. Providing for the requisite amendments to the commercial treaties. Providing that in all dealings with foreign affairs the Tsung-li-Yamen shall and as soon as may be into specific duti- jUDOmtm hivkksk. A wirL- diversity of opinion has been expressed regarding these stipulations, which are indeed the final official summary of the whole international outcome in China. They have been characterized by many critics as in most points puerile and impracticable, largely useless even PRINCE CHUN AND HIS SUITE. SHOWING THK MEMBERS OF THE 1 AMolS "PILGRIMAGE <>!■' I'INANCE." give place to a regularly organized foreign office on the European model, with fewer members aad with clearly defined powers and functions. Under the agreement the troops must evacuate public places, including the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace before September 1 7 ; and all the expeditionary troops in the prov- inces, except the permanent garrisons, must be withdrawn by September 22. The Americans and British are per mitted to occupy the templet until their barracks are completed. Minister Conger telegraphs from Peking that the protocol provides that all duties ad valorem on imports are to be converted as much as possible if enforced, and in great degree inca- pable of enforcement — terms conceded by China in view of the weariness of the powers which would make them ready to accept a pretext for with- drawal of their troops, leaving China thereafter very much to her own devices, while the other nations con- cerned had gained practically nothing. " When the next catastrophe occurs." Mys The Spectator (London), "which should be in about three years, that is in 1904. when the first instalment of the indemnity falls due, it will probably be found that the legations are in as deep a fog as they were at at the first." A Chinese correspond- 5>« INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 1901 entof The North China Herald '(Hong Kong), writing from Si-Ngan, the location of the court in recent months, makes a statement concerning the government — which the British consul at Shanghai confirms — that "instead of becoming more enlightened and amenable to present conditions as taught them by the resistless march of the allies last year, the government of Si-Ngan is now more bigoted, more conservative, and more anti-foreign than it was ever before." The consul points out that recent events have caused the Chinese to discover that the interests of all the allied nations are not identical — that indeed their divergence is so great that the interests of one country can be played off against those of another. The Overland China Mail (Hong Kong expects no lasting peace in China from any arrangements or treaties until the Empress-Dowager is removed from power and from the country and all her proclamations cancelled. While she remains the armies and fleets are leaving China each with its copy of the peace treaty and the idemnity bond, after which everything will settle into the old ruts — till another outbreak and massacre. This gloomy prognosti- cation, however, loses some of its force when it passes into an advice to the powers to mark out each its " sphere of influence ", within which by its appointed representative it is to '■control the action of the provincial governors ". This amounts to advis- ing all the nations to present them- selves together for the sake of the world's peace on a field which cannot even be entered or approached by them without a fight. The German view of the situation seems turned not so much on its large international bearings as on analysis and eulogies of the brilliant achievements of Count von Walder- see and the German expeditionary force — a brilliancy however which seems to have notably failed to dazzle the European press in general. The Japanese papers are reported as expressing deep dissatisfaction with the final arrangement of the idemnity — a criticism which finds a far-western echo in the New York Tribune in these words : " An idem- nity is expected from China, to be most inequitably distributed among the powers, so that some which suf- fered most and spent most will get least, and some which suffered least and spent least will get most ". HOPEFUL SUGGESTIONS. In some quarters a hopeful view is taken. It is believed that China has now been introduced to the world as never before, having been made to see that it is henceforth impossible for her either to live alone or to live with others on her own terms. She has at last been made aware of the vast forward and upward movement of the human race, and that neither her great wall nor her social customs changeless through thousands of years can any longer prevent its impact upon her vast mass. Among the signs viewed as giving promise of a new era is the recent imperial edict providing for reform in literary examinations for appointments to government offices. It abolishes the traditional classical essays and the inane verbatim reproductions of the Chinese classics, proficiency in which has for ages been the chief requisite for official appointment. These classics long venerated are henceforth relegated to the back- ground, mere expositions of their meaning being required — their for- mer place of prominence being given to the sciences and industrial prin- ciples and processes of the western world. This edict is important not only for the great practical results which may be expected from it, but still more as indicating that the liberals are gain- ing control of the court. Still there are indications in the opposite direc- tion, and the situation remains dubious. A Chinese edict, as is well- known, may accomplish its real pur- THE SITUATION IN CHINA. 5*7 po» by its mere issue, and may then be quietly withdrawn or even counter manded. Chinese Demand for Reform. The imperial court several weeks since invited all loyal Chinese to aid the government by submitting sugges- tions of reform. The invitation was shadowed by the condition that approval by the Empress Dowager would be neccessary for any measure adopted. The result as reported to rials struck at the real root of China'* ills — the lack of upright men at th« head of affairs. The most hopeful anticipations awaited the memorials to be addressed to the throne from three men in high office. Two of these were the great Yang-tse viceroys, Tsang Chih-Tung and Liu Kun-Yi, who last year took the lead in saving the centre and south of China from war and anarchy : the third was the governor of Shan-tung THE RT. REV. ARTHUR F. W. INGRAM. THH NEW BISHOP OF LONDON. The Literary Digest (New York) by a missionary in the vicinity of Shanghai is here in part copied from that peri- odical. The invitation brought suggestions " of every degree of sense aud non- sense." A suggestion to abolish the records of precedents reaching so far back and involving so many contradic- tory decisions that they admit of end- less corruptions, and then to make a new start, was at first adopted and was even promulgated by a imperial rescript; but was rescinded under reactionary influences. A few memo- province, Yuan Shih-Kai. These three, with Li Hung-Chang, are characterized by the missionary correspondent as the " saviours of their country and the greatest men of China to-day." The correspondent translated from the Chang Wai Jih Pao (The Universal Gazette) of Shanghai a summary of the sugges- tions to the throne from the above named viceroys, as follows : " In all there are three memorials. "The first is in regard to establishing civil and military schools, a changing, of methods of examination, the abolishing 5iS INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 1 901 of the old military examinations, and rewards for those who go to foreign countries to be educated. There is also a memorandum in regard to imperial provision for expenses. "The second is in regard to the reform of Chinese laws, and contains twelve recommendations bearing on the following subjects: 1. Economy. 2. Repeal of obnoxious laws. 3. Doing away with the buying of official position. 4. A stricter oversight over officials, and better salaries. <;. Abolishing the system of clerks, who have so much authority. 6. The same of subordinates. 7. Prison reform. 8. Selec- tion of officials for competency rather than by the old method of examination. 9. Some other and better method of pen- sioning Manchus. 10. Abolishing local guards. 11. Abolishing the system of idle soldiery. 12. Adopting a simpler and less ceremonious style in official documents. "The third memorial contains recommen- dations concerning the adoption of West- ern ideas, and has thirteen articles : 1 . Sending men to the West for education. 2. Improvement of military methods in accordance with Western ideas. 3. Mili- tary expenditures. 4. Agriculture. 5. Manufactures. 6. Regulations regarding mines. 7. Regarding railroads. 8. Regu- lating punishments in accordance with Western ideas. 9. Currency. 10. A stamp tax. 11. Extension of the imperial post- office. 12. Practice of medicine. 13. Translation of important books. It is impossible to deny that such proposals from powerful officials to introduce foreign methods and princi- ples are signs of hope for China's future, in spite of the certainty that the path of such a reform must be long and perilous. A native journal, Sin Wan Pao, is quoted in the Shanghai Mercury as strongly condemning the old essay style of examination, declaring it " a destroyer of men's faculties, and one of the main causes of the poverty and weakness of China ". Referring to an editorial in a native paper, Shen Pao, calling for reform, the Mercury points to the deep root of all improvement: "Yes, reforms are needed, but the main thing is to get men ". EDICTS OF REFORM. It is announced that the State Department has received by mail from Mr. Squires, charge d'affaires at Peking, several edicts issued within recent months by the Empress- Dowager, urging on the officials of China every exertion to secure talent for conducting government affairs; also censuring in emphatic language the abuses which have grown up under the old administration. The edicts direct greater liberality in classical examination, and provide for the study of political economy in addition to the studies under the old regime. MUN1R BEY, THE TURKISH EMBASSADOR WHO WAS TOLD THAT HIS PRESENCE IN FRANCE WAS NO LONGER NEEDFUL. Expiatory Embassies. TO GERMANY. The mission of expiation for the murder of the German ambassador in the street at Peking was formally received by Emperor William in the palace at Potsdam, September 4. The Chinese imperial envoy, Prince Chun, with his suite of a dozen officials, presented the letter of apology from his brother, the Emperor, which expressed deep interest at the murder of Baron von Ketteler, adding, " We were not in a position to take due protective measures, a fact painful to our sense of responsibility" — Till: SITUATION IX CHINA. 5'9 declaring also, "feelings of penitence and shame still deeply animate us." The occurrence has no precedent in modern times and civilized coun- tries. Its mingling of a strain of horrible tragedy with oriental dip- lomacy and with the appropriate Ger- man frigidity made it liable to sink into melodrama with some suggestion of farce. Only the singular artistic sense and dramatic skill of the Ger- man emperor saved the incident's dignity and indeed gave it a certain moral grandeur. No sufficient authority is made public for the current reports that the Kaiser at first demanded that the Prince should " kotow :' or prostrate himself on entering the imperial presence, but that Prince Chun had orders from Peking to refuse to pro- ceed with the apology unless this requirement were withdrawn, and finally that in Peking the Chinese were pluming themselves on their victory in having compelled this change in the German demands. The Times (London) calls it a " supposed diplomatic victory " for China ; and its Peking correspondent tells it " that the Russian legation, with character- istic audacity are ingeniously seeking to take credit to themselves for the result. They foresaw that Germany would give way, and accordingly urged China to keep firm ", as the Tsar was interceding with the Kaiser to spare China from humiliation. Whether this rumor be or be not true in some points is of much less import- ance than the showing which its ready acceptance makes of antago- nisms in international diplomacy. The scene of ten minutes at Pots- dam was arranged to convey the impression that expiation was intended for an outrageous crime. Prince Chun, entering without receiving salute from the guards outside, bowed thrice. The German Emperor re- mained seated and kept a stern demeanor till the apology, a letter from the Chinese emperor written in yellow ink, had been read ; then having read his reply, relaxed his sternness and gave the envoy a cordial welcome. The Kaiser's reply branded the killing of the German minister as a murder infamous by international law and by all national usage, recognized the Chinese emperor as personally free from the guilt, warned the Chinese government and its guilty advisers to use circumspection hereafter under penalty of severe measures, and closed with expressions of hope for peaceful and friendly relations. The Emperor having ended, rose and gave his hand to the envoy in welcome, while a salute sounded from the guards ; and the drama of expiation was complete. TO JAPAN. The Chinese mission to Japan, apologizing for the murder of Sugiy- ama Akira, chancellor of the Japanese legation in Peking, was strangely de- void of the dramatic features which might have been expected in such an incident involving two oriental nations. The special Chinese envoy was received in audience by the Emperor of Japan, at Tokio, September 13, and presented to him a letter of re- gret. The letter also expressed "sincere thanks" for his "beneficent influence, invariably felt in the adjust- ment of important questions", and ascribed to his influence in the coun- cils of the nations the preserving intact of the general situation in the Orient. The Japanese Emperor in his reply expressed his belief that in future the relations of the two countries will be- come still closer; and adds his "earnest wish that the great work of reform, which depends on China's sovereign, will soon result in effective progress", and secure the maintenance of per- manent peace in Asia. This states- manlike urging of "reform" and "progress", has been editorially noted by The Times (London) as in "re- markable contrast to the action of the great powers, who delibeiately ignored this vital aspect of the Chinese ques- tion throughout the Peking negotia- tions." 5*0 INTERNA T/ONAL AFFAIRS. Novemher No., 1901 Outlook for Trade. The State department has received from Mr. Squiers, Secretary of the Legation at Peking, a report covering the trade of the Chinese Empire dur- ing the first quarter of 1901, and showing to some extent the effect of the Boxer movement on trade. He for that period of 1900, and a trifle more than for the same quarter of 1899. Out of the twenty-eight treaty ports, it is stated, eighteen show an increase over last year. Among the ports which report a falling off, are Shang- hai, Tien-Tsin, Han-Kau, Fu-Chau, WILHELMINA, QUEEN OF HOLLAND. staets that the returns for the first quaretr of 1900 showed an increase of about $720,700 over the same period of 1899, and notwithstanding the fact that the country still was suffering from the bad effects of the war, the revenue collected during the first quarter of 1901 is only about 1,000,000 taels ($720,700) less than Amoy and Swatow. The total trade at the treaty ports for the first quar- ters of 1 90 1, 1900, and 1899 amounted to $3,362,591, $3,889,200, and $3,1 20,- 376 respectively. American cotton interests especially, it is stated, have suffered from the decrease in trade, drills having dropped from nearly 421,000 pieces in ////•; siTuatiox ix cmx.i. 5*' 1 899 to 119,175 pieces this year; and suitings from 1.103,915 pieces in 1899 to 47,945 pieces this year. On the other hand, American kero- sene oil has made a better record and, as compared with the Russian pro- duct, shows large gains, having in- creased from nearly 3,500,000 gallons in 1899, to over 5,700,000 gallons this year. Russian oil dropped from 7,859,720 in 1900, to 2,429,330 this year. If, as has been reported, cerials, rice, and flour, are iucluded in the free list of the new Chinese tariff, the arrangement will be welcomed in this country since American shipments of flour to China have rapidly increased in recent years — those of 1899 olmost doubling those of 1898. German -American Dispute. Minister Conger's protestations of American ownership of the land and buildings of the Tien-Tsin Univer- sity— which the Germans have now for many months occupied a : quarters for their troops and which they have continued to occupy in spite of remon- strances— were reported, September 1, to have been utterly disregarded. The original German occupation was deemed excusable on the ground of. military necessity. The institution was founded several years ago by Mr. Charles D. Tenney, a graduate of Oberlin College, Ohio. As the students were Chinese and the title had at first been vested in a Chinese public official, the Germans seem to have considered the institu- tion's property a lawful prize, and their officers allowed the men wan- tonly to destroy all the apparatus, outfit, and furniture of the institution, though they had been duly notified that the title had been transferred to Mr. Tenney before hostilities began, and that this transfer duly recorded, was with the approval of Minister Conger and the United States consul, while the ownership of the furniture and equipment had been legally vested in him five years ago. Its native and foreign endowment was secured mainly by his efforts. The Germans — denying the vali- dity of the transfer on the ground that their consent had not been given or asked — have announced that they propose to keep the extensive build- ings and grounds as permanent bar- racks for their troops — taking them without payment. Mr. Tenney had signified his willingness to locate the university elsewhere on receiving a fair price for the property. That a just settlement will be reached is to be expected. Missionary Interests. IDEMNITY AND LOOT. The missionaries in Peking and its vicinity whose congregations suffered frightfully in property and in life dur- ing the weeks of Boxer outrage, have RT. HON. THE MARQUIS OF LANDSDOWNE, BRITISH SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS. been severely criticized, and even denounced as plunderers and de- frauders, for the methods by which 522 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 1901 they sought to provide for the feeding and sheltering of the families of Chinese Christians, members of their churches, who after the outrages had been stopped were found homeless, and starving with none except mis- sionaries to give them any help. The history is too large and too complex to be here set forth. The missionaries themselves have been too much pressed with labors in these troublous times, or too assured of the general rectitude of their position, to make other than brief replies to the two- fold charge of extortion and vindict- iveness. SIR ROBERT HART'S VIEW. The secretary of the American Presbyterian Board of Missions has asked Sir Robert Hart, long credited with larger and deeper knowledge of China than any other European, to give his views on the question. Con- cerning the charge of vindictiveness, Sir Robert declares in effect that he does not believe that any missionary has brought anyone to punishment who did not richly deserve it. Con- cerning idemnity for grievous losses, a man becoming a missionary does not lose his civil rights ; yet he must judge whether in a given case indi- vidual renunciation be his duty. For the terrible suffering caused by the action of the Chinese, the sufferers are entitled to the fullest renumera- tion. Concerning " loot ", Sir Robert testifies that during the siege of Peking all the foreigners in the legations looted for their food and for materials for the thousands of sandbags neces- sary in defence. After the siege all had to find and take houses and the furniture for them, in addition to find- ing and taking the food requisite for the throng of hundreds of Chinese women and children. In the expedi- tions for this purpose Chinese accom- panied the foreigners, and the move- ment was a necessary result of the lawless doings of the Chinese govern- ment and people. In regard to Dr. Ament — subject of sharp attack by Chinese and some Americans — whose name frequently appears in Sir Robert's letter, Sir Robert declares him to be both cour- ageous and self-sacrificing in all the troubles. " Before the siege began it was Dr. Ament, single-handed, who ventured down to Tung-cho, fifteen miles from Peking, and brought up the mission- ary community that would probably have perished there had it not been for his plucky, timely, and self-sacri- ficing intervention. And it was Dr. Ament, too, who was set apart by the legation authorities to take charge of whatever looted property was brought in for the use of the legations — a tri- bute to his honesty and capacity. Later on it was Dr. Ament who, like or with his colleagues, with no house of his own to return to, took refuge in the palace of a prince known to have played a leading part in the destruction of the missionary premises with which Dr. Ament was con- nected— a very righteous " tit-for-tat," and approved of, I believe, by his national officials. Still later, it was again Dr. Ament who courageousyl ventured outside of and away from Peking to inquire into the condition of converts at various points, and with the support of officials arrange in an amicable manner for compensa- tion for injuries and losses." Sir Robert's conclusion is that to which the public judgment in this country seems to have fully come, and which was set forth in orders from the missionary authorities months ago ; it is that as soon as the immediate crisis of outrage has passed, the mis- sionaries would do wisely in leaving all righting of their wrongs to the authorities. A LINE OF PROCEDURE. The North China Mission of the American Board — thirteen of whose missionaries, with three children, were murdered in the Boxer uprising of 1900 — has formulated on the vexed question of indemnities a definite pro- THE SITUATION IN CHINA. 5*3 cedure on lines of Christain justice, gentleness and discretion. "The mission deems it unwise for Chi- nese adherents to formulate their own claims, but that these claims should, in every case, be revised by a committee of Chinese and missionaries ; that no money- should be accepted from Boxers with the thought of relieving them from prosecu- tion for their criminal acts ; that no ckims Legation ; that a statement be made to the Chinese authorities of the receipts and expenditures, from Chinese sources, for relief and rescue work since the Boxer outbreak began ; and that a copy of the same be deposited at the United States Legation." A NOTABLE HOMO*. The State department has notified the American Board of Missions at THE CZAR OF RUSSIA AND THE DUKE OF YORK. should be presented for lives of adherents killed, but only for adequate pension money for support of widows and orphans; that it is inexpedient to accept temples or temple property as indemnity for losses ; that the full record of receipts and dis- bursements on indemnity account be sent, by those having the matter in charge, to the mission treasurer, and a copy deposited at the United States Boston that Secretary Hay had received official information that King Edward of England had conferred on Ifiss Abbie G. Chapin, missionary of the board at Peking, the Royal Red Cross decoration for her services in the international hospital during the siege. 524 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 1901 AN ILLUSTRATIVE INSTANCE. The wisdom of leaving to the authorities the righting of wrongs after the immediate crisis has past is illus- trated in the case of Roman Catholic missionaries in Chih-li province where not less than 24,000 Chinese converts in fifteen villages defended themselves against repeated Boxer attacks. Six of these villages were unable to repel these attacks, and many thousands of Roman Catholics perished with un- speakable sufferings. The survivors naturally sought to enforce redress and indemnity for their wrongs, and their urgency in this was easily con- strued by the Chinese as a determina- tion to have revenge, and became the cause of great tumult. Consequently, Choufu, provincial treasurer and special commissioner on missionary affairs, has sent to the senior mission- aries in Peking, of the American Board (Congregational) and of the Presbyterian Board, letters requesting their local consultation and compliance to the end that a manifesto be issued ordering the Christians to refrain from plundering and extortion, and to await the just decisions of the Chinese officials. Choufu, in presenting his complaints of violent and illegal measures continued by the native Christians, is at pains to explain that his complaints have no reference to the two Protestant denominations. The Roman Catholic authorities are ready to give every assistance to the officials in reestablishing order. MISSIONS RESUMED. The provinces of Hunan in the heart of China, remote from foreign armies, long noted as violently anti- foreign as well as anti-Christian, and demanding its expulsion from the empire, is now wide open to Christian missions. The Rev. Griffith John, of the London Missionary Society (Cong.) who barely escaped with his life from Hunan in July, 1900, has in two visits been made wel- come by the people and the magistrates. Being urged by them to take compensa- tion for mission property destroyed in- cluding more than twenty chapels, he fixed a sum less than the actual loss. In his visit at the provincial capital this summer the governor of Hunan lent him his steam-launch for a missionary journey of 450 miles down the Yang-tse River to the city of Hangchow. In an attempt to visit one of the five colleges of that city the German traveller Dr. Wolfe, nearly lost his life four years ago.' This summer a deputation from that college presented Mr. John with an invitation to visit it. He ascribes the riots of last summer — in which some Ro- man Catholic missionaries were killed — to two Mauchu officials urged on by the murderous Prince Tuan since degraded from his rank. Evidently, the Christian missions are not to be confined to the treaty ports. At Tayuen, capital of Shan-si, scene of the massacre of missionaries a year ago, band of missionaries under a Chinese escort from Peking made their entrance on the anniversary of the massacre. They were cordially received. In their honor the governor prepared a feast with the highest Chinese officials present. Miscellaneous. Early in September a terrible flood in the Yang-tse river was reported, with immense loss of life in Shanghai. The unexpended balance of the Shen-se famine fund was immediately ordered to be applied in relief. Mr. Rockhill, United States special commissioner, left for home by way of Japan, September 9. Chou Su, provincial treasurer of Chih-li, has asked Dr. Peck of the American Board of Missions to establish a hospital and medical college at Paoting. The Chinese troops re-entered Peking, September 1 7 . The American and Japanese forces simultaneously transferred the charge of the Forbid- den City to the Chinese authorities, and received the thanks of Prince Ching and General Chiang, governor of Peking, for the protection which they had given the palace. Then they marched out through the gates which they had battered down last year. The Chinese officials ,ban- queted the Japanese in the evening. The Americans also had been invited, but declined on account of the death of President McKinley. THE BOER WAR. 5*5 The British and American legation guards will be permitted to occupy the temple of heaven and the temple of agriculture for a few weeks till their barracks are made ready. The total of all the legation guards and of the troops along the line of communi- cation with the sea is about 12,000. The city and province however are now entirely in the hands of the Chinese. At the end of September the city was perfectly quiet. THE BOER WAR. Military Operations. IN CAPE COLONY. THE military situation in South Africa during September may be reported in Mr. Kipling's phase: " The front is precisely where it has been for the last year — neither in the Transvaal nor in the Orange River Colony, but in Cape Town and Cape Colony." It may be added that this front of war occasionally makes itself seen or felt also over the border of Natal. Parts of Cape Colony previously undisturbed by the Boers have been invaded by them, and severe restrictions have been deemed requisite by Lord Milner to prevent disorder in the region of Cape Town — a considerable element of the Dutch population which forms the majority there being known to have a quiet and sometimes out- breaking sympathy with the Boers. The government had not failed to take the steps needful to meet such conditions. The guerrillas had been driven by General French northward over the Orange river, but meanwhile Scheeper's commands had dashed southward toward the coast 200 miles east of Cape Town. However, the precautions which naturally were taken gave no basis for the state- ments in some continental and Ameri- can papers that " Cape Town was terrorized," and that the entire Cape Colony was a " seething mass of dis- order and alarm." By September 5 Scheeper with his 300 raiders had turned northward again, chased by a British force. MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA. 526 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 190 1 A PECULIAR WAR. Through all the earlier part of the month the British mounted columns were scouring empty districts both north and south of the Orange River in pursuit of guerrilla bands number- ing from one to three hundred men. These bands, well informed of British movements, evaded their pursuers and when closely pressed dissolved into small squads which later re- united into temporary military forma- tions. Meanwhile, whether dissolved or re-gathering, the Boer bands were always raiders, coursing the country to surprise and plunder some village held as a British port, losing no opportunity to ambush the enemy while threading some rocky defile or to waylay far off with unerring rifle any straggling group. An unending series of " battles " of this kind has now for months been the prominent feature of what is still called the Boer War. Evidently in such a struggle over an area of three or four hundred thousand square miles of sparsely settled country there could scarcely be any decisive con- test— not even if the British troops, estimated now at 175,000 to 190,000, were straightway doubled in number. It is to be remembered that nearly 3,000 miles of railway must be guarded so closely that adjoining posts must meet daily and nightly — thus leaving about 70,000 men to track and chase and fight the roam- ing commandoes comprising perhaps 12,000 men, with whom is the strong sympathy of the residents, largely Dutch. The scale on which " battles " are rated in this war is shown by one or two instances in September. The European newspapers of September 11 reported Lord Methuen's defeat of the Boers under Delarey and Van Tonder, September 6 and 8, with "heavy British loss." The Dutch were attacked and driven from a strong position in Great Maries val- ley— the " heavy " British loss in the two days' fight being actually 25 killed and 30 wounded. BOER SUCCESSES. This British victory at the north was regarded as much more than matched by two Boer victories about September 17. In the first of these, near Scheeper's Nek, three compan- ies of British mounted infantry were COMMANDANT LOTTER, BOER LEADER WHO WAS CAPTURED WITH HIS ENTIRE FORCE. ambushed by Boers, reported at 1 ,000 under Botha — the British loss being 16 killed, 30 wounded, and 155 prison- ers (soon necessarily released). In the other Boer victory, the Boers un- der Commandant Smuts, dressed in Khaki and mistaken for British troops, made a sudden rush on about a hun- dred British lancers, killing 42 aud wounding 36. These two incidents show the char- acteristic style and extent of the " bat- tles " won by the Boers, which cause in England a popular exasperation and disgust — not so much at the Boers as, justly or unjustly, at the army man- agement ; while causing in France ex- ultation and delight as evidencing British degeneracy and military inca- pacity, in Holland delight as evidenc- ing the superior bravery and skill that THE BOER WAR. W goes with the Dutch blood. In Ger- many, and it may be said in the Un- ited States, sympathy on one or the other side, though often strong, does not dethrone judgment of the merely military situation. The Berlin corres- pondent of The Times (London) says, September 23: " The news of the British reverses is discussed, on the whole, with much moderation in the more serious organs of the German press. The less responsible papers make no effort to conceal their exul- tation. The consensus of opinion is that the chief importance of the recent Boer successes consists in the encour- agement that they will afford to the burghers and their effect on the Cape Colony disloyalists." A BOER REPULSE. A meager report from General Kitchener, September 28, announced a severe repulse of the Boers under General Botha, who in large force at- tacked Forts Italia and Prospect on the Zululand border, but after contin- ued assaults were at length driven back with heavy loss. More full ac- counts of this important battle are awaited. BRITISH AND BOER LOSSES. For comparison with the above re- ports of two great Boer successes (showing total British loss of 279), Lord Kitchener's report of British op- erations in the week, September 2-9, is given: Total Boer losses 681, of whom 67 were killed, 67 wounded, 384 made prisoners, 163 surrendered. The British also captured 65,211 rounds of ammunition, 3,400 horses, and 19,000 head of cattle. For the week, September 16-23, tr,e total Boer losses officially reported were 443. ENGLISH FEELING. Before the month ended, confidence in Lord Kitchener's conducting of the war, transiently shaken, had been re- established. It was seen that even if the menace of an invasion of northern Natal should develop into reality the railways are now fully under British control, and all the troops needed could be readily poured in. Botha's threat of invasion was deemed a mere bluff. Rumors rife during recent weeks that Lord Kitchener would soon be recalled or would resign, were author- itatively denied. The English popular feeling in re- gard to the war showed the improve- ment due to a broader and more rational view. Reflection was showing how slight was the basis for distrust- ing the courage of the troops or the skill and capacity of their officers as a class. The recent British disasters began to be seen in their true little- ness, while the exhaustion of the Boer strength, though slow, was seen to be drawing near. Moreover, there is said to be in- creasing recognition of the damage done to the British cause and of the great help constantly given to the Boers by the reports that have come to them of a divided or uncertain British feeling regarding South Africa. One of the officials of the late Boer government in the Transvaal has de- clared that the chief means of holding the Boers together had been to show them the discussions in England on the war, the pro-Boer articles in news- papers and magazines, the contempt- uous or accusing comment of Europe, and especially the speeches of certain English statesmen. The Hindrance to Surrender. It has long been evident that the Transvaalers were not so determined in refusing to cease fighting as were, and are, Mr. Steyn and his Orange River men. Yet the Transvaal leaders have made no move to end the hope- less contest. Doubtless they have been restrained by a sense of loyalty to Steyn and his little group of Orange River leaders. Meanwhile, Mr. Steyn and his comrades are persisting to fight in their loyalty to the burghers in Cape Colony whom they have induced to rise in rebellion. These Cape Colony Dutch were British sub- 528 INTERNA TIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 1901 jects, as Steyn and his group were not ; the Cape Colony men, therefore, are liable to severe punishment, and Great Britain refuses to promise to Steyn a pardon in advance for their high crime of treason and rebellion. Whereupon, Steyn refuses to stop fighting. Thus the Cape Dutch, who had no original quarrel with Britain, seem to have been, and still to be, the chief obstruction to peace. Natal Advancing. There are signs of late that Natal will soon be disputing with Cape Colony the primacy among British South African States. The prime minister of Natal, in a speech at Pietermaritzburg, September 4, made it known that the Natal government was seeking the necessary sanction from British authority for an addition to its area of large sections of the Trans- vaal and Orange River Colonies. Cape Colony, long holding in all British-Africa the highest rank for population, wealth, and industries, has naturally been unchallenged in her prospect of political pre-eminence in the new Dominion of South Africa. But the treasonable conspiracy to sup- plant the British by a Dutch Burgher rule, which has been credibly charged, though not yet definitely proved, on the Afrikander Bond, has caused Cape Colony to lose its prestige and trust- worthiness with the imperial authori- ties. The Boer resistance has for many months found its chief upholding and hope among the Cape Colonists, thousands of whom have turned rebels against the British rule a century old, and have joined the invaders from beyond Orange River. At Cape Town the constitution has been suspended and martial law proclaimed. Thus has this colony, inviting the terrors and the devastation of a hope- less war on its own territory, lost its primacy in South Africa, while Natal, which has suffered grievously since the outbreak of hostilities, has always kept an unswerving loyalty. This must affect the political future of both colonies. There is also in that future a commercial element. Natal has plans for improvement of its chief harbor at Durban, making it the best in South Africa, while making such changes in its railways as will bring Durban within twelve hours' travel of Johannesburg, which is now expected to be the financial and industrial centre of all Africa south of the equator. Prophecy as to this ambi- tious scheme is not in place, but the possibility is being noted in some quarters that the Durban to Cairo railway may challenge the Cape to Cairo scheme. Losses in Three Wars. In the following tables from The Times (London) the British losses in the South African war, in the two years separately, are compared with the losses in the Franco-Prussian war — the first table showing the losses of officers, the second table the losses of non-commissioned officers and men. OFFICERS (RATES PER 1,000 PER ANNUM). South South Franco-Prus- Africa, Africa, sian war, 1899-1900. 1900-1901. 1870-1871. Killed or died of wounds 71.48 21.94 65.5 Deaths from disease 29.09 15.03 S.9 Total 100.57 36.97 74.4 NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND MEN (RATES PER 1,000 PER ANNUM). South South Franco-Prus- Africa, Africa, sian war, 1899-1900. 1900-1901. 1870-1871. Killed or died of wounds 19.62 10.87 30.9 Deaths from disease 31.07 20.56 14.2 Total 50.69 31.43 45-i In the following table from The Times the British losses in the South African war, in the two years separ- ately, are compared with the American losses in the civil war, in the five years separately. In these tables both officers and men are grouped together. THE BOER WAR. 5*9 OFFICERS AND MEN (RATES FEE 1,000 FEE ANNUM). South Amer- Amer- Amer- Africa, ica, ica, ica, 1899-1900. 1861-3. 1862-3. 1863-4. Killed or died of wounds 31.03 16.84 15.18 15.16 Deaths from disease— 31.03 49 46 63.4 48.44 Total 52.06 66.3 78.58 63.6 South Africa, America, America, 1900-1901. 1864-5. 1865-6. Killed or died of wounds 11.35 T -M 377 Deaths from disease 20.37 56.76 4*-73 Total 31.63 74 46.49 Concentration Camps. From Pretoria, September 24, came report of an inspection by a Boer emissary of the camp at Middleberg which had been suggested by the British commander, General Sir Bin- don Blood, in an interview with Viljoen, a Boer general. Viljoen's aid-de-camp, Lieutenant Malan of the Staats Artillery, having been escorted to the camp which contained about 7,000 men, women, and children, was requested by General Blood to in- spect it alone and to inquire of the inmates whether they had any com- plaints to make. Malan, after a long visit in which he addressed many of the inmates, stated that he found all of them content, and that nothing was especially needed. The only complaint was regarding the quality of the meat, which was not unex- pected as the camp receives the same meat supply as that served to the soldiers and to the town people, the quality of which at present is poor because of the difficulty of procuring grazing cattle. Lord Kitchener has ordered that tools and materials be supplied to the men in the burgher camps to enable them to work at tanning, cabinet- making, etc. — the articles made being sold for their benefit. An official return, issued Septem- ber 26, shows that the concentration camps in August contained 137,619 persons. The deaths during the month were 2,345, of which 1,878 were children. riiscellaneous. It is reported from Pretoria that the plan of the Boer leaders when finally worsted is to cross the border into Damaraland, and accept the offer of the German consul to sell them land at fourpence per acre. The Boers object to two things in the German stipulations — that their child- ren must be educated in Germany and that the burghers shall be liable to two years' military service. The basis lor the rumor that 20,000 families will enter Damaraland is not known. A dispatch from Pretoria to the Daily Mail (London) states that Lord Kitchener is expected to follow up his proclamation announcing severer measures with the Boers who continued fighting after Septem- ber 15 (p. 461) by issuing an order for the sale of farms belonging to the Boers still in the field and applying the proceeds to the maintenance of the great concentration camps. The Austrian consul at Cape Town, as quoted by the Vienna correspond- ent of The Times (London), asserts that the future economic prospects of South Africa are now to be regarded with assurance ; but that as a stable government must largely depend on the farmers it will be requisite after the end of the war that either the British or the local government pro- vide them with food, clothing, cattle, and seeds. An official despatch from Mozam- bique, September 6, announced the seizure by Portuguese government officials on the Transvaal frontier of a large supply of ammunition and dyna- mite intended for the Boers. A despatch from Pretoria, Septem- ber 9, stated that because of the frequent wrecking of trains by Boers it had been decided in future to compel prominent Dutchmen t<5 ac- company passenger trains running 53° INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 190 1 through dangerous districts. A simi- lar expedient was adopted in the Franco-Prussian war. In accordance with Lord Kitchen- er's proclamation, to take effect September 15, ten Boer leaders cap- tured since that date have been permanently banished from South Africa. Early in September the surrender to the British of a son of former president Kruger was announced. THE NEARER-EAST. The Persian Gulf. A PROSPECTIVE HIGHWAY. THE Persian gulf can never compete with the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles in historic interest or scenic beauty. But as a railway terminus, opening on a possi- ble highway through the Tigris-Eu- phrates valley from Europe to the Farthest East rivalling the Suez and Red Sea route, it commands an inter- est of its own. Four nations have been customarily watchfull of he shores of this inland sea — Britain, regarding it as a way to India ; Germany, because her railway now building is actually to have one end on the North Sea and the other end on this gulf of the Indian Ocean ; Russia, because when Persia becomes one of her provinces, as she expects, this gulf will suffice for a South Sea frontage ; France, because of her alliance with Russia. Recent events show Turkey also as claiming an interest in this region, especially on the southern and west- ern shore of the gulf. To this region recent events have drawn attention in Europe, and especially to the province of El Hasa with its port of Koweyt, the expected terminus of the Bagdad Railway, on the south side of a bay opening westward off the head of the Persian gulf, to the ownership and control of which port different powers now seem to be making claim. At the end of September the affair had not developed beyond its preliminary stage and was enveloped in a cloud of rumors. TURKISH CONTROL NOMINAL. The shore of this region appears on all British maps as a part of Tur- key in Asia, but Turkey's actual rule there — having been proved utterly incapable — has long since ceased and given place to a British control which, without asserting any claim, has made the country practically a protectorate of Britain. According to The Times (London) the policy of the British East Indian and imperial government has for many years been to maintain this state of affairs on the shore of the Persian gulf, and an important item in this policy has been the virtual in- dependence of the Mohammedan sheikh of Koweyt. THE OTTOMAN DREAM. Many observers tell us of a notable change, possibly historic in its results, which has in very recent years been evident in the policy of the Porte. Sultan Abdul Hamid, if not at this late hour awaking from the Oriental slumber, seems to have come into a quite new cycle of dreams. The future of the caliphate, the destiny of the whole Mohammedan faith and power, take form in a misty future in which he sees himself and his suc- cessors central in a great Pan-Islamic reconquest with vast advance into southern and eastern Asia. This dream, taking form as a scheme, seems to have appealed to Moham- medan sheikhs and emirs on the Mediterranean shore and on the Arabian desert and the plains of Per- sia, so that Mohammedan chiefs who formerly would have ridiculed a pro- posed allegiance to the Ottoman sultan are now willing even that their soldiers should be recruited into the regular Turkish army. THE KOWEYT INCIDENT. Turning now to the recent inci- dent at Koweyt, we notice that a movement toward the landing there TUI-: NEARER EAST. 53' of five hundred Turkish troops a few wicks igo was prevented by a British gunboat on the ground that the sheikh does not recognize the sovereignty of Turkey, and that the landing would lead to a disturbance in the town. The Ottoman ambassador in London declared this action incompatible with the friendly relations between Great Britain and the Porte. A dispatch, received September 27 from Bombay, reported that another Turkey had gathered 30,000 troops under Edhem Pasha, at Basra (Basso- rafa ) a city on the Turkish frontier 80 miles away, with the object of seizing Koweyt. A further rumor that Rus- sia, Germany, and France had agreed to support Turkey, received emphatic official denial at Paris. England's attitude may be inferred from this utterance in The Times: "Any hesitation on the part of the imperial government to uphold the MISS ELLEN M. STONE, MISSIONARY OK THE AMERICAN BOARD OK KORF.ICN MISSIONS IN BULGARIA WHOSE CAPTURE BY BRIGANDS HAS AWAKENED GREAT CONCERN. attempt to land Turkish troops at Koweyt had been prevented by the British cruiser Perseus, which cleared her decks for action and played her searchlight all night on the Turkish vessel, which the next day on advice of the commander of the Persians retired from the port. At the end of Sip tember, the reports from Bombay were that a British naval force was concentrating in the gulf — three war- ships having already arrived and three more being ordered thither. From another source it was reported that status quo in the Persian Gulf, even should it turn out in this case that the action of the Porte was prompted and supported by a great Continental power, would be viewed in India with the utmost concern." A later report, however, denies that Britain intends establishing a protec- torate at Koweyt, and even intima.t an agreement between Great Britai and Turkey to prevent a threattnn' collision between native chiefs. < Britain may be expected to maintai: her hold on the head of the gulf ; but 53* INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 1961 it is not yet known what Russia may attempt at Bander Abbas at the other end. THE EUROPEAN SITUATION. THE month of September closed with an unusual calm in the skies of all the great powers of Europe. Less than the usual number of tales of plots and counterplots in- ternational had prominent place in the columns of leading journals. Only in the south-east corner, where around the decadent Ottoman empire are huddled the little governments to which it formerly taught a science of corruption through systematized op- pression, was there any serious out- break. Indeed, so long as that em- pire stands, an organized misrule, the air of Europe will not be free from the cries of them that suffer violence and yet have no helper on earth to whom they can appeal. Franco-Turkish Rupture. The elements of this dispute, and its progress to a deceptive yielding by the Porte to the French demand, which led to the departure of the French minister from Constantinople, were part of the record for August (pp. 469-472). The Porte still per- sisted in procrastinating methods — the course of France not having con- veyed a distinct threat of war, nor even having definitely presented an ultimatum. The shrinking from al- lowing war to break out with Turkey, which has been a habit with the great powers for more than a generation, had again been found effective, though there was no sign from any one of them of any sentiment other than ap- proval concerning the claim by France. The expected visit of the Czar was in some quarters deemed to have caused the sultan to expect delay in the French proceedings. On September 10 it was made public that the Tubini claim had been settled by direct negotiations between the French claimant and the Porte. This concession by the sultan was universally attributed to the execution on September 9 of the decree for expelling from France the sultan's spies (p. 470.) It was immediately announced that France would refuse to resume diplomatic relations until the sultan had yielded his objection to paying in full the Lorande claim which is nearly four times the amount of the Tubini claim. On September 27, the Constantinople correspondent of The Times (London ) reported that France was demanding also as an indispen- sable condition for renewal of diplo- matic relations the Porte's recognition of the treaty of 188 1 by which Tunis acknowledged the French protector- ate ; and that Turkey was seeking the Russian ambassador's intercession with France to end the dispute. Visits by the Czar. CZAR AND KAISER. On the eve of Czar Nicholas's visit to France he met the German emperor, September 1 1 , on board the German imperial yacht Hohenzollern off Dantzic out of sight of land. The meeting, which was with all the ceremonial accessories of naval splen- dor, was the meeting of two men who personally are warm friends. It both illustrates and tends to increase the good feeling between Germany and Russia which may be deemed a new safeguard to the peace of Europe. The German imperial chancellor and the Russian foreign minister accom- panied their respective sovereigns — thus giving the Occasion a political as well as a personal significance. The Czar and the Czaritsa as the guests of France landed at Dunkirk, September 18 after witnessing from their yacht a brilliant French naval re- view. President Loubet went out to sea to greet them on their yacht. The distinguished visitors were greeted by all classes in France with every demonstration of cordiality and delight. The visit is regarded as cementing and emphasizing the Franco-Russian alliance. One of its minor but important results will THE EUROPEAN SITUA TFON. 533 surely be to add strength to the Waldeck-Roussean cabinet, perhaps conciliating even the rapid monarchi- cal opponents of the government. Still more noteworthy will probably be the gain of the French nation in stability and pacific purpose, since whatever may be said of Russia as an empire and of its historic policy the personal influence of the Czar is strongly for peace. Even were the charge true that the Russian alliance was originally sought by France for On the theory — which like some other paradoxes enfolds a deep truth, — that one good way to avoid war is to be fully prepared for war, even the review and march before the Czar of an army of 135,000 men, ranked by critics as in equipment and move- ment perhaps the most superb and magnificent military spectacle of modern times, may have had no boding of conflict. An alliance that carries no strength has neither in- fluence nor permanence. The Czar THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON. its hoped-for aid toward revenge on Germany, it has now become im- possible for France to rely on Russia for aid in any course tending to plunge Europe into war. In view of this fact and of the added fact that there is probably no greater lover of peace in all Europe than is President Loubet, the alliance now means nothing unless it means peace, except that its meaning may include also some movement toward commercial reciprocity, and probably a new Russian loan from the mass of funds in France seeking investment. had a right to see what reserve fund of strength his ally could bring to the partnership. He has seen, and can now pronounce that a fight is not necessary to manifest strength. The Czar expressed admiration of the final movement — the advance of 128 squadrons of cavalry, swaying 15,000 drawn sabres, dashing at a gallop nearly a mile, and reined in at a dis- tance of only sixty feet from the stand of the czar and the president. A Brigand Outrage. The American Board of Foreign Missions (Congregational) was in ser- 534 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. November No., 1901 ious trouble at the end of September concerning one of its most useful and respected missionaries, Miss Ellen M. Stone, formerly of Chelsea, Mass., for many years engaged in Christian edu- cational work in Bulgaria. Details of the capture by brigands on September 3 of Miss Stone and her assistant, Mrs. Tsilka, the wife of an Albanian pastor, on their journey from Bansko, Macedonia, where Miss Stone had been holding her usual summer school for Bible workers, were received from a missionary writing September 7 in Samokov, Bulgaria. The account was brought to him by two students who were in the party captured. The party of fifteen or eighteen in- cluded six students from the collegiate institute at Samokov and three o- four Bulgarian teachers. While rest- ing in the mountains near the Bulgar- ian-Turkish border they were suddenly surrounded by 30 or 40 masked ban- dits dressed like Turks and some of them in military garb, but talking Bulgarian. They compelled the party to climb the steep mountain side, and after about an hour stopped and took what watches and gold the captives had. Later, leaving the rest of the party, they took Miss Stone, whom they evidently knew, and Mrs. Tsilka — forcing Mr. Tsilka back when he attempted to go with his wife — and disappeared, leaving a guard to de- tain the remainder of trje party, thus preventing news of the crime from reaching the government until the next day. The brigands murdered a Turk, one of the party, before the eyes of the captives, to get his horse. RANSOM DEMANDED. Through a missionary at Samokov tidings came on September 26 that a letter had been received from Miss Stone. It does not reveal her where- abouts, but says she is in good health and has not been ill-treated; though because of the vigorous pursuit by Turkish troops recently she has suf- fered privations and has been worn out with constant walking. Miss Stone adds that the outlaws demand a ran- som of ^25,000 Turkish (about $1 10,- 000) to be paid by October 8 if her life is to be spared. United States Consul General Dickinson at Con- stantinople has been in communica- tion with the brigands who make this demand, and has forwarded it to the department at Washington. The American missionaries are pop- ular in Bulgaria, where, for more than a generation they have done an edu- cational work of great value; and the government has shown much energy in seeking to apprehend the robbers. The month ended with the threaten- ing results of this outrage still in suspense ; and with no definite knowl- edge of the nationality of the brigands, whether Turkish or Bulgarian, even at the State Department in Washing- ton, though the whole machinery of the department and of the United States legation at Constantinople has been actively at work in the case. The first endeavor has been to save Miss Stone, whether by means of a ransom or otherwise, from death or prolonged captivity ; afterward will be settled the question of the responsi- bility of the governments of either Turkey or Bulgaria. It was judged probable that grim necessity might require the prompt raising of the ransom before any other steps were taken, and it was evident that this was to be done in no other way than by individual subscription. The American Board of Missions are pre- cluded from paying ransom by the danger of establishing a precedent in the case of all their missionaries ; the capture of these and the selling of them for ransom might in some coun- tries become a national occupation and end all mission work. The belief seemed general, however, that in circumstances so peculiar as the present the Board would deem itself justified in authorizing an appeal to the public to advance the ampunt of ransom. The United States govern- ment can collect indemnities by means of warships and armies, but there is /•///•: ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT HfcKINLE V. 535 no law that permits it to appropriate funds in ransom for captives or in payment of criminals. Its position was thus stated, September 28: " The Department of State will do every- thing within its constitutional and legal powers to relieve the situation." -> '. ** Affairs in America. THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT McKINLEY. THE attempt on the life of the President of the United States, which was made by the anar- chist assassin, Leon Czolgosz, Sep- tember 6, and which had its fatal issue September 14, evoked from the whole world an expression of sym- pathy for the illustrious victim, and of horror and detestation of the crime, such as never before was called forth by any similar outrage against the majesty and sanctity of law. The President was in Buffalo, N. Y., the guest of the city, promoting by his presence at the Pan-American Exposition the international peace and goodwill among the people of these Western continents and of all the world. The day before the assassin's attack, Mr. McKinley had delivered in the Exposition grounds a speech in which was outlined a broad and liberal scheme of commercial reciproc- ity between this country and foreign nations, and which was hailed at home and abroad as an earnest of the pur- pose of the United States Government to remove one of the chief causes of international strifes. Elsewhere are presented a few notable passages from that address — William Mckin- ley's farewell message, as it proved to be, to his countrymen and to the world. About 4 o'clock of the day of the assassination, the President, after attending an organ recital in the Temple of Music in the Exposition grounds, held there a public reception to afford the multitude the much coveted opportunity to see and to greet the Chief Magistrate, as has ever been the kindly custom of of our Presidents on such occasions. The President, himself one of the people, was unaffectedly enjoying the scene, though to a less kindly nature it might have been stale and wearisome, as the stream of humanity, curious or reverent, passed before him and grasped his hand. The President was attended by John G. Milburn, president of the Pan- American Exposition, and by his own private Secretary, Mr. Cortelyou. Several men of the Government Secret Service were there, to forestall any criminal machination. But their vigilance was baffled, and the assassin came unchallenged with the presence of his victim. What followed is best told in the newspaper reports. Hoth Secretary Cortelyou and Presi- dent Milburn noticed that the man's hand was swathed in a bandage or handerchief. Reports of bystanders differ as to which hand. He worked his way amid the stream of people up to the edge of the dais, until he was within two feet of the President. President McKinley smiled, bowed and extended his hand in that spirit of geniality the American people so well know, when suddenly the sharp crack of a revolver rang out loud and clear above the hum of voices, the shuffl- ing of myriad feet, and the vibrating waves of applause that ever and anon swept here and there over the assemblage The following account of the tradgedy was given by an eyewitness, one of the Exposition officials: "Immediately ahead of nim (the assassin) in the line was a little ^irl ; and the President, after patting her kindly on the head, turned with a smile of welcome and an extended hand. The assassin thrust out both his hands, brushed aside the President's right hand 536 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 with his left hand, J arched forward against the President, and, thrusting his right hand close against his breast pulled the trigger twice. The shots came in such quick succession as to be almost simul- taneous. At the first shot the President quivered and clutched at his chest. At the second shot he doubled slightly forward and sank back. It all happened in a moment. Quick as was Czolgosz, he was not quick enough to fire a third shot. Almost before the noise of the firing sounded he was seized by a secret service man who stood directly opposite the President and hurled to the floor. A huge negro leaped upon him as he fell and they rolled over on the floor. Soldiers of the United States Artillery detailed at the reception sprang upon the pair, and the Exposition police and secret service detectives also rushed upon them. A detective clutched the assassin's right hand, tore from it the handkerchief and seized the revolver. The artillerymen, seeing Czolgosz with the revolver, grabbed him and held him powerless. Snatching the pistol from his grasp, a pri- vate of the artillery got the pistol. Meanwhile, the President, supported by Detective Geary and President Milburn was assisted to a chair. His face was deathly white. He made no outcry, but sank back with one hand holding his abdomen, and the other fumbling at his breast. His eyes were open and he was clearly conscious of all that happened. He looked into President Milburn's face and gasped the name of his secretary, Cortelyou. Mr. Cortelyou bent over the President, who gasped brokenly : " Be careful about my wife. Do not tell her.', The wounded President also thought of the assassin in those first moments after the murderous assault ; as to what his words were, reports are various ; but all agree that he deprecated violence. Another inci- dent showing the habitual kindness of the President was noted by a news- paper reporter, one of the witnesses of the assault. When Czolgosz, with the right hand swathed came before the President, Mr. McKinley judging that the other hand suffered some injury " leaned forward and looked at him in a sympathetic way ". It was then that Czolgosz " threw his right hand forward and fired. The President, after the shots, did not fall. He gazed fixedly at his assail- ant with a look which I cannot de- scribe, and in a moment reeled back into the arms of Secretary Cortelyou." The President was taken to the emergency hospital in the Exposition grounds and there whatever the high- est medical and surgical skill could do was done to repair the grave injuries he had received. From the hospital the patient was afterward taken to the house of Mr. Milburn. The first bulletin, given out by Mr. Cortelyou, described the President's condition and held out encourage- ment of a favorable issue ; the bulletin of the surgeons were of a like cheering tenor throughout the four or five days next following ; but the autopsy proved that a fatal termination was from the first inevitable The first bulletin was as follows : The President was shot about four o'clock. One bullet struck him on the upper portion of the breast bone, glanc- ing and not penetrating ; the second bullet penetrated the abdomen five inches below the left nipple, and one and a half inches to the left of the median line. The abdomen was opened through the line of the bullet wound. It was found that the bullet had penetrated the stomach. The opening in the front wall of the stomach was carefully closed with silk sutures, after which a search was made for a hole in the back wall of the stomach. This was found and also closed in the same way. The further course of the bullet could not be discov- ered, although careful search was made. The abdominal wound was closed with- out drainage. No injury to the intestines or other abdominal organ was discovered. The patient stood the operation well. Pulse of good quality, rate of 130 ; condi- tion at the conclusion of operation was gratifying. The result cannot be fore- told. His condition at present justifies hope of recovery. Death came at 2.15 o'clock a. m. of Saturday, September 14. The President's last words were : "Good- bye. All, g»od-bye. It is God's way. His will be done." The autopsy showed that one of the two bullets had done but slight injury. It struck the breastbone but did not penetrate the skin. The other bullet passed through both walls of the stomach and then into the back wall of the abdomen. The perforation of the front abdominal wall and of the walls THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT McKINLEY. 537 WILLIAM McKINLEY, TWENTY-FIFTH I'K LSI DENT OF THE UNITED STATES, DIED FROM AN ASSASSIN'S BULLET, SEPT. 14, 190I. \ of the stomach, as also the incision made by the surgeons, had been all closed with sutures at the operation in the hospital. But there was no effort of nature to repair the injured tissues. The several orifices and the whole track of the bullet "were gan- grenous", says the surgeon's report of the autopsy, "the grengrene involving the pancreas. The bullet has not yet been found. There was no sign of peritonitis or disease of other organs. There was no evidence of any attempt at repair on the part of nature, and death resulted from the gangrene which affected the stomach around the bullet wounds as well as the tissues around the further course of the bullet. Death was unavoidable by any surgical or medical treatment, 538 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 and was the direct result of the bullet wound." The body was taken first to Wash- ington and lay in the White House through the night of the 16th. The next day it was taken to the Capitol where impressive but simple funeral rites were performed, At Canton, O., his home, on September 19, the remains were deposited in the receiv- ing vault of the West Lawn Ceme- tery, there to await final burial. A unique manifestation of grief over the nation's loss was made throughout the country, in the stop- page of railroad trains, of trolley lines, of work in factories and places of business during five minutes after the time of placing the remains in the vault. Trial of the Assassin. Leon F. Czolgosz, on being put on trial at Buffalo, September 23, had for his counsel, by appointment of the court, two of the most distinguished lawyers in the county, both of them formerly justices of the supreme court of Erie county. After the reading of the indictment, the prisoner, in an- swer to the question what he had to say to it, replied in a low voice, "Guilty." But as the law of the State does not admit of such a plea in capi- tal cases, the court ordered the plea "not guilty" to be entered. The jury was chosen and much of the testimony taken before the adjournment of the court that day. The evidence for the prosecution was all in before 3 o'clock of the following afternoon. There were no witnesses for the defence. Ex- Judge Lewis, of counsel for the prisoner, made an eloquent and pathet- ic address; but all that he could urge was simply that possibly the man was an irresponsible agent through insan- ity, After the district attorney's ad- dress to the jury and the judge's charge, the jury retired to deliberate upon the verdict. After an absence of 35 minutes they appeared again in court and returned the verdict, "guil- ty." On September 26, before sen- tence was pronounced, Czolgolsz to the usual question whether he had anything to say made answer: "There was no one else but me. No one else told me to do it, and no one paid me to do it." He said also : " I was not told anything about the crime, and I never thought anything about murder until a couple of days before I com- mitted the crime." The court fixed the week begining October 28 as the term within which the culprit was to pay the legal penalty of his crime. PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT. THEODORE Roosevelt was born in the city of New York, Oct. 27, j 858. At his accession to the office of President he had nearly com- pleted his 43d year. After graduation at Harvard University in 1880, Mr. Roosevelt entered political life as a member of the Assembly of the New York Legislature. He was in 1886 a candidate for the mayoralty of New York, supported by the Republican party, but the Democratic candidate was elected. From 1889 to 1895 he was a member of the national Civil Service Commission, and in that office was a strenuous upholder of the principles af the Civil Service Reform act. In 1895 he became one of the New York Police Commissioners, and in that position " did more to dethrone evil and make the city police force decent than any board has ever done." In short, he gave proof in this station, as in every station in which he has stood, of the highest courage and of flawless integrity. He became Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897, and if that branch of the public service was in the war with Spain found to be equal to every emergency, no small share of the credit is due to the assistant secretary. As colonel of the regiment of Rough Riders at Santiago he showed military capacity and, as was to be expected of him, bravery ; but also — this, too, was to be expected of him — he showed PRESIDENT II. I •'< >/>( )RB ROOSE I i:i T. 539 hi^h moral courage in exposing the scandals of army organization. W'hiU- gOVeniOf of the State of New York, 1898-1900, he stood firm against the opposition of the leaders of his party to a law laying taxes on corporations, and had the law passed by the Legis- lature. It was against his most earnest protests that he was named t.i< toiily disposed of by fair and equitable arrangements with foreign countries. The abolition entirely of commercial war with other countries and the adoption of reciprocity treaties. The abolition of such tariffs on foreign goods as are no longer needed for revenue, if such abolition can be had without harm to our industries and labor. Direct commercial lines should be established between the eastern coast of GOVERNOR \YM. II. HUNT, WHO SUCCEEDS GOVERNOR ALLEN AS CIVIL RULER OK PORTO RICO. by his party for the office of Vice- President in 1900. President Roosevelt, shortly after his accession to the chief magistracy, informally outlined in some detail the principles of his predecessor's policy, which he purposes to maintain during his administration. These principles are : The adoption of a more liberal and extensive reciprocity in the purchase and sale of commodities, so that the over- production of thU country can be *ati»- the United States and the ports in South Ameiica and the Pacific coast ports of Mexico. Central America, and South America. The encouraging of the merchant marine and the Duilding of ships which shall carry the American flag, and be owned ana controlled by Americans and American capital. The building and completion, as soon as possible, of the Isthmian Canal, so as to give direct water communication with the coasts of Central America, South America, and Mexico. The construction of a cable, owned by the government, connecting our main* 54Q AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 land with our foreign possessions, notably Hawaii and the Philippines. The use of conciliatory methods of arbitration in all disputes with foreign nations, so as to avoid armed strife. The protection of the savings of the people in banks and in other forms of investments by the preservation of the commercial prosperity of the country and the placing in positions of trust men of only the highest integrity. Though Mr. Roosevelt's life has been one of almost continuous ac- tivity in public office, he has found time to do a good deal of literary work. The following account of his literary productions is taken from the New York Tribune: The year after he was graduated from college he published his "Naval War of 1812"; in 1886 there came from his pen a "Life of Thomas H. Benton," published in the "American Statesmen Series"; the following year he published a "Life of Gouverneur Morris," which was followed in 1888 by his popular "Ranch Life and Hunting Trail." In 1889 were published the first two volumes of what he considers his greatest work, "The Winning of the West." In 1890 he added to the series of "Historic Towns" a "History of. New York City." "Essays on Practical Politics," published in 1892, was followed the next year by "The Wilderness Hunter," while in 1894 he added a third volume to his "Winning of the West." In 1898 he collected a volume of essays, entitled "American Political Ideas." Since the Spanish war he has written a book on "The Rough Riders" and a series of articles on Oliver Cromwell. Most of these books have either been written while on his vaca- tions on his Western ranch or in the intervals of the labors of his public offices. They are marked by facility, vigor and clearness of expression, rich descriptive power, and his historical writings by accuracy, breadth and fairness. GREATER AHERICA. Cuba. ANNEXATION SENTIMENT. Governor-General Wood reports the existence in the island of a strong desire for the annexation of Cuba to the United States. The annexation- ists are the leading merchants and planters, and they will next winter make an urgent appeal to Congress. Of course their object is to secure closer commercial relations with this country; of course, also, they earnestly desire free trade with the United States. Nevertheless, to quiet the fears of the American growers of tobacco and the beet root they will minimize the danger to our home interests from free trade, by citing the recent Supreme Court decision denyiug the necessary connection of United States sovereignty with free trade. The newspaper Avisador Comercial of Havana declares it useless to hope for anything from the Americans unless Cuba is annexed. And Mr. Edward Wood, writing in the Forum, declares that Cubans with large interests in the island urge the speedy establishment of independence, not because they have confidence in its permanency, but be- cause they see that the trial has to be made of self-government; the sooner the experiment is made and failure demon- strated the sooner the necessary step to annexation will be taken. NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND. A writer in the Review of Reviews makes an impressive demonstration of the natural wealth of Cuba. The island is a vast farm of 28,000,000 acres of marvelously fertile soil, and of this area 13,000,000 acres are virgin forests. Were Cuba, whose present pop- ulation is a million and a half, as densely peopled as Massachusetts it would have 11,000,000 inhabitants. Area alone con- sidered, and a comparison made with the area of England, a population of 22,000,000 inhabitants might find subsistence in Cuba. But perhaps such comparisons are fallacious, for they take no account of the great wealth-producing power of New England and Old England through manufactures while Cuba will probably never reach any considerable develop- ment in that field. Still, says the writer, the vastly greater fertility of Cuban, soil would offset the manufacturing feature, and there is little doubt that Cuba, along the line of her particular agricultural advantages, can provide a comfortable and reasonably profitable living for a pop- ulation of 10,000,000 moderately industri- our citizens. Hawaii. RING RULE. Judge Abram S. Humphreys, of the Territorial Circuit Court at Honolulu, GREATER AMERICA. 54' was in Washington in the beginning of September to defend himself before the Attorney General of the United States against charges brought by the Bar Association of the Hawaiian Islands. Judge Humphreys satisfied the Attorney General of the falseness of the charges, and furthermore April by Judge Morris M. Estee, United States Judge for the Territory of Hawaii. In an interview with a correspondent of the New York Tribune Judge Humphreys said : "Ever since the new order of things went into effect in the islands there has been trouble between the Dole administration From The Outlook, N. V. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ORGANIZKR AND HEAD OF THE UNITED STATES STEEL COMPANY. alleged, with substantial proofs, the existence in Hawaii of a political ring, made up of high officials, by whom the most abominable vices are protected in Honolulu. The specifications are unprintable, but they are set forth in plainest English in a charge delivered from the bench to the grand jury by Judge Humphreys last February, and were repeated in milder form in instruc- tions given to the grand jury last and the courts. The chief, and I may say the sole cause of the strained rela- tions is that the President saw fit to appoint to the bench men others than those recommended by the Dole crowd. This group, by the way, represents the missionary element, nearly, all of whom are rich by reason of the foresight of their pious ancestors in getting possession of much of the most valuable property on the islands while they were teaching the gentle and improvident aborigines the precepts of Christianity. Of course, the descendants of the pious folks of ■• •" . r 542 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 early days are called missionaries now only for the sake of convenience. I don't mean by this that they are any worse as a class in a moral sense than are the people of the average run. Nor are they any better. I do mean to say, however that the missionary element in a way is a drawback to the material and social development of Hawaii by reason of the fact that by their heavy holdings in the islands they naturally desire to monopo- lize the business and otherwise direct the affairs of the islands in their own way. " To anybody acquainted with the history of my incumbency of the bench at Honolulu it is evident that from the first Governor Dole and his appointees have studiously endeavored to belittie and discredit the court established by Congress, and over which the President chose me to preside. When I have im- posed fines and sentences of imprison- ment upon partisans of the Dole cabal for transgressing the laws, my judgment was scarcely recorded before the Governor nullified my acts by pardoning those upon whom I inflicted punishment. The secret of the charges preferred to secure my removal is that I applied to the Department of Justice at Washington to come here and make a full explanation of the situation, and my enemies sought to discredit me and break the force of my mission by getting their charges to Washington ahead of my arrival." RESULTS OF ANNEXATION. August 1 2 was the third anniversary of the raising of the American flag over the Hawaiian Islands. The news- papers of Honolulu, all except one, let the days pass without commemora- tion of that important event. The exception was The Volcano. That journal writes in a pessimistic spirit of the establishment of American rule ; " Three years of so-called American rule, and what have we, the people of Hawaii, to show for it? Outside of the selection by President McKinley of six American judges — Estee, Galbraith, Humphreys, Little, Eddings and Gear — Americans and American teachings of popular government have received no recognition in these islands. * * * * Three years of so called American rule ! Where is that rule? It exists in name only. There ismt a monarchy, not even Russia, where there is less individual liberty than in Hawaii to-day. There isn't an incorporated town in the group. Honolulu, with a population of 40,000 inhabitants, is helpless, being without municipal government and debarred the right of electing any official ; in fact, we have none except he be appointed by Dole. The oligarchs never wanted an American government. They wanted an American protectorate — the flag without the constitution. Dole vetoed a county fjovernment bill passed by the late Legis- ature. In his message to that body he was bunglingly evasive on the subject of county and municipal government. He discouraged the Legislature in committing the rash act of according to presumed American citizens the right to elect county and municipal officers. What kind of an American community is it that is debarred the privilege of self-govern- ment? * * * * The three years of so-called American rule in Hawaii has been a damnable disgrace to every Amer- ican who loves his country and his country's flag." The Philippines. QUIET IN MINDANAO. John A. T. Hull, member of Con- gress from Iowa, having returned from a tour in the Philippines, was asked while in San Francisco, September 1, to express his opinion as to the pros- pects of peace and order, especially in the island of Mindanao. In reply he said : At present everything is quiet in Min- danao, but if missionaries ever get down there there will be serious trouble. The Moros are Mahometans, and polygamy is part of their religion. Just as soon as preachers get to work among them, preaching against plural wives, our diffi- culties will begin, and when these people rebel we shall have our hands full. They are a fierce, warlike tribe, who do not know what surrender means. Like all Moslems they are fanatical to the last degree and will fight for their religion to the last. They are a stay at home race, and have mingled little with other islanders, and they retain all the traits of their ancestors. Spain never made any attempt to govern them, and thus avoided trouble. As long as we do not meddle with their affairs there is little danger of conflict but any attempt to make them conform to our standards of morality or religion will provoke war. There are not less than three hundred thousand Moros, and war with them would make our trouble with the Filipinos look like child's play. MISSIONARY PROSPECTS.* General MacArthur is his last official report upon the Philippines GREATER AMERICA. 543 states the tenor and spirit of the assurances that have been given to the natives as to their freedom of choice and of action in matters of religious belief. " As no state church exists, no minister of religion will be forced upon them, and no public funds will be devoted to ecclesiastical pur- poses; priests and ministers of the gospel of any denomination are at liberty to engage in religious teaching in the islands, and the people are at liberty to reject by lawful means such teachings as they see fit ; and the Government would not favor one denomination over the other, its general policy being one of non- interference, except where intervention becomes necessary in the preservation of good order and property rights." And now that the law of religious liberty, freedom of conscience, is established, what is likely to be the choice of the Filipinos among the different creeds or religions ? • Will they flock to the Protestant churches ? Will they go back to Oriental forms ? Will they adhere to Catholicism ? " A writer in the London Spectator raises these questions, and on the whole considers the third alternative as the most hopeful. Suppose the people embrace Protest- antism ; there will then be Protestants "of a kind," with a native pastorate, and a mode of life which M will be at all events an imitation of the life accepted by Protestant communities. " That," continues the writer, " is a possible, and would be by far the most hopeful, solu- tion ; but it is not a certain one, and is open to the objection that amidst such masses, and over so large and disjointed an area, instruction must be imperfect, and we might witness the birth of monstrous and evil heresies, such as spring up in Southern China— producing, e. g., the Taeping movement — which might make the very name of Christianity suspected throughout the Far East." But the Filipinos may choose rather the Malay form of Mohammedanism ; yet that is not probable. Perhaps they will adopt one of the Japanese religions ; but this is unlikely; the Japanese are "essentially secular," whi e the Filipinos are by nature dreamily superstitious. Finally, might not the Filipinos evolve a new creed out of oriental, Asiatic elements ? This the writer regards as •* really possible." Or, may it not be that Catholicism will command their allegiance still? On this point the writer remarks: "It may be that the Roman Church, touched to the heart by the spiritual con- dition of the Filipinos, may send forth bands of devoted missionaries who, with- out thought of money or power, will reevancefize the half-hearted Catholics of the Philippines and make them converts to a nobler and better type of Roman Catholicism. Probably this is the best thing that could happen, for though we do not pretend that we should not in (he abstract prefer to see the Filipinos Protestants, we expect, considering their past history, that a purer form of Roman Catholicism would be the type of Christi- anity most likely to hold the Filipinos." OPPOSITION TO THE FRIARS. The enmity of the natives toward the religious orders is unabated. In Pangasinan two Dominican friars were mobbed at the doors of their convent and in Cebu an Augustine friar was hissed down in a church. A Cebu newspaper, El Nuevo Dia, which has shown friendliness toward the friars, recognizes in the demon- stration made against the ministra- tions of the Augustinian a sign that the people will no longer tolerate the presence of the mendicant orders. Says the Nuevo Dia : "It is desired to expel the friars who have come here, from this neighborhood. With reason or without, such a sentiment obtains and we are bound to consider it. As a proof that it does exist, witness the popular demonstration voiced spontane- ously on Saturday morning, augmented by petition signed by more than 200 names to be presented to the civil com- mission. Never before has an occasion arisen here which finds the people so unanimous, so one-minded, and of one accord in matters of such transcendental consequences. Some of those who met at the club parlors last Sunday declared that the presence of some friars in these parts tortured the life out of them. They desire happiness and peace in their homes and the blessings of American liberties to be acquired only by the expulsion of these individuals. Their presence in Cebu will cause continual unpleasantness and strife." PROSPERITY OF PAMPANGA PROVINCE. From a report published by the in 544 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., i^oi sular division of the War Department it appears that Pampanga, with an area of a little less than 1,500,000 acres, has a population of 223,922, and its capital, Bacolos, 17,100 in- habitants. Other considerable towns in the province are Arayat, 14,000 inhabitants ; Candaba, Lubac, Maca- bebe, San Fernando, each with a population equal to that of Arayat ; and twelve other places with more than 5,000 inhabitants each. The staple agricultural products are rice, sugar, tobacco, cotton, corn, sweet potatoes, and indigo. The annual value of these crops is estimated at $1,210,000. The annual value of the forest products is $182,380. There is a considerable development of mechanical industry. The rivers of the province are navigable and on them is carried a large trade with Manila. The Manila and Dagupan Railroad crosses the province from southeast to northwest, and brings .nany of its princi pal towns in communication with Manila Bay and the Gulf of Lingayen, an arm of the China Sea. The railroad is paralleled by a telegraph line. THE KATIPUNAN. The following notes upon the great secret political society of the Filipinos are taken from an article by Col. L. W. V. Kennon, U. S. A. in the North American Review. The article is based upon information derived from native source, and never before pub- lished. The society was founded in 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, a Manila brickmaker. Its name in full expressed English, is "The Supreme and Venerable Associa- tion of the Sons of the People;" its current name is "The Association" {Katipunan in the Tagalo language). It grew rapidly in Manila and the Tagalo provinces, and after four years had a mem- bership variously reported from 12,000 to 15.000. From the beginning it aimed at the overthrow of the friars' domination and the achievement of sundry political reformers ; but its leaders did not at first sz* III GREA TER AMERICA. 54 5 agitate for autonomy and a republic. In 1896 EmUo Aguinaldo was president of the Association, and, getting wind of a plan of the government to arrest all the numbers of the order, he forestalled that by inciting the Katipunan to rebelion, and several Spanish garrisons were attacked and captured. Ft took eight months to suppress this rising, and even then the fovernment had to buy peace. But the latipunan, according to Col. Kennon, had yet no thought of overthrowing the Spanish power and setting up a republic. It was not till the outbreak of war between the United States and Spain that M Aguinaldo and his exiled companions saw an opportunity by which they might secure a prize which hitherto had never entered their wildest dreams. Pending the outbreak of hostilities, they had been interviewed by the naval and civil officers of our government, for the purpose of securing information as to conditions then existing in the Philippines, and ascertaining whether the natives would be friendly or hostile to the Americans. With the enthusiasm of youth, they thought that they might perhaps get con- trol of the Philippines; their imagination carried them still further, and they dreamed of a general Malay empire, wherein all of that race should be subject to Tagals of Luzon." From this " dream of empire " the Filipinos had a rude awakening when it was seen that the United States had to be reckoned with. But the die was cast, and the Filipinos must fight for independence against whatever odds. So Aguinaldo and his lieutenants thenceforth, reviving the Katipunan and forcibly drafting every Tagal into its membership, used its machinery in aid of the rebellion. To the secret edicts of the Katipunan Col. Kennon attributes the cruel treatment of friendly natives, the guerrilla warfare, the reign of terror among other tribes at the mercy of the Tagals. ACTS OF WAR NOT PUNISHABLE. Eroberto Gumban, a captain in the Filipino army, having been tried by a military tribunal for murder, viz., the killing of Presidente Gobuyan of the pueblo of Pavia, and found guilty, was sentenced to be hanged. But Gen- eral Chaffee disapproved the sen- tence and ordered Gumban to be discharged. The facts of the case were as follows: Gumban was entering the pueblo with thirty soldiers, intending to attack the American garrison. He was met by the presidente, who questioned him as to his purpose. Gumban replied that he mean* to attack the Americans. The presidente protested and attempted to return, hut Gumban informed him that he was a prisoner, and seized him by the shoulder. The presidente grasped Gumban by the throat to strangle him, but Gumban drew his pistol and shot him dead. In review- ing the judgment of the military court General Chaffee holds that Gumban was acting under a regular commission and was part and parcel of the hostile army ; hence " the apprehension of the deceased as a prisoner, to prevent the defeat of a military movement against a garrison of the enemy, was a legitimate act of war. The deceased resisted arrest at his own risk, and although the resistance was a brave and admirable act, and the death which resulted is to be deplored, a feloni- ous killing cannot be distorted from the facts." DISASTROUS FIGHT. At Balangiga, island of Samar, on September 29, Company C of the Ninth Infantry, while at breakfast, was attacked by a large force of in- surgents and lost all its officers and more than half of its men. The story of the disaster, as gathered from the survivors, is told in a telegram from Lieutenant James P. Drouillard of the same regiment as follows : September 29, while at breakfast, 6.45 morning, companv was attacked at signal ringing convent bells by about 450 bolo- men; 200 from rear of quarters, 200 front, simultaneously attack officers' quarters. Company completely surprised; force attacking front gained possession arms. Fight ensued forthwith, in which many met death in messroom in rear. Enemy beaten off temporarily by about twenty- five men, who gained their arms. Sergeant Bettron assumed command, endeavored to collect men, leave in boats, reattacked by enemy. Strength command: Three officers, seventy-two men. Killed : Three officers, forty enlisted men ; missing, six; wounded, thirteen; present, thirteen. Party attacking officers in convent entered through church, large numbers led by presidente. Probably 101 rifles with company: twenty-six saved; fifteen of lost (rifles) bolts drawn; 25,000 ammu- nition lost. Ninety-five prisoners outside cuartel joined in attack at signal. Boat of miss- ing men capsized. Captain Bookmiller may pick up men. Immediately another company of the Ninth Infantry, under command 546 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 of Captain Bookmiller, was sent to Balangiga to punish the treacherous inhabitants. The place was found deserted. The three officers and 29 men were buried: other bodies had been burned. Most of the company's rations were recovered or destroyed ; the insurgents had carried off 57 ser- viceable rifles and 28,000 cartridges. After burning the town Captain Book- miller retired, General Hughes was assembling a force to chastise the in- surgents. That will probably be a difficult task. The insurgent force took refuge in the mountains and the dense forests. Two or three weeks before the attack upon the garrison, by order of Brigadier General Hughes, two agents of the Lon- don firms, Smith & Bell, and Warner & Barnes, were banished from the island of Samar, on the charge of rendering aid to the insurgents by buying hemp and other produce with the knowledge that the money went to support the insurrection. THE MCKINLEY ISLANDS. The New York Tribune of Sep- tember 30 published a dispatch from Washington telling of " a sugges- tion eminating from a high source, and which is meeting with widespread favor," to change the name of the Philippine Islands to the McKinley Islands. And the suggestion went farther: the proposer of it would have the process of Americanization in nomenclature carried out to ex- tremity by giving to all the islands of the archipelago the names of dis- tinguished Americans of the past and present time — Dewey, Lawton, Taft, Otis, Root, and so forth. The author or authors of the suggestions were still anonymous. It was expected that within a few days the project would take a sufficiently definite shape to warrant the publication of the names of its promoters. UNITED STATES POLITICS. President McKiniey's Reciprocity Views. T the Pan-American Exposition, on September 5, President McKinley delivered an ad- A dress in which he defined what ought to be the policy of the United States with regard to tariff and reciprocity treaties. As the late President's suc- cessor has solemnly pledged himself to " continue absolutely unbroken the policy of President McKinley for the peace, prosperity and honor of the country ", that last public utterance of the deceased chief magistrate is in effect a program of President Roose- velt's policy as to the commercial rela- tions of the United States with all the world. In the late President McKin- iey's address are these passages : ' Our capacity to produce has devel- oped so enormously and our products have so multiplied that the problem of more markets requires our urgent and immediate attention. Only a broad and enlightened policy will keep what we have. By sensible trade arrangements which will not interrupt our home pro- duction, we shall extend the outlets for our increasing surplus. A system which provides a mutual exchange of commodi- ties is manifestly essential to the con- tinued and healthful growth of our export trade. We must not repose in fanciful security that we can forever sell every- thing and buy little or nothing. If such a thing were possible, it would not be best for us or for those with whom we deal. We should take from our custom- ers such of their products as we can use without harm to our industries and labor. Reciprocity is the natural outgrowth of our wonderful industrial development un- der the domestic policy now firmly estab- lished. What we produce beyond our domestic consumption must have vent abroad. The excess must be relieved through a foreign outlet, and we should sell everywhere we can and buy wherever the buying will enlarge our sales and produc- tions and thereby make a greater demand for home labor. The period of exclusivness is past. The expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem. Com- mercial wars are unprofitable. A policy of good-will and friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals. Reciprocity trea- ties are in harmony with the spirit of the times ; measures of retaliation are not. " If, perchance, some of our tariffs are no longer needed, for revenue or to en- courage and protect our industries at home, why should they not be employed to extend and promote .our market abroad ? " In what spirit will the Republican party throughout the country and in THE ARMY AND NAVY. 547 the Senate receive this counsel of reciprocity ? On the evening of the day on which the late President de- livered his speech at Buffalo, Senator Hoar touched on the same question in an address to the Essex Club at Salisbury Beach, Mass. Senator Hoar said that he was not opposed in all cases to such commercial arrange- ments as the President recommended, but he felt bound to caution the manufacturers of New England " not to enter upon this great struggle, with all mankind as a competitor, by placing any fetters upon their own limbs." What he meant by putting fetters on their own limbs was ex- plained in the following manner : " The possession of your own market is what has gained for you the power and the opportnnity to enter upon foreign markets. Be careful that you do not throw away that vantage ground. Re- member that nearly every considerable reciprocity treaty. we have ever made, especially our old reciprocity treaty with Canada, has been a source of unmixed vexation, and you were eager to get rid of it as soon as its term expired." Expansionism in the South. The views of Senator McLaurin of South Carolina and a few other prom- inent Southern Democrats regarding the attitude of their party toward the question of expansion, ship subsides, a large, standing army, and a power- ful navy, etc., are gaining ground in the South, and men of weight and influence in that section are daily coming forward to express their ap- proval of the principles advocated by those Southern "progressists." THE ARHY AND NAVY. The Schley Court of Inquiry. THE sessions of the court (pp.480, 481) commenced Sepember 12. Rear Admiral Schley presented a formal objection to Rear Admiral Howison as a member of the court on the ground of opinions entertained and expressed by Howison unfavorable to the applicant and depreciatory of the applicant's personal and professional character. Witnesses having testified as to Admiral Howison's expression of such opinions, Mr. Raynor, counsel for the applicant, asked Admiral Howison whether he would ask the court to relieve him. To this the reply was, " I cannot ask the court to relieve me, because they have got to do that upon the merits of the case." Schley's counsel insisted that Howison, having prejudiced the case, could not be an impartial judge. The answer of Admiral Howison was that what- ever opinions he might have held or expressed they would not affect his judgment in this inquiry, for " naval officers are taught from youth up that their oath of office is something differ- ent from most people's oaths, and an officer can clear up his mind, I hon- estly believe, and judge from the testimony that is given before him, without regard to what he may have taken from newspaper reports or from other reports that have gone before." After an argument by Schley's counsel the court took a brief recess to con- sider the matter, and then Admiral Dewey announced that the objection to Rear Admiral Howison was sus- tained by the court and that he was excused from service. The next day Rear Admiral Ramsey, retired, was named as the third member of the court. After an intermission of eight days the court reconvened September 20, and thence on to the end of the 9th witnesses presented by the judge- advocate gave their testimony. Under the questioning of the judge-advocate their testimony was elicited as to these principal points : Rear Admiral Schley's conduct off Cienfuegos ; the slow progress made in his voyage to Santiago; the retrograde movement toward Key West ; the bombardment of the Cristobal Colon ; the blockade of Santiago; the Brooklyn's "loop." On every one of these points the witnesses, in their direct examination, gave testimony tending to prove the charge of " reprehensible conduct " on the part of the applicant ; but in every 548 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 case, on cross-examination, facts were brought out which put Schley's con- duct in a more favorable light. Thus the fact was developed that though a system of signaling had been arranged by Captain McCalla of the Marblehead and the Cuban insurgents near Cienfuegos, and though this was known to many officers, among them Captain Chadwick, Rear Admiral Sampson's chief of staff, it was not communicated to Schley. Hence Schley, though he noticed the fires on shore, had no means of knowing them to be signals from the Cuban allies, who could by means of the signals easily have decided the question whether the Spanish squadron was in the harbor. LABOR INTERESTS. Strike of the Steel Workers. THE great strike of the steel workers (pp. 483-486) came to an end September 14, after a conference in New York city between the leaders of the Amalgamated Association and the officers of the companies comprised in the United States Steel Corporatoin. Work was to be resumed for the following day in the mills which had been idle. An effort was made by the representation of the Amalga- mated Association for the restoration to their former places of the men who had gone on strike and whose position had been given to new men. But the companies had made con- tracts with those new men for two, three and five years, and those con- tracts were inviolable. The Associa- tion scale would be signed for all the mills which last year were union plants, except those in which the strikers' places had been filled by the Companies. According to this agree- ment the Amalgamated association lose the control of the following mills: The Crescent, Irondale, Chester, Star, Monongahela, Demmler and Moncssen mills, of the American Tin Plate Com- pany ; the Canal Dover, Hyde Park, Old Meadow, Saltsburg, Dewees Wood and Wellsville mills, of the American Sheet Steel Company ; the Painter, McCutcheon and Clark Mills, of the American Steel Hoop Company ; the Joliet and Milwau- kee mills, of the Federal Steel Company, and all of the mills of the National Tube Company. In the Amalgamated Journal Mr. Shaffer in stating the reasons for the failure of the strike specifies " the injunctions issued by the federal courts ; the degeneracy of the ex- members who happen to hold man- aging positions in the tin plate mills, becoming strike breakers and teachers of strike breakers, going among their former associates in unionism, tempt- ing and seducing them from the standard of unionism by bribery and promises of permanent and steady employment ; the unlimited use of money by the United States steel corporation and its evident willingness to spend millions to teach green labor to become experienced and skilled ; its power to use all of the aforesaid agencies, show that the Amalgamated association was left entirely to its own resources to battle with the greatest combination of capital the world has ever known, while the trust, with its immense money power to begin with, was aided by every agency the public could finish it with. Thus it became evident that it was suicidal for the association to keep up a contest that would result in greater losses each week that it was prolonged. In a circular addressed to the Amalgamated Association and dated September 23 Mr. Shaffer gives this additional reason for the failure of the strike : We were in fairly good condition to win without help, but looked for aid from other labor bodies, some of which were pledged, and to the general public, but especially relied upon the American Fed- eration of Labor, with which body we have been affiliated ever since its incep- tion. . . . The American Federation gave us not one cent. The feport that financial help came from the national lodge of the Mine Workers is absolutely false — we received nothing. Perceiving that lack of money, loss of VARlors STATES AXD TERRITORIES. 549 public approval and neglect by other organizations would render it impossible to gain a decisive victory, I arranged for Mr. Gompers to meet Mr. Morgan to effect a settlement. Mr. Morgan gave up his vacation, went to New York and wailed for Mr. Gompers, who failed to appear, nor has he since explained why he neglected our interests. HON. TOM L. JOHNSON, MAYOR OF CLEVELANH. O. He also accuses John Mitchell of the United Coal Workers of a like desertion of the steel-workers' cause : We waited for the coal miners and railroad men to be called out. They were willing to come, as thousands assured us, but they have not been called, and the Trust was more sure that with other organized labor bodies against us we must be defeated. Mitchell, he says, had personally given assurance that he would call out the mine workers; Mr. Sargent, of the trainmen, had not made any promise, but Mr. Mitchell had said he "felt sure Mr. Sargent would call the trainmen out." Messrs. Gompers and Mitchell, in reply to these accusations, wrote to Mr. Shaffer proposing First— That a committee of three shall meet either in Pittsburg, or Washington, I). C, or the city of New York, for the purpose of hearing and determining the charges and insinuations you have made against us. Second — That if the committee find* us guilty of your charges and insinuations we will resign fiom the presidency of the American Federation of Labor and the vice-presidency of the Cigarmakers' In- ternational Union, from the presidency of the United Mine Workers of America and from the second vice-presidency of the American Federation of Labor. Third — That the committee shall con- sist of three members of organized labor, to be selected by you from the lists herein submitted. A long list of names followed, but Mr. Shaffer rejected them all and named a different list. The month passed without any agreement being reached as to the constitution of this committee. VARIOUS STATES AND TER- RITORIES. Alabama. THE NEW CONSTITUTION. A CONVENTION of negro citi- A\ zens, held at Birmingham, in the last week of September, to decide upon the course to be taken by that element of the population in the election to be held November 1 1 , for ratification or rejection of the new fundamental law of the State (p. 487), decided that it would be useless for them to go to the polls and vote against the instrument, as their votes would not be counted. They would wait till it is satisfied, and then they will make an effort in the Supreme Court of the United States to procure a judgment declaring it to be a viola- tion of the Constitution of the United States. It was further decided in the convention that should the Su- preme Court uphold the " grandfather clause " and other objectionable fea- tures of the new Constitution the negroes will be advised to emigrate from Alabama to Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines, or to the States and Territories of the far West, there 55° AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 taking up unsettled lands and form- ing colonies. Alaska. RAVAGES OF PESTILENCE. Father Rene, chief of the Catholic mission in Alaska, reached Tacoma, Wash., in the month of September from a tour in western and northern Alaska, during which he visited the most remote native settlements. His report as to the ravages of epidemic diseases among the natives in the lower Yukon during the fall and win- ter of 1900 fully confirms the rumors which had previously came from that region. Father Rene says that thousands died over an area spreading from Nulato down to St. Michael, and southward to Kuskokwin river and northward toward Behring strait. He is certain that at least 3000 Indians were carried off, and believes that the actual number was even greater. Aged Indians comprised the largest portion of the victims. He found that the epidemic consisted of a sort of combined cholera and grippe which ran among the natives alone. DESTITUTION AT CAPE NOME. Similar accounts of disease, desti- tution and starvation come from Nome. Reports received from that place at Port Town send, September 25, tell of the Indians there being threatened with starvation. Hundreds of natives had during the season come to Nome bringing furs to be ex- changed for supplies; but all their money was spent for whiskey. The end of the season found them penni- less at Nome, far from their homes, and sure to die of starvation during the winter. White men, luckless miners, were at the same time flocking into Nome. On August 31 the U. S. S. Bear landed eighteen men at Nome. These men were found on the beach at Kotzebue Sound, penniless and out of supplies. They had for some months been living on what fish they could catch and game they could kill. This party joined in the rush to Kotzebue in 1898, and have been there ever since. They report that during three years they failed to find more than a few colors of gold. The Nome banks had given out an estimate of the gold product of the district for the season, viz., $5,000, 000, or only half a million more than the product in the previous year. Intelli- gence of the prospect of great suffering at Nome during the winter having reached Washington the War Depart- ment, September 26, ordered the trans- port Egbert to be put in readiness for immediate service as a relief ship. SPORTS. The Yacht Races. WHETHER it is called the " Queen's Cup " or "Amer- ica's Cup," the glittering prize which the America brought from England in 1851 is still to remain in the possession of American yachts- men. The eagerly expected races (pp. 233, 294, 422, 486) between the Shamrock II. and the Columbia began September 26. A postponement from the 2 1 st was in consequence of the death of President McKinley. The morning of the 26th (Thursday) was glorious, with a brilliant autumn sun. The breeze, blowing at eighteen knots, had cleared the air of every vestige of mist, and an immense con- course of spectators, on almost every kind of craft, had gathered off Sandy Hook. But the first day's contest ended indecisively. The wind failed, and the race, when four and a half miles from the finish, was called off, with the Columbia far in the lead. The following is the record : Start— h.m.s. Columbia 1 1. 10.40 Shamrock II II.l 1.01 Fifteen-mile outer mark - Columbia 3-05-32 Shamrock II 3. 12.47 Columbia 's elapsed time 3-54-43 Shamrock's elapsed time 4.01.46 Columbia's gain, 7 minutes, 3 seconds. The first race occurred on Satur- day, starting at 11 a. m., at Sandy Hook Lightship. At one point in the course the Shamrock was a full three lengths ahead, both yachts going " dead before a stiff breeze," But the Columbia gradually made this up, and finally settled into a position between three and four lengths ahead, which she held to the finish, the Sl'OKTS. 55 1 central object in a scene of great spectacular beauty amid a continuous tumult of the spectators. The official statement of this first race is as follows : Columbia. Shamrock. II M. S. II. M. S. Start 11.00.16 11.00.14 Finish 3-31-23 3-31-58 K lapsed time 4-3«°7 4-3* 44 Corrected time 4-30.24 4.31 44 Columbia wins by im. 20s The allowance received by the Columbia was 43 seconds, so that she beat the Shamrock the full course by only 37 seconds, after a contest of four hours and a half. The third attempt at a race, Octo- ber 1, failed like the first, the wind being exceedingly light and variable. The Shamrock had a lead of nearly three-fourths of a mile when the race was declared off. The second race really occurred October 3, the Col- umbia again defeating the Shamrock, It was the fastest contest ever sailed for the international trophy. The Columbia won by 2 m. 52 s. actual time, and 3m. 35s. corrected time. The official summary is as follows : Columbia. Shamronk M. M.S. II. M.S. Start 11.0147 11.00.13 Finish 2-'5°5 2.16.^3 Elapsed time 3-'3«8 3.16.10 Corrected time 312.35 3.16.10 Columbia wins by 2m. 52s.. actual time. Columbia wins by 3m. 35s., corrected time. Time at first mark 11.52.22 11. 51. 10 Time at second mark 12.46.39 12.45.57 Elapsed time- First leg 50.35 50.57 Second Teg 54.17 5447 Third leg 1.26.26 1.3026 Columbia gained on first leg, 22 seconds. Columbia gained on second leg, 30 seconds. Columbia gained on third leg. 2 miuutes. The final contest occurred on the 4th. It was the closest race ever sailed for the trophy, the Columbia winning by only a few seconds on time allowance. The official record is: Columbia. Shamrock. II. M.s. II. M. S. Start 11.02.00 11.02.00 Finish— 3-35-4© 3-35-38 Elapsedtime 4.33-40 4-33-38 Corrected time 4-32.57 4-33-38 Time at first mark 12.49.35 12.48. 46 Elapsedtime, first leg 1-47 35 1.46.46 Elapsed Time, second leg. . 246.05 2.46.52 Shamrock gained on the first leg 49 seconds. Columbia gained on the second leg 47 seconds. Shamrock won by 2 seconds, elapsed time. Columbia won by 41 seconds, corrected time. The race was so close that the Colum- bia won only by time allowance, the Shamrock 11. beating her two seconds. The course was a leeward and windward one. In the run before the wind the Shamrock gained 49 seconds on the de- fender— she actually made up more than this, for she started behind the Colum- bia. On the beat home against the wind the Columbia gained 47 seconds, finish- ing two seconds astern of the British boat. Owing to the fact that the Sham- rock has larger sails, she is obliged to allow the Columbia 43 seconds, and this won the race for the American boat by the small margin of 41 seconds. The Shamrock II. proved herself a remarka- bly fast yacht, but not the equal of the Columbia. And so the races ended. The cup remains in America. So also does Shamrock II., Sir Thomas Lipton having decided to lay it up for winter quarters at New London, Conn., with a view to another contest next season. That of 1901 records the eleventh failure to take the coveted trophy from its American possessors. The Palma Trophy. On the 5 th of September, at Seagirt, N. J., Canadian and United States riflemen met in contest for the Amer- ican Centennial Palma trophy, em- blematic of the world's championship. The Canadians won by a margin of 28 points, the final score being : Can- ada, 1,522; United States, 1,494. The utmost good fellowship prevailed dur- ing the match, which was very close up to the last stage. The conditions of the contest called for the use of the national arm of the country represented by the teams, so that it was practically a duel between the United States Krag and the English Lee-Enfield weapons. The Canadians used orthoscopic sights, while the Amer- icans had the service sights. Athletic Contest. September 25 an international ath- letic contest of considerable interest took place at Berkeley Oval, in New York, between teams from the English Universities of Oxford and Cambridge on the one side, and teams representing Harvard and Yale. The American contestants won the honors, the Eng- lish athletes winning only three of the 552 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 nine events, viz., the long runs of a half mile, one mile, and two miles. One of the three English winners is a rector in the Established Church. The six victories for America gave equal honors to Harvard and Yale. PERSONAL AND MISCEL- LANEOUS. The Pan-American Exposition. SEPTEMBER 5 was President's Day, and the city of Buffalo was crowded with visitors from far and near, as never before. Business houses and private residences were gaily decorated with flags and bunting, and banners were in every quarter stretched from windows and across streets with words of welcome to the President and expressions of '* Peace to Pan-America". The views of President Mc- Kinley, regarding the national pol- icy of reciprocity, as expressed in his speech at the Exposi- tion, we give elsewhere. Not less worthy of lasting remembrance are his expressions of cordial goodwill for the populations of America and his estimate of the importance of inter- national expositions. "I'm glad," he said, "to be again in the city of Buffalo and extend greetings, with her people, to whose generous hos- pitality I am not a stranger, and with whose good will I have been repeatedly and signally honored. Today I have additional satisfaction in meeting and giving welcome to the foreign representa- tives assembled here, whose presence and participation in this exhibition have con- tributed in so marked a degree to its in- terest and success. To the commissioners of the Dominion of Canada and the British colonies, the French colonies, the republics of Mexico and of Central and South America, and the commissioners of Cuba and Porto Rico, who share with us in this undertaking, we give the hand of fellowship and felicitate with them upon the triumphs of art, science, educa- tion and manufactures which the old has bequeathed to the new century. "Exhibitions are timekeepers of prog- ress. They record the world's advance- ment. They stimulate the energy, enter- prise and intellect of the people and quicken the human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty storehouses of infor- mation to the student. Every exhibition great or small, has helped to some on- ward step. Comparison of ideas is al- ways educational, and as such instructs the brain and hand of man. Friendly rivalry follows, which is the spur to in- dustrial improvement, the inspiration to useful invention and to high endeavor in all departments of human activity. It exacts a study of the wants, comforts and even the whims of the people, and recog- nizes the efficacy of high quality and low prices to win their favor. The quest for trade is an incentive to men of business to devise, improve and economise in the cost of production. Business life, whether among ourselves, or with other people, is ever a sharp struggle for success. It will be none the less so in the future. With- out competition we would be clinging to the clumsy and antiquated processes of farming and manufacture and the methods of business of long ago, and the twentieth would be no further advanced than the eighteenth century. But though commer- cial competitors we are, commercial ene- mies we must not be." Coal Exports. When the British parliament im- posed a shilling tax per ton on coal, that fad, together with the steady rising price of the mineral itself, was believed to give opportunity to shippers in this country to develop a consider- able coal export trade. But on the other hand, it was pointed out that such result could not be obtained, because the vessels carrying the coal would have to make the return voyage in ballast and so each cargo of coal would be chargeable with double transport expenses. However that may be, a bulletin of the Treasury Bureau of Statistics shows that at present, and for several years past, there has been a steady growth in exportation. It amounted in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, to #22,317,459; in 1900 to $19,502,813; in 1899 to $13,661, 028; in 1897 to $1 1,008,643 ; in 1896 to #10,646.062 ; and in 1891 to $8,391,026. The United States is now third in the list of coal exporting countries: there Great Britian, stands first, 58,405,000 tons; Germany second, 18,055,000 tons; United States third, 7,558,000 tons. The value of coal at the /'/,A'\< >x.u. AND UlSi /•:/ LANEOUS. 553 pit's mouth in different countries in the year 1899 m M follows; X ,\\\\V |*T toll. Country. Shillings. lJence. France — 9 •* Belgium 9 11 (iermany 7 9 I'nited Kingdom 7 7 United States 4 8Vi Forests and the Printing Press. In ten years, according to a report from the Census Bureau the capital (or capitalization) of the paper and woodpulp industry in the United States has grown 85 per centum ; it is now $167,000,000. The yearly pro- duct has grown more than 61 per centum ; it is now $127 ,000,000. The industry employs nearly 50,000 men and their wages amount to upward of $20,000,000. But this marvelous development, there appears reason to fear, is achieved at too high a price, namely, at the price of a ruinous deforestation. In estimating this cost the New York Tribune recites some of the consequences of the growth of the paper and pulp industry: There have been sad ravages in the great North Woods of our own State. The seemingly almost inexhaustible forests of Maine are likewise sutfering. Nearly one- fifth of the whole industry has it sseat there, and the inroads upon the spruce forests are so great that men are now counting the years which, at the present rate, will suffice to compass the total destruction of those matchless woodlands. The same rule holds good elsewhere. Wherever there are spruce forests there are pulp mills, and the steadily increasing activity of the latter is swiftly annihilating the former. The result is that the States are at an ominous rate losing those very woodlands which are of most value and importance for conserving and regulat- ing the water supply of the rivers. What the deportation of a country means is seen in the arid deserts of Spain, Syria and Persia, and in great tracts of India. The lesson taught by those two countries should be stud- ied. What then ? Shall the paper- making industry be checked or crip- pled ? To do that would be a great evil, says the Tribune; but neither is the land to be deportated ; that, too, would be a great, a fatal evil. "Hut happily it is not necessary to choose between these two evils. A dis- creet and prudent economy would make it possible to supply the mills without ex- hausting the forests. Such discretion is what is supremely needed. It is dictated by ordinary business interests, but if such dictation is not heeded it should be emphasized with the strong compulsion of the law. There are few countries better supplied with forests than this, or than this was. There is probably not one in which the products of the forests are more freely used. There is certainly not one in the civilized world in which tree cutting is more recklessly and waste- fully practised, and in which the princi- ples of forest conservation, culture and renewal are more foolishly and wickedly ignored and violated. It is time to call a halt in such work, and henceforth to have discretion go hand in hand with enterprise." Final Entombment of Lincoln's Re- mains. On September 26 the remains of Abraham Lincoln were laid in their final resting place — a vault built by the Lincoln Monument Association at Springfield. The coffin having been opened the body was viewed by the acting governor of the state, by state officers who are members of the asso- ciation and by some members of the old Lincoln guard of honor. The removal was conducted with great secrecy, and newspaper reporters had no knowledge of it till all was over. In the vault a bed of concrete two feet thick underlies the coffin. The excavation is fifteen feet deep, and surrounding the coffin is a steel cage, which itself is to be surrounded by a solid concrete wall, Game Laws. A digest of the game laws of the several states has been published by the Department of Agriculture. The preface gives as a reason for the issue of the digest the fact that within a years the game laws of nearly every state were amended in sundry import- ant particulars and new statutes en- acted. Of these game laws the pre- face observes : "Experience has shown that while much stress is laid on close seasons, com. 554 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 paratively little importance is attached to violations of other provisions of the game laws, and it does not seem to be gener- ally recognized that killing game by ille- gal methods, in excess of the number al- lowed by law, or for unlawful purposes, is as serious an offence as killing game out of season. In order to emphasize this point, a special chapter on methods has been introduced and some of the other sections in the former report have been rearranged. As the bulletin now stands, it is practically a complete digest read in French and English, and a degree was conferred by Laval Uni- versity on His Highness who was graciously pleased to accept a diploma. From Quebec the party proceeded to Montreal where great preparations had been made. Some of the exer- cises were given up, however, at the request of the Duke, as a mark of respect to President McKinley whose VIEW OF HALIFAX FROM THE CITADEL. THE EASTERN LAND TERMINUS OF ENGLAND'S NEW MILITARY ROUTE TO INDIA. of existing Federal, State and Provincial laws relating to the capture, shipment and sale of game." CANADA. The Visit of the Duke of Cornwall and York. THE great event in Canada during the month of September was the visit of the heir-apparent of the British throne. ' The Duke and the Duchess (portraits on pp. 20, 523) reached Canada in the royal yacht Ophir and landed at Quebec on September 16. They were received with hearty demonstrations of respect- ful loyalty by the French Canadians and pledges of devoted loyalty by the English Canadians. Addresses were funeral was then in progress. On Friday, September 20, the royal visitors reached Ottawa where they received an enthusiastic greeting. On Saturday the Duke unveiled the Victorian monument, presented medals to the Canadians who had served in South Africa, and knighted several distinguished Canadians. From Ottawa the party proceeded westward to Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba, where a stop of a few hours was made, then on across the great plains of Western Canada. They rode over miles of snow-covered wheat fields and prairies, in»an air that had the chill Of winter, and when they left the train for the reception at Regina, the capital of the Northwest Territories, they were muffled in furs. Their special C.I.WI/'.I 555 trains left the Province of Manitoba in the night and swung into the Territory of Assinaboia. Regardless of the weather, the people gathered at the stations to offer the welcome of Western cheers to the royal guests. The widely separated stations wece all flag-draped, and each town made liberal displays of bunting. As the trains proceeded westward in- creasing numbers of Indians appeared jn the crowds at the stations. The Duke arrived at Victoria, B. C, on October i, from which place he was to return eastward by way of Toronto, Sherbrooke. and St. John to Halifax. He showed himself through- out the journey a graceful speaker and commended himself by his tactful utterances. His reception gave great satisfaction in England. It is now twelve months since the late Queen announced the Duke's intended visit to the colonies. Politics. THREE NEW JUDGES. On September 23 were announced the appointments of three new judges, as follows : Sir Louis Henry Davies of Prince Edward Island to the Supreme Court bench in place of Mr. Justice King, deceased ; Byron Moff att Britton of Kingston, Ont, to be judge at Toronto ; and Mr. Thomas Fortin to replace the late Judge Gill on the district bench of Montreal. The ap- pointment of Sir Louis Davies leaves vacant the portfolio of marine and fisheries. NOVA SCOTIA ELECTIONS. The campaign for the choice of members of the Nova Scotia Legis- lature was conducted in September and resulted in an overwhelming victory for the Liberals, who will have thirty-six seats to the Conservatives' two. The campaign was brief. The Legis- lature was dissolved on September 3, nominations were made on the 25th, and the election was held on October 2. ONTARIO ELECTIONS. Mr. Ross, Premier of Ontario, has recently returned from a visit to England, where, as he reports, there is great interest in developing the increasing trade between Canada and Britain. He declares that there is a growing regard for Canada and the Canadians in the old country. His return has started gossip as to the date of the next elections in Ontario. It is supposed they will not occur before next May or June. Labor Unions. On September 18 was held a meet- ing of the Dominion Trades and La- bor Congress. Resolutions were of- fered on such subjects as compulsory arbitration, the public printing of school books, the appointment of plumbing inspectors, municipal own- ership of public franchises and con- trol of staple necessaries, immigration. A motion was submitted calling on la- bor men not to join the militia unless the country was invaded. This was in view of the fact of the militia being called out to oppose organized labor in Valley- field, Vancouver, etc. A lengthy discus- sion ensued, many objecting to the use of volunteers to suppress labor troubles. The resolution was finally carried by fif- teen majority. Manitoba. The question of the schools in Win- nipeg is still unsettled. Negotiations are in progress to enable the city to take over the Catholic schools and pay rent for the buildings. The committee of basis of rental of the Catholic schools did its work and re- ported. It only remained that the man- agement committee should elect teachers and that the board should appoint them. This last step, however, was not taken. At a ward meeting a selection of teachers was made, and their names got into a typewritten report which was intended to go before the board as a report of the school management committee, but it did not get there. The chairman of the board found only one name attached to it, and ruled that it could not be received. No other committee members offered to append their signatures and hence no ac- tion could be taken. The position now seems to be that if the Koman Catholic parents send their children to the exist- ing public schools, and it is found that there is not sufficient room and not suffi- cient teachers, then the school manage- ment will take steps to secure the neces- sary accommodation and to provide the additional teachers that maybe required. 556 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., i 01 British Columbia. CHINESE LABOR. The Dominion government has dis- allowed two acts passed by the Legis- lature of British Columbia in regard to the immigration and employment of Chinese and Japanese. The disal- lowance was at the instance of the Imperial government after a request to British Columbia to amend its acts. A THIRD PARTY. A movement has been started to organize a labor party in British Col- umbia. A meeting was held in Vic- toria and it was decided to place a workingman in the field to enter a local contest. The labor unions were well represented and a committee was appointed to draft a platform. PROVINCIAL CABINET CHANGES. The Provincial Cabinet is being reorganized. Mr. John C. Brown, the member of the legislative Assembly for New Westminster, enters the Gov- ernment as Provincial Secretary, while Mr. J. U. Prentice, the former Secre- tary, undertakes the duties of Finance Minister in place of Mr. J. H. Turner, who will go to London as Agent-Gen- eral. Mr. Brown occupied a place in the Martin Government, which was defeated in the election of 1899, and in the last two sessions he was a first lieutenant of the Opposition, led by Mr. Martin. Mr. McBride has re- signed the Portfolio of Minister of Mines as a protest against Mr. Brown's appointment. This complicates the political situation, and a general re- arrangement of Government and Opposition parties in the Legislature must necessarily follow. Dominion Cabinet Changes. The Cabinet shuffle, consequent upon the retirement of Sir Louis Davies, gives the vacant portfolio to Hon. Dr. Borden, a recognition of the long-standing rule that the Depart- ment of Marine and Fisheries should be administered by a Maritime Pro- vince man. Hon. James Sutherland has accepted the portfolio of Militia and Defence. Mr. Sutherland was urged to accept office when the Liber- als were returned to power, but stood aside at that time. Miscellaneous. The celebrated Plains of Abraham near Quebec, the scene of the battle between the French and the English under Montcalm and Wolfe, have been bought by the Dominion Govern- ment from the Ursuline nuns and trans- ferred to the City of Quebec for a public park. (p. 301.) The wheat crop (p. 493) in the Canadian west has been unusually good both in quality and quantity. It is estimated at over 50,000,000 bushels. Reports from the Yukon country show improved conditions at Dawson City and a prosperous season. The output is estimated between $16,000, 000 and $22,000,000. All Canada is interested in extending Canadian trade (p. 492) and the press is filled with projects and hopes for new openings, both toward closer English relations and reciprocity with the United States. On September 1 1 the Department of Customs gave out the following figures for trade during the year ending June 30 last : Total imports over $190,000,000. Total exports over $196,000,000. The actual exports were much larger, as much goes out without being recorded. The Dominion Coal Company, a Boston enterprise, has introduced the British Admiralty to try Cape Breton coal upon British naval vessels. Labor Day was generally celebrated in the Canadian cities. NEWFOUNDLAND. The French Shore. THE troubles with the French over the fishing rights on the Prench Shore (p. 47) have continued this season as usual and much feeling is aroused from time to time when British naval officers inter- THE WEST INDIES. 557 fere with the colonists in favor of the French. A letter which was sent to a fisherman by a British naval officer and was later published in the colonial press caused much indignation from the fact that certain colonists were driven away from a fishing station which they had occupied peaceably for seven years. They were warned .off by the British naval commander at the request of a Frenchman who claimed that they were encroaching on his rights. The policy of the Imperial authorities seems to be to avoid trouble by upholding the French in all their claims on the French Shore, which includes 800 miles of coast patroled by ships of both nations. 14,000 Newfoundlanders are subject to deportation from their homes ana busi- ness. These French Shore fisheries con- stitute only a small part of the French fishing business. No one denies the absolute right of France to her colony of St. Pierre and Miquelon and to fish on the Grand Banks, nor that she has some rights on the shore, but it is the claim of exclusive shore rights and their enforce- ment which makes hard feeling. Forest Development. The low scale of wages in New- foundland and comparative nearness to Europe are reasons why the New- foundlanders are looking for a great development of the lumber business. A prominent lumber merchant from Sweden is said to have secured 800 square miles of forest, from which he proposes to supply the English and Scotch markets. The quality of the wood is said to be excellent both for building and for pulp manufacture. rkid's company. Mr. Reid, "the czar of Newfound- land," has at last succeeded in capitalizing his vast interests. The Reid Newfoundland Company has been formed with an announced capital of $25,000,000 to carry on almost every kind of commercial, transportation, and financial business necessary to develop the island. Mr. Reid's friends claim that his projects will be of incalcuable benefit to the colony, and that he himself has as much at stake as the public. They must sink or swim together. St. Johns. The capital of Newfoundland suf- fered another of its periodic confla- grations on September 1 1 . The property lost was estimated at $500,000. Two persons were killed. MEXICO. The Pan-American Congress. DURING September the popular thought concerning Mexico related to the coming Pan- American Congress (p. 304). The Mexican government was occupied in making elaborate preparations for receiving the delegates from the various Americas. Conjectures were finding expression in many parts respecting the probable effects of the Congress on Mexico itself. The coun- try is gradually becoming American- ized. American capitalists are invest- ing large sums of money in Mexican mines, railroads, factories and steam- ship lines, while American business methods and machinery are steadily coming into use in that country. vjr THE WEST INDIES. Hayti. f^\ ENERAL Tiresias Simon Sam has been president of the Hayti an republic since May, 1896. A serious condition of things was reported as existing at the end of September, developing revolutionary symptoms, owing to the attitude assumed by President Sam, who announces his intention of retaining office until May 15, 1903, although under the constitution his term expires on May 15 next. Other reasons exist for the trouble than the President's desire to retain office. There is a general demand that M. Callisthemes touchard, who was Minister of Finance under three adminis- trations, should accept the presidency. M. Fouchard, who is one of the foremost merchants of Hayti, has for sometime lived in Kingston, Jamaica. At the town 558 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 of Jeremie, President Sam caused the imprisonment of Thomas and Antoine Sansaricq, who are M. Fouchard's neph- ews and among the most prominent merchants of that city. The Danish Islands. Early in September a rather per- sistent report gained currency, starting from Copenhagen, that the new Danish ministry had finally accepted the terms offered by the United States for the expected that the deal could be made at $3,700,000. If the treaty is drawn, as now seems probable, it will require action on the part of both branches of Congress, unlike ordinary treaties, as the House must provide the necessary appropriation. 19M * \ . %, dWr By courtesy of El Economista International. GENERAL URIBE-URIBE, LEADER OK THE COLOMBIAN REVOLUTION FORCES. three West Indian Islands, St. John, St. Thomas, and St. Croix (pp. 50, 182). The report, however, was premature, though it is certain enough that the deal is likely to be consummated before long. The United States government left this matter almost entirely in the hands of Minister S wenson, and his reports have indicated a belief that he would be asked to arrange a treaty in readiness for submission to Congress at its next session. The price named by the latest European dispatches, $4,800,000, is believed to be slighUy above the mark, for $4,000,000 represented the maximum figure referred to in the earlier stages of the negotiations, and it was SOUTH AMERICA. Colombia and Venezuela. AN exposition of the origin and principal phases of the Colombia-Venezuela feud was given in Current History for Octo- ber (pp. 495-498). During September the situation remained substantially unchanged. There were battles in various localities between the Liberal and Conservative factions and a continuation of the same largely unreliable and confusing reports which from the first have made it so difficult to construct a satisfactory statement. The main facts were that the Liberal revolutionists under General Uribe- Uribe were strenuously endeavoring to overturn the Conservative govern- ment of Colombia ; that the Liberal President of Venezuela, Castro, was in league with his "friend and pro- tege ", Uribe-Uribe, to this end ; that President Castro, while in control of the governmental forces of Venezuela, was vigorously opposed in his ambi- tions by large masses of Venezuelans, and had reason for desiring to see war with Colombia, particularly if it could appear to be provoked by the Colom- bian government; that while there was no open break between the two republics the irritations were such as to make one appear almost inevitable ; and that the Colombian revolutionists were apparently gaining ground, re- ceiving the aid of men and means not only from Venezuela but also from sympathizers in Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, though the govern- ments of these republics declared their neutrality. At the beginning of the month there was a cessation of fighting, the various factions, however, hastening preparations for a renewal of strife. In Venezuela, President Castro made San Cristobal his headquarters while fortifying the frontier. SOUTH AMERICA. 559 The rebel General Garbiras was said to be in control of an entire province. In Colombia the Conservative government was strongly fortifying Panama. The insurgents were awaiting supplies through their agents and receiving enlistments. Soon came tidings that Kio Hacha, a port of great strategic importance to the entire northern coast of Colombia, had been besieged and taken by the Liberal forces, Colombian and Venezuelan com- bined. And the Government had not been able to dislodge the insurgents besieging Bocas del Toro, 140 miles west of Colon. But later, the dispatches reported the besiegers utterly routed. Government victories were also reported over General Martin at Anapoyma, and over General Uribe-Uribe at another point. The insurgents, however, were usually victorious over the government forces. An American gentleman having large interests in the interior of Colombia, arriving on the Altai in New York, said : " I came down to the coast by way of the Sinu River, and the rebels seemed to be everywhere. I heard from a good source that General Uribe-Uribe has 12,000 men in his command. The men in his army are reported to be for the greater part natives of the Department of Antioquia, who have the reputation of being the most desperate fighters in the country. Uribe-Uribe's plan now, apparently, is to save his men and ammunition until he reaches Bogota, the capital, where there will be a decisive battle. It was said in the Sinu district that his forces are now marching toward Bogota. If he reaches his objective point I am of the opinion that the Marroquin government will fall. The government troops are themselves in a state bordering on rebellion. They are almost starved, poorly clad and badly treated." It is useless to attempt to give any clear statement of operations that are only confusedly seen through frag- mentary and often conflicting reports. But near the close of the month came detailed accounts of conflicts between Colombian and Venezuelan forces in which the latter seem to have been the losers. The difficulty of obtaining the real facts is wellnigh insurmountable. The story is of a complete Colombian victory over a Venezuelan expedition landed at Goaiira (the peninsula east of Rio Hacha) by Venezuelan gunboats under command of Venezuelan officers without any previous declaration of war. Under date of October 2, Dr. Silva. the Colombian minister at Washington, said, whether a battle had been fought or not, the fact remained that Venezuela had been continuing her aggressions, and Colombia, while resisting them, had been content with defending her own territory." VoL n—37. WILL THERE BE A WAR? And yet there was no formal dec- laration of war between the two republics. The month ended with rumors that President Castro was on the point of declaring war, but the masses of the people (aside from the political and military factions) were not favorable to such a course. Both Venezuela and Colombia are in bad condition financially. In Colombia what is called money is described to be the product of swift running printing presses. In Venezuela all attempts to maintain the gold standard have miser- ably failed. In both countries business has been almost at a standstill, excepting with coast cities. Colombia is not able to pay her troops and much disaffection exists among them on account of this. In Venezuela President Castro is obliged to resort to forced loans. Banks at both Bogota and Caracas have been compelled to suspend business in order to escape being mulcted by the governments. In- dustry is paralyzed. The people are impoverished. In this condition of affairs it is not surprising that an indisposition to war is said to exist among them. FRIARS IN COLOMBIA. Since the United States took pos- session of the Philippine Islands there has been a considerable influx into Colombia of Spanish priests and friars from those islands. The number, of these is placed as high as 5,000 by Raul Perez, the secretary of the revo- lutionary party in the United States. " The presence of these ecclesiastics in Colombia is an additional irritation to the anti-clerical elements. Perez even affirms that had it not been for these immigrants the clerical party would ere now have fallen from power. He says : "When the revolutionary party in the United States of Colombia is successful, as it surely will be within the next ten months, we will expel this disturbing clerical ele- ment. We will then inaugurate a demo- cratic government based on the same sys- tem as that of the United States of Amer- ica. We will establish public schools, we will insist on freedom of religious thought, will start the construction of railroads in order to develop the great resources of the country and will aid in the construction of all modern electrical and other improvements. " THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. After the arrival of the gunboat 560 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. November No., 1901 Machias at Colon August 26 (p. 497), Commander Sargent travelled by rail from Colon to Panama and cabled to Washington that he found no evi- dences whatever of obstructed traffic. The prompt action of the United States, looking to the maintenance of the treaty of 1846 made with New Granada (now Colombia), and the preservation of the neutrality of Pan- ama, has prevented the insurgent forces from any extended operations on the Isthmus. The entire situa- tion, respecting the two republics, has been rendered less threatening by the action of the United States (pp. 497, 498. The language of the dispatch of the State department to the foreign secretaries of Venezuela and Colom- bia is in part as follows ; " Adverting to the possibility of the influence of the United States being ex- erted to compose the pending questions, the ministers were directed to say that, while the relations of this Government with both nations are equally intimate and friendly, and every opportunity is taken to show the good-will we bear them, an offer of the Presdent's kindly officers to arrange any differences which may exist between Colombia and Vene- zuela would be ineffective, without the acquiescence of both. Nevertheless, in- spired by the sentiments which are com- mon to all the governments of the Ameri- can republics, the United States would sincerely deplore a breach of the ami- cable relations that at this time happily exist between the sister nations of the Western World, and would especially regret any action by either of them which might menace the security of transit across the Isthmus or the neutrality of its territory, and thereby constrain the Government of the United States to consider its responsibilities and functions under existing treaty engagements with Colombia." Since the war with Spain there seems to be a livelier expectation than ever on the part of many Europeans that the United States is about to embrace every opportunity to extend its jurisdiction over other 1 ands. It was perhaps inevitable that the mes- ~m~^%. SOUTH AMERICA. S6i sage of the State department to Colombia and Venezuela would be construed accordingly. In this con- nection a portion of the press has re- called the interpretation given by Secretary of State Seward to the treaty provisions regarding the Isth- mus of Panama. Respecting the stipulation to maintain the neutrality of the Isthmus, Secretary Seward said: "The purpose of the stipulation was to guarantee the Isthmus against seizure or invasion by a foreign Power only. It could not nave been contemplated that we were to become a party to any civil war in that country by defending the Isthmus against another party. As it may be presumed, however, that our object in entering into such a stipulation was to secure the freedom of transit across the Isthmus, if that freedom should be endangered or obstructed, the employ- ment of force on our part to prevent this wouid be a question 01 grave expediency to be determined by the circumstances ". THE ASPHALT CASE. The contest between the New York and Bermudez Company and the Warner-Quinlan Company over the La Felicidad asphalt concession in Venezuela (pp. 50, 183, 305) came to view again in a statement at the beginning of September that an agreement had been reached between the two companies. This was prompt- ly denied by President Warner who affirmed that such was the prosperity of the Warner-Quinlan Company that he could see no reason for a com- promise with any competitors. But under date of October 4 it was an- nounced that the State department at Washington had received from Minis- ter Bowen at Caracas a cablegram to the effect that negotiations were under way looking to a settlement of the dispute between the two asphalt com- panies. Chile. DELEGATES TO THE PAN-AMERICAN CONGRESS. The first of September it became known that Chile was, on the whole, in a mood favorable to being repre- sented in the Pan-American Congress in the city of Mexico in October. The circumstances which oocasioned any disinclination to participate have already been stated (pp. 244, 432 ). A committee of the Chamber of Depu- ties declined to report favorably con- cerning an appropriation for the ex- penses of delegates to Congress. It was this fact that gave abroad this impression that Chile would certainly hold aloof from the Congress. But the Chilean Congress finally overruled the action of the committee and ap- propriated the money necessary to pay the expenses of two delegates, Senors Augusto Matte and Alberto Blest Gana. This, of course, does not mean that Chile will consent to the arbitration, at the Congress, of her contests with Peru and Bolivia. It is gratifying, however, that she has taken a course which as- sures, so far as can now be seen, the com- ?lete success of the next in the series of 'an-American conferences. Peru. Peru also fell fully in with the plans for the Pan-American Congress by the announcement, September 3, that three of her most eminent men had been appointed delegates, They were Senor Alzamora, vice-president of the Peruvian Republic, Minister Calderon and Senor Elmore, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Peru. Brazil. The great industrial strain through which Brazil is now passing produces the political and social ills that are inevitably attendant upon such a state of affairs. The monarchist plot last spring (p. 5 2) and the recent assassina- tion of high officials (p. 432) show volcanic seedlings that are ominous. Coffee raising is Brazil's greatest industry. Excessive production, of late years, has caused greatly depre- ciated values and much political dis- content. The planters claim that the government has forced up the value of the paper money until they suffer both from increased cost of labor and heavier taxation. 562 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. . November No., 1901 The London Statist says that Brazil offers the curious spectacle of a country where the national revenue shows a con- siderable surplus, where the government is able to resume the payment of full interest on the debt, and where at the same time the economic conditions are very unsatisfactory. The election of a new President will occur next March. It seems to be generally agreed that Presi- dent Campos Salles has been a faithful official, that so far at least as her outside credit is concerned he will leave Brazil in a better condition than she was when he was elected President in 1898. «£§» rj£ Affairs in Europe. GREAT BRITIAN AND IRELAND The Alfred Millenary Celebration. THE one-thousandth anniversary of the death of Alfred the Great was elaborately and sol- emnly celebrated in the old English capital of Winchester, September 18- 21. The actual date of the Great King's death was October 28, 901, but the ceremony of commemoration was held on the earlier date in order to suit the convenience of His Majesty, Edward VII. The accounts of the various services, however, do not mention the presence of the king. On September 18, a lecture on the life of Alfred was given by Frederic Harrison, and sellections from Tenny- son's "Becket" were read by Sir Henry Irving. The latter, in referring to the death of President McKinley, spoke of him as "at once the avatar and emblem of noble purpose, high thought, and patiiotism". The great event of the celebration occurred Sep- tember 20, when a colossal statue of the great king, by Hamo Thornycroft, was unveilled. The orator on this occasion was Lord Rosebery. There were also various other services, mus- ical and literary, all of which were attended by large numbers of people. The anniversary will be observed in the United States by various services October 27 and 28. The papers have been full of accounts of the life of Alfred and of his varied attainments. The dictum of Freeman that "Alfred is the most perfect character in history" seems to have met with wide approval. The Trades Union Congress. The thirty-fourth annual Trades Union Congress was held in Swansea, Wales, the first week in August, with an attendance of about 400 delegates, representing 1,000,000 working peo- ple. This was the most important meeting of the Congress for some years, as it had to formulate a plan of action to meet a very heavy blow to British trades unionism that has come in the form of a decision of July 22 of the House of Lords which estab- lishes the principle that trades unions are associations that can be held re- sponsible for breaches of law by its members, and so are properly subject to suit for such causes. In case the suit is won, the funds of the union can be attached. The matter was brought to the attention of the Congress by two instances of pro- cedure by employers under this ruling. The Taff Vale Railroad is suing the Amalgamated Society of Railway Ser- vants for $100,000 damages incurred dur- ing the strike of 1900, on the ground that one ot the officers of the society practised "picketing" of the railroad property to induce men to break their contracts with it. A similar action has been brought against a Weaver's Association. It was felt by the Congress that, if this principle should be maintained, the only effective weapon of defence of organized labor would be wrested from it, and, after calm and conservative discussion of the situation, it was decided to defend the Blackburn case in such a way as to make a thorough test of the principle ; to ob- tain a stricter definition of the term GERMANY. 563 "picketing" from the House of Lords; to establsh a legal defence fund for unions so attached ; and to take measures to safeguard funds accumulated by unions for specific purposes. September 23, the rate of discount of the Imperial Hank of Germany was raised from 31-2 to 4 percent. In close connection with the financial \ WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL, ENGLAND, IN WHICH WERE HELD SERVICES IN CONNECTION WITH THE KINO ALFRED MILLENARY CELEBRATION. GERMANY. The Commercial Situation. THE financial reports from Ger- many continue to be of a dismal character (p. 502). News of bank failures and preparations for liquidation continues to come, and, reports are statements of bad harvests (p. 374), reduction of wages in fac- tories, and discharge of employees, coupled with the expression of fears of the absorption of various enterprises by American capital, as, for example, the two Great German 564 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. November No., 190! mercantile lines, the Hamburg-Ameri- can and the North German Lloyd. Altogether the situation financially and commercially would seem to be serious. Further anxiety is added to the situation by the uncertainty as to the action that will be taken by the legislature regarding the proposed new tariff scheme (pp, 437, 502). CAUSE OF DRPRESSION. In a careful and elaborate report sent to the British Foreign Office, Mr. Francis Oppenheimer, British Consul-General at Frankfort-on-Main, gives what he considers the chief causes of the present depression. He traces the rapid increase in indus- tries followed by a multiplication of syn- dicates, which, he says, have been so protected by tariff regulations that foreign competition has been prevented and the syndicates have inflated their prices to an exhorbitant degree. The result has been that the great demand that started so many industries, and was expected to continue indefinitely, has considerably decreased, as the retailer cannot pay the enormous prices asked, and cannot buy abroad on account of the prohibited tariff. Money has become dear, and the problem of the unemployed is becoming serious, whereas in 1900 it was impossible to get sufficient workmen to fill orders. Mr. Oppenheimer, then, traces the trouble to the policy of organizing industries into syndicates and to the imposition of over- high tariffs on foreign goods. It is interesting to note, as he points out, that British merchants, whose trade with Germany has seriously suffered on account of the high tariffs, are beginning to overcome the difficulty by setting up branch works on German soil, and under- selling their German competitors. RUSSIA. Seriousness of the Famine. SEPTEMBER 29, a statement was issued by the Minister of the Interior regarding the proposed measures of famine relief to be taken by the government (p. 504) that re- veals a still more alarming situation than has been apprehended. Fears are expressed of the depopu- lation of nineteen provinces if most extreme preventive measures are not employed, and that this fear is sincere is shown by the fact that elaborate plans are being made to scatter troops in the most severely afflicted districts as a precaution against anticipated disturbances. The relief fund of the central govern- ments, which amounted to only 530,000 rubles on August 15, is to be increased, by order of the Emperor Nicholas, to 14,000,000: It is understood that the bulk of the recent French loan negotiated dur- ing the visit of the Czar to France (see p. 532) is to be devoted to the rescue of Siberia from starvation. In spite of all the efforts on the part of the government, however, it is feared that the measures of relief will be inadequate. Scurvy has already broken out in the district of Khvalinsk. Another Rebuff for Finland. August 1 the Finnish Senate passed a new law of Military Service that practically abolishes the Finnish na- tional army and converts it into a body of Russian troops, officered by Russians, compelled to use the Rus- sian language, and obliged to serve not only in Finland, but in any part of the Russian dominions. This law was signed and issued at St. Peters- burg as an imperial decree, and then sent for ratification to the Finnish Senate by the Czar, who entirely ig- nored a law previously adopted in a constitutional manner by the Finnish Parliament that went far in the same direction. Although the measure was thus entirely contrary to the provisions of the Finnish constitution, all the members of the Sen- ate but four approved it. These four Senators, who voted against the promul- gation of the law, have now been sum- marily deprived of their seats, on the ground that they "opposed the Emperor's command." So complete has now become the Russification of Finland (Vol. 9, pp. 198, 460, 7J7,943; Vol. 10, pp. 344, 561.) At the same time of the passage of this law the Senate sent a memoran- dum to the Czar begging for an assur- ance of the maintenance of Finland's political institutions. The Secretary of State for Finland, in giving the Czar's reply, states : "His Majesty does not find the present occasion suitable to address, as the Senate desires, to the Finnish people a BELGIUM. 565 new assurance as to the maintenance for the future of their local institutions. As to His Majesty's good intentions in this respect, his faithful subjects cannot be in ubt. The disquieting apprehensions which are now by evil-minded people being disseminated among the popula- tion point to the necessity of securing public order by means of administration measures.'' What is meant by " administrative measures" is a source of much appre- hension in Finland, where they are understood to threaten the usual Russian methods of exile without trial or sentence. HOLLAND. The Queen Opens Parliament. SEPTEMBER 17. the Dutch Par- liament was formally opened by Queen Wilhelmina in person (see portrait, p. 520), attended by the Prince Consort. In her speech from the throne, the Queen dwelt especially on necessary reforms in moral and social conditions, and recommended measures for securing complete observance of the Sabbath and for tne greater repression of public gam- bling and drinking. In order to carry out these and other reforms, she declared that the resources of the government must be strengthened, and that the first step would be a revision of the customs tariff. In concluding she emphasized the moral mission of Holland toward the native races in the Dutch colonies. Bill for Draining the Zuyder Zee. The project of draining the Zuyder Zee has again come to the front (Vol. 10, p. 947) in another bill that has been submitted to the Second Chamber of the States General by Mr. Sely, minister for the Waterstaat. Mr. Sely's plan is to create two areas of dry land, called polder, the first be- tween Wieringen and Medemblik, in the Northwest, and the second between Hoorn and Marken in the Southwest, the t wo to have an area of 53,220 hectares of which 46.520 will be fertile land. The remaining territory is to be a fresh water lake, which can be reclaimed later if desired. The vast work is to be com- pleted in 18 years and will require about #40,000.000. It is proposed to pay off the principal and interest on this sum by an annual increase of the budget in a period of 60 years at the most. BELGIUM. Compulsory Voting. AN interesting account of the results obtained in Belgium by a system of compulsory voting in connection with the institu- tion of the plural vote and of propor- tional representation, the latter secured STATUE OF KING ALFRED, BY 1IAMO THORNYCRul I . 1 NVI 11.1 l> A I \VIN< HKsTkR, SI 1TEMBKR JO. only after a long and severe struggle, (Vol. 9, p. 458; Vol. 10, p. 488), is given in the "Annals of the American Academy" by A. Nerincx of Brussels. He states that, as soon as the law was adopted, the percentage of qual- ified voters abstaining from the exercise of their suffrage at once fell from 16 to between 4 and 5, and he believes that it will continue to fall. $66 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. November No.. 1901 What method of compulsion to use has always been a difficult question for advo- cates of compulsory voting to face. Belgium has solved the question by a system of penalties light enough to be tolerated by the people and yet involving disabilities not likely to be lighlty incurred by responsible citizens, as a mere fine might be. The penalties range from a mere warning in the case of first offence to a- small fine of 25 francs and the sus- pension of political rights for a period of ten years for repeated offences. This suspension involves disability for any public office or service and for public honors as well as for the franchise, a con- dition that a man is not likely wilfully to place himself in for a period of ten years DENMARK. The Liberal Victory. EECENT dispatches have pointed out the significance of the change in ministry that took place the last of July (p. 439), It makes a great triumph for the Liberal party, which has been making a cour- ageous struggle for power for thirty years. Although the Liberals have long held majorities in the popular chamber, the King has always, on every change of ministry, summoned a Con servative leader to form the new cabinet. So overwhelming were the Liberal majorities in the elections of last April, however, giving the Liberals 109 out of the 114 members of the lower house, that the King at last yielded, and Denmark now has a Lib- eral cabinet for the first time, except for a few weeks in 1859. The social as well as political makeup of the new cabinet is noteworthy. The Minister of Agriculture, M. Ole Hansen, is a common farmer, owning a holding of about one hundred acres; the Minister of Public Instruction, M. Christensen, was until recently a village schoolmaster; and, indeed all the ministers except M. Hager, are real sons of the people, while it is the first cabinet since 1866 which has not contained a single large land- owner. Politically, all sides of the former opposition are represented in the minis- try, and it is expected to be very strong. The appointments have been most favor- ably received throughout Denmark. TURKEY. flore Armenian Disturbances. EEPORTS have been circulated of riotous acts by Armenian rovolutionists at Mush and at Sassoun in Asiatic Turkey. It is said that the Mussulman quarters at Mush were set on fire and the bar- racks at Sassoun, where 3,000 troops were stationed, were blown up. As such reports are usually the predecessors of a series of Armenian massacres, it is feared that another wholesale slaughter of Armenians will soon occur, if indeed it has not already begun. Rev. R. M. Cole, of the American Board (Cong.), has been sent to investigate the real facts of the situation, but it is feared that he will not be allowed to penetrate to the scene of the disturbances by the subordinate officials, althongh he has authority to do so from the Turkish officials at Constantinople. %=£ «^» Affairs in Asia. CHINA. Progress of Reform. THE great subject of reform, political and social, seems to be the absorbing topic of the Chinese native press (see pp. 517, 518). September 17, an imperial edict was issued renewing the plan begun by Yung Wing thirty years ago of selecting the best students in every province and sending them to foreign countries to study politics and science. The decree also ordered the institu- i\;axda. 567 tion of a general system of education by means of primary schools, common schools, and colleges in every province for the enlightment of the people. (treat Yangtse Floods. The disastrous floods of the Yang- tse reported early in August (p. 509) were still raging in September. A dispatch from Rev. Arthur H. Smith, of Tien-Tsin, chairman of the Famine Relief Committee, to the Christain Her aid dated Che-Foo, September 3, reads: "Dr. Duncan wires one-third population dead Shanghai. Forming Yangtse relief committee." JAPAN. Great Religious Awakening. JAPAN has recently experienced and is still undergoing a remark- able revival of the Christian relig- ion that is attracting the enthusiastic attention of all Protestant denomina- tions in this land. The movement began in Tokyo some months ago under the auspices of the Japan Evangelical Alliance, and has spread to Nagasaki, Yokohama, and other places. At Nagasaki, 1500 people gathered at the first meeting, and at Yo- kohama, the daily prayer meetings were attended by from 1200 to 1500 people. A large number of converts has already been gathered in, and greater numbers are anticipated. Assassin of Toru Punished. Iba Sotaro, the man who deliberate- ly assassinated Hoshi Toru, the Minis- ter of Communications in the last I to Cabinet, June 21 (p. 388), was sen- tenced to hard labor for life. The criminal was one of the samurai, a member of a noble Japanese house, and at one time was considered quite advanced in his ideas, and was the diplomatic representative at Washing- ton. He had evidently reverted to his old traditional ideas, as he gave as a reason for the assassination "the European propensities" of the minister. AFGHANISTAN. Death of the Ameer. OCTOBER 7, the death of the Ameer of Afghanistan, Abdur- rahman (p. 464, portrait Vol. 10, p. 951), was reported at London from Simla. Two days later it was reported that his oldest son, Habibul- lah Khan, had been officially pro- claimed ameer and the accession had been accepted by his brothers and the sirdars. All was reported quiet at Kabul. THIBET. Novel flethod of Communication. A NOVEL method of communi- cation with the inaccessible table-land of Thibet is pro- jected by traders in Indian tea. It is proposed to construct a rope aerial tramway from the summit of the Jalep Pass to the railway in the plains. It is to be 40 miles in length, when completed. \ t^G e was jn h|s nineteenth year, he enlisted as a private in the Twenty-Third Ohio Volunteers. He was brevetted major of volunteers for gallantry in battle in March. 1S65. ar»d in July following was mustered out of the service. Was admit- 574 NECROLOGY. November No., 1901 ted to the bar in 1867 and settled for life at Canton, O. In 1869 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Stark County, In 1876 was elected a member of the lower house of Congress, in which for the next fourteen years he sat. As chair- man of the Ways and Means Committee he reported the tariff law of 1890, in the preparation of which he took a leading part, and it has always been known by his name. He was elected Governor of Ohio in 1891, and re-elected in 1893. Was delegate at large to the Republican National conventions of 1884, 1888 and 1892. At the last mentioned, Major McKinley advocated the renomination of President Harrison, but, notwithstanding his refusal to permit the use of his name, 182 votes were cast for him. At the national convention at St. Louis, in June, 1896, was made the presidential candidate of the Republican party. In November, received 7,106,199 votes to 6,502,685 for Wm. J. Bryant, giving him a plurality of 603,514, and a majority of the popular vote of 288,753. In the electoral college the vote stood 271 for McKinley to 176 for Bryan. He was unanimously renom- inated at the National Convention in Philadelphia June 21, 1900. In November his popular vote was 7,214,027 and Bryan's was 6,342,514, McKinley's plurality being 87 1. 5 '3- In the electoral college the vote stood 292 for McKinley and 155 for Bryan. BANCROFT, REV. C. F. P., eminent educator, for twenty -eight years the head of Phillips-Andover Academy; died Oct. 4. GRAY, REV. WM. C. DD, Presby- terian preaher and for many years editor of the Interior; his " Campfire Musings" and editorials were widely read ; died Sept. 29, in his seventieth year. HITCHCOCK, REV. DR. E. W., Presbyterian preacher and for twelve years pastor of the American Chapel in Paris; died at Saratoga, N. Y., Sept. 17, aged 68. WHIPPLE, BISHOP HENRY B., of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; born in Adams, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1822; died at his home in Farribault, Minn., Sept. 16. In 1857 he became rector of the Church of the Holy Comforter, Chicago, where he remained until he was consecrated the first bishop of Minnesota, on October 13, 1859, in St. James' Church. Richmond, Va. As bishop of Minnesota Dr. Whip- ple became famous as the friend and aposde of the Indians. For many years he labored among them with heroic self- denial, and on many occasions he cham- pioned their cause before the government and in public addresses. They gave him the title of "Straight Tongue" because they had learned that they could always rely on his word. He founded three in- BISHOP WHIPPLE. stitutions of learning in Faribault, Minn., that have attained a high standing. He was one of the few American bishops upon whom an English university has conferred a degree. The University of Cambridge honored him with the degree of LL. D.in 1888, and the University of Oxford bestowed upon him the degree of D. D. in 1899. STEPHAN, Mgr. Joseph A., director of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Mis- rions ; died in Washington, D. C, Sept 12, aged 79. HERTZOG, PROFESSOR J. B., one of the best known German scholars in America ; born at Becktheim, near Worms, Jan. 2, 1831 ; died in the German Hospital in Philadelphia, Sept 12 ; came to America in 1856. During 1863 and 1864 he was teacher of languages in La Salle College in Philadelphia, and was also at the same time professor of Ger- man in Eden Hall, Tornesdale. In 1877 he established a private school, which he conducted to the time of his death. WHITMAN, W. E. S., journalist, better known by his pen name of " Toby Candor " born in South Boston, Dec. 25, 1832 ; died in Augusta, Me., Sept. 28. GILL, JUDGE CHARES IGNACE, eminent Canadian jurist ; born at Pierre- ville, Que., Maich 12, 1844 ; died at Mont- real, Sept 16. From 187 1 to 1874 he rep- resented the county of Yamaska in the Legislative Assembly, and from 1874 to 1879 was member of the House of Com- mons for the same county. In May, 1879, he was raised to the Bench and ap- pointed to replace the late Judge#T. J. J. Loranger for the district of Richelieu. Six years later, in 1S86, he was promoted to the district of Montreal. \ Vol. 11-38; HON. SETH LOW, MAYOR-ELECT OK NEW YORK CITY. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OF Current History. VOL. 11. RECORD OF OCTOBER, 1901. No. 10- International Affairs. THE SITUATION IN CHINA. A General View. THE condition in China developed no great change in October. Nearly all movement was in lines which preceding months had in general indicated. Changes to be expected in the near future in the empire can now be reduced to two comprehensive classes — local disturbances, and spasmodic effort or simulated effort at reform. While some correspondents still pre- dict outrage and bloodshed throughout large regions of northern China, those of highest repute seem rather to expect only local and transient outbreaks. As to reform, no wide or sudden transformation is at all looked for; yet in circles diplomatic, military, commercial, missionary, among those in position to be observant of the old empire at close range, there is evident a belief that a new era is slowly open- ing. In this belief the prime element may be not so much that the twentieth century opens on a new China, as that it opens on a world with a new inter nationalism, more scientific in its analysis, more definite in its move- ment, more human in its sympathy, more moral in its aim. The Court Returning. Chinese officials nave shown un- wonted energy in pacifying the region of Chih-li province around Peking in order to remove the excuse for reten- tion of large bodies of foreign troops in that district. It is understood also that the court will not return to the capital while its region is held by foreigners in heavy force— the empress- dowager suspecting the allied govern- ments of a purpose to entrap her and take vengeance for her crimes ; whence is advanced a prediction that she will send the emperor to Peking while she tarries through the winter at Kai Yuen-fu. The slow movement of the court toward Peking was reported to have begun October 6, and to have been stayed October 1 1 at Tung-Kuan for several days of rest from the fatigue due to travel over the execrable roads. According to dispatches from Si-Ngan the temporary palace there was dis- mantled and its furnishings were taken for use on the road. The imperial caravan numbered three or four thousand persons, besides i ,200 carts" and thousands of horses and mules. Two parties of officials making prep- arations preceded it, and in the towns along the line temporary palaces were decorated and supplies were collected, concerning which — according to one hopeful despatch — an edict in the emperor's name strictly commanded the officials to pay the people for all supplies, while several palace eunuchs were reported to have been beheaded for practising extortion on the people. Less hopeful was the report of an imperial edict commanding Li Hung- Chang as governor of Chih-li province to borrow from the other provinces an amount exceeding half a million dollars to pay the cost of the court's journey, while special local taxes also were being levied on the people im- Copyright, 1901, by Current History Company. 576 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 1901 poverished by Chinese plundering bands and foreign primitive expedi- tions. A few faint signals of reform are making hope for China a duty, but they have not nullified the fact that China still is China. The Prospect for Reform. IN GENERAL. As to what one correspondent terms "the continual broadside of reform edicts," the men most competent to judge seem to refrain from decisive expression. These edicts are issued necessarily in the name of the young emperor, but this gives no indication of their origin, whether as from him or from the narrow-minded, ignorant and fanatical empress-dowager. Even if proved to originate with her they would not necessarily show any change in her sentiments or in her purposes regarding the permanent policy of the government. They may have been issued merely as a sop thrown out either to quiet or to confuse the cerberus of the foreign powers. The powers were to be led to relax their heavy pressure for reform on seeing such proofs that the government had actually entered on >a course thor- oughly new. They were to be induced first of all to withdraw their terrific military force in whose presence China had no room for free activity even in the direction of reform. For this last mentioned inducement it may be con- fessed that good reasons were not lacking to the harassed old empire. VARIOUS SIGNS. A credible correspondent reported that Prince Ching stated to some foreign officials early in October that the empress-dowager agreed with the emperor as to the necessity of a change in Chinese governmental methods, and that on return of the court to Peking a beginning would be made in enforce- ment of the reform edicts. There is reason to believe that the need of reform is now seen more than ever before among the gentry and nobles, but there is little to indicate a similar advance among the common people — a vast, immeasurable, immovable mass. On the recent appointment of Prince Su as collector of taxes on goods entering Peking — an office heretofore reckoned as paying in the form of percentage to its holder about $75,000 annually — the prince announced his purpose to deposit the collections in full in the treasury and to apply to the emperor to appoint for him a reasonable salary. But his subordi- nates abominate such a change, and the prince has been threatened with assassination. On this subject it is remarked in passing that the Chinese foreign office has formally asked of the foreign ministers the restoration of the former restrictions on merchan- dise imported through Tien-tsin, which now is paying no duty on the theory that it is for the use of the foreign legations and guards. As the former three foreign merchants at Peking have increased to 30, whose imports come through Tien-tsin, Prince Su deemed the matter important, and for a test seized a quantity of goods consigned to the oldest merchant in Peking. The prince's contention is favored by the foreign ministers. Under the head of " works meet for repentance " might be classed the begin- ning by the treasurer of the province of Chih-li of the payment of about $3,620,- 000 as indemnity to Chinese converts — a large proportion Roman Catholic — on account of the Boxer outrages and destruction of property. A proclamation credibly, though not officially, reported as issued by Li Hung-Chang as viceroy, declared that Boxer leaders must give security for losses incurred through their actions, and must restore land seized from Christian converts who were lawful own- ers ; that converts are not to be com- pelled to contribute to temple fetes; that the societies of " United Villages," suc- cessors of the Boxers, are prohibited ; and that rewards will be paid for arrest of bandits. SOME EDICTS. An imperial edict has beennssued forbidding the imperial council and boards to sell offices — a practice which for more than half a century has been a source of revenue. THE S/Tl'AT/OX /V CHIXA. 577 From Peking, October 12, two edicts were reported, one of which establishes three new boards and abolishes many minor offices. In the other, the empress-dowager admonish- ing officials to enforce the reforms recently decreed, states in language whose metaphor admits various inter- pretation, " Myself and the emperor for the last year have slept on worm- word and eaten gall; " and proceeds to say that the highest officials (which are named) urge the court to make known to the whole empire its deter- mination to accomplish reforms, and to enjoin officials to study and adopt the methods of Western nations which are commended by Viceroys Liu Kun Yi and Chang Chih-Tung. " No trifling measures," the edict declares, " will restore prosperity. The destiny of the government, whether for happi- ness or destruction, is involved in these reforms which will make China independent." Meanwhile the foreign ministers in Peking also have found a field of their own in need of reform : heeding a protest from the governor they have decided to evict all foreign merchants occupying houses without consent of the owners. Abuses By Foreigners. The Chinese complaints of foreign misdoings may be overdrawn, and some are without doubt baseless ; yet they are not in all cases without rea- son. The Peking officials complain that no modus vivendi has been es- tablished between the legation guards and the city folk — the soldiers still treating the citizens as a conquered people, roaming about the town wear- ing their side arms, and often intoxi- cated, maltreating the natives and committing petty robberies. It is not pleasant to hear of a gang of Ameri- cans looting a silversmith's store and carrying off several hundred taels worth of property ; more acceptable is the sequel that until the guilty men were detected for punishment the entire garrison was confined to barracks. that they have been forced to work in buildine some of the foreign legations. These Duildings themselves, quite una- voidably, are a grievance and a menace to the people ; the legations have been greatly extended ; the German section is protected by a moat and a stone fort for artillery ; the British have built a moated fort with guns mounted; and the Italian defences adjoining have embrasures for cannon The Final Protocol. Special Commissioner Rockhill, having finished his work in China, arrived at Victoria, B. C, by steamer, October 15, and reported in person at the state department in Washington, October 24. He brought a corrected PRINCE FERDINAND OF BULGARIA. copy of the final protocol between China and the powers (pp. 10, ex, 514). This final form, not yet made public, is on the same lines as the original, but largely extended on some points, especially in details as to pay- ment of the indemnity and as to trade. The state department is to issue it in full for information of those who have commercial or other interests in the Complaints are made from Chinamen empire. 57* INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 190 1 Important commercial concessions in the protocol were secured through Mr. Rockhill's efforts. Thus, flour already largely exported from this country to China, and with prospect of immensely increased demand, was put on the Chi- nese free list. Also, on initiative of the United States government were obtained pledges of improvement in navigation of Chinese rivers, and substitution of speci- fic for ad valorem duties on goods enter- ing China. The last official act of the Chinese peace plenipotentiaries at Peking was performed October 13, according to Article VI of the protocol, in their signing and forwarding to the Spanish minister, the doyen of the diplomatic corps, a bond for payment in due proportions to the various powers in the ensuing thirty-nine yards of the total indemnity of 450,000,000 haikwan taels. This sum varies with the vary- ing value of the tael, but may be esti- mated as in general equalling about $337,000,000. Mr. Rockhill, in an interview, spoke of affairs in China as returning toward their normal state. He did not expect further outbreak, " but there was no telling what would happen in China." The insurrec- tions in Kan-Su and Manchuria he deemed local disturbances, much exag- gerated. The commercial interest appeared to be taking charge of the country. He looked for a better state of affairs to be brought about by the inter- national commission to revise the treaties and arrange for opening more ports. He anticipated an enormous trade. In the le- gion around Si-Ngan failure of crops had caused many of the people to starve to death ; but there was exaggeration in the newspaper reports of the famine in some other parts of the empire. Li Hung- Chang is seriously weakened physically, but retains his mental vigor. Foreign Trade. A REVISION OF TAXES. In connection with the commercial items in the protocol may be noted the departure from this country for China, October 15, of Thaddeus S. Sharretts, native of Baltimore, for ten years in government service as a gen- eral appraiser at New York. He has been appointed by President Roose- velt special commissioner to represent his government in the international committee for the revision of the Chinese customs requisite for raising the war indemnity pledged to the powers ; also to act with Minister Conger in an expected negotiation of a new commercial treaty with the empire. He was appointed on Secretary Hay's suggestion as an expert on the tariff laws of the world. He will have the important duty of maintaining the "open door" policy in China, and of ensuring the admission of American products and manufactures on terms equal with those of any other nation. For some time he has been in consultation with leading exporters of this country, obtaining sta- tistics and gathering the views of firms whose annual exports to China amounts to millions of dollars in value. On reaching his destination he will begin his work with a thorough examination of China's commercial conditions. FOREIGN TRADERS IN CHINA. The rights of foreign merchants in Peking have been brought in ques- tion by Prince Ching in a letter to the ministers requesting withdrawal of foreign business establishments from the capital. Prince Ching's position is that Peking is not one of the twenty-eight treaty ports, and that as goods ordered for use by the legations are non-dutiable there is no reason for making it a treaty port. By tacit consent of the government a few foreign business houses and two or three branch banks had located here before the seige of the legations. Now there are many foreign shops that have acquired considerable trade with the Chinese. The opening of Peking to foreign trade, proposed by Minister Conger as one of the demands in the protocol, was favored by a majority of the min- isters of the powers, but was urgently opposed by the Russian minister, De Giers. Article XI, for revision of commercial treaties, affords, however, an opportunity for opening Peking. A compromise is expected. Emperor and Court. NEW HEIR TO THE THRONE. It is not always possible to decide THE SITUATION IN CHINA. 579 what news of the Chinese govern- ment is " official " in the Occidental use of that term. A statement from high Chinese officials and accepted as authentic, is that a new heir to the throne has been, or will be, appointed at the meeting of the empress dowager with Prince Ching and several viceroys at Kai-Feng, capital of the province of Ho-Nan. The reasons assigned for displacing Pu-Chun, the present heir to the throne, are two- fold — his character as a dissipated and uncontrollable youth and the status sists. Concerning this whole episode later tidings must be awaited. PROGRESS OF THE COURT. The court was reported to have arrived, October 23, at Shen-chou, about fifty miles from Pao-ting and 150 miles from the capital. Prtice Ching, Earl Li, and other Chinese officials, have for several weeks been seeking some expression of opinion as to the attitude of the foreign minis- ters regarding any public reception of the court. The Chinese officials are said to desire that the whole diplo- .HE NATIONAL PALACE, MEXICO. IN WHICH THE PAN-AMEKICAN CONGRESS IS BEING HELD. of his father Prince Tuan as a prince banished for taking part in the Boxer outbreak (and even now said to.be fomenting an insurrection in Western Mongolia), whose son therefore could not accede to the throne without vio- lating Chinese traditions. The can- didate of the empress is said to be a nephew of Prince Tuan, a youth intellectually weak, who personally led an attack on the French cathedral. The reform party are reported as dis- approving so strongly of this selection that they may appeal to the powers against it if the empress-dowager per- matic body welcome the emperor and empress-dowager outside the city walls. The ministers have shown indifference and awaited overtures, not being desirous to magnify the importance of the court's return. There is much opposition to any diplomatic reception, though some of the ministers favor extending to the two imperial personages an official welcome. The lavish expenditure of money on the return journey, with the fault-finding by the court with the provisions made for it, have drawn severe criticism from the 580 LXTERXATTONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 1901 native press. It is pointed out in some quarters that on August 21 almost enough money had been spent on the progress to pay the first instalment of the indemnity. Manchuria. Russia's new treaty. Again is presented to the world's inspection and study a combination familiar months ago — the dissected map and Chinese puzzle entitled " Manchuria," or Russia in China (pp. 7, 8; 148-15 1 ; 207-212; 392> 393; 456> 457)- In mid-Octo- ber (Oct. 17) " a new Manchurian convention" between China and Russia was reported by the Peking corre- spondent of the London Times as negotiated by Li Hung-Chang and the Russian minister to China, Paul Lessar. It was described as framed on the same lines as the convention which on China's refusal was with- drawn by Russia April 5, but as being more cleverly worded " to save China's face." The report ascribed the negotiation on the Chinese side to Earl Li, and declared that the secrecy of the performance had angered Prince Ching and had called forth repeated protests from the two great Yang-tse viceroys ; but that Russia's promise to restore to China the rail- way from Shan-Hai-Kwan to Niu- Chwang had been a powerful lever in the hands of the Russian envoy. The reported terms as to the railway broadly were that China shall undertake to pay to Russia the outlays incurred while the railway was occupied by the Russians, and shall police the extramu- ral railway with none but Chinese troops. No foreign military engineers are to be employed in construction. The railway is not to be continued beyond the scope provided for in the contract with the British bondholders. The Chinese system is not to be continued beyond the Liao river, which is not to be bridged, as intended, at Niu-Chwang. The estimate for the outlays incurred will be consider- ably less than $500,000. It is believed that China will be required formally to recognize the additional note to the Ang- lo-Russian agreement of 1899, regarding the construction of the extra-mural rail- way. On other and main points in this con- vention, another correspondent reports to London, October 22 : Russia agrees to return to China the three provinces of Liao-Tung, Kirin, and Hei-Lung-Kiang, north of the Sungari river, and to with- draw the Russia troops from Liao-Tung during the current year and from the other two provinces gradually within two years. China agrees to employ Russian officers to drill the Manchu troops of Tseng Chi, the Tartar general of Mukden. This convention is so much more favorable to China than had been ex- pected from Russia's customary mode of procedure that a theory found ex- pression that another agreement ex- ists which is kept secret. The month ended with the new treaty still unpub- lished. A special dispatch received in London from St. Petersburg, Oc- tober 28, was as follows: "It is offi- cially announced in St. Petersburg, that Russia and China have concluded an agreement as to Manchuria. " The Japanese minister to Peking, Mr. Komoura, has recently been in Tokio; and in an interview he said that there are 40,000 Russian troops in Manchuria, and that the question of Russia's evacuation of that region will be taken up as soon as the Chi- nese court is established at Peking. Miscellaneous. THE TRIADS. Early in October a rebellious upris- ing of the Triad society in the Sing- Ling district, Swatow, was quelled by General Wu with 1,500 soldiers, killing 200 rebels and decapitating many prisoners. The Triads had burned the German mission at Piangtong — THE BOER WAR. 58, the inmates escaping to Hong Kong. It is now believed that the recent out- breaks are not connected with the Boxers and can be dealt with adequate- ly by the Chinese government. The aim of the Triads is to overthrow the Manchu and restore the Ming dynas- ty, and to drive out foreigners. There is evidently an increasing opinion that the Chinese are, on the whole, fulfill- ing their pledges to aim urgently at re- storation of order. The general result is a welcome contrast to the chaotic condi- tions attending Count von Waldersee's perhaps unavoidable spasmodic raids. FAMINE. Reports of famine continue contra- dictor}'. The dismal truth appears to be that famine is always seen and felt in some portions of the hundreds of millions of people who densely populate the empire, and therefore the reports of it are little regarded by some observers. Also, it is said hat the local authorities in some districts exaggerate for selfish reasons the reports of suffering. However this may be, it is impossible to doubt the present existence of dread- ful and wide-spread scarcity of food. Trustworthy reports received by the British consul-general, at Shanghai, Mr. Warren, declare that in the last days of October, persons on the verge of perish- ing by starvation numbered 600,000 in the province of An-Hui, and 300,000 in Kiang-S.u. The famine in Shen-Si prov- ince is known to be grievous. Funds available for relief are insignificant: the Chinese have contributed $37,500, and foreigners #7.500. For famine relief in more northern provinces considerable sums successively nave been raised and forwarded in recent months by Dr. Louis Klopsch of the Christian Iierald, New York. A CHINSSI CONTRIBUTION. United States Minister Conger ap- proves, while the British and Dutch ministers condemn, the Chinese plan to send to various foreign countries where Chinese are settled or living in large numbers commissioners to so- licit funds. Originally, the object announced was to obtain money to- ward paying the indemnity; accord- ing t«> some recent accounts it is for relief of famine sufferers in Shen-Si. To get money for this latter purpose, according to Earl Li, the commission- ers propose to sell rank and titles ; he however speaks with little respect of the enterprise and denies any detailed knowledge. LOOTING DENIED. The secretary of the United States legation at Peking, H. G. Squiers, ar- rived at San Francisco about the middle of October. He denies the story published in many papers describing an immense and valuable collection of objects of Chinese art — loot from the government repository — which he was bringing to present to American museums. During his stay in China, he says, he purchased art treasures and bric-a-brac worth $50,000 or $60,000. A MIS-TAKE. In view of the severe criticism of the German action in seizing and carrying off to Berlin the ancient and valuable astronomical instruments in the Peking observatory, the semi- official North German Gazette. Oct. 2, explained that after the recent final signature of the peace protocol, Germany placed the instruments at China's disposal. The Chinese gov- ernment, however, renounced their claim to them, in view of the expense and trouble of re-conveying and re- erecting the instruments ; whereupon the Vossiscke Zeitung declares it Ger- many's duty to replace them at all costs, since they were taken without any shadow of right ; or if China declines to accept them Germany should pay for them. THE BOER WAR. General Situation. BRITAIN WEARY. [~)RITAIN has grown very weary of this struggle. Though the flow of the blood of her youth- ful braves — never copious in South Africa, as compared with that of wars ±5 582 INTERNA TTONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 1901 m Europe and America — has now dwindled to a slender stream (42 British killed in one of the two con- flicts in recent months worthy the name of battle ), yet to the new sensi- tiveness which has come with advanced civilization, units on the death-list seem almost as impressive as were scores or hundreds in generations past. And the units are often drop- ping here and there in night surprises of British camps or by rifle-shot from keen marksmen in ambush on the veldt. The enemy is constantly lurking. More ample and constant than the flow of blood is the flow of money. Great Britain is one of the two or three wealthiest nations, perhaps still the wealthiest one ; but finding herself less rich by more than seven hundred millions of dollars than she was two years ago, and under necessity to con- tinue for a period unknown to pour not less than six millions of dollars a week into the bottomless pit of war, Great Britain feels a weariness at the condition and the prospect. BRITAIN PERSISTENT. Yet he who imagines England dis- couraged as to the result, or ready to yield or to compromise on any one point of her original demand, does not know the English people. Not the slightest sign of concession as to terms appears, while instead of qualifying with mildness the methods and spirit of her warfare she has at last toned them up to a strain of severity which any other of the great European powers would have adopted unhesitat- ingly on the day when the two little republics suddenly declared war. England sees that the question is far deeper than whether South Africa shall be dominated by Englishmen or Dutch- men ; on that issue a mighty nation might gracefully yield to a weak tribe for peace's sake. The question as Great Britain viewed it in its earliest form, was whether British subjects should or should not be protected from oppression by an oligar- chy? This was immediately found to involve in the Transvaal the question whether the community of British settlers with some other Europeans and many Americans, who had bought, paid for, and owned (so it is asserted) more than one- half the geographical area of the country, who unquestionably represented more than three-fourths of the actual moneyed wealth of the country in permanent im- provements, who pain nine-tenths of the taxes of the state, and who actually out- numbered by a few hundreds the whole Boer population, should or should not have a voice in deciding the lines of govermental procedure ? Technically these Outlanders had no legal claim to be heard, nor had Great Britain the right to interfere with the Transvaal government. Here it is re- quisite to note only that the Outlanders, whether rightly or wrongly, deemed them- selves oppressed, and that the English government entered into negotiations on their behalf, which negotiations after several weeks were broken off by a sudden ultimatum from the Boers giving twenty- four hours notice of war. Whether Great Britain was right or wrong in her pro- cedure before the war may be a question, but there is no question that Great Bri- tain will let those who began the war stop it. INTERNATIONAL BEARINGS. Relations with other nations show no change from previous months. European peoples generally have little liking for England, with her over- shadowing financial strength and her vast and enlarging colonial area on all shores. Even had her govern- mental methods and her social man- ners been always perfect, still her long ascendency in financial and political affairs would have ensured her the jealous regard of her neighbors. It is not strange that from the first the popular verdict of the world has been against Great Britain in the South African embroilment, adjudging her guilty of trampling in a path of blood over the rights and liberties of two brave and honest little republics in mere greed of territory. In Europe and in this country the popular demand for intervention was often heard in the first months of the war, and has been noticeably renewed in the later period in view of the Boer armies broken into guerrilla bands and the Boer governments disorganized into wandering groups. It is well kn^wn that during the earliest months the Boer army was heavily recruited from foreign lands. Irishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, came over the seas to it, drawn pardy by desire of adventure, by love of a fight, or as THE ROER WAR. 583 mercenaries in view of the golden pay, but nearly all in a sympathy which was rooted in hate of England. How far the various governments have sympathized with this tendency of large classes of the people it is not possible to say. What can be said is that the gov- ernments from the first, and with no change down to the present time, have held scrupulously aloof from meddling. diers, and has small comfort in hear- ing week by week that so many scores or hundreds of Boers have been chased, caught, or killed. At the threshold of the third year of the war the outlook is sad. If the Boers adhere to their present demand for absolute independence as their price SIR JULIAN PAUNX'EFOTE, BRITISH AMBASSADOR TO TIIF UNITED STATES. It may be believed that the governments have felt that they in England's situation would have found necessity for doing what England did ; and it is evident that the goverments saw that their first step of intervention for u peace " would spread the flame of war into other continents than Africa. The Prospect. The view forward shows little change. Britain is disappointed and humiliated to see the Boer bands still ambushing or surprising British sol for peace the only end of the contest will be their gradual annihilation, for Great Britain will never again trust them with sovereignty to be used by them to repeat their ending of pacific negotiations with a sudden and violent invasion of unprotected British terri- tory. THE PROSPECTIVE GOVKRNMKM. Details of the government which the British propose to establish when fighting has ended are as yet con 584 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 1901 jectural, but some of its decisive general principles were officially set forth in the House of Commons some weeks ago by Mr. Chamberlain, speak- ing as the colonial secretary on a proposed grant of ,£6,500,000 in aid of the Transvaal and Orange River colonies. He said that besides aid to the loyalist refugees, " it is also a matter of imperial policy to give the necessary support to those of our enemies who come into our hands. . . A large sum will be devoted to re-instating the Boers on their farms, and an experiment will be made in the direction of agricultural settlements. There is no intention of confiscation." All utterances and indications of the British government's intentions for South Africa when fighting shall have ceased fully justify the Canadian premier's words in parliament months ago. Sir Wilfred Laurier said : "There is but one future for the Dutch. They have been conquered, but I pledge my reputation and my name as a British subject, that if they have lost their independence they have not lost their freedom. There is but one future for South Africa, and that is a grand confederation on the pattern of the Canadian confederation. It is a federation in which Cape Colony and Natal, the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and Rhodesia shall be united under a federal constitution under the British flag. . . . They will have that which has been found everywhere during the last sixty years under the British flag — namely, liberty for all, equality for all, justice and civil rights for British and Dutch alike." Whether the Boer cause was or was not originally just, it has now become evident that in a practical view every slight Boer success encourages the pro- longation of a hopeless conflict — holding back a peace which would he no dishonor to brave men. military. The total Boer force, estimated by Lord Kitchener at 13,500 in July, had been reduced, according to the reports at his office, by more than 5,000, Oc- tober 1. It is considered that acces- sions of Cape Colony sympathizers and foreign mercenaries had added several hundredj to this number. The spread of rebellion in the Cape Colony, at which Boer tactics had been aiming for weeks, was accounted the most serious element in the situ- ation. Lord Kitchener's policy, in accord with the usages of war and fully upheld by his government, of dealing with Cape residents, fight- ing or giving aid on the Boer side, as rebels instead of as prisoners of war like the Transvaal and Orange State men, has been denounced by those who forgot that the essence of war is violence, and that a rebel is always accounted far more dangerous than an open enemy. The Fights in Zululand. The fights on September 26, at Fort Itala and at Fort Prospect were shown early in October to have been far greater engagements than at first reported. The Itala garrison numbered 300, of which eighty were in an outpost on a hill. The attacking Boers, under Botha, num- bered 1,800 to 2,000. About midnight 600 Boers suddenly and fiercely attacked the outpost, which they soon seized, kill- ing the commander and disabling its whole force. They then assailed the main camp from all sides. The little garrison withstood them, from about 1 A. m. through the night and all the next day, until at seven in the evening their ammunition was failing and the outlook seemed desperate, when suddenly the Boers retired. The Boer loss is stated at 128 killed and 270 wounded ; the British loss in killed, at twelve, besides some of the 100 reported as wounded or missing. The attack on Fort Prospect, with its garrison of twenty men, seems to have been disastrous only to the 500 Boers ; it is said that sixty of their dead were found ; the garrison lost one killed and eight wounded. The Boers fought more like European troops than is their cus- tom, and showed much bravery. Among their killed were two generals and a com- mandant. The defence of these twQ forts is ranked among the finest British per- formances of the war, disproving the charge that the army has "gone state." The disastrous result of these Boer at- tacks with the closing in of the British THE BOER WAR. 585 columns in several directions, caused the breaking up of Botha's force into small bands moving swiftly in the rough and bushy region bordering on Zululand and near Luneburg in the Transvaal. Botha's capture was rumored more than once, while he was arranging to regather por- tions of his rambling forces for a serious attack. Once, near the end of October, he made a narrow escape : the Hritish suddenly seized his quarters at night, capturing some prisoners and finding Hotha's hat, revolver, and papers, which he had left in his hasty flight a few mo- ments before. FK5HTING IN THE TRANSVAAL. Botha's attack on Color el Benson's rear-guard, rumored in London at the beginning of November as a " British disaster, " may have more definite report in next month's issue. It was a surprise by a thousand Boers, with fierce fighting and great British loss in officers. The battle continued with repeated and desperate attacks by the Boers through nearly 24 hours till a relieving column arrived. The total of British killed and wounded was said to be somewhat more than 200: total Boer loss estimated between 300 and 400. Its locality was in the eastern Trans- vaal, about 20 miles north west of Bethel. Lord Kitchener reported on Octo- ber 2 a night attack by 1,000 men under Delarey on the camp of Colo- nel Kekewich at Moedwill, 75 miles west of Pretoria, September 29. Af- ter two hours of close fighting in which both sides lost heavily the attacking force was driven off. The British loss was 33 killed, 88 wounded, 40 missing. The Boer loss is not stated except that 128 men were wounded : most of their killed were foreigners. Generals Delarey and Kemp on the Bechuanaland border, October 24, attacked a British force and were re- pulsed after severe fighting, carrying off eight British wagons, but leaving 40 of their dead on the field : British loss, 28 killed, 55 wounded. Near the end of October, Colonel Kekewich in a night surprise of Van Albert's camp about 60 miles west from Pretoria, captured 78 Boers. On October 12, Lord Kitchener re- ported the capture by General French of Commandant Scheepers, an active and resourceful invader of Cape Colony. He and eighteen other Boer leaders have been permanently ban- ished from South Africa. MARTIAL LAW IN CAPI COLONY. The threatened infliction of the death penalty on rebels after sentence by court-martial has begun. At Middleburg, Cape Colony, October 11, Commandant Lotter, a Cape rebel, who for months had led a commando in the Colony, was ex- ecuted. Schoeman, his second in command, was sentenced to death. A few other rebels have been execut- ed and the death sentences of a num- ber of others have been commuted to penal servitude. Some anxiety has been noticeable in London concerning possible Boer reprisals for the capital punishment of rebels. Botha and the Boer generals finding themselves in danger of losing all effective support from Cape Col- ony, it was thought they might possibly persuade themselves that they have the right to retaliate by killing cap- tured English soldiers. Lord Milner and Lord Kitchener, having become awakened at last to the necessity of ceasing in Cape Col- ony to play at war, have decided to make treason at once odious and perilous; and they have judged this the fitting moment when Botha and the chief fighters are no longer able to capture British soldiers and shoot them in retaliation. It is pointed out that the only persons whose cases the Boers might judge technically parallel to those of the "Cape rebels" would be those Boers in the Transvaal and Orange Free State who have peace- ably accepted British rule and are thus abetters of the British cause. Indeed, the Boers themselves have set the example which the British have now followed ; for on August 1 6 Gen- eral Delarey issued a proclamation warning all burghers against assisting the British by deed or by word, inas- much as "by doing so they will be 586 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 1901 THE "RETVIZAN"— NEW FIRST-CLASS RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP. OF SPECIAL INTEREST AS BEING THE FIRST IMPORTANT FOREIGN WARSHIP TO BE CONSTRUCTED IN AN AMERICAN SHIPYARD. guilty of high treason and be dealt with stringently according to law, not only as regards their persons, but their property as well." A few poor Kaffirs are said to have been the only persons who have suffered death from the Boers under this proclamation. The situation thus reached in the Angl°'Boer struggle presents this im- portant feature : it brings to a final test the resistance of the real Boer reserve — the Cape Dutch. It is the first logical sign of the war's end ; for on this line one side or the other must yield before many more months. GENERAL SIR REDVERS BULLER. Ever since General Buller's repeated failures to relieve Ladysmith, which deeply wounded British military pride, there has been an undercurrent of popular protest against the favor shown him in sundry official appoint- ments by government. This protest, getting sharper voice in the public press on occasion of his recent ap- pointment to command the first corps in the reorganized army, has been viewed by many as merely a fine specimen in the art and science of grumbling in which the English are deemed proficient. In an after dinner speech, October 10, General Buller, with unmilitary garrulity, complaining of newspaper criticism and seeking to justify him- self, brought a storm of public indig- nation, besides a rebuke from the government framed to compel his res- ignation of his new appointment. He refused to resign, and was relieved of his command at Aldershot and placed on half-pay, which is virtual dismissal. It is understood that for his steadfast and vigorous though not highly suc- cessful service in his singularly diffi- cult field on the Tugela, he was soon to have been rewarded with a peer- age. His downfall sets in clear light the peril, more trying than the peril of battle, which a soldier meets when he lets himself drift into public speech on army matters. The chief charge against General Bul- ler has been that after his repulse at Colenso he had advised General White to surrender Ladysmith, which would have been a fearful military and moral weakening of Britain's cause in South Africa. The general in his speech sought to explain this advice by saying that "he meant to give General White a lead" — his idea being generously to furnish White with a suggestion from his su- perior officer which he could adduce in defence if he should find it necessary to abandon Ladysmith. There are some- what differing versions of Buller's sugges- tive order ; and the actual message when made public will probably be found less bald and strange than those forms that have been criticized. The order itself, however, was a minor mistake compared with the amazing indiscretion of his pub- lic talk about it. His excuse that he "meant to give General White a#lead," gives one critic a chance to reply: "Is that the sort of 'lead' England expects of her generals ?" Not all blame can be laid on Gen- eral Buller, is the view of one para- THE BOER WAR. 587 grapher who writes: "England has for some time needed a scapegoat, and Sir Redvers Buller seems to fit the role admirably." After the lapse of a fortnight there was considerable reaction of public feeling in the gen- eral's favor, noticeable especially in the Liberal press. Detention Camps. In the beginning of October there were in Orange River Colony nearly 46,000 white persons in camps. These required 16 railway truckloads of food-stuffs weekly. The death-rate weekly averaged 220, mostly from measles — fifty per cent being children under three years of age. An increase in the mortality of children was made serviceable to the pro-Boer papers for attacks on the government. Offi- cial returns show the camps in Cape Colony and Natal more healthful. Returns from all detention camps in South Africa for September show a total of white inmates 109,418 ; deaths 2,41 1, of whom 1,964 were children. Of the colored population of 38,549, the deaths numbered 301. In the French chamber of deputies notice was given late in October of a motion instructing the French govern- ment to join with other nations in obliging Grent Britain to remove the women, children, and aged people from these camps to some healthful neutral territory. In October a commission of six English women was travelling through the Boer country in two saloon car- riages, thoroughly inspecting the 39 detention camps. The judgment of the commission on all such points as the humane treatment of the Boer women and children will be made public in the parliamentary Blue- Book. A British army nurse, recently returned from South Africa, repre- sents the loyalists of the colony as generally doubting the government's wisdom in maintaining these camps. They say that as long as the Boer women and children are thus provided for the Boers can stay away to fight instead of using their time for raising food on their farms. This army nurse testified, as have other witnesses, that while the Boer women in these camps had not the accommodations of an English hospital, they had — so far as she was able to judge — better and cleaner quarters than they were accus- tomed to in their homes ; and she gave emphasis to the fact that the Boers of the farming class, largely such as are gathered in these camps, go unwashed — men, women, and children. She hoped that the lessons in neatness which these women were getting in the camps would profit them on their return to their homes. She was not surprised that many babes in the camps died; as when condensed milk was first served the little ones had it fed to them from the tins with a spoon, and to babies nine months old was given dried beef. The suggestion is made that the truest account of these camps would probably be found on a line midway between the pro-Boer reports and this nurse's statements. Compensation Claims. At a session of the South African Compensation commission, London, October 28, announcement was made on behalf of the British government that all claims from foreign countries, except those of the Netherlands and France, had been settled diplomati- cally, as follows: The United States, ,£6,000 ; Austria, £15,000 ; Germany, £30,000; Russia, £4,100; Italy, £12,000; Spain, £150; Sweden and Norway, £1,000 ; Switzerland, £150 ; Belgium, £800. The remaining claims it was expected, would be settled in a few days. General Sir John C. Ardagh, repre- senting the British foreign office said that the government had consented to an amicable settlement on the ground that the claimants had suffered hard- ship and loss for which they were entitled to consideration, though some of them might fail to substantiate legal claims. Among American claimants of damages for improper arrest and deportation whose claims failed to stand were some members of the Irish-American ambu- lance corps of 53 men, enlisted in Chicago and vicinity for Red Cross ser. 588 IXTER NATIONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 190: vice ostensibly, of whom all except seven on reaching Pretoria threw away their Red Cross Dadges and took up Mauser rifles in the Boer service. Mr. Newton Crane, representing the United States before the commis- sion, regards the settlement as favor- able to the fifteen claimants from this country. Boers' Foreign Friends. In Germany, the published com- ments on the two-years' war point out that the statements of high British officials furnish proof of the desperate situation of the Bntish and show that there still is hope for the burghers. An article in the Deutsche Zeitung declares that the whole civilized world thinks of the Boers with pride and hopes for intercession. The Kreuz Zeitung speaks of " the moral momen- tum of the desperate struggle," and says : " The question is raised beyond the channel, ' How will it end ? ' " In Austria, the first vice-president of the Unterhaus, Dr. Kaiser, in an interpellation insisted that Austria should " intercede through arbitra- tion," and end "the robber war now waged by Great ritain. " The Vienna Vater/afid, a Roman Catholic organ, speaks of the British blood- thirstiness; and the Lokal Anzeiger denounces the British for savagery and inhumanity in war. Noticeable in these Austrian denunciations is a tendency to couple the United States with Great Britain in national evil doing — the same tendency that is ob- servable in Germany, when the Lokal Anzeiger remarks that the Spanish- American war has opened the eyes of the Latin states of America to the fate prepared for them by the Anglo- Saxon North. In Holland, according to a corres- pondent of The Times (London), a committee has been formed to compel England to restore independence to the Boers by paralyzing her shipping trade. This Dutch committee, origi- nating with the laboring classes, is to influence the dock laborers of Holland, Belgium, and France, to refuse to work for British ships, and to influence the merchants not to ship freight by British vessels — thus compelling Bri- tain to deal justly with the Boers. Arbitration Appeal. The appeal of the Boers to the ad- ministrative council of the international court of arbitration at The Hague — urging as one reason for that court's action that Great Britain had continu- ously violated the rules of civilized war — brought an answer made public October 1. The answer which was adopted unanimously was addressed specifically to the Boer request that the council should initiate an arbitra- tion to end the war between Britain and the two republics. The decision was that the question of the Hague tribunal assuming the initiative in any form in regard to the South African war must be definitely abandoned. The council is composed of the diplo- matic representatives at the Hague of all the powers that signed the conven- tion put forth by the peace conference. Its president ex-officio is the Dutch minister of foreign affairs, who may be supposed to have racial sympathy with the Boers. The Council were without authority to make any other decision. The czar, who initiated the congress that formed the tribunal had distinctly declined to include the two republics in the preliminary list of the nations called to send delegates. They have no original status before the international court, nor have they ever acquired such status under the provisions for new adherents. But doubtless the imperative objection to their request was the fact that the other party to the conflict, Great Britain, did not join in the request for action. The Hague tribunal is not a court higher than all governments, em- powered to summon one or another nation to its bar for judgment. It is constituted with the officially stated provision that both parties must form- ally agree together to submij their differences before the tribunal can take any step in arbitration. Total British Losses. An official report issued October 5 THE EUROPEAN SiTUATHKX. 5»9 shows that British casualties in South Africa from the beginning of the war to September 30 were : 548 officers and 5,823 men killed in action, and 1,529 officers and 28,032 men wounded. Classified as missing or prisoners are 365 officers and 9,177 men ; of whom 354 officers and 8,47 1 men have either been released or have escaped. The deaths from disease and ac- cidents numbered ^,738. THE EUROPEAN SITUATION. Groupings of the Powers. CONJECTURES NUMEROUS. TH E chief feature of the European situation is the flood of discus- sion and of gossip concerning it in the European press. There is conjecture in abundance, some of which is upheld by able argument ; but the verifiable statements of facts are not many. The recent tendency seems to be toward tracing some hidden lines along which existing alliances are believed to be extending into new international relations. Discussion of the I )reibund passed with the summer; the long quarrel between Germany and France has suddenly become a memory; the dual alliance, France and Russia, has been furbished and dressed in high color in reporting the visit to France of the czar as a grand inspector of the French army in one of the most supurb military displays of modern times. New continental movements have been foreshadowed conjecturally ; as, for instance, of Germany to control Asia Minor ; of Great Britain or of Russia as rivals to possess or to manage Persia or Afghanistan ; of Britain to prevent Russia from absorbing by gradual process all the northern and western area of the Chinese empire preliminary to appropriating India. All this class of conjectures may be ranked among mere possibilities, like the long predicted French attempt to retake Alsace-Lorraine from Germany. There may be indeed some peril of Vol. n—39. serious European discord in the Rus- sian advance in northeastern Asia; but Russia's step is so cautious and so patient that it will scarcely bring immediate interference. ANGLO-FRENCH RELATIONS. The only conflict which seems to be apprehended by the most judicious and experienced observers is that KING LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM, WHO IS SAID TO BE CONTEMPLATING A VISIT TO AMERICA. which has been avoided for more than the time of a generation — an attack on England by her hereditary foe, France. It can not be asserted that this apprehension is deep or acute, but only that it is finding more expres- sion than for some time past. Undoubtedly the remembrance of Egypt as the country which France had long viewed as her sure reversion but which she lost to England at the crisis of Arabi's rebellion, rankles in the French mind of today, and awakens the slumber- ing enmity of the past. The day when the French fleet — in some vague fear of Germany it is supposed — left the Alex- andria forts to be dealt with by British guns which ended the rebellion, was one of those days that decide long ranges of history. From that day Egypt began to pass from under French keeping and 59° INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. December No., 1 901 oversight and to become an appanage of England. Though this was in the natu- ral flow of events, and without plotting on England's part, it was a dismal disap- pointment, and France keeps it in re- membrance. She has since annexed about one-third of the continent; but the law of fascinating legend and mystery, the land enriched by the Nile and hold- ing the eastern doorway between the Atlantic and the Indian seas, has now become in all but the name an English QUEEN MARIA HENRIETTE, OF BELGIUM. colony and is developing such prosperity as it has scarcely known since the Pharaohs. A NEW TRIAD OF POWERS. A bold conjecture, whispered in Europe since the recent visit of Czar Nicholas to President Loubet, and finding utterance in the correspond- ence of reputable journals in this country, is given here, but merely as a suggestive rumor. It is based on the opinion that — so long as Britain has use for her army and her money in South Africa — Russia and France will not be likely to be inter- fered with in certain movements at the eastern end of the Mediterranean and the region northward (p. 470), if Germany can be made acquiescent. In all that region the Turkish ques- tion is now entering another of its recurring acute stage. There is hor- rible misrule, the land is filled with violence, international obligations are met only when enforced by fleets. In this crisis the two nations may think it is not requisite to wait for England : let a prompt beginning be made in settling the interminable Ottoman disturbance. The arrangement now rumored as in view — Germany with- holding opposition — is that Russia is to take possession of a part in Mon- tenegro, while France seizes the island of Lemnos which, held by a power whose fleet is the second strongest in the world, gives the con- trol of the mouth of the Dardanelles, and looks with direct menace on the sultan in Constantinople. This interesting programme shows some points of probability which would be more impressive were some hint given as to the price which Germany asks for her acquiescence. For Germany has been and is sedulously at work giving a foothold for trade in Asia Minor. Here may be noted a semi-official announcement in Berlin at the end of August (and in a slightly different form two weeks later) that Russia, France, and Germany are now in complete agreement regarding Asiatic affairs. This utterance some consider to be in the line of Ger- many's recent tendency to move with the rivals of Britain in the Orient. Any such coalition, though menacing no attack on Great Britain, would tend — and would seem to be aimed — to weaken her pres- tige. That there is believed to have been some new approach in German and Russian diplomacy is inferred from the present attitude of the agrarians who formerly urged a German policy of close relations with Russia, but have now begun to demand " that it be made clear that the friendship of Germany is as valuable to Russia as Russia's friendship is to Germany." Emperor William him- self in a speech on his return from Dant- zic, September 14, said: "I have just come from a highly important meeting with my friend the emperor of Russia, by which my conviction is again remarkably strengthened that European peact will be preserved for a long time to come." THE FRANCO-RUSSIAN ALLIANCE. The compact with Russia evidently gains strength with the French people, THE El 'h't >/•/■'. I.Y SfTl '. / TION. 59 ' though Paul ilc Caaaagnac and ihe dwindling Napoleonic clique continue to oppose it bitterly, as does also Tolstoi from the Russian side. The French irreconcilables see in the dual alliance a clog on France in her movements for revenge on Germany by reennquest of her lost provinces — not seeing that such a clog is a hin- drance from a disastrous plunge. They charge also that besides being useless and hindering it is costly, referring doubtless to a somewhat general expectation that Russia's next excursion into France will be to get a new loan larger than any preceding. However this may be — and whether it was or was not a chief object of the czar's visit — it may be asserted that Russia's repeated resort to loans evinces to a large class of judges the deep weakness that goes with and pertains to her enormous power. Money from some source she will soon need in view of the colossal famine reported as threatening her border of half-fed peasantry. It is pointed out that the czar's visit — doubtless unintentionally — has brightened the prospect for continuance of the triple alliance. That league is deemed requisite to European peace through its preserva- tion of the balance of power which the dual alliance if unchecked might, uninten- tionally yet really, endanger. THE FRANCO-TURKISH RUPTURE. This serious disagreement on the question of indemnity to French citizens for damages to their guaran- teed rights by various acts of the Turkish government (pp. 469-472, 532) reached an acute stage in the closing days of October. Two months had elapsed since the French ambas- sador, M. Constans, left Constanti- nople. Turkey's well-known habit of warding off claims by promises whose only purpose was to delay payment till an interminable dispute could give opportunity for befogging the issue or for some international complication to divide the European powers, was evidently again to be the Porte's resort. SIR G. SYDENHAM CLARKE, NEW GOVERNOR OF VICTORIA. France met the situation with prompt and positive action. On Oc- tober 29 or o orders were issued for a special squadron under Admiral Caillard to be detached from the Mediterranean fleet and to proceed immediately from Toulon to Turkish waters, under sealed orders, with definite instructions which the admiral was to open on November 3. The squadron comprised two battleships, two armored cruisers, one third class cruiser, and two torpedo-boat destroy- ers, with 2,000 marine infantry. The purpose was to seize some Turkish port, holding it and collecting the customs until full payment of the French claim had been secured. The dispatch of October 31 an- nouncing the squadron's return to Toulon was merely a correspondent's mistake. This move met the enthusiastic approv- al of the French public. As to the view of it which is taken by foreign govern- ments there is believed to be good author- ity for the statement that before the French fleet was put in motion the govern- ment sounded the cabinets in London, Berlin, Vienna, Rome, and Washington, and saw no sign of any international com- plications likely to ensue. Russia, as France's ally, would of course be in com- plete accord ; and the conjecture may 59* INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. December No.. 1901 naturally arise that she had been con- sulted at an earlier stage. The movements of this squadron, and the results of this French action on the Ottoman empire and on international relations, have place in the chronicle of the month ensuing. It is suggested in some quarters that on the initiation of France and Russia the present situation may be found available for bringing the Porte to an understanding on several important questions of reform, involving especially the status of Crete, and the carrying out of the clauses in the treaty of Berlin relating to Macedonia and Armenia. Some of these questions how- ever are highly explosive and will bear scarcely a touch in a European confer- ence. Europe is still fearful concerning the disruption of Turkey. Brigands and Their Captive. RANSOM PARTLY RAISED. Nearly the whole of October had passed before definite tidings had been received of Miss Ellen M. Stone, the missionary teacher held by bri- gands in the mountains of Bulgaria (p. 533). The anxiety of the friends of this captive, held for a great ransom under peril of death, was met by a deep and general sympathy ; and all resources applicable to such a case by the government were constantly em- ployed. In the first days of the month anxiety was intense, as the brigands had threatened death if the ransom were not paid by October 8. On October 4 a personal appeal to American Christians to raise by sub- scription the sum requisite was issued in Boston by three prominent pastors of churches of different denomination with a representative of Miss Stone's relatives. Three days later the bank- ing firm of Kidder, Peabody & Co., kindly acted as agents, announced money or pledges in hand from Boston, Newark, and other places, to the amount of more than $53,000. It was hoped that the brigands would be induced to lessen their demand and accept this sum, of which a large share was promptly cabled to persons in Con- stantinople who were acting as represent- atives of the United States government. This hope was later found futile, but the captors were reported to have granted a stay of proceedings for one month. At this stage there began to come varying reports, such as that the brigands had been located and would soon be sur- rounded by soldiers, and no ransom would be needed ; or that it could not be ascer- tained where they and their captive were ; or that the Bulgarian government would oppose rather than aid any plan of ran- som. The month ended with nothing accomplished ; and with little definitely known, except that rumors of Miss Stone's death failed to be confirmed, and that the brigands were using extreme caution in concealing their locality and their movements. OOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS. The United States government, which has shown unceasing interest in the rescue of Miss Stone and has kept all its applicable force at work in this country and in Turkey, early decided that the only course at present open was to allow the ransom to be raised by popular subscription, leaving other questions for a due settlement later. It will, however, send over the money collected. The Turkish government early made numerous arrests of Bulgarians whom it put to torture to extract in- formation which they failed to give. The Bulgarian government also showed zeal in arresting suspected persons ; but later refused approval of any plan of ransom as being a condoning of crime. The complicity of the " Macedonian committee," con- stantly asserted in Europe and in this country, awaits proof. The whole dismal case was left undecided at the month's end. UREA TER AMERICA. 593 YALE UNIVERSITY, THE NEW AND OLD LIBRARY BUILDINGS. Affairs in America. GREATER AMERICA. Cuba. ANNEXATION. MERCHANTS and men of wealth in Cuba are agitating for annexation of the island to the United States. They want social and economic stability; and they want free access to the mar- kets of the United States. This is very natural ; but certain interests of citizens of the United States must be consulted, and not those only of Cuban planters afnd traders. The New York Tribune advises these Cubans to dismiss the idea of annex- ation or political and economic union with this country. The United States has done its share toward their success. It has freed them from the Spanish misgovernment against which they revolted. It has guided them to the establishment of a native govern- ment on a far better basis than they ever dreamed of before. It will protect them from foreign aggression, and will give them a better market than they have hitherto had. In every particular their condition is vastly improved upon what it was under Spanish rule, and upon what it could have been had Cuba won inde- pendence unaided. A great opportunity is before them. They should give their attention to embracing and taking full advantage of it, rather than to futile schemes for annexation to a country which is precluded fiom thus annexing them. And Senator (). II. Piatt, of Con- necticut, who framed the " Piatt Amendment,'* now an annex of the Cuban constitution, writes in The World's Work: The project of annexation mav be, and ought to be. dismissed. It should not for a moment be considered, except in case 594 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 of the direst necessity. The people of Cuba, by reason of race and characteris- tics, cannot be easily assimilated by us. In these respects they haye little in com- mon with us. Their presence in the American Union, as a state, would be most disturbing, and we have already asserted, as the deliberate conclusion of Congress, that they ought to be free and independent. There is nothing to be gained, much, even honor, to be lost by the annexation of Cuba. While the wealthy classes are ask- ing for annexation, the masses of the people of Cuba are appealing to the government of the United States for reciprocity, or at least for a material reduction of the tariff on sugar and tobacco. The advocates of this policy declare that unless their appeal is granted Cuba is undone. This ques- tion is awakening deeper interest in the island than the choice of a Cuban president. Senator Piatt holds out no encouragement to the Cubans in this respect. He is willing to grant tariff concessions only so far as our own interests are concerned. He holds that there can be no mutual benefits in concessions on the part of this government to Cuban tobacco and sugar, because those interests in this country would suffer greatly from compe- tition with the cheap labor and superior climatic and soil conditions of the island. Therefore it is understood that whatever notable concessions are made to Cuba will be with the view of building up other industries of the island than those of sugar and tobacco, in order that by thus strengthening the general productive en- ergies of Cuba the insular republic will be better able to get its tobacco and sugar into the markets of the world and com- pete with the United States rather than be permitted to crush the tobacco and sugar industries of this country through free access to its ports. To this extent only will there probably be reciprocity with Cuba. YELLOW FEVER VANQUISHED. The yellow fever period in Havana is from April 1 to October 1 . In the season of 1897 there were 659 deaths from yellow fever; in the season of 1 90 1 the number of deaths was five. In 1899, the first year of American sanitary supervision, there were 36 deaths from yellow fever. The Piatt amendments provide for an American- Cuban joint sanitary supervision after the Cuban republic is definitely estab- lished. war claims, $57,581,807. The time set for entering claims for damage sustained in the Cuban insurrection and the Spanish-Ameri- can war, ended October 10. The obligation to indemnify those who suffered damage was assumed by the United States in the treaty of peace with Spain. The claims presented are classed as follows: Destruction of property in Cuba by insurgents, $6,704,240. Destruction of property by Spanish troops, $13,578,271. Destruction of property by Spanish troops and insurgents, $28,585,532. Destruction of property by certain troops, $95,000. Destruction of property by Spanish troops or insurgents, $64,740. Destruction of property by Spanish troops or Cuban troops, $794,127. Deaths caused by explosion of the Maine, $r ,890,000. Injuries caused by explosion of the Maine, $135,000. Injuries and deaths caused by explo- sion of the Maine, $30,000. False arrest and imprisonment, $1,441,- 821. Damages resulting from embargo, $320,000. Execution of citizens, $160,000. Expulsion from Cuba. $55,000. Assault and battery with intent to kill, $25,100. Assault and battery and forcible expul- sion from dwelling, $22,500. False arrest, imprisonment and destruc- tion of property, $1,049,460. Imprisonment resulting in death, $1,- 228.500. Assault by Spanish and Philippine insurgents, compelling removal from Philippine Islands, $151,400. On October 28 announcement was officially made that claims might be submitted during another term of six months. MASO A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. Till the last day of October it looked as though Sen»r Estrada Palma would have no competitor in his candidacy for the presidential office. But on that day was published a manifesto of General Maso in which GREATER AMERICA. 595 that distinguished soldier of the revo- lution declares himself a candidate, making a strong bid for the Autono- mist, Spanish, and Negro votes. In the manifesto he says : It is desirable to associate in the work of forming the republic the colored race, which is an essential factor in our social existence, and has proved an orderly element even amid great suffering. We cannot abandon these heroes now by economical basis in order to get rid of what is superflous. We have sufficient money to start a simple form of govern- ment if it is administered on sound finan- cial principles. Porto Rico. A CARNEGIE LIBRARY FOR SAN JUAN. A letter was received October 25, by Mr. Martin G. Brumbaugh, com- missioner of education of Porto Rico, \ PRESIDENT HADLEY, OF YAI.K I'NIVKRSITY. denying them participation in our poli- tical personality. We must have with us, too, tne Spaniards, who are the nerve of our existence. The future of Cuba can- not be to them a matter of indifference. The Cubans today are a poor people. We have lost a lot of time during the intervention. The element around the military governor has forgotten the duty of reconstruction. Where much might easily have been accomplished nothing has been done. It is necessary to re- organize the various departments on an from Andrew Carnegie, in which is offered a large gift for a public library. " I shall be glad," he writes, "to furnish $100,000 for the erection of a public library at San Juan, on condition that the site will be furnished and that the city pledge itself to support the library by an appropriation of $6,000 annually, supplemented by action on the part of the Insular Legislature bringing the total to $8000 or $9000." Mr. Carnegie thinks $ 1 00.000 will be ample to erect the build- 596 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 ing and provide books for the start. The telegram from San Juan which told of the receipt of the letter stated further that already the funds for maintenance had been appropriated, and that Governor Hunt and Com- missioner Brumbaugh were working out plans for carrying the project into execution. Hawaii. THE LABOR QUESTION. In a conference held October 18 with Mr. Wilson, Secretary of the Interior, Henry E. Cooper, territorial secretary of Hawaii, who was in Wash- ington for the express purpose of acquainting the administration with the economic situation of the islands, laid special stress on the seriousness of the labor problem there, and the urgent need of the importation of laborers. The natives, as shown by the mortality statistics, are still in pro- cess of extinction, the death rate among them being about forty deaths in the thousand. Besides, the foreign laborers are departing from Hawaii more rapidly than new supplies are coming in. Mr. Cooper would have a door thrown wide open for the admis- sion of Chinese coolies. The sugar- cane crop, which should have been har- vested in July, was not yet off the field, he said, and would not be gathered in till November. The natives will not work. Coffee production lanquishes. Many products that could and should be grown in the islands must be im- ported. Mr. Cooper, in his annual report to the Interior Department, says that all experiments have shown that Americans are not fitted for labor in Hawaii, and that there is nothing to do but to get foreign labor. This will in no wise affect the labor condi- tions in the United States, as the entrance of foreign labor already is sufficiently guarded against here. Samoa. CHARGES AGAINST GOVERNOR TILLEY. Captain B. F. Tilley, U. S. N., governor of American Samoa, has been accused of sundry offences against good order and discipline, and is to undergo trial by a naval court martial. One of the accusers of Captain Tilley is a private citizen recently returned from the South Pacific, who in a communication to the N. Y. Evening Post tells of what he saw in Tutuila. He tells a story which, he says, hitherto none has dared to tell. Our beneficent rule in Samoa is " a shame and a disgrace, " and for this Captain Tilley is answerable. He is supreme ruler — in the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary ; from his decision there is no appeal. The informant goes on to say : I had seen the natives of Tahiti system- atically debauched by French naval officers, and in foolish pride I said that no officer in the American navy could be guilty of such conduct. When the escapades of Commander Tilley were related to me, when the sickening details were confirmed, I was forced to admit that the French have a rival." He proceeds to charge gross habits of drunk- enness and immorality, saying that as an American citizen his silence would be cowardly and unworthy, though the American consul at Apia has not reported the facts to the authorities at Washington and no one else would dare since no one could live under such a dictator secure of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, after having told the truth. The Philippines. MILITARY AND CIVIL POWERS CLASH. A question has arisen concerning the authority of the civil courts set up in the Philippines by the President of the United States in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the army. The two powers of government in the island — the military power, repre- sented by General Chaffee, and the civil power, represented by the Com- mission and the agencies, such as courts appointed by the Commission — are at variance. As the source of these two powers is one — the supreme Military authority of the President of the United States — General Chaffee holds that the supreme court of the Philippines is not superior to himself in authority. But when General GREATER AMERICA. 597 Chaffee attempted to deport a civil employe, recourse was had to the insular supreme court, and the court issued a writ of habeas corpus for the release of the subject of deportation. The civilian was, under this writ, taken from the transport. General Chaffee immediately cabled to the war department for instructions. SAMAR. A notice of the products and natu- ral features of Samar is published by the Bureau of Colonial Information, in which the most remarkable vegetal product of the island is said to be isigud, or fruit of San Ignacio, known to commerce as Catbalogan seed, because it is grown in large quantity at that place. It is highly esteemed by the Chinese as a remedy for cholera. No one, it is asserted, ever died of cholera who used the isigud. Owing to the hostility of the natives, little has been learned of the mineral resources of this island. Coal, cin- nabar, and gold are reported to exist there; copper, also, particularly on Capul island, in an almost pure state. The timber of the forests is suitable for furniture and shipbuilding pur- poses. Sugar from cane and oil from the cocoanut are the principal articles exported. Senator Dietrich of Nebraska, who recently visited Samar, says that the very worst elements that existed in the insurgent ranks in Luzon have taken refuge in Samar. They have been collecting there for months, and General Hughes told me that he feared trouble. My opinion is that we had better go slowly in removing the military government and substituting civil government therefor. Civil govern- ment was extended too fast, and this was one of the causes of the catastrophe in Samar. Advices received at Manila October 31, from Catbalogan, capital of the island, reported the discovery of the insurgent General Lucban's where- abouts. There were skirmishes daily with the insurgents. The day before the news was sent, Catbalogan was under fire. About the same date, Brigadier-General Hughes reported the submission of the insurgent forces in the island of Cebu. They laid down their arms in obedience to the demand of the people of the island for peace. TRANS-ISTHMIAN CANAL. TI 1 K new convention or treaty between Great Britain and the United States regarding the construction of the American Isthmian Canal will be presented to the Senate when Congress meets in December, and its ratification is generally re- garded as a foregone conclusion. This convention supersedes the Clayton-Bulwer treaty. In it the neutrality of the canal is guaranteed, and that by the United States alone. The right of the United States to fortify the canal is recognized. Thus all the rights ever claimed by Ameri- can statesmen with regard to the use or control of this waterway are ac- knowledged by Great Britain. Mem- bers of the senate who hitherto have opposed all agreements with Great Britain upon the question of the canal cannot but see that by this convention the United States secures every end for which American statesmen have contended. Of course the new treaty satisfies public opinion here, and no voice is raised against it on this side of the Atlantic. But, quite as much of course, the organs of public opinion in Great Britain look upon it with less favor. Says the London Chronicle: Englishmen will be startled to learn that we have abandoned our rights under the Clayton-Hulwer treaty and surren- dered every disputed point without any compensation. The new treaty is appar- ently another instance of Lord Salisbury's placid indifference and Lord Lansdowne's impulsive generosity. It is said that President Roosevelt will recommend its adoption to the senate. Doubtless Great Britain will agree to it. Although it gives us nothing at all, it will have the ad- vantage of getting rid of all our outstand- ing grievances with the United States. The question of the treaty with 59« AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. December No., iqoi Great Britain settled, the question that will next challenge attention is, Which route — Panama or Nicaragua ? When Congress meets, the final report of the Isthmian Canal Commission, which has thoroughly investigated both routes, or both projects, will be submitted to it. The report was com- pleted before October i, but it is to be withheld from publication till Congress assembles; this not simply out of courtesy to the national legisla- ture, but in order to afford opportunity to the directors of the Panama Canal Company to submit a proposal for the sale of its interest the Panama route. The New York Tribune correspondent writes : " The thing that seems to be sticking in the minds of the commissioners just now is how far to veer over toward an ad- vocacy of a Panama route. It is not denied that the fullest investigation has made it clear that with the work already done there, provided it could be obtained at a reasonable price, Panama offers a much simpler problem than Nicaragua. Politically it might be difficult to get the Panama project, even under most favor- able terms, considered by Congress, al- though the common-sense plan for both the French owners and ourselves is to come to terms and complete that canal. " Mr. Maurice Hutin, president of the French Company was at this time in Washington and held conference with members of the Commission. He will submit to the government a proposition for the sale of the Panama Canal. Of this proposition another newspaper correspondent at Washing- ton writes : This purchase proposition is by no means unpopular, butitcanbe asserted on high authority, that nothing like the figure evidently in the minds of the Panama Canal Company's representatives will be paid. By declaring that the company's assets "exceed $ioo,ooo,oco in value" without allowing any thing for the value of its rights and privileges, a pretty strong hint has been given that nothing under this figure will be considered. On the other hand, it is pretty well understood that the Isthmian Commission will not recommend any proposition that involves the payment of more than the estimated difference between the cost of completing the Panama Canal and of building the Nicaragua Canal. This is about $58,000,- 000, as the cost of completing the Panama Canal is estimated at about $142,000,000, and the construction of the Nicaragua Canal about $200,000,000. ARMY AND NAVY. Strength of the Navy. LIEUTENANT-General Miles's annual report shows the total numerical strength of the army to be 84,513. Of this number there are in the United States 33,874, in Cuba 4,914, in the Philippines 43,239. The remainder is divided in small detachments between Porto Rico, Hawaii, China, and Alaska. Harbor Defence and River and Harbor Improvements. Twenty-five principal harbors of the United States are now sufficiently defended with heavy guns and mor- tars against naval attack, says Gen- eral Gillespie, chief of engineers, in his annual report. He asks Congress to vote $4,000,000 for more new mortar batteries and gun batteries; $2,000,000 is asked for the purchase of sites for defensive works. For works in the improvement of rivers General Gilles- pie's report gives the estimates made by the Mississippi River Commission as $3,665,000 ; Missouri River Com- mission, $1 ,645,200. Other estimates for local improvements amounting to $50,000 or over, are : Lubec channel, Maine, $53,000 ; harbor of refuge, Cape Ann, Mass., $350,000; Gloucester harbor, Mass., $150,000; Mys- tic River, Mass., $150,000; Boston harbor, $163,000; harbor of refuge, Nantucket, Mass., $115,000; Woods Hole, Mass., $70,000; Providence River, R. I., $84,560; harbor of refuge, Point Judith, R. I., $300,000; Connecticut River, $30,000; New Haven harbor, Conn., $67,000; Breakwater, New Haven, Conn., $50,000; East River, N. Y., $200,000; Harlem River, N. Y., $200,000; Hudson Rb'er, N. Y., $300,000; New York harbor, $75, 000; enlargement of Governor's Island, New York harbor, $500,000. The Canteen. • The abolition of the post cateen is cordially approved by Lieutenant. General Miles in his annual report. ARMY AND XAVY. 599 General J. C. Brecken ridge, inqMiffM general of the army, inclines to the opinion that the canteen was an aid to military discipline. The inspector general's report contains these ex- pressions of opinion by officers of the army : Colonel Burton (Cuba) says, " Officers generally complain that the elimination of eer has worked a hardship on the soldier and has been detrimental to good order and military discipline." Lieutenant Colonel Read (Dakato) reports that "the consensus of opinion is that the canteen feature promotes the morals, temperance, discipline and health of the men." Ma- jor Sharpe (Colorado) considers the anti- canteen legislation of last winter ill- advised. Colonel Sanger (Philippines) reports, " The suppression of the canteen has practically suspended all post ex- changes in these islands, and until officers and enlisted men can adapt themselves to the change it is not probable that they will be reestablished." General Miles in an interview at Buffalo expressed his satisfaction with the effects of the action of Congress in abolishing the sale of liquor at the post exchanges; and in a letter to Dr. Crafts, superintendent of the National Bureau of Reform, he cer- tifies to the correctness of the press report of what he said, viz : I don't believe the present law should be repealed until it has been given a fair trial. There has been a great deal of idle talk concerning the canteen. The army canteen, or exchange, or amuse- ment room, as it is variously called, was at first simply a place where soldiers might congregate to play games and amuse themselves. The sale of liquor was not allowed. The last act of Con- gress places the institution back on the old footing. I am not sure that Congress has made a great mistake in again pro- hibiting the sale of liquor. Our large manufacturers don't find it necessary to provide places where their employes can congregate and drink. The railroad companies don't. There is very little drinking among railroad men, and they seem to get along just as well. Discipline at West Point. The discipline of the corps of cadets was greatly improved in the twelve months just past ; and Colonel A. L. Mills, superintendent of the Military Academy, in his annual report, expresses his opinion that no military body of its size exists that excels it in " soldierly appearance and in perfection of drill and military exercises, as well as in the higher requirements of devotion to duty." During the summer encampment, the time when the new cadets are initiated into their new life and when hazing was formerly most ripe, obedience was rendered to the regulations loyally and willingly. Not one case of maltreatment of a new cadet oc- curred, it is believed. Colonel Mills mentioned two cases of salutary dis- cipline administered to offenders ; one cadet was severely punished for giving an unauthorized and absurd order to a new cadet ; and another for exceed- ing his authority as a drill master. The Schley Court of Inquiry. The hearing of testimony was com- pleted on the last day of October, and there remained to be done only the usual correction by witnesses of the record of their testimony, and the pleadings of the advocates on both sides. The specifications in the pre- cept of the secretary of the navy to the court of inquiry which appear to have been regarded as most important, were the 4th, 5th, and 6th, all con- cerned with the retrograde movement of the flying squadron from Santiago, and the 9th specification, touching the propriety of the " loop " made by the Brooklyn at Santiago at the open- ing of the engagement with the Span- ish fleet. With regard to the retro- grade movement from Santiago, the witnesses for the department, except Commander Miller and Captain Sigs- bee, swore positively that they could at all times have coaled at sea. Thus Lieutenant Dyson testified that there was not one vessel in the squadron that could not have remained on blockade duty a full week or more, and still have coal enough left to steam to Key West, except the Marble- head. The log of the coaler Merri- mac showed that on every day after her arrival off Santiago ship; were boo AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. December No.. 1901 coaling from her. The log also showed that coaling was done at Cienfuegos. On behalf of Admiral Schley it was shown that when he turned westward he did not know that the Spanish ships were at Santiago. The flying squadron arrived off Santiago in the early evening of May 26. Witnesses for Schley testified that then the weather was squally, with heavy seas. Further, that the coaler Merrimac had broken down completely. Captain Sigsbee testified that on May 26 coaling would have been very risky. * The Merri- mac was patched up and capable of making four or five knots an hour when the retrograde movement com- menced. When, toward evening of May 27, the weather cleared the Texas began to take coal from the Merrimac. Other vessels were coaled by boats or otherwise. It was proved that Cap- tain Wise failed to communicate to Commodore Schley a dispatch he had received from the department regard- ing the arrival of Cervera at Santiago. It was testified that Captain Sigsbee went aboard the Brooklyn and told Schley that though he had been scout- ing off Santiago for a week he had seen nothing of the Spanish ships. Admiral Schley swore that the dispatch of May 27 from the depart- ment, definitely locating the Spaniards at Santiago, was not received by him till June 20; and several witnesses corroborated this testimony. Specification 9 of the precept reads: The positions of the Brooklyn on the morning of July 3 at the time of the exit of the Spanish vessels from the harbor of Santiago. The circumstances attending, the reason for, and the incident resulting from, the turning of the Brooklyn, and the possibility of thereby colliding with or endangering any other of the vessels of the United States fleet, and the propriety of Commodore Schley's conduct in the premises. Commander Heilner of the Texas testified, for the department, that the Brooklyn's "loop" was a more serious menace to his ship than the enemy's guns. Admiral Evans and other officers of the Iowa testified that they were in danger of running into the Texas as she was stopping and backing ; be- cause of this stopping and backing the Texas, according to her commander and other officers, lost about three miles. Admiral Evans, Captain Taylor, and other officers, saw no move of the Spanish ships toward ramming the Brooklyn. On Schley's behalf, Commander Hodg- son, who was navigator of the Brooklyn, testified that the Brooklyn swung clear of the Texas and that never was there any great likelihood of a collision ; also that the Vizcaya and the Maria Teresa sheered off as though to ram the Brook- lyn. For this reason he believed the PRESIDENT D. PORFIRIQ DIAZ, PRESIDENT OF THB REPUBLIC OF MEXICO. "loop" was the crucial point of the battle. Captain Cook of the Brooklyn testified that he, not Schley, ordered the "loop " and that it was " a tactical move- ment made necessary by the position of Cervera's ships. " Admiral Schley con- firmed this, but said that had not Captain Cook given the order, he would himself have given it at the instant. LABOR INTERESTS. Strength of the Labor Unions. A REPORT on trade and labor organizations, published Oc- tober 14, by the Industrial Commission, gives this table of the VARIOl S STA TES . I ND TERR1 T< )RIES. 601 membership of such organizations . Unions affiliated with the American Fed- eration of Labor 950,000 Custom clothing makers 3,800 Lithographers 2,100 Bricklayers 39.ooo Plasterers 7.000 Stonecutters 10,000 Box makers 5,500 Piano workers 7.700 Engineers, marine 6,000 Engineers, locomotive 37.o°o Firemen, locomotive 39.000 Conductors, railway 2S-3oo Trainmen, railroad 40,000 Switchmen 15.000 Letter carriers 15.000 Knights of Labor and unenumerated or- ganizations, say IQI. 107 Total i.400.coo The Commission reports also upon labor disputes and arbitration. Re- garding compulsory arbitration, the report says that only in the Australa- sian colonies has it as yet been en- forced by the laws. In this country compulsory arbitration has found little favor either among employers or workers. The representatives of these two classes who testified before the commission have almost uniformly opposed it. Several state boards of arbitration have also declared against compulsory arbitration ; but such boards in New York, Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois have used compulsion in certain cases, as where life and public welfare are endangered or great incon- venience and loss are entailed on the people, as in railroad strikes. VARIOUS STATES AND TER- RITORIES. Alaska. THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. MR. John Charlton, member of the Dominion parliament and also of the Joint High Com- mission, is reported in a dispatch from Ottawa of September 27 as de- claring the position of the United States with regard to the question of boundary between Alaska and British America to be "unfair and unten- able." The boundary, he claims, ac- cording to the treaty, should be either along the crest of the mountain range, or ten marine leagues from the coast. He says : "Now, the Lynn canal is not more than two leagui at its widest part; yet. while the Americans contend that the i lusapeake and Delaware bays, which are over twenty miles in width, are ter- ritorial waters, with utter inconsistency they claim that the Lynn canal is part of the hi^h sea. Our contention is that the coast line should cross Lynn canal at its mouth, therefore the boundary line should be thirty miles above that line, which would place Skaguay in Canadian terri- tory, while the United States would have control of the entrance of the canal. The position ol the Canadian commissioners waseminently fair. We offered to submit the matter to arbitration, but that offer up to the present has been declined by the United States." WHY CAPE NOME ? The origin of the designation Nome, or Cape Nome, has been for some time a puzzle. The puzzle is now solved by Professor George Davidson, as reported in a dispatch from San Francisco. For four years he gave a good deal of study to the matter, searching every available chart and other record. He looked up the tracks of the frigate Herald and the brig Plover (1845-51) which were sent out to the rescue of Sir John Franklin, and found reason for think- ing that the name must be traceable in the lists of officers of those vessels. Mr. Davidson therefore wrote to the chief hydrographer of the British ad- miralty making inquiry, and in re- sponse he received this entirely satis- factory explanation from that officer : "When the MS. chart of this region was being constructed on board the frig- ate Herald, attention was drawn to the fact that this point had no name, and the mark (Name?) was placed against it. In the hurry of dispatching this chart from the ship this '?' appears to have been inked in by a rough draughtsman and appeared as 'Cape Name,' but the stroke of 'a' being very indistinct, it was inter- preted by our draughtsman here as 'Nome,' and has appeared with this name ever since. This information is from an officer who was on board the Herald when the chart was being constructed." WINTER PROSPECTS AT NOME. Reports having been spread abroad of the ine\ itableness of extreme dis- tress at Nome through the winter, fc)2 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 the public anxiety is greatly relieved by the report made by Lieutenant D. H. Jarvis who was among the last to leave that place before the setting in of winter. He says that from 3,000 to 3,500 persons remain in the dis- trict; 2,000 at Nome, the rest else- where in the Seward peninsula. There will be no scarcity of supplies. The next season will be a good one, and the outlook for gold production is en- couraging. Aleuts Dying Out. A report made by Surgeon F. J. Thornbury, of the marine hospital service, stationed at Dutch Harbor, Alaska, shows that the native popula- tion of the Aleutian chain of islands is in rapid decline. Formerly there were 120 villages in the islands, with a population variously estimated from 1,500 to 2,500. There are now only ten villages and not over 1,000 inhab- itants, whereof only 700 are Aleuts, the rest being mixed breeds. Dr. Thornbury further reports : Last year Unalaska had 353 inhab- itants, 116 or nearly one-third of whom died. According to data obtained from the Russian priest of the Greek Catholic Church, Rev. 13. P. Kashereroff, who has the only mortality records kept in the village, there being no health officer or even physician, 30 deaths were ascribed to "cold," 24 to consumption, 33 to measles, and seven to old age ; five were drowned. The remarkable mortality from measles among the natives in Alaska during the past year appears ascribable largely to the bad sanitary environment and lack of precaution against exposure. On the Kuskokwim and in other sec- tions on the mainland, from one-half to two-thirds of the natives died, and many were left unburied in the mud houses where they lived, surviving members immediately deserting the huts, which latter often contain from one dozen to two dozen natives living regardless of family relations. As many as half a dozen bodies have been seen by pros- pectors in a single hovel, and numerous dead bodies were seen ly'ng about on the ground pardy eaten by the foxes. There are numerous instances of whole villages being deserted, the few surviving natives having a superstition about staying where so many of their number had died. Nebraska. AN ANTI-TRUST LAW UNCONSTITU- TIONAL. The legislature of Nebraska in 1897 passed a law for the regulation of the business of trusts in the State. Among its provisions was one which prohibited insurance companies from forming among themselves any com. bination for the transaction of insur- ance business or for agreeing upon rates. But the law exempted from such provisions all assemblies or com- binations of laboring men and others seeking to combine for the purpose enforcing their demands. The law officers of the State brought suit against the Niagara Fire Insurance Co., and others, from violation of the law ; but a temporary* injunction was granted on petition of the attorneys for the companies, restraining the State from putting the law into effect. The decision of Judge McPherson was rendered the U. S. circuit court at Council Bluffs, Iowa, September 26, declaring the law unconstitutional and of the nature of class legislation. New York. NEW TRIAL FOR ROLAND B. MOLINEUX. In February, 1900, Roland B. Molineux was convicted in New York City of the murder by poison of Katherine J. Adams and was sentenced to death. He appealed from the judgment to the court of appeals, and on October 15 that court or- dered a new trial on the ground chiefly that incompetent evidence had been admitted by the trial court — evidence to show that the accused had caused the death of another person also, H. C. Barnet, and by the same means, poison. Four members of the court, Judges O'Brien, Bartlett, Vann, and Werner, agree that such evidence should not have been received, and the reason for it is stated in opinions written by Judges O'Brien and Werner. The other three judges, Chief Judge Parker and Judges Gray and Haight, hold that such evidence is admissible, in that the evidence in the Barnet case pointing toward Molineux PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. «io3 tends to identify him as the person who killed Mrs. Adams while attempting to take the life of H. S. Cornish bv means of cyanide of mercury. (The theory of the prosecution was that Molineux sent the poison to Cornish, intending to remove him. but that it was taken by Mrs. Adams on the belief that it was Kutnow powder, or Carlsbad powder.) Council for Molineux, in their appeal from the judgment of the trial court, held that the court's judgment was vitiated by the admission of the testimony of hand- writing experts, and in particular by the admission as evidence of specimens ot Molineux's handwriting obtained from him by agents of the prosecuting attorney solely for the purpose of comparison. All the judges agreed that under the laws of New York genuine writings may be received in evidence as standards of com- parison with a disputed writing, although such writing may not be the issue on trial, but simply a fact relevant and material to that issue; that the genuine- ness of such writings must be established to the satisfaction of the court by com- mon law evidence, and when that is done handwriting experts may compare the disputed writing with the genuine writ- ings and give their opinion thereon, but they cannot select and establish the standards of comparison and then com- pare them with the disputed writing. PERSONAL AND HISCELLA- NEOUS. The President and Booker T. Wash- ington. PRESIDENT Roosevelt having entertained Booker T. Wash- ington at dinner in the White House, October 17, the incident^ evoked a tempest of condemnation from the Southern press. Said the Memphis Commercial Appeal \ President Roosevelt has committed a blunder that is worse than a crime, and no atonement or future act of his can remove the self-imprinted stigma. This is a white man's country. It will continue to be such as long as clean blood flows through the veins of white people. The negro will remain in the South. He is entitled to his rights under the law, and the men who stand for white supremacy are the strongest advocates of granting him these rights. But beyond that they will not go. The example of president or potentate can not change their views. Their reasons are good and sufficient. If some coarse-fibered men can not understand them, it is not the concern of the Southern people. Sufficient answer to them, is that race supremacy precludes social equality. And the New Orleans States . In the face of the facts it can not 1 ut be apparent that the President's action was little less than a studied insult to the South, adopted at the outset of his administration for the purpose of show- ing his contempt for the sentiments and prejudices of this section, and of forcing upon the country social customs which are utterly repugnant to the entire South. In addition to all this, he is revivifying a most dangerous problem, one that has brought untold evil upon the whole country in the past, but which it was hoped, and believed, had been removed by the firmness and wisdom of the South. It is needless to state that different sentiments also find copious expres- sion. Pan-American Exposition. The gates of the Pan-American Exposition were closed finally No- vember 2. The enterprise fell more than $3,500,000 short of covering the expenses ; and there remains $460,000 due to contractors. The attendance of visitors amounted to 8,350,000. Remarking upon this statement the Boston Herald says : The failure of the Buffalo exposition financially creates no surprise. It was expected from the »act that similar affairs preceding it had met with that fate, and that the expense attending them all pre- cludes the possibility of profit. We are inclined to think, however, that the re- ported deficiency is greater than there was need for it to be. The old story of being unprepared at the time of opening had something to do with this, and the tragedy connected with the President operated ; but aside from these, the greediness of a class of people in Buffalo repelled those who desired to visit the fair. The hotel charges there were enor- mous and most unreasonable. They were so extortionate as to drive people to Niagara Falls, with an inconvenience of a journey of several miles to the fair each day, rather than submit to them. No blame can attach to the managers for this. They were simply unfortunate ; but it was a pity that the city acquired the reputation that these grasping people gave it. The fair itself was a magnificent spectacle, which deserved 10 be seen, by a great many more people than visited it. In that light it created enthusiastic admiration. 604 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 BOOKER T. WASHINGTON. Marquis Ito's Visit. Marquis Hirobumi Ito, (portrait, Vol. 4, p. 742) former prime minister of Japan, one of the leading states- men of eastern Asia, arrived in this country early in October on his fifth visit. Journeying around the world, and crossing this continent on the way to Europe, he reached Chicago October 9, and in a four days' stay viewed the great changes since his visit many years ago. He was re- ceived with honor at Chicago Univer- sity and inspected the buildings and equipments. At New York he was entertained at a dinner and reception by the Japanese merchants in that city ; thence he proceeded to Wash- ington and made a call on President Roosevelt. The marquis was one of the guests of honor at the bicenten- nial celebration at Yale University, on which occasion hew as one of the nota- ble company receiving the degree of doctor of laws. In the following week he sailed for Europe. Ito has been termed by a competent critic "a creative and constructive states- man of the first order." He v/as born about 1840. As a lad he determined to acquaint himself with Western knowledge, of which he saw the imperative need in his long isolated country. Secretly quit- ting Japan forty years ago he spent many months in study at London. Afterward in the public service he was sent to the United States to study our coinage sys- tem, was a member of various foreign embassies, and acted as minister of pub- lic works. He was among those con- sulted by the mikado in planning the con- stitutional monarchy instituted in 1875; became minister of the home department in 1878, and afterward prime minister. PEXSi >\. XL A XI > AifSt '1:1. LA XEOUS. 605 The latter office he has filled three times. After studying constitutional govern- ment in the United States and Europe he formulated under the mikado's commis- sion the new fundamental law, which after four months of debate was pro- mulgated in 1889, whereby Japan has taken her place among enlightened and advancing nations. Execution of Czolgosz. The assassin of President McKin- ley was put to death by electricity in the State prison at Auburn, N. Y., on the morning of October 29. While the attendants were strapping him down in the chair he managed to speak a few words, though the privilege had been sternly denied him by the prison officials. He said: "I killed the Presi- dent because he was an enemy of the good people, of the working people. I am not sorry for my crime. I am awful- ly sorry I could not see my father. " His body was buried in the prison grave- yard. Instead of packing the body in quicklime, as required by the letter of the law, the prison officials poured the con- tents of a carboy of acid upon it in the coffin after it had been lowered into the grave. Postal Development. Superintendent Machem, of the free rural delivery division of the post office department, gives out un- officially, yet with the authority attach- ing to his official station, the assur- ance, welcome to millions of people, that " within five years every farmer as well as every city resident will have his mail delivered at his door. " That means the extension of the system over a million square miles of territory — all the inhabited territory of the United States. By December 1 of this year there will be in opera- tion 6,000 free delivery routes. Of these only 1 ,300 were in operation at the end of June. The Consular Service. A few years ago the consular sys- tem of the United States was the sub- ject of much unfavorable criticism ; but now, according to Frederick Emory, chief of the bureau of foreign commerce in the department of state, the consular service of the United States is regarded by the best authorities abroad as " the mos1 efficient organization of its kind in the world for spreading the sale of goods, for stimulating home industry and enterprise, and for informing ex- porters as to trade conditions in every important market on the globe." In fact the United States consular ser- vice is now the model after which other consular services are being fashioned and reformed. Great Britain is copying American methods, at the demand of local chambers of commerce. Germany is doing the same. Mr. Emory, writing in The World's Work, quotes this pas- sage from a report made by Dr. Vosberg- Rekow, head of Germany's central bu- reau for preparing commercial treaties : " The Americans have acted judiciously in establishing a system which is of the greatest advantage to themselves, but cosdy and inconvenient to their competi- tors. In all countries with which it has trade relations, the United States has stationed consuls and consular agents. Every shipment of goods to a United States port must pass through the hands of these officials, and the amount, value, place of origin, market price ruling in the country of production, method of produc- tion, etc., are noted. The consuls thus dive deeply into the economic condition of their districts and obtain information the result of which is discernible in the steadily increasing exportations of their home country." American Industrial Expansion. There is a steady influx of Ameri- cans into Mexico and Central Amer- ica, and this movement must of ne- cessity have a powerful influence upon the social, economic, and political af- fairs of those countries. That is "manifest destiny," and the influx of men is not more inevitable than the influx of ideas and tendencies. For, as Mr. Frederic Emory writes in The World's Work-. The settlers from the United States in any of the Southern countries, so soon as they are strong enough, will inevitably take an active part in the government ; they will help to make its laws ; to regu- late its foreign relations: and as they be- come more and more firmly intrenched as tne authors and guardians of its peace and prosperity, there will be less and less danger of complications with the United States and a more and more general ac- quiescence in our leadership. What pos- sible need could we have for the mere 6o6 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 WESTWARD MOVEMENT OP THE CENTER OF POPULATION FROM 1790 TO 1900, INDICATED BY STARS. form of suzerainty, with all the perplex ities and perils which would inevitably accompany it, when once our people had won, by peaceful and ordinary means, the substance of power ? A Permanent Census Bureau. It is confidently expected that in the coming session of Congress legis- lation will be enacted establishing a permanent census bureau. Such action has been agitated for sev- eral years, and now it appears to have won hearty approval wherever the work of the bureau is understood. It is claimed at the census office that three quarters of a million of dollars could be saved from the cost of the next census if the officials could profit by the knowledge and ex- perience gained in compiling the present census. Bills will be introduced in both houses of Congress to provide a census force of one or two hundred persons, in- cluding experts in each important branch of industry, to make a quinquennial cen- sus of manufactures. Important Statistics. THE NATIONAL TREASURY. The report of Ellis H. Roberts, treasurer of the United States for the last fiscal year, was published October 31. It shows the net ordinary revenues to have been $587,685, 337, — an increase of $20, 444,485 over the year before, which showed the greatest revenue till then recorded. The expenditures he states as $509, 967, 353. This has been exceeded only four times, — in 1863, 1864, 1865, and 1899. The surplus — $77,717,984 — is about $2,000,000 less than that of 1900. On October 1 of this present year, the gold in the treasury, consisting of the re- serve, the security for certificates and the sum in the general fund, was $542,822,849, the highest in the history of the country and more than was ever held under single control elsewhere in the world, except once for a few months. The receipts in New York for customs are nearly all in gold certificates, and balances between the clearing house and the sub-treasury are settled almost entirely in the same medium. Sugar Consumed in this Country. The following note upon the con- sumption of sugar in the United States, and the amount of duty paid upon it, possesses an interest higher than that of mere curiosity-the interest of practi- cal domestic economy. The data are compiled by the editor of the Weekly Statistical Sugar Trade Journal. The total consumption of sugar in the United States last year was 2,219,847 tons, and based on the average increase of 6.34 per cent during the past 19 years the con- sumption this year should be 2,360,585, tons. Of this quantity 1,000,000 tons in round figures will come from American sources, say Louisiana being able to pro- duce 350,000 tons, United States beet fac- tories 150,000, Hawaii, 350,000, and Porto Rico 1 50,000, all being free of duty, leav- ing 1,360,585 tons to come from other sources and on which duty is paid. The average duty assessed is $36 per ton, or a total of $48,981,060. The price of all the sugar consumed, however, being enhanced to the extent of the duty of $36 per ton, or a total of $84,981,060, it is evident that $360,000,00 additional is paid by the peo- ple in order to provide the government with forty-nine millions for revenue, of which the government is not now in need. If the duty is taken off Cuba sugar, the benefit of eighty-five millions goes to the people. On October 8, the quotation for Cuba centrifugal sugar 960 test, free on board Cuba, was $1.96 per pound; duty on same amounts to $1,685, equivalent to 86 per cent, ad valorem. CANADA. 607 Population. In the year 1900, of the population of the United States 39,059,242, or 59.2 per cent, were males. The increase of population between 1890- and 1900 was 13,233,631, whereof 6,744,179 are males and 6,489,452 females. The foreign-born element whites and 13,086,160 are males. Males of militia age, 16,360,363, of whom 13,132,- 280 are native born and 14,495.396 are white. Males of voting age, 21,329,819, of whom 16,227,285 are native born and 19,366, 1 33 are w hite. Of the total number of males twenty one years of age and over 2,326,205 are illiterate. Of the 16,227,285 native-born males, twenty-one years of age and over, 1.706,293 are illiterate; and ADMIRAL A. K. BEN HAM. OF IHK silll.lY « (UKT 01 IMQUIKV. in the population increased 12.4 per cent in the ten years, while the increase of the native-born was 22.5 per cent. As to color and race, the population in 1900 comprised 66,990,802 white and 9,312,585 colored persons, of whom 8,840,785 were of negro descent. A report of the census bureau on "school militia, and voting ages" shows that in the census year there were in the United States persons of school age, five to twenty years. 26,110,788, of whom 24,897,130 are native born, 22,490,211 are of the 5.102,534 foreign born 620.002 are illiterate. CANADA. Departure of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall. TIN Duke and Duchess of Corn- wall and York, in their tour through British America (pp. 554- S55)i ,eft Winnipeg October 8 and were honored with brilliant recep- tions and entertainments in Toronto. 6o8 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. December No., lyoi St. John, and Halifax. At Toronto, the Duke reviewed the Canadian troops, the demonstration bringing together some 10,000 militia men, probably a greater army than has been seen in British America since the close of the war in 1812. On the evening of Oct. 19, the royal pair held a recep- tion in the legislative chamber at Halifax. On the morning of the 21st they bade farewell to Halifax, sailing in the Ophir. The departure was a brilliant marine spectacle, the royal yacht being escorted by the cruisers Niobe and Diadem, which were to convoy her to England, while others were also in attendance. A stop was made at St. John's, N. F., where the Duke conferred on Robert Bond, the premier of Newfoundland, the honor of knighthood, making him a knight commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Final fare- well to America was said on the morning of the 25th. The flagship, the first-class cruiser Crescent, accom- panied the Ophir outside the port and fired a farewell salute. And thus ended the long tour of personal in- spection of Greater Britain in Australia, South Africa, and North America. "Never", says the London Graphic, has any royal tour achieved greater suc- cess. Not a single unpleasant incident has occurred from first to last, either on sea or on land. To dwell upon the uni- versal manifestations of loyalty which have acclaimed the illustrious pilgrims in every colony included in their itinerary would be to repeat a thrice-told tale. " Reciprocity. While difference of opinion may ex- ist as to details of free trade relations between Canada and the United States, it is safe to say that nearly everybody in Canada is strongly in favor of a very liberal policy of reci- procity ; and indications are not want- ing that an increasing number of peo- ple in the United States believe that the prosperity of both countries would be greatly enhanced by some liberal reciprocal arrangement. The treaty of 1854, which put many natural pro- ducts on the free list, largely increased the trade between the two countries. The abrogation of that treaty in 1865 by the Congress of the United States was not due to the results of recipro- city itself, and as to Canadian sym- pathie^s during the Civil War it may be said that they belong to the "dead past." During that war, however, over 40,000 Canadians served in the Union army, and the present drift of feeling in Canada is strongly shown both by the desire of its people for reciprocal relations and by the evi- dent resentment with which they re- gard the continued disposition of many Americans to uphold barriers against such relations. Writing on this subject recently, Hon. John Charlton, member of the Canadian Parliament and also of the Anglo- American Joint High Commission, said : About two-thirds of the total arable area [of the sub-tropical zones of North America] belongs to the United States. Canada possesses the greater timber re- sources. The Canadian fisheries are at least two-fold more valuable than those of the United States. The auriferous re- gion of Canada is more extensive than that of the United States, and the two countries are both supplied with inex- haustible deposits of coal and iron ore, while Canada possesses the most valuable nickel deposits in the world, so far as known. The United States is very far in advance of Canada in population, in wealth and in the development of re- sources ; but the disparity now existing in these respects will no doubt rapidly diminish in the future. In the Canadian Northwest is situated the greatest unde- veloped wheat region of the world, where at least 250,000,000 acres are adapted to the growth of this cereal, and where only 2,000,000 acres are now under cultivation. Already the tide of immigration in this region has commenced to flow from the United States, and this movement must rapidly gain momentum, for Canada alone possesses great stretches of virgin soil inviting the occupation of the pioneer settler. The future relations of these two great countries is a matter of high im- portance to the inhabitants of each, and will be a matter of interest to the world at large. Growth of the West. Sir John Macdonald once said. " VVe cannot check Manitoba. " The CANADA. 6c* same thing may doubtless be said of the West in general. The land sales of the Canadian Pacific Railway for September of this year are said to be three times as large as in September, 1900. The sales of the Northwest Land Company are reported in Cana- dian papers to have increased four- fold. The last census showed that Manitoba and the territories had in ten years in- creased their population from 219.305 to 392,464. The same rate of increase would mean a population of 700,000 in 191 1. Hut the chances are that the increase will be greater rather than less, and a million people between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains is not a very extrava- gant expectation. The yield of wheat for this region is now between 50,000,000 and 60,000,000 bushels, and probably long before the decade is finished it will be 100,000,000 bushels. The Yukon Telegraph Completed. On September 25, for the first time the Yukon Daily Sun had telegraphic news from all over the world. The completion of the Government Tele- graph line into the Yukon, is an event, of epochal significance, not merely in the history of Yukon territory, but of the Dominion at large. The develop- ment of the Yukon has been greatly retarded because of the inability of capitalists at a distance to know the exact state of the mining and business markets. Henceforth, however, "the value of Yukon stock may be quoted daily in all the great stock exchanges, and the pulse of Dawson commerce may be felt as certainly in New York, London, and Paris, as in Dawson itself. " The construction of this telegraphic line, made singularly difficult by the vast stretches of wild and mountainous coun- try through which it passes, was begun at Tagish, April 22, 1899. On September 28 of that year the line had reached Dawson, a distance of 557 miles, follow- ing the Yukon river. In view of future further extension the line was continued from Tagish to AUin, B. C, a distance of 100 miles. Interrupted by winter the work was again pushed in the spring. At length, two and a half years from the beginning, the great work is completed. There now exists continuous telegraphic communication from Dawson to Van- couver, a distance of over two thousand miles, divided as follows : Dawson to Atlin, 583 miles; Atlin to Quesnel, 1,014 miles ; Quesnel to Ashcroft, 220 miles : Ashcroft to Vancouver, 204 miles. As merely suggesting the difficulties that had to be overcome in constructing the northern line, it is stated that thirteen bridges had to be constructed, over rivers in many instances unmarked on the maps. Miscellaneous. The Dominion government has been officially notified of the exclu- sion of Canada by Germany from the favored nation treatment extended to the products of the United Kingdom, British colonies, and foreign posses- sions (p. 364) until December 31, 1903. The extension dates from July 1. The chief spokesman in the Do- MAP OF VICTORIA, B. C, SHOWING NAVAL STATION AT ESQUIMALT. 6io AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 minion parliament for Canadian oppo- nents of the war in South Africa against the Boers is Mr. Henri Bou- rassa, the Liberal member for Labelle. The failure of his attempt in parlia- ment last March to secure expression against the war (pp. 37, 38) has not prevented him from indulging in con- tinued denunciations, private and public, of Secretary Chamberlain and the war. He was announced to speak in Montreal, October 20, on Great Britain and Canada, and he devoted his time largely to such a denunciation. The Toronto Mail and Empire says that he understands his duties as " Liberal whip for Quebec." The French Canadians generally, however, are in sympathy with the government. The highest ot the imperial honors bestowed by the Duke of York upon individuals while he was in Canada went to Lieutenant-Governor Jette of Quebec and Sir John A. Boyd, Chan- cellor of Ontario. Other recipients of titular dignities are Dr. Wm. Peterson, President of McGill University; Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, President of the Pacific Railway ; Mr. Joseph Pope, Under-Secretary of State ; Dr. G. M. Grant, President of Queen's Univer- sity ; Mr. O. A. Howland, Mayor of Toronto; the Rev. Oliver Mathieu, Principal of Laval University ; and Major F. S. Maude, Military Secretary to the Governor General. The smallpox has been making its appearance in various localities, the "physicians of Quebec, for instance, ex- pressing fears of an epidemic unless the greatest precautions are main- tained. The recent prosperity of Sydney, C. B., suffered a check on Oct. 19 in a great fire which consumed pro- perty to the value of at least $250,000. NEWFOUNDLAND. THE French shore trouble, the reciprocity question, and ad- mission into the Canadian con- federation— these were the matters of special prominence in connection with Newfoundland during October. A Crisis Imminent. Premier Bond, accompanied by several members of his cabinet, went to England last March to discuss with the imperial government the settle- ment of the French shore question (pp. 47, 123, 556). In conjunction with that matter, while in London Mr. Bond obtained imperial sanction to renew his attempts for the ratification of the Bond-Blaine convention (Vol. 10, p. 386) providing for reciprocity in fisheries between the United States and Newfoundland. This treaty would long ago have come into force but for Canada's contention, hitherto upheld by the imperial government, that so long as there were outstanding disputes between herself and the United States, Newfoundland should not enact the treaty. Returning home and consulting Sir Wilfred Laurier, Mr. Bond found the Canadian government still opposed to the ratifi- cation of the Bond-Blaine convention ; and he so reported to Sec. Chamber- lain, but urged that, nevertheless, the imperial government take some action. That was in May. What next ? Ac- cording to dispatches from St. John's, published Oct. 16 in the London Daily Mail, a crisis was developing in Newfoundland. The dispatches said : "Since Mr. Bond left England last April he has not received a single word from the imperial government regarding a settlement of the French shore question, nor has Mr. Chamberlain ever answered the dispatch from the Newfoundland government, sent five months ago, urging the imperial authorities to persuade Sir Wilfred Laurier (the Dominion premier) to agree to a ratification of the Bond- Blaine convention." The dispatch gives details of the Bond-Laurier conference, and asserts that the Dominion premier based his refusal to agree to ratification on the ground that the Joint High Com- mission had discussed the matter and that, all being well, the commission would discuss it again. In an editorial taking the government severely to task the Daily Mail says : " Assuredly, this is not the way in which to treat a loyal NEWFOUNDLAND. On SIR JOHN A. BOYD, K.C.M.G., CHANCELLOR <>K I'NTARKi. colony. It is not business and it is not courtesy. Can it be that the absent- minded methods of our war office have affected the department of state, which Mr. Chamberlain has controlled so well ? The colony has been exasperated in the past by the disdainful carelessness with which its interests have been treated by the predecessors of Mr. Chamberlain, and its temper is likely to be strained if it should believe that, after so many sac- rifices, it is being neglected. That its temper is severely strained appears from the active development during the past summer of a senti- ment in favor of seceding from Eng- land and joining the Dominion con- federation. Admission to the Confederation. Confederation was declined by New- foundland in 1869 when the other provinces became part of the Domin- ion. The question came up in 1895, but it was a " poor fishery " year and the reigning ministry in Canada was averse. What is called the " round- ing off of confederation " by the an- nexation of Newfoundland has never been really seriously considered by intelligent Canadians. Nor have the inhabitants of the ancient colony ever SIR LOUIS JETTE. K.C.M.G., I I I ITF.NANT-CiOVERNOR OK QUBBBC. very much favored it. Yet, today, union with the confederation is de- clared to be the one live issue in New- foundland politics. The island news- papers have been full of it. The Toronto Mail ami Empire de- clares that among the questions closely concerning the development of British North America that are ripe for settle- ment, that of the future relations of Newfoundland with the Dominion is now given a foremost place. The St. John's special correspondent to that paper says that the most intelli- gent classes of Newfoundland are becoming warm advocates of the past, and the opinion prevails there that the island is now able to offer conditions that are less onerous, and that are likely to be more palatable to all concerned than those that were considered indifferently in 1896, and with more favor during recent years. But the French Canadian members of the Dominion parliament are wag- ing a strenuous campaign against the admission of Newfoundland. The English-speaking ministers are said to be in favor of the admission, but with a French Canadian premier, ably 6\2 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December \o., 1901 seconded by the most vigorous member of the cabinet, Hon. Joseph Israel Tarte, the favorable opinion is stifled. The Newfoundland representation would come to Ottawa with bitter antagonism to all things French, by reason of their disabili- ties under the continuance of the French shore regulations. The transfer of that dispute from St. John's to Ottawa would be embarrassing for the French ministers in a variety of ways. Moreover, the heavy debt of Newfoundland affords the enemies of admission an influential argu- ment. " With the two millions added by the recent Assembly, her public debt is approximately twenty million dollars. This is one hundred dollars for each man, woman and child in the island. No other government in the world has such an enormous per capita debt coupled with such extraordinary poverty. " Hence the continual advice of Mr. Tarte's paper, La Patrie, to " go slowly. " MEXICO. The Pan-American Congress. THE second Pan-American Con- gress, representing the repub- lics of North and South Amer- ica, convened in the city of Mexico on October 22. Sen or Mariscal, secretary of state and minister of foreign affairs for Mexico, delivered an address of wel- come, to which Dr. Isaac Algamora, vice-president of Peru, responded. On motion of Delegate Carbo of Ecuador, a resolution deploring the death of President McKinley was adopted. President Diaz, at a dinner given by him in honor of the dele- gates, made an address full of hope for the future of the republics repre- sented. The representatives from the United States are Hon. Henry G. Davis, ex-senator from West Virginia, Hon. William Buchanan, ex-minister to Argentina, Hon. Charles M. Pep- per, Hon. Volney W. Foster, and Hon. John Barrett. Mr. Davis was named for the presidency of the Congress, but he declined, expressing at the same time the disinterested motives of the United States and its firm allegiance to the Monroe doctrine. Senor Raigosa, chairman of the Mex- ican delegation, was then chosen president. The matters which will be discussed by the Congress in committees and in general session may be summarized as follows : Closer relations between Central and South American states and the United States. Promotion of reciprocal relations. Establishment of a uniform professional standard, so that a physician or other professional man can practise his profes- sion without securing a diploma in his adopted country. Establishing a uniform system for re- porting the presence and the development of contagious and infectious diseases in this country, giving warnings to those who are traveling of danger at infected points. Formulation of uniform custom regula- tions in all the American governments. Multiplication of international and transcontinental railway and telegraph lines between American countries. Establishment of a prominent inter- national court and the promotion of a plan of arbitration. Perfection of the uniform system of extradition adopted by many of the re- fmblics on the recommendation of the ast conference, and its extension to other states. Various opinions exist as to the practical results likely to be accom- plished by the Congress. At the out- set its deliberations are affected by differences existing between Vene- zuela and Colombia, and between Peru aud Bolivia on the one side and Chile on the other. At an early session an appeal was made to the two first named countries to settle their differ- ences amicably. The attitude of Chile in the question of a court of arbitration may prove a stumbling block to the convention. It is well known that Chile does not desire to submit to arbitration any of the present develop- ments in its long standing dispute with Peru over the disposition of the Tacna and Arica provinces. It is intimated that the United States, rather than see the cause of inter- national peace impeded by this quar- rel, will seek to bring about a recon- ciliation of the parties or even go so far as to take up the cause of one or the other disputant in order to stop the contention. CENTRAL AMERICA. 6.3 It cannot be denied that, whether inspired from European sources or not, the attitude of a part of the South American press has lately been suspi- cious of the intentions of the United States. This feeling owes its origin, to a large extent, to the events of the Spanish war. Altogether, the deliber- ations of the Pan-American Congress will need great care and tact in order to accomplish permanent benefits. Anti-Clerical Movement. The material prosperity of Mexico under President Diaz, during a quar- ter of a century, has opened the way for greater freedom of popular gov- ernment. Among the movements on foot to this end is the anti-clerical movement. Opposition to the Ro- man Catholic clergy is increasing. This is not primarily in the interests of Protestantism so much as for free- dom from the domination of forces that existing in the name of religion are more akin to the superstitions and low standards of semi-barbarous times than to the beliefs and standards of the best present-day civilization. When Mexico declared independence of Spain she announced her adherence to the Catholic church. In 1857 church and state were separated by constitution- al reforms which, later, were made effec- tive by Juarez who "nationalized" the real estate holdings of the church (in- cluding its edifices for worship), suppress ed the monasteries and convents, placed the cemeteries under civic control, pro- hibited the celebration of religious acts outside of church walls, and even the wearing of distinctive religious garbs on the street, made marriage a civil con- tract, declared matrimony solemnized by the church to be without legal effect, de- creed freedom of worship to all religions, and forbade any restraint upon liberty of conscience. It is said, however, that the degree of enforcement of these stringent regulations has depended upon the char- acter of the local authorities. The first liberal congress, representing more than eighty liberal clubs, met in San Luis Potosi last February and adopted fifty- two resolutions including the follow- ing: 2. Our aims are not political or personal, but we advocate (a) respect for and exact observance of the laws ; (£) a liberal and civic education for all ; (c) the re-establishment of political honesty in the officers of government ; (d) the abol- ishment of all that tends to make personal considerations Superior to the reform laws. 20. All members of the clubs will help to celebrate worthily the nation- al holidays. 21. No liberal will send any children who may be under his care to the church schools, nor contribute in any way to the support of the clergy. 23. Every club will appoint committees to watch the public school teachers and see that they do not violate the reform laws. 25. The clubs will advise their members to give careful instruction to their families regarding liberal ideas, and to organize social gatherings for a like purpose. 33. Let a law be passed limiting the number of priests to one for each 10,000 inhabi- tants. 34. Let articles 33 and 37 of the federal constitution be amended so that all who take upon themselves monastic vows, or who adopt the profession of ministers of the Roman Catholic wor- ship, shall lose their rights as Mexican citizens and be classed with foreigners. An American Imprisoned. Early in October the American colony of Monterey were greatly wrought up by the arrest and im- prisonment of W. H. Mealey, one of the most prominent American mining men in Northern Mexico, on com- plaint of claimants to the Norias de Bajan mine situated in the state of Coahilla, to which Mr. Mealey is said to have a clear title. The American consul was refused permission to see him, and applications for an immedi- ate hearing and for bail were denied. A petition in behalf of Mr. Mealey, signed by 5,000 members of the American colony in Monterey, was wired to President Roosevelt. CENTRAL AHERICA. Nicaragua. THE new constitution of the repub- lic was proclaimed /uly 4, 1 894. The president is chc en for four years. General Jose Santos Zelaya is now serving his second term. During October numerous clubs were being formed throughout the country to pro- mote his election (in November) for a third term. Of late a rumor has gained some currency that President Zelaya is interested in a plan for a Central American Union. 614 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 TREATIES DENOUNCED. November 2 it was announced from Washington that the government of Nicaragua had terminated the treaty under which the United States was empowered to construct an inter- oceanic canal across the territory of Nicaragua. The Nicaraguan minister declared that the denunciation in no wise affects the friendly relations be- tween the two countries, and that the Nicaraguan government desires the conclusion of new treaties. Besides the treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation of 1867 thus denounced, the same note conveys the denuncia- tion of the extradition treaty of 1870 between the United States and Nicar- agua. Under the terms of the denun- ciation of the first named treaty, cov- ering the right to construct and guar- antee a canal, the convention will expire October 24, 1902, which is one year from the date the notice was received at the state department. The extra- dition treaty terminates May 24 next, provided in the convention. The Nicaraguan minister's note con- veys absolutely no information as to the motives which inspired his government to denounce these two treaties, nor has Mr. Merry, the United States minister to Nicaragua, thrown any light on the sub- ject. It may be recalled as affecting the treaty of 1867, that before submitting the Hay-Pauncefote treaty to Congress last year Secretary Hay drew up a set of pro- tools with the minister for Nicaragua and the minister for Colombia, whereby these officials bound their governments to nego- tiate treaties with the United States for the necessary concessions under which to construct and control canals, if Con- gress should authorize the beginning of such work. SOI t H AMERICA. An Irrepressible Conflict. SPANISH rule in South America left as a legacy the irrepressible conflict between despotism and liberty which during the 18th century was won for liberty in North America. The Argentine Republic may be men- tioned as a South American state in which has been reached a position of established Liberal rule, but in Colom- bia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia, the conflict between the dom- inant ideas and forces of media:valism and modern civilization is far from having been fought out. The Colombian Revolution. During October the thing most attracting general attention to South America was, beyond question, the continued struggle of the Liberal rev- olutionists of Colombia against the Conservative government and the involvment of Venezuela in the strife. It may still be said of the imbroglio, PRESIDENT CASTRO >K VKNEZUELA. as an Associated Press writer on the ground has said of it, that of all political disturbances in the northern part of South America in recentyears it is probably the most complicated. Various elements, good and bad, each inspired by its own peculiar spirit and aims, are in the turmoil, at times combining and anon separating, the friends of today becoming enemies tomorrow, and presenting kaleido- scopic changes that attract attention, bewilder the observer, and not infre- quently awaken amusement 'and a tendency to ridicule. The cartoonists make much sport of the woes of the contending factions of Colombia and SOUTH AMERICA, 6«5 Venezuela. And yet that there is a most serious, and even nobly signifi- cant, phase of the strife cannot but be felt by those who see that here the genius of free institutions is in conflict with the spirit of despotism. Uribe- Uribe and at least some of his asso- ciates are political idealists of the modern type, striving to unite Colom- bia, Venezuela, and Ecuador in one republic, " Gran Colombia," with in- stitutions that shall happily realize the conceptions of modern democracy. Early in October news came that a force of Liberals had taken by assault Morro Island, commanding the entrance to the port of Tumaco. During the operations there a British steamer was fired upon, but the action was subse- quently apologized for. It appears that, on October 5, the government troops under General Pompilio Gutierrez de- feated, near Ambalena (on the Magdalena River, west of Bogota), insurgent forces under Generals Marin and Duran, after a desperate engagement lasting three hours. A general activity of the insurgents, how- ever, was reported through the month, especially along the Venezuelan frontier and up near the isthmus. On the whole, the situation remained substantially un- changed during the month. PRESIDENT CASTRO AND VENEZUELA. The part taken by the Venezuelan president in the Colombian revolution continues to be much discussed. If reports can be relied on he has been constantly aiding the Colombian in- surgents with both arms and men. An exceedingly interesting statement was given by President Castro, Oct. 14, to a representative of the Associat- ed Press, from which the following is taken : I earnestly desire peace between Ven- ezuela and Colombia, and I consider that, by reason of the Venezuelan memoran- dum and our requests, communicated diplomatically through Dr. Rico, the Colombian minister to Venezuela, for an explanation of the invasion ot Tachira in July by Colombian troops, Venezuela has taken the first step toward a peaceful settlement. It would be against the na- tional dignity and honor of Venezuela to take another step in this direction until an explanatory answer had been received. The invasion of Tachira was the first openly aggressive act in this trouble It was the act of Colombia, and, therefore, she should to-day follow up our initiative toward a peaceful settlement. I do not consider Colombia's acceptance of the offer of the United States to extend its good offices and to mediate between the two countries, which has been reported in the press here, as a conciliatory answer to our diplomatic requests through Dr. Rico. If Colombia would officially noti- fy Venezuela that she had accepted the United States as a mediator, Venezu- ela could and would gladly consider the advisability of addressing the United States as the representative of Colombia, with the idea of reaching a peaceful settlement. While awaiting Colombia's answer, we most decidedly cannot, direct- ly or indirectly, approach Colombia again in a conciliatory manner. In the mean time we shall continue to guard our frontier against invasion. If Colombia does not answer, difficulties will doubt- less arise. With two lines of armed men face to face on the frontier, this is to be expected. This takes no note of the claim of the Colombian government that there was no invasion of Venezuelan terri- tory for which Colombia is in any sense responsible, it being well known that many disaffected Venezuelans, as well as Colombians acting without government sanction, were concerned in the movement. Castro frankly confesses his sympathy with the Colombian revolutionists and adds : Gladly would I see the downfall of the priest-ridden, incompetent government, which, so long as it continues in power, will, I believe, try to cause me trouble and will constitute a standing menace to the internal tranquility of Venezuela. The Conservative government of Colo m- bia has other opponents, notably Ecuador and Nicaragua, both of which states would be glad to witness its downfall and the end of the Conservatives. Touching a resolution of the Pan- American Congress, now in session in Mexico, which expressed the hope that the two South American republics would reach "an equitable and ra- tional agreement of their present diffi- culty," Castro replied in the same vein as that of the above statement and added that " shameful and inso- lent insults to the Venezuelan govern- ment constantly till' the columns of the Colombian official press." He declared that " no case can be cited of the Venezuelan press indulging in 6i6 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. December No., 1901 such degrading conduct, wounding the majority of the Colombian nation in the person of its magistrates." It seems that Castro's reply to the ex- pression of the Congress was dis- pleasing to his cabinet, and at the beginning of November reports were current of an imminent Venezuelan cabinet crisis. The insecurity of his hold upon Venezuela has been in- creased by the renewed activity of the so-called Nationalist party which, headed by the " Mocho " Hernandez (now imprisoned near Maracaibo) is the revolutionary party of Venezuela. The following statement of the " four elements and their surface affiliations" in the whole Colombia- Venezuela situation, made by Mr. Harold Martin in an article written recently at Curacao, is both compact and clear: Castro, or the government of Vene- zuela, is allied quite openly with the Liberal revolutionary movement in Colombia, and the common enemy is the Conservative Colombian government at Bogota. This Conservative Colombian government is more or less, though not very openly, allied with the Nationalist revolutionary movement in Venezuela, and the common enemy of these latter is Castro, the dictator. So we have Colom- bian Conservatives and Liberals on one side, and Venezuelan Liberals and Nationalists on the other. The foregoing should make very clear why Rangel Gar- biras, Venezuelan Nationalist, on the frontier of the two countries, is supported by Colombian government troops, while Uribe-Uribe, Colombian Liberal on the same frontier, is a commander of Vene- zuelan government forces, and also why the two Castillos, Colombian Liberals, are operating with the soldiers of Castro against the forces of the Colombian Con- servative government now in La Hacha, in the Guajira Peninsula. GENERAL URIBE-URIBE INTERVIEWED. The N. Y. Tribune publishes a report, coming from Maracaibo under date of Oct. 31, of an interview held with Uribe-Uribe, the Colombian re- volutionary leader, by a correspondent of the Associated Press. The fid- venturous reporter found the general strongly encamped in the Cordillera mountains, on the frontier line between the Venezuelan state of Tachira and the Colombian province of Santander. His headquarters were half a day's ride from San Cristobal, the capital of Tachira. His command, number- ing several thousand Colombian Liberals, was holding the extreme left of the Venezuelan line of defence. General Cordon ne held the centre, with General Modesto Castro at the extreme right. On the Colombian side General Valencia, Juan Berti, and Rangel Garbiras, the Venezuelan rebel, were in command. Some 16,000 soldiers stood face to face on the frontier. General Uribe-Uribe said that there is no war between Venezuela and Colombia^ but a struggle between the Liberal and Conservative parties of both countries. He represented himself as acting under the orders of President Castro. "If I were to engage in separate operations I should run the risk of interfering with the dispositions of our fellow Liberals in the field, and would probably lose General Castro's support, especially if I com- promised his cause. We are not as yet strong enough to do without the help of our allies outside the confines of Colom- bia. " He denounced as "a malicious lie "the report that he had promised to repay Castro for his aid by concessions of Colombian territory when they should have triumphed. But he declared that he was fully pledged to "change the money standard of Colombia from its present debased paper currency to a standard of silver and gold. " We shall not repudiate any national debt, but so soon as it can be effected the wretched paper bills which are now being turned out in Bogota by the bushel shall be with- drawn from circulation. Next we shall try to effect a definite settlement of the isthmus canal question and of the pend- ing international negotiations. We shall stand by all our national treaties, as, for instance, the treaty with the United States of 1846, guaranteeing the neutrality of the isthmus railroad, but we shall put a definite stop to the present underhand dickering for our most valuable conces- sions to European countries. We do not want the French to meddle farther with the canal. We know, as all the world knows, that the Americans can finish the canal in half the time and for half the money. We want Americans t« under- take the completion of the canal r.nd we willingly accept the protection o_ the great North American republic at the isthmus, as we have already done in regard to the transisthmian railroad. SOUTH AMERICA. 6.7 Miscellaneous. Great confusion exists on the pen- insular of Goajira (Colombian terri- tory) where some conflicts between Venezuelan and Colombian troops have taken place. The entire Indian population is against the Venezuelans. Ambushes and all forms of outrage are frequent. General Ignacio Andrade, a Vene- zeulan Conservative, and whom as president of the republic Castro over- threw two years ago, threatens to lead a revolutionary expedition for the over- throw of the Castro government. October 26 the report was cabled that Venezuelan revolutionists had muted Castro's forces at Maturin. of states Bermudez. During the month quiet prevailed on the Isthmus of Panama, though a general dulness of trade and an ex- pectancy of coming trouble were com- mon. The United States battleship Iowa, the British sloop of war Icarus, the French cruiser Protet, at Panama, and the United States gunboat Afar/lias, and the French cruiser Sachet at Colon, continued to await the development of events. A dispatch dated Oct. 31 stated that the Venezuelan troops at Tachira had been ordered to w ithdraw, accord- ing to latest advices from Barran- quilla. The Colombian government, however, was continuing to strengthen its position at Rio Hacha. Four thousand troops were guarding the Colombian frontier, and 1,510 troops had been sent to Antioquia. The Colombian gunboat General Pinzon remained at Colon, in order to take part in the mobilization of troops from that direction, in case additional rein- forcements are urgently needed on the isthmus. During the month $8,000 became due from Venezuela to the United States on account of claims arising out of damages sustained during the revolution of 1892. Venezuela de- faulted. Germany repudiated the contention <>f Venezuela that the territory of that republic was violated during the affray on October 6, at Porto Cabello, be- tween sailors from the German cruiser Vineta and the populace of Porto Cabello. In communicating this de- cision to Caracas, Germany reserved the right of presenting demands for the punishment of the guilty parties, and for satisfaction. Ecuador. A railroad is being built by an American engineer from Guyaquil to Quito. This opening of Ecuador by rail is an event of importance in the extension of civilization. Its construc- tion is one of the two great tasks which lay before President Alfaro when he was called to the presidency in 1896. The other task was to free Ecuador from ecclestiastical domina- tion. Today the country is still Catho- lic but the state is divorced from the church. The religious question is a source of constant trouble. Arch- bishop Andrade of Rio Camba has recently threatened with excommuni- cation the managing editor of El Luchador, a prominent newspaper. The government has been accused by its ultra conservative enemies of a desire to sell the Galapagos archipel- ago to the United States for a coaling station. But the Ecuadorian papers say that it would be very difficult, for many reasons, to establish a serious colony in the Galapagos or Colon archipelago, which is almost uninhab- ited now, and which offers no com- mercial, agricultural or industrial in- ducements to any kind of colonists. Peru. The United States minister to Peru, Irving B. Dudley, arriving at San Francisco on October 23, reported the political, commercial, and financial conditions of that country to be "quite satisfactory." This accords with Pres- ident De Romana's message at the opening of Congress disclosing a surplus in revenues and a marked increase of trade (p. 433). 6iS AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. Decembei No., 19*1 Affairs in Europe. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. The Irish Quesion. PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. MR. Chamberlain has again at- tacked the question of Irish representation in Parliament (p. 499) in a vigorous speech at Edin- burgh. He termed the present repre- sentation " an abuse and a scandal, " and, while he did not anticipate im- mediate measures to reduce Ireland's over-representation of thirty members more than her share, as a general dis- solution of parliament was not now desired, he intimated pretty plainly that when it was nearer the time for a dissolution, some measure of relief would be proposed. It is thought by many wise observers of the situation that this threat of reduction of Ire- land's representation will not be carried out, as it would give the Irish members a real grievance. It is also suggested, however, that a general re- arrangement of the representation of England and Scotland, as well as of Ireland, might solve the problem. SPLIT WITH LIBERALS. The obstreperousness and extreme bitterness of the Irish members seems not only to have aroused the Conser- vatives beyond the last pitch of endur- ance, as is not surprising, but also to have affected their standing with the Liberals, a more serious matter for the cause of Home Rule. Recent utter- ances of Mr. Redmond and of Mr. Asquith, influential representatives, if not the official heads of their re- spective parties, indicate that the Home Rule alliance has been broken up. Mr. Redmond spoke first, and declared that the Irish party was no longer bound by the compact made with the British Liberals under Glad- stone. In replying, Mr. Asquith de- clared that if this were true, then the Liberals are not bound to support the Irish. The effect of this dissolution of the Home Rule alliance is likely to exert a wide influence on British politics, as well as a serious effect on the prospects of securing home rule for Ireland, for it may reduce the Liberal party by the loss of its Irish votes, to an absolutely hope- less minority, or it may conceivably re- store enough Unionists to the Liberal ranks to more than balance the Irish de- fection, or perhaps enough to prevent the Conservatives from holding an unques- tioned majority and thus throwing the balance of power into the hands of the Irish Home Rulers. THE NEW ROYAL TITLE. November 4, King Edward signed a proclamation declaring the royal title (p. 371) to be as follows : " Edward the Seventh, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of all the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, De- fender of the Faith, Emperor of India. " End of Heir-Apparent's Tour. November 1 , the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York arrived at Portsmouth on the royal yacht Ophir, thus completing their long tour of 50,000 miles to the British Dominions around the world (Vol. 10, p. 859; Vol. n, pp. 126, 186, 312, 554). Decrease of British Trade. The official figure of Great Britain's foreign commerce for the months of August and September continue to show the unfavorable decrease noted for some time past. The total direct exports were $ 12 1,027 845 in August against $124,923,115 in August last year, a falling off of $2,895, 270. Re-exports of foreign and colonial merchandise showed a gain of £3,787,880, however, mainly owing to a gain in wool. The figure would be still more unfavor- able were it not for the exceptional increase of 18 per cent in cotton exports owing to the deplorable conditions in India. The decrease in imports in Au- gust, 1901, over last year was $5>799>595» although the trade balance sho*vs that the imports exceeded the exports by $30, 000,000. It is interesting to note in detail that the British imports from America were $37,125,000 against only $4,575,000 worth of exports. FR.4M /■:. - The adverse trade balance for Septem- bex was even hevrief than for August, being #57,347,270, when even re-exports arc included. The decease in exports over the MUM month last year was 512. 942. 54 5, and in imports $ 15,120,305. Personal and Miscellaneous. Sir Joseph Dimsdale, member of parliament, was elected mayor of London, September 28. Andrew Carnegie, by the unani- mous, request of the students of St. Andrew's University, has been nom- inated its Lord Rector. Hall Caine, the novelist, has become a candidate for the Manx parliament in behalf of the town of Ramsay. A statue of Gladstone was un- veiled in Manchester, October 23. It was the gift to the city of William Roberts, and was based on a drawing made by the artist Manio Raggi, while Gladstone was introducing the Home Rule bill in the House of Com- mons. Mr. John Morley delivered an eloquent eulogy of Gladstone at the unveiling. A considerable number of the reli- gious orders driven from France by the new law of Associations (pp. 6 1 , l89> 374. 5°3) are settling in Eng- land and on the English Channel Islands. FRANCE. The Longest Ministry. THE Waldeck-Rousseau ministry now holds the record of the longest term of service of any French ministry under the republic, having entered into office in June, 1899, as a mere makeshift to tide over a crisis temporarily. It has, however, maintained a strong front for two years and three months, successfully weathering such severe tests as the Dreyfus affair and the question of the religions organizations, and its end does not seem to be near. Two seri- ous problems at present confront it, and demand careful and courageous handling, if the ministery is still to stand. Enormous Deficit. The financial situation that faces the cabinet is increasingly serious. The revenue for September fell $4,000 000 below the estimates, and $4,400, 000 below the actual receipts in Sept- ember, 1900. This makes the deficit in the revenue for the last nine months $18,000,000 below the estimates, and PROFESSOR VIRCHOW, THE FAMOUS SCIENTIST WHOSE 80TH BIRTHDAY WAS RECENTLY CELEBRATED IN BERLIN. $28,000,000 below the actual receipts for the corresponding months last year ( p. 309 ), and this enormous de- ficit is not the result of any extraordi- nary expenditures, as in time of war, but is incurred in time of peace. The budget for 1902, as read to the Chamber of Deputies, October 15, shows an estimated deficit of $10,000,000. In order to reduce the deficit to this figure, three proposed new batde-ships have been cut out, and other expenditures, particu- larly in the direction of ecclesiastical matters, cut down, and a plan of state control of petroleum proposed as a means of increasing the revenues. Mining Troubles. Another grave difficulty threatening the stability of the cabinet is the seri- ous mining disturbances affecting 160, 000 miners. A general strike threat- ened May 1 was averted by the strong measures taken by the ministry and 62* AFFAIRS IN FUR OPE. December No., 1901 another was threatened for November 1, and was causing great anxiety. The chief storm centre in October was at Monceau-les-Mines. where a destructive strike occurred not long ago. These miners belong to the mostrevolu tionary wing of the Socialists, and Mr. Waldeck-Rousseau depends for his major- ity on the combined support of the Rad- icals and Socialists, the latter of whom are represented in his cabinet by M. Mil- lerand. Hence he is between two fires, the necessity to concilate the Socialists and the necessity to preserve public order, which is seriously threatened by the strikers, who are well-known to be ready to resort to violence, if necessary. Altogether the question is likely to furnish the ministry a test as severe as some it has already faced. The Census. The final official returns of the census taken March 24 show a popu- lation of 38,641,333, an increase of 412,364 in the last five years, as compared with 133,819 in the preced- ing four years. The increase is mainly in the cities. The following table shows the increase in the large towns : Paris 148,000 Limojes, Angers... 7,000 Marseilles 47,000 Nimes, Nantes, 1 h Nice 19,000 Nancy, Toulon ) ' Havre 11,000 Cannes, Rennes. ) , Brest 9,000 Tourcoing ) i'°00 The ten suburbs of Paris aggregate 00,000. The following table compares the census returns of France with those of other countries : 1850. 1900. Increase. (Millions.) (Millions.) (Millions.) France 35.3 38.6 3.3 Great Britain 27.4 41.5 14.1 Germany 35.4 56.3 10.9 Austro-Hungary 30.07 45.1 14.4 Russia 66.7 128.9 62.2 Italy 23.6 32.4 8.8 GERMANY. Condemnation of Duelling. SIGNS of the weakening in the hold of the German nation of the practice of duelling appear occasionally, although the repugnance to the practice has not yet penetrated the mass of the people to any great extent. Recently, a public declaration against the practice was signed by 104 representatives of the nobility acting under the leadership of Prince Lowenstein. The manifesto, which was occasioned by the dismissal from the army of a young lieutenant who refused to accept an offi- cer's challenge to a duel after he had apologised fully for his offence in striking him, declares the practice of duelling to be contrary to reason, conscience, law, the demands of civilization, and the wel- fare of society and the state. The force of this statement is decidedly weakened, however, by the addition that this does not apply to cases in which " honor " is involved (!). AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. New Reichsrath. OCTOBER 17, a new Austrian Reichsrath, with a large labor majority for the government, assembled, after a comparatively peaceful and orderly general election. The budget for 1902 shows the esti- mated revenues and expenditures practically equal about $337,000,000. TARIFF DECLARATIONS. M. Szell, the Hungarian prime minister, and more recently Dr. Koer- ber, the Austrian prime minister, have declared that the proposed German tariff (pp. 437, 502, 564) would not be acceptable to their countries. Dr. Koerber even went so far as to say that, in case Germany insisted on impossible tariff conditions " even the political alli- ance of the two great empires may be endangered by an economic war be- tween them." At a meeting of the Association of Austrian Manufacturers held in Vienna, October 23, the "American Peril " was aggressively discussed, and a resolution adopted that the central European states should enter into an agreement for mutual protec- tion against transatlantic competition. Betrothal of Archduchess Elizabeth. October 13, the announcement was made, with the reluctant consent of the Emperor, of the betrothal of Arch- duchess Elizabeth, daughter of the CHINA, 621 late Crown Prince Rudolph, to Prince Otto Windisch-Graetz. The prince is a lieutenant of Uhlans belonging to a pooi though noble family. The be- trothal is the result of a love affair and the archduchess is considered to be wedding beneath her, though the mar- riage will not be regarded as mor- ganatic. ITALY. A DEC REE has been issued by the Italian minister of public wor- ship, Signor Cocco Ortu, which prohibits gatherings in churches except for purposes directly connected with Divine worship. It is especially aimed at the Catholic annual congresses which have been growing in import- ance since the first held nineteen years ago. The increase of Catholic colleges in Rome has been a very character- istic feature of the pontificate of Leo XIII. A new one now appears — that of St. Girolamo for the Croats. According to present estimates the coming year will see a greater num- ber of church students in the " Eter- nal City " than at any time since 1870. Visitors to Rome have been consid- erably fewer this fall than formerly, largely owing to the scare of pest. But the danger of contagion is now said to be at end. On October 1 5 , Naples was officially declared free from the bubonic plague. RUSSIA. Naval Budget. THE Russian naval budget for 1902 is said to amount to 98,300,000 rubles, of which 60,400,000 are for ordinary expenses, 16,000,000 for construction, and 5,200,000 for improvements at Port Arthur and Vladivostock. Campaign Against Tolstoi. A campaign against the heretical religious views advocated by Count Tolstoi was inaugurated at a specially convened conclave of the missionary society of the Orthodox church Octo- ber 10. A treatise on Tolstoi's works is to be compiled for wide distribution, in which is to be included an article by Jerome K. Jerome, entitled " The Truth About Tolstoi." TURKEY. IT is claimed that there are indi- cations that German influence has increased sufficiently at Constantinople recently to make almost certain the speedy conclusion of the Bagdad railway convention (Vol. 9, pp. 597,844; Vol. 10, p. 436). The Germans demand a main line from Konia to Busra via Bagdad ; five branches, besides an extension to Koweyt ; an option on seven other branches; steamboat rights on the Eu- phrates and Tigris; the right to build ports wherever the railway touches the coast r and the right to work all mines within a certain distance. The main line from Konia to Busra would be over a thou- sand miles long. *J£ 2>> ters, but wide open doors on every side. Austria. Steady progress. Spain. Superiority ot our schools ac- knowledged on every side. A new polit- ical spirit of liberty taking possession of the Spanish people. European Turkey. Progress, notwith- standing political disturbances and bad crops. Immediate outlook uncertain. Miss Stone's abduction symptomatic of grave conditions. Eastern Turkey in Asia. Conditions exceedingly hard. Hitter poverty. Crush- ing taxation. No touring allowed by the government. Massacres still in mind and threatening. Large migrations of Chris- tians to United States. Armenian pastors inclined to commercialism, but 'the work goes on heroically. Orphanages now graduate boys into various trades and place girls in good homes. Japan. A good year in the cities ; not so good in the country. Large accession to trie churches. Growing signs of Chris- tian unity and increase of evangelical thought. A/arat/ii, India. Grand year. Large increase of members and contributions. Churches and schools reaping the fruits of famine relief. Three thousand famined children thrown on the mission. Madura. India. Increase in all lines except in conversion ; falling off there. Work splendidly organized and complete. Satisfactory results may be expected. Ceylon. ' No striking features, but a fruitful year in all lines of work. The National Congregational Coun- cil held its eleventh triennial session in Portland, Me., October 1 2-18. Two of the most important items of business transacted were the passage of a reso- lution creating a committee to memo- rialize Congress to take proper steps to secure the constitutional amend- ment making polygamy a crime against the national government, and the passing of a resolution cautioning ministers to use great care in remarry- ing divorced persons not divorced "according to Scripture standards. Since the Council last met in 1898 it has gained 330 churches and dropped 294, a net gain of thirty-six churches in three years, the total number now- being 5650. The triennial convention of the Episcopal Church was held in San Francisco, Oct. 2-17. The conflict between the progressives and the conservatives agitates the entire body. The conservative party still remains tin- stronger, but on the whole with considerably decreased force. In 1894, Rev. Dr. W. R. Huntington, of New York, who for fifteen years has championed the so-called Lambeth quad- rilateral (four propositions on which it was declared that the Episcopal body would enter into relations of organic unity with the rest of Christendom) intro- duced a proposed constitutional amend- in. *nt running as follows: " But provision may be made by canon for the temporary use of other forms and directories of worship by congregations not in union with this church who are willing to accept the spiritual oversight of the bishop of the diocese or the missionary district." This amendment has now been defeated for the third time, and Dr. Huntington has retired from the leader- ship of the measure. In view of the fact that it was lost by only a single vote. Dr. Huntington's declared belief in the fu- ture triumph of the measure seems not unreasonable. — The proposition to change the name of the church was postponed to the next convention, and the discussion over it iudicates little likelihood of its passage. So. also, the attempt to enact a more stringent canon of divorce, which was championed by the extreme high churchmen, was shelved until the next convention. (Vol. 10, p. 959.) The greatest fight of the convention, it is said, was over section 4 of canon 36, vir- tually forbidding the remarriage of a divorced person by a priest of the church. This had passed the house of bishops and been adopted by a yea and nay vote in committee of the whole by the house of deputies When the committee rose and reported its work to the house a decisive vote was taken, not only on the troublesome fourth section, but on the entire canon, which was rejected as a whole. Canon 37, which provides for the disciplining of persons marrying again after being divorced, met with a similar fate. — A scheme to establish a provincial system for the church, with a primate and archbishops, failed. Missionary bishops were appointed for Porto Rico and the Philippines, an action which does not meet with universal approval. The op- posing view is expressed in an open letter to Mr. Brent, the bishop-elect of the Philippines, by the Rev. A. S. Crapsey, of Rochester, in which he says: " It is impossible that any new form of Chris- tianity should take root in that soil. Ex- perience teaches that the seed of the Re- formation is sterile in lands long under the influence of the Latin race. Our missions have been barren in Mexico and in South America, and they will be 630 SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MISCELLANY. December No., 1901 barren in the Philippines, in Cuba, and in Porto Rico." The biennial session of the Lu- theran General Council opened on Oct. 10, in Lima, O. Luther's smaller catechism was adopted as a supple- ment to the " Common Service." Sunday-school work, missions, mar- riage and divorce, were some of the topics discussed. At the General Convention of the Universalists in Buffalo, Oct. 22, a committee of five was appointed to form with a like committee from the Unitarian body, a joint commission which shall cooperate to keep each from wasted effort and duplication in towns where the two denominations cannot be supported. This establishes friendly and cooperative relations but not organic union. MISCELLANEOUS. THE Episcopal diocese of Massa- chusetts is now divided into two dioceses, and a new bishop is to be chosen. At Salt Lake, Oct. 17, Joseph F. Smith was chosen and set apart as president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, in suc- cession to Lorenzo Snow, with John R. Winder and Anthony H. Lund as his first and second councillors, respectively. EDUCATION. Yale's Bicentennial. THE two hundredth anniversary of the founding of Yale Uni- versity was celebrated at New Haven, October 20-23. The univer- sity authorities, alumni and under- graduates, and the city of New Haven had spared no efforts to make this event one of the most notable and im- posing in the annals of any American institution. The delegates present represented 27 foreign and 148 Am- erican universities and colleges, the foreign contingent coming from vari- ous seats of learning in England, Ger- many, France, China, and Japan. The United States government was represented by President Roosevelt, members of the cabinet and of the supreme court, and officers of the army and navy. On Sunday, October 20, religious ser- vices were held in Battell Chapelattended by the guests of the University clad in gowns denoting the scholastic rank of their wearers. At the same time other commemorative observances were had in three of the churches. The afternoon address on that day was by Prof. George Park Fisher on the subject " Yale in its relation to Christian Theology and Mis- sions." • President Hadley in welcoming the guests and delegates dwelt chiefly on the democracy of letters and his prominent thought was that the hon- ors visibly represented on such an occasion were open to every one who brought to their winning the scholar's ardor and the scholar's patience. Dr. Cyrus Northrop, president of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, reviewed the history of Yale men in educational work. Other notable addresses were " Yale in Its Relation to Law," by Thomas Thacher, of the New York bar; "Yale in Letters and Science," by Daniel C. Gilman, LL. D., of the class of '52 ; and " Yale's Relation to the Public Service," by David J. Brewer, LL. D., associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. The commemorative poem, " Mater Coronata," was written and read by Edmund Clarence Stedman. President Roosevelt's arrival on the last day of the celebration was the sig- nal of a great demonstration in his honor, in which the university, the state of Connecticut, and the city of New Haven were officially repre- sented. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon President Roosevelt, Secretary Hay, Admiral Sampson, Richard Olney, Seth Low, Bishop Potter, and many others; and the degree of Litt. D. was given to W. D. Howells, Samuel L. Clemens, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, George W. Cable, R. W. Gilder, Thomas Nelson Page, Prof. Brander Matthews, and Pro- fessor Woodrow Wilson. LITERATURE. 63« MONETARY. THE Nem York Nation,'\x\ discuss ing the organization of national banks under the act of March 1 4, 1 900, makes the following observa- tions : Since the passage of the act more than eighteen months have elapsed — a time quite long enough to show what its per- manent results are likely to be. And the number of small banks organized has been so great as at first blush to give some color to the claims of success made for the measure. Of 7 1 5 new institutions, 4N6, or more than two-thirds, have cap- itals of less than $50,000, and among these the 6S that were formerly state institutions of low capitalization. These figures would seem to show not merely that the needs of small towns were being met. but also that the national system had become more attractive to bankers. . . . . The important fact is that the 715 new institutions have issued only 29 per cent, of the maximum notes to which they may become entitled by the terms of the new law. This is litdemore than would have been taken out in any event under the bond-deposit require- ment. It shows absolutely no increase in the elasticity of the circulation, nor are there other facts in die situation to modify this conclusion. In short, so far as the act of 1900 aimed at flexibility in the currency, it has been a total failure. During October the twenty-seventh annual convention of the American Bankers' Association was held in Mil- waukee, and was largely attended from all parts of the country. Secre- tary Gage delivered an address advo- cating further currency legislation. The Canadian banks report for August, 1 90 1, total liabilities, $431,- 000,000 against $429,000,000 for July, and total assets $544,000,000 against $541,000,000 for July. One of the most interesting demon- strations of the growth of capital is afforded by the tabulation prepared every year by the leading financial journal of Belgium of the issues of negotiable securities. These returns include government loans, new banks, railways and industrial stocks and bonds, and all other enter- which are represented by securi- ties on the stock exchanges. The table shows net new demands for capital throughout the world, a* follows: VHAR AMOUNT >°93 $450,000,000 "894 9SO.000.000 •895 1.000,000,000 •Jjflo 1.750.000.000 •897 1.700,000,000 ■898 1,700,000.000 '099 2 000,000.000 '9oo 2,208,000,000 Director Roberts of the U. S. Mint estimates the production of gold in the world for 1900 at $257,000,000, a loss of $49,000,000 over 1899, due chiefly to the Transvaal troubles. The silver output was 178,000,000 fine ounces, a gain of 1 1 ,000,000 f . o. There was an important advance in the price of silver during the year, the price ranging from 59.1c per ounce in January to 66.3c in the last month of the year. The chief factor in the rise was the pur- chases for the account of the government of India. Silver rupees still constitute the common currency of India and to supply the demand the government gives rupees in exchange for gold sovereigns at the rate of fifteen rupees to the sovereign. Under this policy the government reports an outlay for its fiscal year ended March 31, 1901, of $29,000,000, which at the aver- age value of the year would make the purchases amount to nearly 50,000.000 ounces. This would seem to restore India to somewhere near her old position as a customer of silver. LITERATURE. The Vogue of Fiction. WITHIN the last five years the sale of books of fiction has increased enormously, says a writer in the Review of Reviews ; and the increase is not only, nor chiefly, as regards the number of copies of novels sold, but as regards the proportion of such sales to the sale of books of a more serious, in- structive, or practical kind. Some very well informed publishers assert that the demand for biographical works, volumes of essays, books of travel, and other classes of literature outside fiction, has not increased at all within the five years. The writer in the Review of Revitivs gives this list of thirteen novels with the pub- lishers' returns of sales in proof of the 632 SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MISCELLANY. December No., 1901 great popularity of novel reading : David Haruni 520,000 copies Richard Carvel 420,000 ' The Crisis 320,000 " Janice Meredith 275000 " Eben Holden 265.000 8inncy Adams Sawyer 200.000 'ri and 1 100,000 " To Have and To Hold 285,000 " The Christian 200,000 The EternalCity 100,000 An English Woman's Love Letters. 250.000 Trfe'lkyPilot | together nearly. 500.000 ' NOTABLE DISASTERS. Report on the Cobra. THE coroner's jury investigating the cause of the loss of life on board the torpedo boat des- troyer Cobra (p. 572) rendered a verdict, October 3, that the men had been drowned " through the unex- plained buckling of the vessel." They added a rider to the effect that the Cobra was too lightly built. A diver testified that he found the boat broken and that it was " like a cane broken across one's knee." He found no sandbar, rock, or wreck on which she might have been driven. The court martial which \va:; ordered to make a similar investigation reported, October 17, that the vessel " simply collapsed in the sea because she was structur- ally weak, that she did not touch ground, and that thei 1 were no errors in her navigation. This court con- demned the purchase of the Cobra for the government. Galveston Deluged. On October 8 Galveston, Texas, was visited by the h< aviest rainfall in its history. In thi fourteen hours ending at 12.30 p. rr., the rainfall was 14.08 inches. The rain was accom- panied by wind blowing 42 miles an hour from the east. The streets were flooded. Street car traffic and all business were practically suspended. The tide was only two feet above normal, and there was no salt wa*e* in the streets. Fire in Sydney, C. B. The town of Sydney, C. B., was 11 great part destroyed by fire on Octo- ber 19. The fire started from the explosion of an oil stove early in the afternoon, and the warehouse in which it had its origin, with several other stores, was consumed within an hour. A heavy gale was blowing, and the conflagration spread till in less than three hours one-quarter of all the houses in the place was in ashes. Many families were made homeless. The population of Sydney is about 15,000. The place is an important centre of the iron and steel manu- facture. Typhoon in the Philippines. The most violent typhoon in ten years visited the Philippine islands in the middle of October, lasting several days. The storm centre was about sixty miles from Manila. Full half of northern and central Luzon was sub- merged ; telegraph lines were thrown down ; government and merchant ves- sels suffered; in Manila Bay twenty lives were lost ; the town of Baler was demolished. Fire in Philadelphia. October 25, at Philadelphia, a fire broke out in Hunt, Wilkinson & Com- pany's upholstering establishment in Market street, which resulted in the destruction of the great eight-story building with all its contents and some smaller buildings, and the loss of thirty or more lives. Because of the inflammable nature of the raw material and the stock of such an establishment, the disaster was one to be apprehended at any time, and ordinary prudence required the exer- cise of extreme caution. But, as the New York Tribune, in an editorial comment upon the calamity, remarks, all the counsels of prudence were disregarded. Here was a combination that should not have been possible in a civilized and humane community. Floors packed with excelsior ana freshly varnished goods, explosive and inflammable material in the basement, an elevator to serve as flue to fire each level in an incredibly short spare of time, and 'scores of human beings without any dependable means of escape tor so large a number, made up the situation. Can we dispose of it by saying that it could n't be helped ? INDEX ro /'/■A'/o/>/(:i/. LITERATURE. 633 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. BEING A SELECT, CLASSIFIED LIST OF TIMELY ANU IMPORTANT ARTICLES APPEAR DIG IN OTHER MAGAZINES, AND FORMING VALUABLE SUPPLF.MENTARY READING. For convenience of reference the classification is made to conform to that of the contents of " Current History"". ABBREVIATIONS USED. Am. Antim Atlan. . Can. Cent. Chaut. . Cosmop. Forum . Gunt. . Harper Indep. . lNTERNAT. Liv. Age American Antiquarian, Chicago Atlantic Monthly, Boston Canadian Magazine, Toronto, ( >nt. . Century. New York Chautauquan, Cleveland, O. Cosmopolitan, Irvington, New York Forum, New York (iunton's Magazine, New York Harper's Monthly, New York . Independent, New York International Monthly, Burlington, \ t. . Living Age, Boston McClure McC lure's Magazine, New Yuri. Mod. Cul., . Modern Culture, Cleveland. < t. Munsey Munsey's Magazine, New York Nat. Gko., National Geographical Mag., N. Y . N. E. M. New England Magazine, New York No. Am. North American Review, New York Out Outlook, New York Pop. Sci. Popular Science Monthly, New York K. ok R. Review of Reviews. New York S« rib. . Scribner's Magazine, New York W. W. . World's Work, New York /// indicating dates, the usual abbreviations of months are used. International Affairs. Japan and the United States. Midori Komatz. W. W. Nov. The Law of Nations. Frederick Austin Ogg. Chaut. Nov. A Plea for American Intervention in Turkey. Urbain Gohier. No. Am. Nov. Europe and America. Sidney Brooks. Atlan. Nov. Affairs in America. The America of Today. Munsey. Nov. A Plain Description of Tammany. Arthur Goodrich. W. W. Nov. The Proposed Appalachian Forest Reserve. Dr. W. J. McGee. W. W. Nov. Touring a Continent (the Duke of Cornwall in Canada). Norman Patter- son. Can. Nov. City Government in Canada. S. Mor- ley Wickett, Ph. D. Can. Nov. The United States Army. Third Paper. Francis V. Greene. Scrib. Nov. Formative Incidents in American Di- plomacy, Chaps. 3-4. Edwin Earle Sparks. Chaut. Nov. Emma Goldman and the Cleveland Anarchists. Howard Dennis. Mod. Cul. Nov. The Reconstruction Period and Its Political Outcome. I. Frederick Austin Ogg. Mod. Cul. Nov. The Settlement of The West. A Study in Transportation. Emerson Hough. Cent. Nov. New York's Municipal Campaign. Milo Roy Maltbie. R. of R. Nov. The Philadelphia Campaign. Clinton Rogers Woodruff. R. of R. Nov. Conquered Territory and the Constitu- tion. Hannis Taylor. No. Am. Nov. Detective Surveillance of Anarchists. R. A. Pinkerton. No. Am. Nov. The Commercial Democracy of the South. Senator J. L. McLaurin. No. Am. Nov. Why the Chinese Should be Excluded. J. D. Phelan. No. Am. Nov. Municipal Misgovernment and Cor- ruption. Frank Moss. No. Am. Nov. New York Mayoralty Election. Gunt. Nov. Ye Ancient Inns of Boston Town. Frederick Walter Norcross. N. E. M. Nov. American Democracy (concluded). Hugo Munsterberg. Internat. Nov. The Man of Mexico (Diaz). Chas. F. Lummis. Out. Nov. 2. Affairs in Europe. Problems of the British Empire. Syd- ney Brooks. W. W. Nov. Russia of Today. VII. Henry Nor- man, M. P. Scrib. Nov. Crispi and Italian Unity. Karl Blind. Forum. Nov. The Next Conclave. K. de Cesare. No. Am. Nov. National Debt of France. Jules Roche. No. Am. Nov. A Political Survey of Francesco Crispi. Salvatore Cortesi. Internat. Nov. Affairs in Asia. Agriculture in China. Hon. Charles Denby. Forum. Nov. The Political ana Commercial Future of Asia. W. C. Jameson Reid. Forum. Nov. The Last Phase of the Philippine Re- bellion and the Problems Resulting 634 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERA TURE. December No., 1901 Therefrom. John H. Parker. R. of R. Nov. The Viewpoint of the Filipinos. H. L. Hawthorne. R. of R. Nov. Christian and Infidel in the Holy Land. Dana Carleton Munro. Internat. Nov. Home Life in Japan. Alexander Hume Ford. Out. Nov. 2. Affairs in Africa. S. P. The Development of Africa. Verner. Forum. Nov. Glimpses of India. Bella Hicks Has- sett. Mod. Cul. Nov. Science and Invention. The Fight Against Tuberculosis. Dr. Lawrence F. Flick. W. W. Nov. The Services of Electricity. Antony N. Brady. No. Am. Nov. The Modern Aeronaut. Gustave Kobbe. Cosmop. Nov. The Dirigible Balloon of M. Santos- Dumont. Sterling Heilig. Cent. Nov. The Bottom of the Sea. Charles Cleveland Nutting. Harper. Nov. On the Tendency of Species to Form Varieties. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Pop. Sci. Nov. The Story of Cahow. Prof. A. E. Ver- rill. Pop. Sci. Nov. Psychiatry — Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Dr. Frederick Lyman Hills. Origin of Sex in Plants. Dr. Bradley Moore Davis. Pop. Sci. Nov. Education. The Small College and the Large. C. F. Thwing. Forum. Nov. The Pronunciation of Italian. Geo. Dwight Kellogg. Chaut. Nov. American Opportunities and Educa- tion. Hamilton W. Mabie. No. Am. Nov. The National Control of Education. Sir John Gorst. Pop. Sci. Nov. The Yale Bicentennial. Out. Nov. 2. Religion. Among the Dunkers. Nelson Lloyd. Scrib. Nov. Literature. A Retrospect of American Humor. W. P. Trent. Cent. Nov. Fiction Read and Written in 1901. Talcott Williams. R. of R. Nov. The Practical Side of Literature. Leon Mead. Gunt. Nov. Business and Industry. The American Locomotive Abroad. M. G. Cunniff. W. W. Nov. Sugar and the New Colonies. C. A. Crampton. Forum. Nov. Taxes on Street Railway Franchises. Walter S. Allen. Forum. Nov. Has the Threatened European War Against American Manufactures Begun? O. P. Austin. No. Am. Nov. Is There a Decadence of New England Agriculture ? Chas. S. Phelps. N. E. M. Nov. The Industrial Combinations of Eu- rope. Jeremiah W. Jenks. Internat. Nov. Strikes and the Philosophy of the Strikers. F. K. Foster. Internat. Nov. What the U. S. Steel Corporation Really Is and How It Works. Ray Stannard Baker. McClure. Nov. Monetary. Preferences and the Bankruptcy Law. Harold Remington. Forum. Nov. Art and Archaeology. Romances of Three Italian Masters- Lena Lindsay Pepper. Mod. Cul. Nov. An Architect of the Old School (Grid- ley Bryant). Henry Turner Bailey. N. E. M. Nov. riusic and the Drama. Prima Donnas of Opera. Geo. E. Walsh. Mod. Cul. Nov. The Drama's Tendency Toward the Unintellectual. Richard Stearns. Cos- mop. Nov. Biography. William McKinley. Frank A. Munsey. Munsey. Nov. Theodore Roosevelt. Louis Siebold. Munsey. Nov. Rear-Admiral Sampson. Ira N. Hollis. W. W. Nov. Marquis Ito, the Great Man of Japan. Frederick Palmer. Scrib. Nov. Theodore Roosevelt. A. Maurice Low. Forum. Nov. A Christian GenUeman, William Mc- Kinley. Frederick Barton. Chaut. Nov. The Inner Life of Fra Angelico. Mary A. Lathbury. Chaut. Nov. Robert Louis Stevenson at Butaritari. Will M. Clemens. Mod. Cul. Nov. Some Personal Characteristics of President McKinley. John D. Long. Cent. Nov. Charles Darwin. Pop. Sci. Nov. NECROLOi'.Y. 635 Bishop Whipple, the Friend of the Indian. William Watts Folwell. K. of R. Nov. The Story of Theodore Roosevelt's Life. John Brisben Walker. Cosmop. Nov. Daniel Webster. Samuel McCall. Atlan. Nov. Solitude of Nathaniel Hawthorne. P. K. More. Atlan. Nov. Col. Joslyn, U. S. A. M. Quad. Mc- Clure. Nov. Theodore Roosevelt. Wm. Allen White. McClure. Nov. Sport. The Rowing Season of 1901. Capt. R. K. Marker. The Cricket Season of 1901. John E. Hall. The Yachting Season of 1 90 1. F. J. Campbell. Three articles. Can. Nov. Ethics of Ancient and Modern Athle- tics. Price Collier. Forum. Nov. Ethical Functions of Football. C. F. Thwing. No. Am. Nov. Miscellaneous. Old St. Saviour's, South wark. Chas. F. Russell. Harper. Nov. Athenian Conceptions of a Future Life. Dr. Daniel Quinn. Harper. Nov. A Reading Journey in Central Europe. II. Oscar Kuhns. Chaut. Nov. The Isolation of the Anglo-Saxon Mind. Edmund Gosse. Cosmop. Nov. Overcrowding and the Remedies for It. Bishop A. F. Winnington-Ingram. Cosmop. Nov. Causes of Anarchy. Gunt. Nov. Ernest Renan and the Soul of the Celt. L. Marillier. Internat. Nov. The Future of the Gold Supply. N. S. Shaler. Internat. Nov. Memories of a Hundred Years. Ed- ward Everett Hale. Out. Nov. 2. fe^w «c£ Necrology. AMERICAN AND CANADIAN. BUNCE, REAR ADMIRAL FRAN- CIS M., of the U. S. N. (retired); born in Connecticut, Dec. 25, 1826; died at his home in Hartford, Oct. 19. He entered the navy in 1851. Was in many of the more important naval engagements of the Civil War. After the war was in charge of the Boston Navy Yard till 1869. He commanded the North Atlantic squadron when that fleet manoeuvred off Charles- ton. S. C, in 1896. He remained in com- mand more than a year, when he was detached and ordered to take charge of the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where he was in command during the Spanish War and until his retirement. Dec. 25, 1898. He had reached the rank of rear admiral on Feb. 6, 1898. BURGESS, RT. REV. ALEXAN- DER, D. D., Episcopal bishop of the diocese of Quincy, 111. ; born in Provi- dence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819; died at the home of his daughter in St. Albans, Vt, Oct. 8. BURROUGHS, REV. DR. GEORGE STOCKTON, President of Wabash (Ind.) College; born at Waterloo, N. Y. ; died recently at Clifton Springs, N. Y., of a cancerous affection, at the age of 56. DAVIN. NICHOLAS FLOOD, a well known Parliamentarian and journalist ; died by self-murder at Winnipeg, Oct. 17. The reason for the act is not given. DEAN, HON. SIDNEY, preacher, editor, lecturer, and at one 01^(1855-1857) member of Congress from Connecticut ; born in Glastonbury, Conn.. Nov. 16, 1818; died in Brookline, Mass., Oct. 29. EAMES, HON. BENJ. TUCKER, statesman; born in Dedham. Mass., June 4, 1818; died at E. Greenwich, R. I. Oct. 6. In 1870 he was elected a represmta tive to the Forty-Second Congress from the First District of Rhode Island and was reelected to the Forty-Third, Forty- Fourth and Forty-Fifth Congresses. Among his speeches in Congress which have been published and circulated are those on the presentation of the statue of Roger Williams by the State of Rhode Island, "Currency and Free Banking." " Counting the Election Votes, " " Re- peal of the Resumption Clause, " "Coin- age of the Silver Dollar, " "Treasury Notes as a Substitute for the National Bank Notes, *' etc. HAMMOND, MISS JANE NYE, sculptor; died in Providence, R. I., Oct. 23. Her work in sculpture is well known, and she had already established a repu- tation both at home and abroad. She maybe said to have represented Rhode 636 NECROLOGY. December No., 1901 Island women in this branch of art, and was the leading woman sculptor in the State. As such she was represented at the Pan-American Exposition, to which she sent, by request of the commissioners, one of her latest pieces of work, a por- trait bust of "Stephanie," the little daughter of Hugo Breul, which shows her art at its best. Miss Hammond had spent a great deal of her time in study abroad. HARRISON, HON. HENRY B., governor of Connecticut from 1885 to 1887; born in New Haven, Conn., Sept. n, 1821 ; died in his native city, Oct. 29. McKINSTRY, JUDGE E. W., an eminent California jurist; born in Michi- gan seventy-six years ago ; died at San Jose, Nov. 1. MURPHY, GENERAL PATRICK W., one of the last of the California landed grandees and a prominent politi- cian ; died in San Francisco, Cal., Nov. 1, aged 62. MURPHY, REV. MONSEIGNEUR, one of the most noted Roman Catholic clergymen in Lower Canada; born in Cork, Ireland ; died in Halifax, N. S., Nov. 4. He was the rector of St. Mary's Cathedral, Halifax. PAUL, JUDGE JOHN, N. S., judge for the Western district of Virginia ; died in Harrisonburg, Va., Nov. 1. He was long a notable figure in politics before he ascended the bench of the U. S. Court. PILLSBURY, HON. JOHN SAR- GENT, Ex-Governor of Minnesota ; born at Sutton, N. H., July 29, 1828; died at Minneapolis. Oct. 18. He served three terms as governor, from 1876 to 1882. Among his numerous bene- factions was his gift to the University of Minnesota of its Science Hall, costing $150,000. He had long been a member of the board of Regents, having been named a life member. He also presented to his native town of Sutton, N. H., a Town Hall in memory of his parents. SNOW, LORENZO, fifth president of the Mormon Church; born in Portage Co., O., April 3, 1814; died in Salt Lake City, Utah, Oct. 10. He entered Oberlin College at the age of 21, but soon left it, and making the acquaintance of Joseph Smith, founder of Mormonism, he joined that movement. Went to England as a Mormon missionary in 1840, and after a year or two returned to the United States with 250 converts, on a vessel specially chartered. Founded the city of Brigham, Utah, in 1855. Subsequently spent considerable time in foreign lands. By the death of Wilford Woodruff, three years ago he became the fifth presi- dent of the Mormon Church. STOKES, EDWARD S., noted as the slayer of James Fisk; died in New York City, Nov. 4, aged 60. TUTTLE, DR. H. H., well known as the inventor of the explosive thorite; dropped dead at his home in Tacoma, Wash. Theorite was the result of exper- iments which he undertook in Tacoma shortly after the discovery of gold in the Klondike, when miners needed an explo- sive which could be used in the frozen ground of that region. It at once attracted the attention of army officials at Wash- ington. It possessed remarkable qualities for use in projectiles intended to pierce heavy armor plate. Congress had passed a bill appropriating #50,000 for the pur- chase of the invention in conjunction with the Issam shell, but certain provisions prevented the negotiations from being carried out. WALKER, GENERAL JAMES A., soldier, statesman and lawyer; died at his home in Wytheville, Va., Oct. 20, aged 69. For more than a third of a century prominent in the military, official and political affairs of the Old Dominion. Was the successor of General Jackson, by the latter's selection, as commander of the famous Stonewall Brigade. He served his State as lawmaker, Congress- man and Lieutenant-Governor, and was twice an aspirant for Governor. FOREIGN. ALBA (OR ALVA), THE DUKE OF, one of the highest grandees of Spain; died in New York, Oct. 16. In social and titular rank he was the leader of Spanish society. His estate was the most exten- sive private property in Spain, and his Ealace at Madrid for many years has een the centre of social gayety. Much of his time had been spent, however, in London. Came to the United States in September as the guest of Sir Thomas Lipton, to witness the international yacht races. LONNEN, E. J., a well-known come- dian ; died recently in London. MURAT, GENERAL PRINCE JOACHIM NAPOLEON, grandson of Prince Murat, one of the marshals of the first Napoleon; born in Bordentown, N. T., July 21, 1834; died at his chateau at Chambly, near Paris, Oct. 24. His father was Prince Napoleon Lucien Charles, who died in 1878. Prince Joachim Murat won his military tide by service in the cavalry of his cousin, Napoleon III., and was attached to the army of the republic up till the presidency of Grevy, when General Boulanger fathered antr carried to enactment the law driving all the Orleans princes out of the French army. Since then he has lived the life of a civilian. \ VoL ii— 42. EARL LI HUNG-CHANG, LATE VICEROY OF THE CHINESE PROVINCE OK PE-CHIll-LI. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OF Current History. VOL. 11. RECORD OF NOVEMBER, 1801. No. 11. LI HUNG-CHANG. A SKETCH OF THE LATE CHINESE EARL AND VICEROY. HY RICHARD GLKASON CRKKNK. IN the forenoon of November 7 telegraphic messages announced to the state department at Wash- ington and to the foreign offices of the great powers of Europe the death of Earl Li at his yamen in Peking. For several hours his life had been but as a flickering flame ; and according to Chinese custom his burial clothes, long prepared, had been brought out, while his friends proceeded to fill the courtyard of his yamen with life-size horses and with coolie bearers and their chairs, all of paper, for convey- ance of his spirit to heaven. His coffin, which had been waiting for him for years, was of teakwood beau- tifully lacquered. It had been carried among his precious belongings in his famous trip around the world in 1896. Diplomatic complications in which this man had repeatedly been a central figure in his years of official service environed him at the end, and (if reports are to be believed) they brought to the old man, enfeebled with months of illness, his death as the result of excitement in a stormy dispute with the Russian minister to China concerning his signing of the Manchurian treaty while it was kept secret from the ministers of the other powers. Meanwhile, according to the report, the empress-dowager had re- ceived from the southern viceroys > memorial so forcible in opposition to the treaty that she telegraphed to Li countermanding her order to sign. When this message arrived it is said that he had become unconscious, and the Russian minister's persistent en- deavors to have Earl Li's seal affixed to the treaty were ended only by the arrival of the official to whom, as his temporary successor, pertained the charge of the seals. Li Hung-Chang was born about 1822, in the Yangtse valley, in the province of Ngan-Wei, in the village of Hwei-Ling. The above date is accepted principally on the testimony of his favorite remark, often quoted, that he was bom in the same year as General Grant. He was the second of five sons of a farmer whose farm was small, but whose pride in having taken a literary degree was great, and who made his belonging to the literary caste a guiding star for his sons and his chief bequeathal to them. Li Hung-Chang early took high rank in the schools whose curriculum com- prised little besides the voluminous, inane, yet memory-developing Chinese (lassies. His third and final exam- ination at Peking gave him the degree of doctor, which is the highest attain- able, and the rank of a mandarin of the fourth grade. He soon took membership in the great Han-Lin college, and early received appoint- Copyright, 1901, by Current History Company. «38 LI HUNG-CH^NG. January No., 1902 ment as military secretary to a leading statesman. The Tae-Ping war, that great rebel- lion which broke out in 1850 and raged through more than fourteen years, brought a crisis in his life. Li is said to have been impressed with the fanatical young leader's earlier professions of reform of abuses in society, religion, and government, and especially with his success in gaining millions of followers from whom he gathered a military force which, in battle after battle on the way from Kwang-se to Nanking, routed the inefficient army of the Tartar emperor. Whatever may at first have been Li's hesitation, the desolating rebel invasion of his own province of Ngan-Wei roused him into military activity, and he organized a local militia which he led with some success in minor en- gagements. His physical stature and strength joined with his promptness of mental action and his imperative- ness of will to give him mastery. Placing himself and his men at the service of the viceroy of the province he was rapidly advanced to command a division of the imperial army in Che-Kiang, in which duty his repeated successes caused his appointment as military commander of Kiang-Su, the province then the seat of the rebellion. While holding this authority in 1861 he came into connection with the marvellous English soldier, Charles George Gordon, and Li's Chinese ideas and methods were brought into comparison with European military science administered by a military genius. The Chinaman showed his greatness in his recognition of Gor- don's greatness, making him practi- cally commander-in-chief. The tedious rebellion then entered its final stage, and the reorganized Chinese army, slowly pushing its way through the vast rebel hordes, entered Nanking in 1863 in a battle which left the city al- most a ruin. Here the great Chinaman showed his littleness. With treacher- ous cruelty he slaughtered the rebel leaders to whom he had pledged security. Gordon in the first fury of his indignation seized a weapon and started forth. Li's career would have suddenly ended without his being ennobled by his emperor and made viceroy of Kiang-Su, had his pursuer not failed to find him in those moments before the tempest of his wrath had been calmed. Two subsequent rebellions Earl Li suppressed, receiving for the first the viceroyship of Ho-Nan and Hu-Pe ; for the second (1870) the viceroyship of Pe-Chih-li, the province in which is the imperial capital. The latter ap- pointment conferred great dignity and power, as it brought him into the vicinity of the sacred person of the emperor. About 1881 he was made grand secretary of state, having pre- viously been ennobled. The quarter century from 187 1 to 1896 was the period of Earl Li's highest renown and widest power. The peculiar character of the Chinese government — verging on the inorganic and the indefinite — is seen in the fact that though this man was pre-eminent in imperial affairs, his pre-eminence was due to his native force and shrewdness rather than to any official station. Without the nominal office of minister of foreign affairs, without even a membership in the Tsung-li- Yamen, he practically controlled the foreign affairs of China. Practically, though not in official designation, he was in charge of all the administration bureaus, at the head of the war and the navy departments, and of the home and the postal departments. At this time of his pre-eminence, and indeed through his whole career, he showed willingness to introduce foreign improvements to some extent in the higher schools, in medical prac- tice, in army and navy organization, in railways and telegraphs, while standing stoutly against foreign influ- ence in the government, and against introducing European mariners and customs. In that empire conservatism and patriotism are almost synonymous. A story illustrates this in regard to /./ HUNG-CHANG. <>3<) Earl Li, which, though appearing in highly respectable quarters, is not easy of confirmation as it concerns a private conversation between Li and Gordon. In 1880 China was in trouble and fear, as often since, re- garding Russia's encroachments on the Amoor and her indefinitely greater aggressions threatened. The Tartar emperor and the court were confused in mind, indecisive, fluttering. Li (no Tartar, but true Chinese) was ex- pected to bear the official responsi- bility for whatever course China might take. He asked advice of Gordon. The soldier replied : " You have 50,000 men at your command. Take them, march to Peking, expel this wretched Tartar dynasty, and put yourself at the head of a new China. I will help you do it." It could have been done. But Li was no longer young, he had grown very rich, and all his brothers were in profitable offices — one of them a viceroy. Probably his patriotic conservatism was scarcely ruffled by the temptation. Fifteen years after the date to which the foregoing story refers, when Li's power and dignity had long been super-eminent, there came a sudden downfall. Against his earnest protest war was undertaken against Japan on the Korean question. On land and on sea China with her vast inorganic bulk was found utterly helpless against her comparatively diminutive island neighbor. With utter unreason the blame was charged on Li Hung- Chang. He was even accused of having betrayed his country to Japan for money. He was dismissed by the emperor from his military com- mand and was deprived of his insignia of lofty rank — the yellow jacket and the peacock feather. China's disas- ters, however, increased ; Li was soon reinstated in all his offices and hon- ors ; and he was ordered to negotiate peace with Japan. Soon afterward he was called to lay aside the viceroy- alty of Pe-Chih-li and to enter on the office of prime minister newly created at Peking. The treaty of peace with Japan which he negotiated at Shimonoseki was unavoidably humiliating to China and subjected him to ferocious criti- cism and to a partial degradation. He had sued for peace with a small and despised nation. In 1896 he was relieved from official service in his own land, and was sent to repre- sent the emperor at the coronation of the czar, and to confer with various European governments on commercial interests. On this tour round the world he returned home through the United States where, as in Russia, he received great public and official attention. His repute among his own people had now sunk to the lowest ebb. Not only was China's defeat in war as- cribed to his treachery, but also to his signing of the secret treaty of 1896 with Russia was charged China's grievous loss of Port Arthur and Talieu-Wan with the adjacent Eastern Manchuria. His removal from office in 1898 was described as "purifying the Yamen." Yet in 1901, in the negotiations with the powers for peace after the frightful Boxer out- break of the previous year, the gov- ernment could find no other man equally qualified by native intellect, and by a capacity for practical deal- ing with the outside world, to be endued with plenary power for presenting China's case before the civilized nations. Thus again he was made the visible agent in a public humilia- tion of the empire. His fame among his people, however, will doubtless rise with the slow rising of the China that is to be. Dwellers in Western lands enter on perilous work in any attempt to depict the character of an Asiatic. A com- mon standard is lacking. Salient points only may be indicated, without presuming to declare a moral estimate of the whole man. Thus, the com- mon report that Li Hung-Chang placed much reliance on duplicity might really show only the childish lack of moral development which we 640 LI HUNG-CHANG. January No., 1902 attribute to certain races of the Orient. While duplicity may be seen in his diplomacy, still his diplomacy seems to have lacked that deep and scientifi- cally organized subtlety which ranks as high art in some European chan- celleries. The strength which he showed in negotiations was not the strength of a schemer. He was cap- able of outright falsification for an immediate end; but if he had the capacity he never showed the habit of complicated and long-linked indi- rection. Instead, he is described as often imperative, abrupt, sometimes bantering in manner and speech. What he wanted he demanded, and he proceeded to take it if he had the power. When he had not the power he had at least pertinacity. He had also the repute of being capable of violent and paroxysmal anger. In his conferences and negotiations his mind was singularly quick, acute to detect a misstatement promptly refusing general promises, and de- manding exact and final conditions. Frequently, however, in conference other than diplomatic he showed a stately courtesy, and at times a charming consideration. Conjecture of his secret wishes during the weary months of peace negotiation is vain. All that is known is what was perfectly evident: Li saw that China through her own folly was helpless in mighty hands, and must have peace ; and he simply sought to procure the peace with the payment of the least money and with the least possible breakage of China's incomparable collection of antique governmental and social curios and monstrosities. That he sincerely sought a permanent peace is not to be questioned. If he as sincerely sought any deep and sweeping reform he never made it evident. His relations with Russia have been seriously questioned. The best qualified observers tell us that Rus- sian diplomacy is itself an organized mystery; and they seem to imply, even when they refrain from asserting, that Li Hung-Chang has shown the influence of some secret spell from the banks of the Neva. It is not neces- sary to consider the crude charge of direct bribery; diplomacy scarcely would work in that way. From the splendid pageantry of naval and mili- tary power at the czar's coronation in 1896, at which Earl Li was a specially honored guest, he brought home an impression of the exhaustless re- sources and the overwhelming strength of the great empire bordering his country on the north which may have convinced him that Russia's friend- ship was to be secured and kept by China at whatever sacrifice. This also, however, is conjecture. Li, during his viceroyalties, amassed enormous wealth by '• using his oppor- tunities." He is said to have em- ployed thousands of soldiers without pay in his enterprises on his extensive estates, then to have sold his prod- ucts to the government at high prices for army rations ; to have been su- preme in the custom-houses through which he imported great quantities of goods without payment of duties ; and in later years to have been the great- est money-lender and pawnbroker in the Eastern world. Some such ways of money-making are not unknown among officials in far Western lands. It is to be remembered, however, that in the eyes of Chinamen, who deem high officials sacred personages, such proceedings are easily excused. Li had the Chinese reverence for a personage high in authority. A sov- ereign was a worshipped object — literally divine. General Grant's visit to China, therefore, was an epoch in Li's life. General Grant had held what the viceroy accounted sovereign- ity, and all conceivable deference and honor were paid to the plain and modest American citizen from his arrival on the coast to the hour of his departure. Did any vision of the true grandeur of the man — of the grandeur which should pertain to every human being — ever dawn on the viceroy's mind ? /'///•; SITUATION IN CHINA. 641 THE IVERSKV GATE AT MOSCOW. International Affairs. THE SITUATION IN CHINA. (ieneral Chronicle I UK COURT. ON November 1 Prince Ching, starting to inspect the prepar- ations along the route of the emperor and empress-dowager toward Peking, resigned the foreign office to Li Hung (hang. This office was merely nominal, being as yet little more than a messenger service be- tween the high Chinese officials and the foreign ministers. In several recent negotiations, however, the Chinese have found it a convenience for pitting one country against another. Its latest service in the hands of Prince Ching appears to have been in communi- cating to the foreign ministers an imperial edict commanding an assembly in Peking on November u of military and civil officials at the board of rites for the tra- ditional ceremony on occasion of an eclipse of the sun — the purpose being to raise a noise of gongs and drums for frightening off the dragon who would devour the sun. On November 15 the court had reached Kai-Feng-fu, capital of Ho- Nan, about 370 miles from Peking. Along its route burdensome contribu- tions were levied on the people for entertainment of the large retinue, repair of roads, and extensive decora- tions. About two weeks previously, on the border of Ho-Nan, an attempt 642 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. January No., 1902 was made to assassinate the empress- dowager, and an attendant was killed with a spear before the assassin was cut down. Ll'S SUCCESSORS. The death of Li Hung-Chang (p. 637) left two high offices vacant. As viceroy of Pe-Chih-li he was suc- ceeded by Yuan Shi-Kai, who has gained renown as governor of the turbulent and dangerous province of Shan-Tung. YUAN-SHI-KAI, SUCCESSOR OK LI HUNG-CHANG AS VICEROY OF PE-CHIH-LI. Yuan is a well educated man, about forty-five years of age, who has been many years in military life, and has held other provincial governorships. In his latest office of this class he has distinguished himself by his intelligence, energy, and earnest patriotism. He has shown gifts for diplomacy, and has organized what is deemed the best native military force — indeed the only real army — in China. He has shown appreciation of China's weak- ness and a readiness to learn from foreign nations and to introduce various improvements, but he is a vigorous up- holder of Chinese rights as against foreign intrusions or spoliations, and loyally sup- ports the dynasty. Yuan's successor in the provincial gov- ernment is a cause of some solicitude, as he is not well known. Li Hung-Chang's successor as plenipotentiary, continuing Li's dip- lomatic work, is Wang Wen-Shao, vice-president of the new foreign office, an aged man, formerly director of mines and railways. He has been with the imperial court ever since its flight from Peking. As far as is shown by the records his influence has been in favor of reforms. It is not known whether his appointment is per- manent. MINISTER WU'S RECALL. Reports in the latter part of Octo- ber of the intended recall of Minister Wu Ting-Fang from Washington, which were renewed with seeming decision in Peking early in November, had not been confirmed when the month ended. Wu declared his ignorance on the subject. Mis ser- vice here has already extended more than a year beyond the usual term for such an office, and has been en- tirely satisfactory to the administra- tion, while as a public speaker he has achieved considerable popularity. Mr. Wu's public utterances in this country have not failed to assert China's rights and dignity. It is reported in Pekingthat Li Hung-Chang's interpreter, Tseng, adopted son of Marquis Tseng, is a prominent candidate for the Washing- ton mission. He was educated, as »vas Wu, in England, and is about thirty years of age. MINISTER TO LONDON. An item of general diplomacy which may find place here is the appointment of Chung Te-Yi as min- ister in London. Chung, known as a progressive, is fifty-6ve years of age, and was educated in London. He has been interpreter at the Chinese legations there and in Berlin. GOVERNMENT OF TIEN-TSIN. The continuance of the military government established by the for- eign commanders over the native city of Tien-Tsin has occasioned disputes. The military authorities refuse to yield to the Chinese the collection of taxes. Also, deeming continuance of military control there vital to maintenance of communication between Peking and Tin-: s/ti/a r/ojv /jv chma. 643 the port of Taku as the outward gate to the sea the military authorities there decline t<> submit the question ot their control of the native city to the ministers of the foreign powers in Peking. The ministers, on the other hand, apparently regard the question as within their jurisdiction — some of tlnin deeming continuance of foreign government over the city of Tien- Tsin violative of the terms of the peace protocol. AMERICAN TIEN-TSIN CONCESSION. At Tien-Tsin, which is the most important treaty port in North China, Great Britain, Germany, Austria France, Belgium, and Japan — each has its territorial concession within whose bounds it governs under its own laws. For instance, in the British settlement with its fine buildings of brick and stone the English merchants regulate sanitary affairs, street-lighting, and all similar concerns. In this international settlement Americans now have no place. It appears that years ago the offer by the Chinese authorities of a territorial concession to the United States was declined in view of the smallness of our trade not warranting the necessary expense of fortifying and guarding such an area. American trade with North China has now grown to proportions so im- mense that this country sends to Tien- Tsin as much oil as Russia, and much more cotton cloth than Great Britian, while its business facilities and its agencies there are mostly in foreign hands. Therefore, near the end of October Minister Conger was in- structed to obtain from the Chinese government a renewal of its former concession of territory to be under the jurisdiction of American mer- chants. China, perhaps wearying of the repeated yielding of important areas to foreign control, has not given immediate consent, but has offered instead a larger tract down the river —promising, however, that if the desired land be ceded to anyone it shall be to the United Stat. AMERICAN BANK IN CHINA. Early in November treasury officials at Washington were considering the designation of a fiscal agent of the United States at Shanghai to receive this country's portion of the Chinese indemnity bonds which the doyen of the diplomatic corps at Peking is soon to receive for distribution to the vari- ous authorized commissioners. As there is in Shanghai no American banker, proposal has been made to authorize the British commissioner to represent this country in receiving the bonds and distributing the semi-annual interest. Another proposal is to select an American corporation as the dele- gate. An assistant secretary in the treasury department urges the estab- lishment in Shanghai of an American banking institution which, though necessarily a private concern, would be authorized to represent this gov- ernment in all business connected with the indemnity payments. It remains to be decided with what official would rest the authority to appoint such a delegate ; also, whether a bank would be the agency most appropriate. The amortizations are to begin January 1, 1902, — being payable annually through thirty-nine years to 1942. The interest is payable semi-annually. From the various remaining revenues assigned for payment of bonds, instalments are to be paid to the commission monthly. It is obvious that the delegate of any of the powers authorized to act on this commission will be in charge of large sums of money during forty years to come. On the com- mission-rate for such delegate's compen- sation, figured at one per cent (which has been suggested) on the bond's total amount of 125,000,000, a most tempting basis for American bankers would seem to be offered. Moreover, such a bank might be expected to render great service to American traders in the Orient. Of course, the requisite security bond would be to a very large amount. EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS. Announcement was made at Wash- ington, November 23, that the state department had received from Minister Conger translations of two imperial edicts providing for establishment of schools throughout the empire, and 644 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. January No., 1902 ordering the viceroys and governors to select and send abroad students to be educated in special lines oi indus- trial science. Also, the abolition of the old style of examinations was decreed. This appears to supplement the report of a month previous of a decree establish- ing a university in each province, and a college and public school in each district — the first school system in China. These edicts are practically a reaffirmation of those in 1898. It is not known how they are to be executed. Men to put them in force are not visible. The one hopeful sign of the present is that many con- servative Chinamen who have previously opposed all such innovations, and the highest officials, are now heard to say that in default of immediate entrance on these reforms the empire will not stand through another decade. The ignorance and national conceit of the vast mass of the people remains fathomless. In the central provinces the existence of the new and strongly fortified legation area in Peking is ex- plained by the statement that though the foreign barbarians have been graciously permitted to remain in the capital they have been boxed up within a restricted area. Situation and Prospect. The most judicious observers re- port the situation as presenting no immediate menace, except in some limited localities. There are, however, only faint signs of reform in the gen- eral spirit of the imperial rule as still administered by the empress-dowager in utter disregard of the emperor's reformatory tendencies. One of the conditions in the peace protocol, if duly enforced by the powers, promises good result — the requirement that imperial edicts shall be made public throughout the empire, reciting the pun- ishments inflicted on the leaders in the anti-foreign outrages, proclaiming the death penalty for membership in any anti-foreign society, and holding provin- cial officials responsible for such outrages in their districts. MISSIONARY VIEWS. The Protestant missionaries ex- press fears of the effect of the deter- mined demands of the Roman Catho- lic managers, but more " especially of the native converts, for heavy punish- ment of all those who have wronged them and for the levy of full indem- nity in every case. This course is criticised not so much for its injustice as for its dangerous imprudence, since it excites the intense opposition of the Chinese people and officials, making them enemies of all missionary work and of all native converts of what- ever sect. Dr. Arthur H. Smith reports in The Outlook the remark of a member of the United States legation that while the lives of foreign workers will be safer than before, the native converts will be much less secure ; so that it may be advisable to adopt the usual Roman Catholic plan in China of arming their converts and fortifying their villages. The official added that by these means alone tens of thousands of Chinese and scores of Europeans were preserved from massacre last year. This undeniably appropriate military policy may or may not be equally appro- priate missionary policy; certainly it is not impressively Apostolic. The Church of Christ was founded in martydom. The Rev. George S. Miner, just re- turned from ten years of educational work comprising wide travel in China, has found the Chinese greatly impressed, indeed astounded, with the fact that while they can scarcely imagine one among the hundreds of millions of China- men giving his life for Confucianism, Buddhism, or any form of ancestral wor- ship, more than thirty thousand of them within a few weeks gave their lives for Christ. If this quality obtains in Christi- anity they are drawn to it as worthy at least of their examination. Mr. Miner, not questioning the sincerity and good intention of the Roman Catholic leaders, deems that their policy of procuring for their prelates a governmental rank on a level with various Chinese officials is a mistake. It is his opinion that this for- mal authorization of foreigners and of an alien religion was " one of the prime causes of the outbreak." Mr. Miner testifies to the generally excellent behavior of the United States soldiers in China. He puts no faith in the promises of Chinese officials. He declares that the Western nations should awake to the fact that they have no Chi- nese nation to dismember. The China- man will go everywhere, working more hours for less pay than any otner man living. His competition can not be met. He is spreading over the East, and unless prevented will spread over the ///A- SITCATIOX IX CHINA. 645 Either he must be elevated and civilised or he will prove a blight worse than the Moslems in Spain. The c|U s tion is not what we shall do with China, but what China will do with us? \\V must assimilate it, or it will poison the rest of the world. MIX K.I.I. A.NKOIS. Prohibition of import of arms (in the protocol) has given great impetus to manufacture of arms in China, all materials for their manufacture being purchasable in open market there. All the arsenals in the Yang-Tse val- ley were working full time during the first week in November, and at Han- Kau 2,000 workmen were making field-guns, thousands of Mauser rifles, and immense quantities of smokeless powder. At the Shanghai arsenal 2,500 workmen were making 8-inch and smaller quick-firers, and shells for 12-inch and smaller guns. The two Yang-Tse viceroys com- plain that the enormous indemnity exacted by the rapacity of some of the powers is falling most heavily on their six provinces which are classed as pro-British and were innocent of massacres. On a recent call for funds in payment of interest amount- ing to 18,500,000 taels, the portion levied on these six provinces was 9,000,000 taels, while the remainder was allotted to the other twelve provinces. < mi n s and Losses of the Powers. It is too early to strike an exact balance showing the results to each of the powers intervening in China. Some seeming gains may prove to be burdens, some losses riddance from dogs. An estimate distinctly argued and announced by some writers, intimated by others, takes into consideration the interests of six nations as directly concerned. Of these, Russia, France, and Germany are declared to have been gainers; while Great Britain, the United States, and Japan are declared losers. This estimate may be verified by developments now in process, but at present portions of it bear the as- pect of prophecy more than of history. Thus, Russia's gains are shown by the statement that she "claims" Manchuria and all the vast westward portions of the Chinese empire. Her readiness to claim, and her ways of making her claim good, have been familiar for a century; but a claim is not possession, and inasmuch as Russia has recently officially denied the fact of her possession of Manchuria and solemnly declared that country a part and to remain a part of the Chinese empire, it may be well to wait before asserting its transfer to Russia as a fact Turning to the gains of France and Ger- many, when we examine these they are found to consist only in getting their claims to a sphere of influence in the Yang-Tse valley put on a par with those of Great Britian — certainly a gain but one whose actual and permanent value in increased business is as yet utterly un- known. Turning now to the three losing na- tions, we find Great Britain's loss to be that she has officially declared that she no longer claims paramount influence in the Yan-Tse valley to the exclusion of other nations. Hut as long as three years ago the " open door '' policy for all na- tions in China — adopted by all the great powers on proposals from this country, tended to make ineffective for practical purposes the various claims of paramount influence in that empire. As for the 646 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. January No., 1902 KANG YU WEI, THE MODERN SAGE OF CHINA AND LEADER OF THE CHINESE REFORM PARTY. United States, this nation is said to have lost a cardinal feature of its cherished policy — the " open door " in China ; and this loss is located in Manchuria. Some menace to American trade in that quar- ter is not to be denied ; but the United States is a nation that would be likely at least to be heard from before finally parting with a cardinal feature of its cherished policy which had been solemnly accepted by recent treaties with half a dozen great powers. As for the third of the losing powers, Japan, her loss in China (and it was great) dates back to the end of her war with that country and with the abrogation of the treaty of Shimonoseki by Russia with the aid of France and Germany. Russia in Manchuria. The month in its early days brought to China a fresh issue for decision — rather, an old issue in new form as elsewhere noted (p. 580). The new Manchurian convention with Russia was a noteworthy speci- men of Russia's diplomacy with weaker nations. In terms affirming Chinese ownership of Manchuria, it made easily possible for that country a veiled and gradually developed Russian protectorate. From the con- fused and discordant accounts it may be gathered that the empress-dowager was inclined to accept the Russian proposal ; but that the two great Yang-Tse viceroys and some other provincial governors strenuously op- posed it as both a depredation and a peril, while the influence of the Japan- ese minister under orders from Tokio was persistent in antagonizing it. It is not known whether the question of accepting the new convention has had its final decision, as limits can scarcely be set to Russia's patient persistency in affairs of this kind. THE BOER WAR. Military. THE BRAKENLAAGTE FIGHT. FURTHER details of the attack by the Boers, numbering about a thousand under Command- ant-General Louis Botha, on the rear guard of Colonel Benson's column near Brakenlaagte, Eastern Transvaal, in the last days of October (p. 585), show a severe fight. The Boers began the attack in a blinding rainstorm, and made repeated efforts to over- whelm the British force, charging again and again up to the British lines and being driven back. The defence of the position was success- fully maintained through the day and the following night, till the morning of November 1 brought relief with the arrival of a force under Colonel Barter which had marched all night. The Boers then retired, having cap- tured nothing except two guns — the British convoy having been early gathered under the brow of a hill in which difficult operation the heaviest British casualties occurred. Colonel Benson fell mortally wounded early in the fight, and Major Wools-Sampson took command. The British loss was reported at 61 killed, 173 wounded; Boer loss, '44 killed (including General Opperman), and 100 wounded. The British loss in officers was severe. THE BOER WAR. 647 This battle was the severest engage- ment of the DRMttt war, and has sug- gested to military critics a question of the usefulness of artillery in such guerrilla warfare. All the sixty seven British col- umns move with heavy guns which retard their progress and cannot be brought into action in the usual Boer surprises by night or in a blinding mist. For many weeks the Boer policy has been to avoid any general engagement and yet to keep up hostilities by sudden dashes on outposts he was easily repulsed. At Br»ks- pruit, November 13, the Boers cap- tured 58 of the South African yeo- manry patrol who were necessarily soon released. At Villiersdorp, about November 20, Grobelaar's commando surrounded and captured one hun- dred Cape railway pioneers, but it was driven off by a force under Colonel Rimington ; and General PIERRE-MARIE WALDECK-ROUSSEAU, PRIME MINISTER OF FRANCE. and small isolated detachments — thus wearying the British taxpayer, who freely acknowledges the weariness. olHKR FIGHTING. In the month of November no other engagement of importance occurred. I >e Wet reappeared about the middle of the month in an attack on a British rear guard in the north- east of the Orange River colony, but Knox captured thirty-six members of Buoys's command who had escaped after the fight, among whom were Commandant Joubert and two field cornets. THE BLOCKHOUSE SYSTEM. The Dutch districts having been cleared of the Boers to such an ex- tent as to prevent systematic hostili- 648 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. January No., 1902 ties from being maintained there — their fighting forces being only ram- bling and scattered, a new system planned by Lord Kitchener has now come into full operation. Its groundwork is a rigid hold on selected dividing lines such as railways. They are not only to be held but also tobe made un-crossable, being everywhere under fire from blockhouses or fortified stations strong enough to hold out against a sudden attack ; and armored trains are held in readiness to bring forces to threatened points. The railway lines of communication are thus made also forti- fied lines cutting a disturbed region into separate sections, making it difficult for the Boers to unite for mutual aid. The "drifts" also are blocked with wire en- tanglement. Besides, there are trans- verse barriers of blockhouse lines across the Orange River Colony and in the Eastern and Western Transvaal. On the territory thus subdivided Lord Kitchener's newly organized mobile columns work. These, numbering more than sixty, are said to vary in size from 200 to 2,000 men, usually mounted, with the lightest possible equipment. They will seek to work in groups, penning the wandering companies of Boers and driving them up toward the lines of blockhouses. Often the wily and slippery burghers may escape; but some of them will be caught, and the organized com- mandos which now remain are very few. VARIOUS MILITARY ITEMS. Captain A. T. Mahan of the United States navy, in an article in the December National Review on the South African war, sees many points for criticism of the British army, but finds in the military record no reason for loss of prestige. He deems the British army of today a much more useful instrument than it could have been two years ago ; and in any calcu- lation of international strength this gain should endure for at least a decade. He points out resemblances in style of warfare between the Boers and the North American Indians with whom the United States army had to fight for many years. If loss of British prestige ensue it will be when the nation loses heart. The Baltimore Sun notes the surprising fact, shown in the official returns in the British war office, that of the 50,000 British soldiers who suffered from wounds or disease and were cured, only a few have showed impaired vitality. Notwithstanding the present hardships in campaigning there is now a large reduction in the death rate from disease. In the latter part of November an increasing number of Boers, disgusted at the continuance of struggle under present conditions, were offering to bear arms against their countrymen and were enlisting in the British field force. The last corps of these burghers which was organized had for its commander General Andries Conje, brother of the famous Boer leader now a prisoner in St. Helena. A story, spread abroad on the continent to illustrate British bar- barity— to the effect that in the fight on June 6, when De Wet's convoy was captured, the British placed Boer women and children at the front — has been brought to Lord Kitchener's notice, drawing from him this reply : " The statement is absolutely untrue and devoid of all foundation." By agreement between Lord Kitch- ener and the prime minister of Cape Colony, and in view of recent complaints, the control of the colonial troops in twenty-nine of the districts has passed into the hands of the Cape Colony government. About November 1 it was decided to send from Aldershot to South Africa before Christmas all the avail- able effective infantry force. A brigade of cavalry also goes from Aldershot. Prince Arthur of Con- naught, a second lieutenant in the Seventh (Queen's own) Hussars, goes with his regiment to South Africa. Concentration Camps. For several months the great camps into which the British military author- ities have gathered the women and children from those abodes of the burghers which had been desolated or destroyed by war, have drawn the attention of the public in Europe and America. Miss Emily Hobhouse and /•///•; BOER WAR. 649 other investigators, deeply moved by the many painful features inseparable from such a war measure, but ignorant of the usual homes and habits of these dwellers on the lonely veldt, and in no mood to appreciate the stern necessities which war by its nature involves, made grave charges against the military authorities and against the home goverment. The mortality in these camps, especially among the children, was indeed at one time frightful. All enemies of England — and they are a multitude on the continent and in America — were at first joined by many of England's friends in the feeling that harassed and pressed by military difficulties she had made an awful mis- take. Unsparing criticism was the utterance not only of foreign hate but also of many of England's well-wishers abroad and at home. Partisanship at home naturally was ready with its keen criticism and blame. The Daily News (London), November 9, produced statistics showing " that the death rate in the camps Ts incomparably worse than any- thing Africa or Asia can show." The question soon arose with imperious voice in parliament, which indeed was the E roper place for such dreadful charges to e investigated. The promise months ago of Mr. Brod- rick, war-secretary, that the public should have opportunity to arrive at a sound judgment regarding the state of the con- centration and refugee camps, and the conditions under which had occurred a large mortality from measles and other causes, was fulfilled about mid-November in the issue of a large volume of govern- ment reports for the half year from March 22 to September 20 — the reports covering every camp in turn. These reports are a dismal narrative of a state of things in which the most earnest efforts to provide for the comfort and security of the immates were baffled by the almost incon- ceivable ignorance, obstinacy, and filthi- ness of the inmates. One of the large burgher camps of the Transvaal during August may serve as an instance. The total deaths were 24S, ot which 12 were men. 24 women. 204 children. Of the 24S deaths 204 were due to an epidemic of measles, a disease seldom fatal except in conditions of exposure or tilth. Major- General Maxwell traces the high death- rate from measles to the extreme!; nights and to the self-willed refusal of the Boer mother to obey the orders <>i doctor or nurse. Two Boer remeel measles appeared to be a tea made of goat's dung (a remedy in constant requisi- tion for various diseases) administered by the mothers with deplorable results, and a persistent refusal to wash the children or allow any attempt at cleanliness. One of the physicians reports in one family three children (the two eldest aged seven and four) whose disease he did not know. as w hen two of them were brought to the hospital he found that they all had been painted all over, except their faces with green paint. All died within two days of acute arsenical poisoning. A physician in another camp, after describing the adminstration of a most filthy remedy, says that it seems an article of faith with a Boer that water applied to a patient, except as a drink, is absolutely fatal. There is utter lack of cleanliness in rooms, in clothing, in persons. The elaborate report, however, gives evidence that, at various places and times, people have been too indiscriminately massed together, have had insufficient housing and covering, and poor rations — this especially in the earlier months. In the light of the fuller information of the last few weeks the tone of un- friendly criticism seems somewhat mod- erated ; while English partisans of the government are claiming that the nation is satisfied that the concentration camps in their present condition are the product of an unexampled charity. Miss Hob- house is answered by Miss Violet Mark- ham in a recent number of the New Empire Review, pointing out that the British taxpayers are now paying /40.000 a week to house, feed, clothe, nurse, doc- tor, and educate the wives and children of the Boers who. thus freed from their natural responsibilities, roam through the country derailing supply trains and shoot- ing Englishmen from ambush. Other upnolders of the government show that the military authorities had to choose between leaving the women and children on the lonely and denuded farms exposed to roving bands of Kaffirs whom the Boers have always ruthlessly oppressed and maltreated, and gathering them into camps where tit <• ectedand fed at the rate of $10,000,000 a year. In this state of a I lira they have done, whether wisely or unwisely, what no nation has ever done before. An experi- enced observer writing from within the Boer lines dedal riling "the cruel- ty of the South African concentration camps," that "tluy are a 1 ..t the ease. Hail this of land in South Afri< have been laid waste by the troops passing over it.*' The same indent reports that he was recently informed by an aide -de- camp to the Prince Of Wales that those in South Africa best qualified to judge expeeted the end ot the war nexl March, while from Boei in Holland he 6$o INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. January No., 1902 had heard that the war would end in May, at the beginning of the SouthAfrican winter. Miscellaneous. PRO-BOERS IN BRITAIN. Some prominent members of the Liberal party are giving encouragement to the Boers and damage to their own party by a constant tone — sometimes undertone — of fault-finding with both the utterances and the doings of the government in South African affairs. Sir William Vernon Harcourt, former Liberal leader, has recently used his remarkable ability of expression to set forth his condemnation of the whole spirit and method of the gov- ernment in dealing with the burghers. The London Leader strongly advo- cates the Boer cause as just and as gaining in hopefulness : oppression cannot always triumph. Whether this advocacy of the cause of a foe in war be just or unjust need not here be pronounced ; but beyond question it has strongly encouraged the Boer leaders to prolong their war which, while grievous to Britain, is to them hopeless desolation and ruin. The Irish nationalists have taken occasion to elect, as the representative of Gal way in parliament, Colonel Ar- thur Lynch, now living in Paris since his return from serving in the Boer army. The Irish leaders describe this as their method, at once forcible and convenient, of emphasizing their undying hostility to everything English. OUTSIDE COMMENT. European comment on the war con- tinues its sweeping condemnation of all English motives and methods, and rejoices over recent reverses of the British arms. That the British be- havior "would shame Turks in Bul- garia" is the comment of a Berlin journal. The chief military journal of Austria declares England a violator of every rule of civilized warfare, while from the organ of the clerical party we learn that the British revers- es cause satisfaction throughout the civilized world. The French press criticises and condemns, but generally in terms less violent. The last days in November, however, showed a marked increase of French sympathy for the Boers. In relation to the anti-English feel- ing in Germany, Mr. Chamberlain became the centre of an unfortunate episode. Defending Great Britain against German criticism he said in a speech that before the Germans in- dulged in such excitement regarding Britain's war measures in South Africa they should look at the record of their own army's methods in France in 1870-71. This home- thrust brought an angry German retort; and that in turn caused an English publication of copies of German gen- eral orders condemning to death on capture all French franc-tireurs (free- shooters or " bushwhackers ") in which class of irregular fighters^ nearly all the fighting Boers for many months past would be included. The associa- tion of German veterans now came into the controversy, but were re- strained by a hint from the emperor in disapproval of such discussion. The German press, however, continued to vilify the British doings, and were met with counter-charges from the Eng- lish side. At length the agitation brought from the North German Gazette a semi- official expression approving the German position. As Mr. Chamberlain is a mem- ber of the cabinet the whole episode was an unfortunate intrusion on the recent endeavors for a good understanding be- tween the British and German peoples. The London Times warned "the German people and government " that the British nation resented " accusations founded on the most hateful and poisonous calumnies disseminated with a deliberate persist- ence. " The Morning Post declared, " The temper of the German people is dangerous. " The Daily Chronicle said, " We fail to see how this country can much longer ignore these accumulated insults. " At the end of the month the war of words appeared to have died down. KRUGER ON ARBITRATION. The London correspondent of the New York Tribune reports a recent talk of Mr. Kruger with a member of a business house in Johannesburg. THE BOER WAR. 65« MODERN ATHENS, WITH MOUNT LYCABETTUS. The ex-president declared that the only satisfactory end of the war would be by arbitration. When asked what he would do if arbitration went against the Boers, he replied that such a thing was impossible. It could not happen. But assuming for the moment that it might happen, he added, " We should take up arms if arbitration went against us. " Here it may be added that on Novem- ber 20 the administrative council of the Arbitration Tribunal at the Hague for- mally decided that it was incompetent to consider the Boer appeal for intervention in the South African war. BOER PECULIARITIES. Letters to the London Times from Natal declare that while in that col- ony the people are either thoroughly loyal or thoroughly rebels, in Cape Colony thousands of Afrikanders are " on the fence. " He adds that in dealing with the Boers the British are dealing with a very peculiar people who, from childhood, have been imbued with the belief that they Vol 11-43. are the chosen of God who has called them to the dominion of South Afri- ca ; and that ultimately the British intruders are to be driven into the sea, leaving the millions of blacks to be their slaves. FALL IN BRITISH SECURITIES. Statements at the end of November showed a stupendous and nearly un- precedented decline in British govern- ment, railway, and industrial securities since the South African war began. The Bankers' A faga sine states that the net decrease in the value of 325 selected listed securities amounts to the enormous total of /i43,946.ooo. Consols, which the day before the Boer ultimatum were quoted at 103 3-4, are now 91 13-16, where- as in the same period several foreign government stocks and American rail- roads rose in value about ^47,000,000. The decrease in fourteen British and In- dian government funds amounted to ,£76,- 92,000. The common stock of nineteen ritish railroads lost in value in the war period over ;£ 69,000,000, while the de- cline in railroad debentures and prefer- ences brings the total loss to over j£ioo,- 000.000. 1 652 INTERNA TIONAL AFFAIRS. January No., 1902 THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE. THE recent months, notably Nov- ember, have seen more than the usual number of changes in the diplomatic service at Washington. Baron Fava, retiring as ambassador from Italy, is succeeded by Signor E. Mayor des Blanches, of an old and distinguished Savoy family which was ennobled in the 14th century. Baron Fava's retirement ends a long diplo- matic career. At the age of sixty-five years he looks back on twenty years of continuous service in the Italian legation, having become the dean of the diplomatic corps in Washington in 1893. As the minister from Belgium, Count Lichtervelde is succeeded by Baron Moncheur who comes to Wash- ington from like service in Mexico, having previously had diplomatic ex- perience in several European capitals. From Turkey, Chekib Bey was appointed minister to Washington a few months since. It was announced, November 1, that Senor Horta Machado had been appointed Portugese minister to Washington, successor of the Vis- count de Santo-Thyrso. The new United States minister to Portugal is Mr. Francis B. Loomis. To succeed Don Carlos M. Vicuna, who died at Buffalo, Senor Don Joa- quin Walker Martinos has been appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from Chili to Washington. An irade of the sultan of Turkey, issued in October, has at last granted the exequatur of Dr. Thomas H. Norton of Cincinnati, as United States consul at Kharput. He was appointed by President McKinley two years ago, but the sultan refused to recog- nize him on the ground that no United States consul was needed there. President McKinley insisted and ordered Dr. Norton as a pro- tector of American interests, to pro- ceed to his post, the scene of an Armenian massacre and of the de- struction of the large American college. THE GENERAL EUROPEAN SITUATION. The Franco-Turkish Rupture. A FRENCH FLEET DISPATCHED. THE dispatch of a French fleet to Turkish waters to enforce compliance with long standing claims against the Porte (pp. 591, 592) had immediate effect. The fleet sailed at the end of October, and on November 2 the French foreign office received a message from the sultan accepting all the claims. This, however, gave no pause to the French movement, in view of the ease with which pledges are made at Constan- tinople and the skill often shown in evad- ing their important points and in delay- ing all fulfilment. In reply, a French note, November 3, demanded informa- tion on the Porte's proposed methods for paying the Lorando claim, and an imme- diate execution of the sultan's former decree in that matter. Material guaran- tees also were required; and demand was made for satisfaction regarding va- rious French rights defined in capitula- tions and treaties which have suffered encroachment. Meanwhile the fleet was not checked. No word of remonstrance or even of question was heard from any of the several governments to which an explanatory note had been sent. The ministry's request in the French chamber of deputies for approval was granted by a vote of 305 to 77. A TURKISH PORT SEIZED. Admiral Caillard's fleet carrying two thousand troops arrived, Novem- ber 5, at the island of Mitylene (Turkish, Midilli), the classic Lesbos, ten miles off the Asia Minor coast. Troops immediately landed and took unresisted possession of the customs office. This unimportant port, with customs far too small to pay the French claims unless with long occupation, was chosen in view of some signs of yielding which the Porte had suddenly shown; also, because of the international significance which might attach to a seizure of one of the three great ports, Salonica, Beirut, or Smyrna. Moreover, an island had the advantage of being inaccessible, to the strong Turkish army. COMPLETE FRENCH SUCCESS. On November 8, the complete THE GENERAL EUROPEAN SITUATION. 653 success of France was announced. Turkey had yielded on all points at issue. Two days previously the Porte had sent to the French legation the first payments on some of the claims. On November 10, the French foreign office announced that, the sul tan having signed an irade for the execution of all his engagements, the Franco-Turkish dispute was ended. It was declared that France had been granted authority to rebuild or repair sixteen churches, hospitals, or other in- stitutions destroyed during the Armenian troubles, and that to them and to the French schools full governmental recog- nition with certain exemptions from taxes had been accorded. The recognition of the Chaldean patriarch also had been accorded. On November 1 1 the French fleet left Mitylene, and for the first time since August 26 the French flag floated above the French embassy. On November 23 the French ambas- sador, M. Constans, returned to Con- stantinople. France has won general praise for having restricted its action in this case within exact bounds. Brigands and their Captive. UNCERTAINTY. The captivity of Miss Ellen M. Stone, since September 3 in the hands of brigands on the mountainous bor- der of Bulgaria and Turkey, continued through November (pp. 533, 592). Little knowledge has been gained as to her captors, their nationality, their ultimate design or present intentions, or as to the exact locality in which she and her companion, Mrs. Tsilka, are held. Repeated reports of the death of one or both of the ladies had not been confirmed at the end of the month. There was little fear of their murder, in view of the price which the brigands have set on their lives ; but there was much apprehension of their perishing from exposure and cold in rude huts and caves, chased by police and soldiers from one hiding place to another amid the snows on the bleak and rugged Bulgarian mountains. No harsh personal treat- ment has been reported. THE PORTE'S DISCLAIMER. November brought an announce- ment that the Porte was preparing to repudiate an anticipated claim of the United States for repayment of a ransom found necessary to save Miss Stone's life. A representative of the Associated Press was informed by a high Turkish official that his govern- ment would advance the following contentions : First, that Miss Stone, though warned of the dangers of the road, persisted in travelling; second, that she did not inform the authorities in order to obtain an PROFESSOR J. H. DEUNTZER, DANISH PRIME MINISTER. escort, which precaution even the foreign consuls always take when travelling in such outlying, insecure districts of the empire ; third, that the brigands who kidnapped Miss Stone and her compan- ion were Bulgarians, that the coup was filanned in Bulgaria, and that refuge was ound in Bulgarian territory. EFFORTS FOR RELEASE. Fearing that delay might sacrifice the lives of the two captives, the United States legation at Constanti- nople, assisted by the British ambassa- dor, have been active in efforts for release. 654 INTERNA TIONAL A FF. I /h'S. January No., 1902 On November 7 it was reported that United States Consul-General Dickinson at Constantinople was much chagrined that his receipt of a brief but important letter from Miss Stone had been made public. Again, as on two previous occa- sions, the bandits had been alarmed by such disclosure of secrets, deeming it a breach of their understanding with him. In his reply through Miss Stone he urged the brigands to reduce their demand (about #110,000) in view of his govern- ment's determination not to contribute toward a ransom and the impossibility of collecting private funds additional to the sum now in hand — about #60,000. In her letter as reported Miss Stone said that she was well, though suffering much hardship by the constant movement of the band from ravine to ravine in the rigorous weather. More pitiable was Mrs. Tsilka's condition an account of her expected accouchement. A PROTEST TO BULGARIA. On November 9, as reported from the Bulgarian capital, Mr. Dickinson made energetic protest to the Bulga- rian government against its policy of keeping up an incessant chasing of the bandits, in which pursuit they were never seized but merely pre- vented from completing negotiations with him. Thus, notwithstanding solemn promises to give him all possi- ble assistance, the authorities were retarding a settlement and jeopardiz- ing Miss Stone's life. He made definite declaration that the government would be held responsible for Miss Stone's death and all the conse- quences, should it be proved that the government's course had caused the brigands to kill their captives. This declaration, if made as reported, must have proceeded on one of three theories of the case: (1) The government was refusing to countenance what it deemed a condoning of a crime for a money pay- ment— such condoning rendering it liable to a claim from the United States gov- ernment for the sum paid ; (2) the gov- ernment purposed to force the bandits with their victim across the boundary into Turkey ; (3) the government was anxious to prevent a revelation of some connection with the crime, either on its part or on the part of the " Macedonian committee," a secret revolutionary organ- ization which has for years been plotting in Bulgaria to force the independence of the Turkish province of Macedonia. For this committee, some of whose methods are well known to have been those of Drigands, Bulgaria is largely responsible, having not only tolerated but even fos- tered it. In reply to Mr. Dickinson's protest the Bulgarian officials disclaim inten- tion to interfere with private negotia- tions for release of the captives, but decline to be a party to any agree- ment sanctioning brigands or th'jir emissaries coming into Bulgarian terri- tory to treat for ransom of persons captured in a neighboring state. This is according to their assertion that the capture was in Turkey. About the middle of November Mr. Dickinson presented at Sofia his creden- tials as United States diplomatic agent to Bulgaria. THE CAPTIVE'S CONDITION. Near the end of November some alarming reports from Turkey of Miss Stone's death caused The Christian Herald of New York to send by cable an inquiry to Rev. Dr. Wash- burne, president of Robert College, Constantinople. His reply by cable, November 30, was as follows: " Stone negotiations suspended. No immediate prospects of release. Sat- isfactory evidence she has been well treated." GOVERNMENTAL ATTITUDE. Bulgaria, since 1878, has been an autonomous and tributary principality under the suzerainty of the sultan of Turkey. Thus, Prince Ferdinand and his government at Sofia are in theory responsible for maintaining order in Bulgaria ; yet Bulgaria's practical lack of standing among sov- ereign powers leaves the sultan really answerable for grave crimes against foreigners in the principality. The case, however, is not clear of question. It seems evident that the United States is laying a foundation for a claim that Bulgaria is properly responsible ; but on this point, as in many others in the case, official verification is as yet lacking. There is, however, abundant reason to assert that the United States has not authorized any promise whatever to be made that would bind its hands in deal- ing with this subject in the future. THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 655 Courtesy of Collier's Weekly. THE MAIN STREET OF NOME, THE METROPOLIS OF THE ALASKA GOLD-FIELDS. Affairs in America, THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. Cuba. THE PRESIDENCY CANVASS. THE announcement of General Bartolome Maso's candidacy produced a commotion in poli- tical circles. Being a negro, he com- mands the political support of men of his race. Having been in the revolution a lieutenant-general he is favored by his old companions in arms. But he bids also for the sup- port of the Spanish aristocrats and of the Autonomist party. His oppo- nents admit that he is a man of un- blemished reputation and of much intellectual ability. In the late war he was for a time president of the provisional republican government. In that war he ven- tured his fine estate in Santiago prov- ince, applied the torch to all the buildings on his vast plantation, and enrolled all his laborers in the patriot army. After the American occupa- tion of the island he returned to his wasted plantation, "land poor," and set about repairing his fortunes. But when General Wood offered him inducements to take office under the military government Maso's reply was : " You have no right to offer the use of the revenues of our beloved island for such a purpose. I will die in poverty and want before I will accept any honor or favor from any but the independent government of Cuba." The electoral campaign of T. Estra- da Palma for the presidency of Cuba was formally opened in a meeting held November 25 in Havana. Speeches recommending his candi- dature were made by General Maxi- mo Gomez, Seftor Gonzales, Seftor Capote, and others. Seftor Capote denounced the supporters of General IfMO .1^ "a motley gang of extremists 656 AFFAIRS IN AM ERICA. January No., 1902 of all sorts." " God knows," he said, " that I have suffered enough with the Piatt amendment ; but perhaps the Americans would not have been so cruel, had it not been for those who are supporting Maso with the treach- erous intent of smashing the new gov- ernment." General Sanguilly said that Maso's programme is " an immense net with which negroes, Spaniards, and revolutionists are to be fished for." Senors Garcia and Delgrado, both negroes, protested strongly against Maso's plan of campaign, that of arousing race prejudice. ANNEXATION. Governor-General Wood, while at Santiago de Cuba on a tour of inspec- tion, November 22, expressed the opinion that Cuba is destined to be eventually annexed to the United States, on account of the economic conditions existing, since the sugar and tobacco industries of the island would be unable to prosper to so great an extent, in competition with the industries of Porto Pico, Hawaii, and the Philippines, as would be the case should annexation be accepted with the will of the Cuban people. He pointed out also that the United States government had guaranteed a stable government for Cuba, a thing which it would be impossible to main- tain without prosperity; and he de- clared that the United States would be morally bound to annex Cuba if solicited to do so by the insular re- public. But very powerful interests in the United States „will approve annexation. The New York Tribune thus remarks on General Wood's forecast of annexation: "In all these references annexation is, of course, understood to mean admission to statehood in this Union. Regarding the E reposition in that light, it is properly to e said, and to be said with all possible confidence and earnestness, that the United States is not and will not be " mor- ally bound " to annex Cuba. There is not the slightest trace of moral compulsion to that end. On the contrary, if moral con- siderations and influences are involved at all, they operate in the other direction, against the incorporation of Cuba into this Union." Porto Rico. CONDITIONS IMPROVING. The Commissioner of the Interior for Porto Rico says in his annual report that notwithstanding the de- plorable condition of the dependent classes at the time of cession, the devastation wrought by the hurricane of August 8, 1899, the injury to trade and commerce by the necessary change in the monetary system, and the mali- cious misrepresentation of the methods adopted by the United States govern- ment, the evidences of substantial progress are indubitable, and the prospects of the island for the future are bright. Health conditions are improving. A vexatious question awaits solution — whether the public lands of Porto Rico were ceded to the United States by the Paris treaty as <: crown lands," or remain the property of Porto Rico as "state lands." DESIDERATA OF THE PORTO RICANS. A delegation from* Porto Rico had a conference with President Roosevelt at Washington November 13. Its members represented to him certain needs of the island. American edu- cation, they said, Is making great headway ; nevertheless, only one-sixth of the school-age population enjoy its advantages. The only effective way of dealing with the educational prob- lem, seeing that the school tax is already as onerous as the people can bear, would be for Congress to vote #250,000 yearly for ten years in aid of the insular school system. The delegates further pleaded for the es- tablishment of a high-class naval station ; also for a well-equipped agricultural experiment station at a yearly cost of $50,000 for maintenance during a term of years. The sugar crop, under freedom of trade with the United States, has doubled since 1899, and the planters are prosperous. The same is to be said of tobacco-grow- ing. But the Porto Rico coffee planters will be ruined unless protection of some sort is afforded them. THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 657 Hawaii. shokk Dimnn of Honolulu. A board of army officers — Colonel William II tier president— which has for some time been studying the problem of fortifying Honolulu, has completed its investigations. The board has agreed to recommend a very compre- hensive scheme. Twenty miles of the southern coast of the island of Oahu will be fortified in a manner to make Honolulu practically impreg- nable. OAHU *&pw MAP TO SHOW THE LOCATION OF PROPOSED FORTIFICATIONS AT HONOLULU. On the coast between Koko Head and Pearl Harbor twelve stations for batteries have been chosen. There is also to be on this southern coast a central artillery- station at a commanding point. The other side of the island does not require such elaborate defences. OUKEN LILIUOKALANl'S QUEST. The whilom queen of the Hawaiian Islands arrived in San Francisco in the middle of the month, intending to invoke the aid of the federal authori- ties in prosecution of her claims against the territorial government of I l.iwaii for indemnification on account of the confiscation of the crown reve- nues, amounting to about $100,000 a year. It appears that the territorial legisla- ture, (or, rather, we should perhaps say the legislature of the Hawaiian republic) passed an act appropriating the sum of $250,000 for the crown lands, but 1'resi- dent Dole vetoed the bill on the ground that there was not sufficient money in the treasury to pay it. Subsequently the legislature offered her a pension of $25,000 a year, but she refused to accept the money for the reason that it would place heron thelistof those receiving charity, a step that was exceedingly repugnant to her. Before the annexation of the islands she was advised by the competent attor- neys to submit her claims to England for arbitration. The crown lands are more than a million acres in extent, and are worth about $1 5,000,000. SOCIAL EQUALITY OF RACES. " Black and white and yellow and brown are on a social equality in the Hawaiian Islands," writes from Hon- olulu a correspondent of the Boston Transcript. Even the descendants of the first white settlers show no pride of race, and American, Hawai- ian, and negro sit at the same table with Japanese and Chinese, never thinking of the insuperable wall which here at home separates them. A negro from the United States, Mr. T. McCants Stewart, is the most promi- nent attorney in Hawaii, and one of the foremost leaders in the Republican party. Being an eloquent orator also, he is much in demand in public and festive occasions. There are, at least, four score Chinese residents, merchants, and the like, whose fortunes are rated at from Jico.ooo to $1,000,000. They and their families belong to the first society. Native Hawai- ians too — "Sandwich Islanders," as they used to be called — are numerous. They possess great wealth and have the entree to the most exclusive social circles. The same is to be said of the Japanese. These races all intermarry, and Hawaiian, Chinese, Americans, French, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, and African bloods are so intermingled that to define the radical status of an individual would often be impossible. The Philippines. THE FRIARS' LANDS. The Secretary of War, in his annual report, recommends the acquisition by the United States government of the agricultural lands held by religious orders — Dominicans, Augu.stinians, and Recoletos. These amount to a little over 400,000 acres. The lands are occupied by a native tenantry hostile to the friars; and the relation of these landlords to their tenants and 658 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 to the entire people was one of the chief causes of irritation and rebellion under the Spanish government. The friars can no longer peacefully enioy possession. Hence it is desirable that these lands should be purchased by the state and that title upon proper and rea- sonable terms should be offered to the tenants or to the other people of the island. For this purpose it will be necessary that money should be obtained from other sources than the ordinary revenues of the Philippine government. BUSINESS AND REVENUE. The secretary's report notes an increase in mercantile business during the year. Merchandise imported — exclusive of army supplies — amounted to more than thirty millions, against about $20,600,000 the previous year ; and the exports of the two years were about $23,215,00 and $19,750,000 respectively. The imports from the United States show an increase of 7 2.4 per cent over those of 1900, but the exports to the United States de- clined 27 per cent. There was a higher ratio of increase of imports from Great Britain, Germany, France, and the British East Indies than from the United States. The revenues of the Philippine government in the fiscal year, 1901, amounted, says the report, to $10,817,662.31 against $6,722, 852.18 in 1900. The total expenditures during the fiscal year 1901 amounted to $6,763,821.68, as against $5,218,381.12 in 1900, making an increase of revenues of over $4,000,000, and an increase of expenditures of about $1,500,000, and a surplus of revenues over expenditures of $4,053,840.63, as against a surplus of $1,505 471x6 for the preced- ing year. The great expenditures which have been undertaken for public works, education, insular constabulary, extension of the judicial system, etc., will rapidly dispose of this surplus. INSURGENT FORT CAPTURED. A cable dispatch from Manila, dated November 24, reports the capture of a fort in the island of Bohol (south of Cebu, in the Visayan group). The fort stood on the top of a high hill with precipitous sides and with only one regular approach, which was defended by a stockade backed by intrenchments. The attacking force was Captain Edward P. Lawton's company of the nineteenth infantry. Captain Lawton detached Ser- geant McMahon with twenty men to scale the precipice and attack the fort from the rear. This was done after three hours of laborious climbing. The enemy was taken by surprise and fled, but had to face Law- ton's main command and suffered terrible losses. Some pieces of artillery were captured. No mention of prisoners taken is made, nor of the number of killed or wounded. MISSIONARY WORK. The general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church, held in San Francisco last summer, having appointed the Rev. Charles H. Brent to be bishop of the Philippine Islands, another clergyman of the same church, the Rev. Dr. Crapsey of Rochester, N. Y., addressed to Dr. Brent an open letter in which he strongly condemns his church's policy of " intrusion." Then he says! We Americans are in the Philippine Islands by virtue of our military power. The people do not want us there ; a very large number of our own people do not think we ought to be there; and the oc- cupation and government of the islands present the gravest problems that our government has ever had to deal with. Now if we add to these complications re- ligious rivalry and bitterness ; if every Protestant denomination rushes in there not to build up the Kingdom of God, but to secure denominational advantage and prestige, then we make a bad condition worse and the work of pacification much more difficult than it is at present. Surely, the people of those islands have suffered enough without having forced upon them all the evils and discords of sectarian Protestanism." Department of the Interior. From the report of the Secretary of the Interior it appears that during the year no serious troubles occurred among the Indians, except the dis- turbance caused in the Indian Terri- tory by the Snake band of the Creeks. The total Indian population in the country, apart from the Indians in New York State and the Indians of the five civilized tribes, is approx- imately 178,919. These are located on 156 reservations of a little over 55,000,000 acres. During the year, THE UNITED STATES AND. ITS DEPENDENCIES. 659 lands to the amount of 1,125,475 .kits \\rn- allotted. The appropria- tions on account of Indians in the fiscal year were $9,040,475.89. The work of the Patent office was of far greater volume than ever before. There were entered 42,082 applica- tion! for mechanical patents, 2,368 f >r designs, 101 for reissues, 1,860 for caveats, 2,312 for trade marks, and over a thousand for labels and prints. Patents and reissues numbered 26,481 ; patents expired, 20,690. The money receipts of the office were $1,408,- 877.67, and the expenditures $1,288,- 970.13; surplus, $119,907.54. The Land office in the year disposed of public lands aggregating 15,562,- 796.30 acres; classified as cash sales, acres 1,301,668.94; miscellaneous — homesteads, land warrants, scrip loca- tions, swamp lands, railroad and wagon road selections, Indian allot- ments, etc., — '14,151,780.34. The total cash receipts were $4,972,160.79. The Commissioner of Education reports the total enrolment in all schools, of all grades, public and private, at 17,020,710, an increase of 282,348 over the previous year. The enrolment in public educational insti- tutions, supported by general and local taxes, was 15,443,462. About twenty-one per cent of the popu- lation of the United States attends some school supported by taxation, while but two per cent attends private schools. There has been a notable increase in the number of public high schools throughout the country ; 2526 were in operation in 1S90, which increased to 6,005 in 1900. Report of the Secretary of Agri- culture. Secretary Wilson, in his annual report, announces an important exten- sion of the work of the weather bureau, which now is in regular telegraphic communication with meteorological observers in the Hritish Isles and Europe, the Azores, Nassau, Bermuda, and Turk's Island. Atlantic fore- founded on reports from those stations now form part of the night forecasts issued from Washington. The subject of animal industry has a leading place in the secretary's report. During the year the total export of ani- mals and animal products exceeded $250. 000,000 in value. The bureau inspected for export 385,000 cattle, 228,000 sheep, 48,000 horses and mules, also nearly 1,000 vessels carrying live stock. Imported animals were inspected to the number of 342,000. The meat inspection service at slaughtering places dealt with nearly 37, 000,000 animals — cattle, sheep and hogs. The researches and experiments made by the bureau of plant industry — investigations in plant physiology and pathology, botany, grasses and forage plants, pomology foreign seeds and plants, are recounted in detail. So, too, the work of the bureau of forestry. The results obtained at the agricultural station in Alaska are declared to be very encouraging. There is good ground for the expectation that soon agriculture may be sufficiently established in that territory to serve as an important aid to the min- ing, lumbering, and fishery industries. Stress is laid in the report on the move- ment for secondary schools of agriculture and the introduction of the elements of agricultural science into the rural schools, as hopeful signs of progress in agricul- tural education. Touching on the important question of irrigation works, the secretary in- vokes the aid of Congress. Such works should be public works for the most part. He thus sums up his con- clusions upon the irrigation and occu- pation of wild lands. That private enterprise will have to be supplemented by public aid in the con- struction of certain classes of irrigation works if we are to secure the largest development of Western agriculture. That reservoirs located in the channels of running streams should be public works. That the first step toward national aid for irrigation should be the passage of enlightened codes of water laws by the States to be benefited. That the land laws should be modified by repealing the desert act and by requir- ing cultivation as well as residence on a homestead. That the non-irrigable grazing lands should be leased in small tracts so as to unite the irrigable and the pasture lands. AGRICULTURE IN 1 II I EAS1 KRN STATES. The United States Industrial Com- 66o AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., i joa mission finds the causes of the de- pression of agriculture in the Eastern States to be, first, the competition of the West, favored, as it is, by the policy of the transportation companies in making freight charges relatively low for long distances. This made the growing of the old staple products unprofitable, and Eastern fanners had to resort to the culture of products not easily transportable to great distances. They turned to truck-farming; but now farmers in the North Atlantic States complain of the competition of States farther ,south in this industry, as also in fruit productions. Another cause assigned by the commission is "the conservation of the farmers, and their lack of effect- ive business planning and manage- ment." But, again, if, in general, farmers are too conservative, too often they are too versatile, turning from one crop to an- other without sufficient regard to the suitability of the soil or the conditions of the market. The American Isthmian Canal. The commission appointed by Con- gress to ascertain the respective merits of the two rival isthmian canals, that of Panama and that of Nicaragua, has made its report, and it favors the Nicaragua line — the canal with PANAMA CANAL ROUTE, SHOWING LOCATION OF COLON AND PANAMA. locks in preference to the sea-level canal. Apart from all considerations of cost, the Nicaragua route is pre- ferred for the reason that the Panama canal would take twice as long to bring to completion as its rival. The Nicaragua canal will have in Lake Nicaragua an inexhaustible natural supply of water on the Pacific side of the continental divide ; but the Pan- ama scheme involves much engineer- ing work on Lake Bohio to make it a reservoir of sufficient capacity and strength. On the Atlantic side the two canals are on a parity as regards water supply. There is no natural' harbor at either end of the Nicaragua route ; but harbors can be constructed at a moderate cost. On the other hand, at Panama there is for the other canal an excellent roadbed protected by islands, and there no work for either harbor construction or main- tenance is required ; and at Colon, its Atlantic terminus, there is already a ser- viceable harbor, though open to violent north winds. There considerable work MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE TWO CANAL ROUTES. THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 661 will be necessary to make the harbor safe at all times for shipping. The commission estimates the time required for completing the Nicaragua banal at six years, if a sufficient force of laborers can be had as needed, and if all portions of the work can be car- ried on concurrently. The Panama route would take at least ten years. The total length of the Nicaragua route is 183.66 miles; the Panama, 49.09 miles. The length of canal, iogether with channels and entrances to harbor, on the Nicaragua route is 73.78 miles, to which add, for the canalized San Juan river, 39.37 miles, and a sailing line of 70.51 miles on Lake Nicaragua. On the Panama the rights and property of the new Panama Canal Company. This commis- sion has estimated the value of these, in the project recommended by it, at £40,- 000,000. The Army and Navy. REORGANIZATION OF THE MILITIA. One of the most important sugges- tions contained in the report of the Secretary of War is that for reorganiza- tion of the national militia. Mr. Root proposes that the organization and armament of state national guards, now treated as militia in appropria- tions by Congress, be made the same as those of the regular army. He recognizes that the country's reli- ance in time of war must of necessity be route the length of canal is 36.41 miles, with 12.68 miles of sailing on Lake Bohio. The annual cost of maintaining and operating the Nicara- gua canal would be $1,350,000 a year greater than for the Panama. The estimated time of the passage of a deep-draft vessel through the Panama canal is 12 hours; through the Nicar- agua canal 2>2> hours. The cost of constructing a canal by the Nicaragua route and of completing the Panama canal, without including the cost of acquiring the concessions from the different governments, is estimated as follows : Nicaragua J189.864.062 I'.iii.ini.i I44.233.358 For a proper comparison there must be added to the latter the cost of acquiring chiefly on volunteers. Therefore the method and procedure of raising volun- teer forces should be prescribed in ad- vance, so that when occasion calls for their services there may be no hurry, no confusion. Boards of army officers should be appointed for examination of officers of the national guards and other citizens wishing to hold volunteer commissions. The state national guards should be treated as a first reserve, subject to call for suppressing insurrections and repel- ling invasions, with a term of nine months' service. The President should be author- ized, on request of any state executive, to detail regular army officers for instruction and inspection duties with the national guard of such state; and the war depart- ment should furnish transportation, ra- tions and tentage to officers and men of the national guards, who shall take part with the regular army in annual encamp- ment and manoeuvres at national military 662 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 camps; that the department be author- ized to allow travel pay, commutation of rations and quarters, or commutation of quarters, to officers of the national guard attending and regularly taking part in the courses of instruction at the general service and staff college at Fort Leaven- worth ; and he would have the President empowered to organize the volunteer forces whenever called out, in the man- ner provided for by the act of March 2, 1889, foi the organization of the volunteer force which has recently returned from the Philippines, with such modifications as shall be necessary to give effect to the views above expressed. COST OF ARMY TRANSPORTS. An investigation on the part of the war department has ascertained the cost of maintaining the army transport fleet in the Pacific during the last fiscal year. For alteration and repair of vessels, mostly old and quite unfit for the service of transport of troops and animals, there was an expenditure of $4,000,000. In consequence, officials of the war department are seriously considering the policy of a transfer of this function to the navy, as is the rule of the British "United Service." But if transport is to remain under the direction of the war department, and to be put on a permanent basis, say they, then, in order to meet all the de- mands of modern transportation, " ships should be constructed for the carriage of both troops and animals. Troop ships should have accommodations for horses of mounted organizations, who otherwise are separated from their needed mounts, and are not thoroughly efficient. The importance of having ships especially built for the safe and serviceable transpor- tation of animals is imperative and should not be delayed." PROMOTION FOR MERIT. Official announcement was made in Washington, November 15, after a conference between the president and secretary of war, that no officer shall obtain promotion through the solicita- tions of his personal or political friends. The administration as a whole is of the opinion that " the good sense and judgment of public men will lead them to the same conclusion as that arrived at by the president and secretary of war — that is, if a system of records be thoroughly established at the war department show- ing the progressive work of officers from year to year, it will be far better for the officers and men, as well as public officials, that such a register be made the guide for selections, details, etc., rather than in- fluence." NEEDS OF THE NAVAL SERVICE. Secretary Long in his annual report makes an urgent request for a large increase of the personnel of the naval service. Were it necessary to man all the vessels in the present fleet, the personnel is not at hand* He therefore recommends that the number of lieutenants be increased from 300 to 350, and thatthe number of junior lieutenants and ensigns be raised to 600. There is lack also of enlisted men. The number of ships has been greatly increased, but not so the force of men constituting their crews. He would therefore have the present enlisted force increased by 3,000 men. Further, he pleads for an increase of the number of naval constructors and civil engineers, and for an addition of 750 men to the marine corps. In support of his de- mands he cites the example of other maritime nations. There are but 728 American executive officers in our service against 2085 in the English, 1663 in the French, 974 in the German, 1096 in the Russian, 724 a year ago in the Japanese, and 768 a year ago in the Italian navies. As to total strength, the American navy has 23,453 of all ranks, against England's 118,625, France's 49,775, Germany's 30,386, Russia's 39,546, Japan's 26,108, and Italy's 25,804 ; all figures being of 1900 except England's which is of 1901. All these powers provide for large increases. And the secretary recommends the following additions to in the way of warships and auxiliary vessels. Three first class battleships. Two first class armored cruisers. Three gunboats, each of about 1,000 tons trial displacement. Three gunboats, each of about 200 tons trial displacement, for insular service. Three picket boats, each of about 650 tons trial displacement. Three steel sailing training ships, each of about 2,000 tons trial displacement. One collier of about 1500 tons trial dis- placement. Four tugboats. THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 663 From the Nov York Tribune. THE SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT "FULTON" WHICH REMAINED FIFTEEN HOURS UNDER WATER WITHOUT DAMAGE TO BOAT OR INJURY TO CREW. TEST OF A SUBMARINE TORPEDO BOAT. The submarine torpedo boat Ful- ton, of the Holland boat type, had a trial of endurance in Peconic Bay, at New Suffolk, Long Island, on the nights of Nov. 23-24. At 7 p. m., having on board Rear- Admiral John Lowe (retired), Cap- tain Frank T. Cable, Mate John Wilson, Engineer John Sanders, Elec- trician Harry II. Morrill, and Boat- swain Charles Bergh, the boat made a descent to the bottom in fifteen feet of water, and there remained till 10 a. m. of Sunday. Admiral Lowe said that the air was perfectly normal all night and that he slept several hours. Captain Cable said that the test proved the possibili- ties of the boat to be practically un- limited. Four flasks of compressed air were taken down; only so much of it was used as came from a small leak in one of the flasks. The night was wildly tempestuous, but the crew of the Fulton had not the slightest intima- tion of the conditions prevailing over- head. The captain, early in the morning of Sunday noticed that the gauge indicated an unusual depth. When the boat afterward came to the surface the neighboring wharf was seen to be under several feet of water ; and Mate Wilson expressed a wish to make a descent to the bottom again when he noted the stress of the storm. THE PUGET SOUND NAVY YARD. Captain A. B. Wyckoff, of the navy, who was the first commandant of the Puget Sound " naval station," now " navy yard," describes in the Scientific American this very im- portant adjunct of our naval establishment. The ground, 190 acres on the north shore of Sin- clair's Inlet, fourteen miles west of Seattle, was acquired in 1892 and work was commenced the same year. The dry dock was finished in about three years. It is located in a level basin with entrance just inside high- water mark. The yard has a water front of one mile. One-half of the area is embraced in two level basins just above high water, and the land between rises in terraces to a height of 200 feet, affording sites for resi- dences, hospitals, barracks, etc. All the working plant is concentrated 664 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA January No., 1902 round the dock. The equipment of the construction and steam engineer- ing shops and foundries is complete. The yard occupies the nearest point of the United States to Alaska, Japan, China, and the Philippines. It has a perfectly land-locked harbor in which all the fleets of the world might ride in safety at single anchor ; and it may be made absolutely impregnable. A canal is building to connect the har- bor with Lake Washington, seventeen miles, where all the naval vessels of the Pacific can be laid up when out of commission. PRIZE MONEYS AND BOUNTIES WON IN THE SPANISH WAR. There are pending in the admiralty courts claims for prize awards, on account of the war with Spain, amounting to about $4,000,000. Awards so far made amount to $449, 574, and the money has been paid. The payments made to Admirals Sampson, Dewey, and Schley are shown in the following table : Prize money to Admiral Sampson : Dolores $ 21.47 Argonauta 1,223.08 Frasijuita 511.49 Domingo Aurelia 51.41 Amapala 45-7° Canaita 23.48 Ambrosia Boliver 310.83 Belle Ynez 7.14 Christina . 2. 11 Augedita 6.96 Natilda 47-22 Mascotta 2.31 Guido 3,890.48 Pedro 5,480.88 Carlos F. Roses 406.67 Steellighter 223.49 Lorenzo 525-90 Gallito 12.20 Benito Estenger 328.53 Total $13,122.44 Adula (not paid) 675.25 Bounty to Admiral Sampson: Santiago $ 8,335.00 Manzanillo, June 30, 1898 1,700.00 Manzanillo, June 18, 1898 M75-00 Nipe Bay, Cuba 78500 Total $12,295.00 Bounty to Admiral Dewey : Manila Bay, May, 1898 #9,570.00 Prize money to Admiral Schley : Marie Dolores $18.12 Reciprocity in the Manufacturers' Convention. In the third week in November there was held in Washington a con- FLAK OF PUOET SOTKD VATT TAHD, 1SIKIBT0I. From the Scientific American. ference of manufacturers to consider the subject of reciprocity in trade. About 230 delegates from 21 States were present in the conference. The principal fruit of the conference was the adoption of two resolutions approv- ing the practice of a closely restricted reciprocity, and recommending the institution by Congress of a govern- ment department of commerce and industries. In the course of the deliberations and discussions, frequent reference was made to the memorable speech of the late President McKinley at Buffalo, but the key note of nearly all the addresses of delegates was "go slow." This counsel was forcibly expressed in the first of the conference's two resolutions, and its preambles, as follows : Whereas, the growth of manufactures in the United States, represented in values and in round numbers, has been as follows : 1850 $1,000,000,000 i860 2.000,000,000 1870 4 000.000,000 1880 $5,500,000,000 1890 9,000,000,000 1900 15,000,000,000 Andwherein these figures exhibit at the same time (1) a splendid result for the past industrial policies of our government, and (2) a growing need for the development of larger markets in foreign countries ; and Whereas, it would seem desirable not only to maintain policies under which such splendid results have been accom- plished, but also devise means to develop THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 665 increased markets for the increased and increasing manufactured products ; there- fore be it ResoIved(\) That this convention rec- ommends to Congress the maintenance of the principle of protection for the home market and to open up by reciprocity opportunities for increased foreign trade by special modifications of the tariff in special cases, but only where it can be done without injury to any of our home interests of manufacturing commerce, or farming. (2) That in order to ascertain the in- fluence of any proposed treaty on our home interests, this convention recom- mends to Congress the establishment of a reciprocity commission, which shall be charged with the duty of investigating the condition of any industry and reporting the same to the Executive and to Con- gress for guidance in reciprocal trade agreements. This resolution was adopted with but two dissenting votes. Mr. Charles Heber Clark, of Phila- delphia, contended that any reciprocity with a foreign country must work in- jury to American industries. By reciprocity with France we give to the French the markets of 80,000,000 people in exchange for those of 40,000,000. Reciprocity had always brought loss to us. Before 1854 our balance in the trade with Canada was $15,000,000. Then came the reciprocity treaty, and at the end of twelve years, the balance of trade against us was $21,000,000. Under recip- rocity with Brazil, 1891-4, our exports to that country fell from $14,000,000 to $13, 000,000. In '893, when we were threat- ened with the Wilson tariff, the mills fell idle and the people were out of work. The balance of trade against us was then $18,000,000. But now in this pres- ent year, the balance of trade is $665,000, 000 in our favor. We stood by protection through stress and storm a great many years, and we are going to stand by it still. You start to break that tariff down in any particular, and you send a thrill of alarm through the country. Let it be known .and you will have a business panic. Mr. S. O. Bigney, of Attleboro, Mass., spoke for the jewelry manu- facturers. The treaty of reciprocity with France, now pending, proposes, he said, a reduc- tion of 10 per cent on the present tariff on articles of jewelry. Now France is already engaged in sharp competition with us in that branch of manufacture and trade, and already " has driven us out of Mexico and is now driving us out of South America." In behalf of four hundred American firms engaged in this industry and the 50.000 persons depend- ing on it for a livelihood, the co-operation of the members of the conference is asked to prevent the confirmation of that treaty. Mr. George J. Seabury, of New York, would have action in the recip- rocity treaties put off till we can build a merchant marine. We must not open our markets to any nation till we are absolutely sure of our ground. A disturbance of the tariff is in the interest of those who still nurse the delusion of free trade. Mr. Frank Leake, of Philadelphia, said that the country had again and again approved the principle and practice of protection; and, entrenched as it is in its advanced position, " it should take no step into a dark room." Mr. W. C. Barker, of Chicago, made a speech favoring reciprocity treaties. He said : You have had figures showing that the exports of our manufactured products for nine months of this year have fallen off nearly $20,000,000, and I predict that they will fall off another $2 5,000.000 within the next twelve months unless our foreign trade gets relief through the ratification of the treaties now pending, as well as others yet to be negotiated. If you do not provide a safety-valve in the form of reciprocity treaties during the coming session of Congress, I predict there will be a tariff explosion that will leave wreck and ruin to us all in its path. And Mr. C. B. Hoffman, delegate of the Kansas Millers' Association, favored the pending treaties as a conditio sine qua non of the life of the milling industry. He said: We don't want flour ignored in trade treaties, and without reciprocity in trade in other products the flour export must decline. Europe, South America, and Asia need bread. Let us give it to them, but let us arrange matters in such a man- ner that we may send them the finished product, employing our o\\ n people i n our country in its manufacture. Why should we protect iron, leather, shoes, knitgoods, lutnber, jewelry — in fact everything that the ingenuity of man can make and the acuteness of politicians think of, and de- cline to foster the greatest, the most im- portant, the primal industry of all — the production of Dread ? 666 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 At a meeting of the Middlesex Club of Boston, November 9, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge made a lengthy argument for general reciprocity in our commercial relations, thereon tak- ing a position very different from that of the manufacturers' convention. In particular he spoke thus of the pend- ing treaty of reciprocity with France : Last, we come to the treaty with France* which is more important, economically, than all the other treaties put together. I should like to see a treaty made with France It is a country with which I would fain strengthen our good relations. I regard such a treaty as politically and economically desirable in a very high degree. The injunction of secrecy as to the provisions of three of the six reciproc- ity treaties now pending in the senate having been removed, an official state- ment of their contents was made in the middle of November. Their provisions, briefly stated, are as follows : They provide (1) the reduction of 12 1-2 per cent duty on sugar, molasses, fruits, and asphalt from the British West Indies and Guiana and the removal or reduction of the duty on a large list of agricultural products and manufactures entering those colonies from the United States. (2) A reduction of 20 per cent in the duty on sugar, hides, and certain grades of wool from Argentina entering the United States, and a reduction in the Argentina duty on a large list of food stuffs and manufactures from the United States. (3) A reduction of from 5 to 20 per cent on certain manufactures entering the United States from France, and the application of the minimum tariff of France to most of the articles entering that country from the United States. In addition' to these there are pending treaties with Nicaragua, Ecuador, the Danish West Indies, and the Dominican Republic, from which the injunction of secrecy has not as yet been removed. Exclusion of Chinese. A convention of three thousand delegates, representing every county in California, was held at San Fran- cisco to urge upon Congress the re- enactment of the law for excluding Chinese immigrants, and on Novem- ber 23 it adopted these resolutions : First. We demand the continuance of existing treaties with China, and the re- enactment of the Geary exclusion law. Second. We recommend that the Cal- ifornia delegates in Congress act unitedly in the presentation of a bill to accomplish the purpose and use their utmost endeav- ors to secure its immediate enactment into a law. The committee on resolutions fur- ther presents a report upon the immi- gration of other Orientals, specially the Japanese, in which the executive committee is requested to take such steps as may appear necessary to pro- tect the people of California against the incoming of such undesirable for- eign elements. But the existence in California of a strong public sentiment in favor of the admission of Chinese unskilled labor is reported by the Washington correspondent of the Boston Tran- script, who foresees a strong opposi- tion in Congress to the re-enactment of the Chinese exclusion law. While it is admitted that on the Pacific coast the laboring classes are demanding the re-enacting, they are not unanimous for the measure, some of the working- men viewing the fields of Chinese and white labor respectively as pretty well separated, and foreseeing as the result of free immigration only an increase of competition between the Chinese themselves. Employers in the fruit- growing valleys of Oregon and Cali- fornia employ Chinese labor almost exclusively, not because it is cheaper, but because white laborers will not work on the fruit farms for any wages. It is believed that if the business in- terests of the Pacific coast, including not only the employers of labor but the commercial interests as well, will in the present session of Congress make their strength felt, they may be able to effect a compromise with the advocates of total exclusion. The Transcript in an editorial article on the resolutions of the San Francisco convention, regards them as fallacious and dictated by ground- less fears. It says : If the exclusionists could point to nothing more inimical to our welfare than the economic disturbance which THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 667 the presence of the Orientals is apt to cause, their case would be a weak one. It is the 11011 -;issimilal)ility of the Chine^e and Japanese that offers the most serious BSpei t of the question, and that will con- tinue to impress our people. As a nation we have abandoned the old doctrine of the inalienable right of all men to change their residence freely— a doctrine once proclaimed in reference to the Chinese in the Burlingame treaty of 1868. We are disposed to protect our homogeneity, just as the Australian Commonwealth proposes to do for its citizenship. But there is no certainty that the lapsing of the Geary law would mean an invasion of this country by a horde of Chinese. ["here will be time enough to put up the bars again when tangible proof is forth- coming that the danger of too great an invasion Is real. If China is unable to place any restrictions upon the emigra- tion of its laborers to the United States, Congress then will have excellent ground for reverting to the exclusion policy. The Pacific Ocean Cable. George G. Ward, vice-president and general manager of the Commercial Cable Company, on November 22 confirmed the intelligence from Lon- don of the awarding of the contract for the first section of the cable (San Fmncisco to Honolulu) to an English company. The contract price is about $3,000,000. The work is to be completed in less than a year. The contract was given to the English company — the Silvertown Cable Man- ufacturing Company of London — be- cause there are no firms in this country competent to execute it. The section is expected to be in operation within two years. The cable will be owned and controlled by the Commercial Cable Company, but the United States government will, when need is, exer- cise supreme control. " Naturally, as Americans," said Mr. Ward, "the company would assist the home country to trie fullest extent in this respect. Even if any private company saw fit to try to do otherwise the govern- ment would simply take control of the cable, if necessary, as was the case in the Spanish American war in Cuba. By having the cable built by private capital, as distinguished from governmental con- trol. I think a better service will result both to customers and to the government, for working arrangements can and prob- ably will be made with other lines so as to secure all necessary connections." From the Review of Review* . WILLIAM BARRETT RIDGELV, COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY. The New York Tribune says of this American Pacific cable : Such a cable is needed for possible military purposes. It is needed for actual political purposes, and most assuredly for the promotion of American commerce in that very part of the world in which the greatest future develop- ment of commerce is to occur. More- over, it will pay in dollars and cents. The new cable from England to Austra- lia by way of the Cape of flood Hope has involved the laying of more than fifteen thousand miles of cable at a cost of more than $15,000,000. It has been laid without a penny of government aid. and it is going to transmit messages from England to Australia for 75 cents a word at the outset, with a 50 per cent reduc- tion a year or two hence ; and it is expected that it will pay good dividends. What England can do on such a route, the United States should certainly be able to do on the route from the Golden Gate to Manila Bay." Alabama. THE NEW CONSTITUTION. The vote of the people on the new draft of a State constitution was taken November 11. The majority for 668 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 adoption of the instrument was 30,000 or over. The majority for the consti- tution in the " white counties " was small but in the counties of the " black belt " there was practically no opposition. It is even charged that in some of the latter counties, with a great majority of negro voters, the majority for ratification was larger than the majority of the blacks over the whites. For instance, in Barbour county, where the negro majority is 1289, the majority for ratification is 2000. Many distinguished citizens of Alabama strongly condemn the methods used to procure ratification. Governor Johnson asks : Can any decent man rejoice over any victory obtained by methods he dare not advocate and cannot defend ? Can poli- tical ambition defy all decency, ride rough-shod over the white people, threaten the peace and endanger the honor and progress and glory of our Commonwealth ? And General C. M. Shelley, chair- man of the Democratic committee which, during the canvass, sought to have the constitution rejected, said, after the result was known : I have called a conference of our friends to meet at Birmingham, on No- vember 20, to begin the reorganization of the Democratic party. The large major- ity of white men who have just had an odious constitution counted in on them will not longer submit to the old organi- zation. We will retain the name of Democrat and have a real Democratic party on a platform on honest elections,' white supremacy, and a fair constitution. The next step will be the calling of a State convention, and we will put our candidates for governor and other State offices and for congressmen in all the districts. Alaska COAL MINING. Pittsburg capitalists have purchased of the United States government six thousand acres of coal lands in the peninsula of Alaska, just south of Behring Sea. The land lies near Herendee Bay, 200 miles from Dutch Harbor, the nearest town of any im- portance. It is underlaid by six or seven different veins of coal, one of them 25 feet in thickness and of a superior quality. The hydraulic method of mining will be employed. From these mines will be supplied coal for the steamers plying between Sea' tie and the Yukon. Hitherto $75 a ton has been the average price of coal in Alaska. Georgia. TO SUPPRESS ANARCHISM. The State senate, November 14, adopted a bill designed to repress anarchism, or, as the published report expresses it, anarchy. The bill passed by unanimous vote and it was believed that it would meet with no opposition in the house. In the bill " anarchy" is denned to be the public or private advocacy by speech, writing, or any other mode Or means, of the destruction by force of any and all government, or the inciting of or abetting of hostility or opposition to any and all government. Anarchy is declared to be a felony, punishable by imprisonment for not less than five nor more than twenty- five years. It is further provided that any person who shall, by reason of his hostility or opposition to any and all government, assault any public official with intent to murder or incite to such assault, shall be punished by death, unless the jury trying the case shall recommend the defendant to mercy, in which event the punishment shall be imprisonment for life. Missouri. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION- In the year 1903 the hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France will be fittingly commemorated by a world's fair, to be held at St. Louis. The area thus acquired by the United States comprised 1,239,318 square miles or 787,403,520 acres, and cost in all $27,267,621, of which the principal sum paid to France was $15,000,000, and the interest $8,529, 353. To this add sums paid in satis- faction of claims of American citizens against France, discharged by the United States ($3,738,268), and the total cost is $27,267,621. In 181 o, seven years after, the pur- chase, the population of this territory was less than 100,000. It is now nearly 14,000,000, inhabiting such THE CX/TED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 669 portions of Alabama and Mississippi as were included in the purchase, and the following States and Territories : Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kan- sas (except the southwest comer), Iowa, Minnesota (west of the Missis- sippi), Nebraska, Colorado (east of the Rocky Mountains, north of the Arkansas river), Oregon, both Da- kotas, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, Indian Territory. to January, 1899/, delegates ap- pointed by the governors of these States and Territories met in conven- tion at St. Louis and decided that the most tit commemoration of the pur- chase would be the holding an inter- national exposition. The convention recommended that Congress should be asked to vote $5,000,000 in aid of the enterprise ; that the citizens of St. Louis as individuals should be asked to contribute a like sum ; and the municipality the same. The city and the citizens speedily complied with the requirement. In June, 1900, Congress voted $5,000,000, condi- tioned on $10,000,000 being raised by the city. The condition fulfilled, the appropriation was definitely made; the act received the President's ap- proval March 3, 190 1. New Mexico. A DEMAND FOR STATEHOOD. The Territorial legislature, in a memorial addressed to Congress, sets forth that " in more than twelve con- gresses the fitness of the people of New Mexico for a State government has been fully investigated." Again and again their hopes to be admitted to the sisterhood of States have been high, but hitherto they have been disappointed. These arguments are now employed to move Congress to grant the so long coveted boon : The population, 250,000, is larger than that of many of the present States ; the public school system is good ; she can enter into the duties of a State with all the essentials of an autono- mous community. Since the devel- opment of the great railroad systems of the country an important progres- sive element has been introduced into the population, and there no longer exists any ground for withhold- ing the right of sovereign self-govern- ment. New York. PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION FINANCES. The directors of the Pan-American Exposition held a conference with creditors of the company November 14, and considered the financial report submitted by the company's auditor. It showed the liabilities of the com- pany to be $3,326,114.69 net, assum- ing that assets of $146,454.15 can be collected. For operating expenses and construction work the company owes $57 7,94573. The total cost of the exposition was $8,860,757.20; the total receipts from admissions were $2,467,086.58; and the receipts from concessions, $1,01 1,522.79. There is due to first mortgage bondholders $i74>979» and to second mortgage bondholders $500,000. In the above statement of total liabilities the capital stock is included. In the assets, how- ever, the plant is not included. The total liability of the company, capital stock not included, is $1,329,684.59. Oklahoma. GOVERNOR JENKINS REMOVED. Thomas B. Ferguson was appointed, by the President, governor of Okla- homa Territory in the room of Gov- ernor Jenkins, removed from office toward the end of November. The ground of removal, as stated in a memorandum attached to the papers, was Jenkins's improper connection with a contract between the Territory and the Oklahoma Sanitarium Com- pany. The deposed official admitted that $10,000 ot the company's stock had been reserved for the Governor and subject to his orders, and that it had in fact been turned over to those friends whose politi- cal services he sought thus to reward. Sport. FOOTBALL CONTESTS. The importance, not to say the 670 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. January No., 1902 dignity, which now attaches to the game of football was shown when, on November 30, President Roosevelt, the members of his cabinet, other high officials of the United States army and navy, and about 15,000 people besides, gathered on Franklin Field, Philadelphia, to witness the annual game between the cadets from West Point and those from Annapolis. It was probably the first time in history that a president of the United States witnessed a "gridiron contest." After a game that was fought " with bull-dog tenacity " the West Pointers defeated their old rivals by a final score of 1 1 to 5. Among the football games of pre- vious dates which attracted especial attention was that between the Har- vard and the Yale men on November 23. It took place on Soldiers' Field, Cambridge, and was witnessed by a crowd variously estimated from 25,000 to 35,000. " Not within the memory of the oldest graduate," said one of the Boston dailies, "has there been such enthusiasm in connection with an athletic event, 6uch preparations made, such a promise of demonstra- tions from partisans and spectators." Harvard's signal triumph (22 to o) gives her the chief honors of the season among college football teams. THE MOVE AGAINST FOOTBALL. Considerable interest has been awakened by the bill introduced by Congressman Wachter of Maryland to restrain the game of football in colleges over which the government exercises any control, notably West Point and Annapolis. In an inter- view (December 4) Mr. Wachter said : If the army and navy football game must be played let it go on, but it shall not go on at the expense of the govern- ment, if I can prevent it. I mean by this that I have asked the commissioner of pensions to inform me whether cadets permanently injured in such a game would be considered as having been in- jured in the line of duty and as such entitled to live the remainder of their days at the expense' of the government. If I find such to be the case I shall make an earnest effort to stop the game. It is an unnecessary, brutal sport, and perma- nent injury is very apt to be inflicted. It is more degrading to witness and more dangerous to life than a prize fight. Mrs. William E. Chandler has written a letter to Mr. Wachter in which she expresses "heartfelt thanks" for his stand in regard to " the brutal game of football." Enclosing a news- paper clipping descriptive of a game in which a boy's bones were broken, she says: "The game was not stopped on account of the accident. Of course, the mere trifle of the mur- der of a boy ought not to stop such a manly, brave game." She further says: As the mother of an only boy of six- teen who has become infatuated with the football craze, I suffer tortures during the football season. I cannot understand why presidents of colleges should allow such a dangerous, brutal game to be played, and if you can do anything to put an end to it I am sure you will earn the lasting gratitude of many mothers. PRIZE FIGHTING. Referring to a combat between pro- fessional pugilists in Hartford, Conn., the Tribune (November 30) says : It is safe to assume that the people of Connecticut are not entirely contented with the place in civilization to which this vicious and bloody encounter consigns them, but the pugilistic fraternity is doubt- less rejoiced to find so convenient and hospitable an arena close at hand to re- place the one from which they were recently expelled by the legislation of New York. The people of this State are not responsible, except in a remote degree, for what goes on in Connecticut; but we are glad to believe that they will not be moved by the spectacle across their border to lament the repeal of the Horton act, or to listen with increased favor this winter to the pleas for its rival, which will doubtless be heard at Albany. On the contrary, having enjoyed a consid- erable accession of self respect since they broke up the depraved business, which had grown prosperous by their authority, though against their will, they will prob- ably value the relief all the more on being thus freshly reminded of what they have escaped. CARELESSNESS AMONG HUNTSMEN. It is said that within a few days after the deer-shooting season opened THE IX IT EI) STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 671 in Maine five hunters were killed by gunners in the woods. In Wisconsin two men were killed or seriously wounded before the hunting season was legally open. Such fatalities do not appear to be the results of accident so much as of criminal reck- lessness. THE OLYMPIAN GAMS. Arrangements are being made for the world contests in Chicago in 1904. The immediate purpose of a committee, of which W. H.Thompson of Chicago is the chairman, is said to be " the discovery of latent athletic talent in Chicago, the West and in the whole country, and getting such mate- rial into line for the contests" which are to make Chicago "the athletic capital of the world," Personal and Miscellaneous. THE MCKINLEY MONUMENT. The executive committee of the McKinley National Monument Asso- ciation met at Cleveland, O., Novem- ber 21, to devise plans for raising funds. Reports from many of the States were read, showing gratifying progress and in most cases a popular preference for Canton as the most suitable place, being the home of President McKinley, where he often expressed his desire to be buried. In deference to this choice by the late president of a last resting place, the association will erect the national monument at Canton. Should more funds be subscribed than are necessary, for the purpose of erecting a memorial suitable to the dignity and simplicity of the late president's life and character, the surplus will be devoted to .1 national memorial at Washington. A letter from Secretary Gage, treasurer of the Washington Arch Association was read, but the questions involved in it were referred to the board of trustees when it meets at Washington, on Decem- ber 7. The appraisers of President Mc- Kinley's estate made their report No- vember 27. It shows that the value of the personal goods and chattels is $2,655.80; securities. bank deposits and life insurance. 5133,105; moneys, $129.15 ; total personal estate. $135,890.18. of which $60,132.19 was life insurance. No appraisal of the real estate was made. It is estimated at from $60,000 to $75,000. THE TIDE OF I M MIC RATION. The annual report of Mr. Powderly, commissioner of the immigration bureau, shows that the total steerage arrivals in the year were 487,918, which is an increase of 39,346, or about 9 per cent over the preceding year. There arrived as cabin passengers 74.950 other aliens. The total of aliens arriving in the year was 562,868. The ratio ofincrease in the number of Italian immigrants was about 36 per cent. The increase numerically from all other coun- tries of Europe aggregates hardly one- fourth of that from Italy. Of the steerage immigrants, 117,587 were ignorant both of reading and of writing; 3,058 could read but not write. The character of the year's immigration appeared to be decid- edly superior to that of the year before, the persons denied admission to the country being 730 fewer despite the much larger total of immigration. The princi- pal countries from which the steerage immigrants came were Italy, Sicily and Sardinia, 135.996; Austria-Hungary, 113,- 390; Russian empire and Finland, 85,257; Ireland, 30,561; Sweden, 23.331; German empire, 21,651; Norway, 12,248; and Eng- land, 12,214. A FRENCH TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOL. The statement was made by Mr. Bouquet, chief director of the French ministry of commerce's department of technical instruction, November 7, that Mr. Millerand, minister of commerce, proposes to establish in the United States a school in which French students of technology will be instructed in the methods of Ameri- can industrial production. Said Mr. Bouquet : Mr. Millerand himself is the initiator of the scheme. We realize that America now leads the van in industrial progress. She is far ahead of England, Germany, and ourselves in organization and methods of work. Hitherto we have been sending numbers of engineering students to Germany, England, and Bel- gium, but the minister has come to the conclusion that the field which offers the greatest profit in their study is the United C72 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 States. He has therefore resolved to concentrate his efforts there. A few students will still be sent to European countries to study special industries, but for general technical education they will go to the United States, where they will be able to study, under competent guid- ance, that audacity, inventive genius, and marvellous organization which have lifted the industrial world of America above her European rivals. BRITISH-ORIENTAL MAILS VIA SAN FRANCISCO. j During the month occurred the first transfer of the Australia-London mail by way of San Francisco and across the continent to New York. Those mails are hereafter regularly to be transferred by the same route. The time from Sidney via the Suez- Brindisi route is from four to five days longer than via the San Francisco-New York route. The steamships which carry these mails are of the Oceanic Company, plying between Australian ports and San Francisco. They are American built and the company is an American one. From New York the Australia- London mail is carried in steamers of the Cunard line. The French government has also given its mail business to the American steamship and railway route. " It is our hope," said an official of the New York Central railroad, when this change of route was announced, "that the Australians will travel to their mother country by this route. We hope, too, that a large freight traffic will be attracted this way." CANADA. Prohibition in Hanitoba. AN IMPORTANT DECISION. AVERY important decision has been rendered by the Privy Council of England, relating to the constitutionality of the Manitoba anti-liquor law enacted July 4, 1900 (p.121). The appeal from the decision of the Manitoba Court of King's Bench, which decision was rendered last Feb- ruary, is fully justified by the decision of the Privy Council that the legisla- ture of Manitoba " had power " to enact that prohibitory liquor law. This is the reply to the first of the eleven questions that were submitted to the Council. In regard to the other ten questions the judgment says : " Their lordships are of opinion that the answer to question one answers questions one to eleven, and that therefore no useful answer can be given to these questions." The news of the momentous decision reached Winnipeg November 22. It occasioned general surprise, and " probably the most surprised people," says the Toronto Globe, were the members of the Manitoba government, who had thought the question shelved for several years." The point covered by the decision has been in dispute ever since the confedera- tion. Reviewing the judicial decisions heretofore made, bearing upon the point, the Mail and Empire (Toronto) says that they have been " conflicting if not con- founding. At all events they have been far from helpful." Respecting the now accredited Manitoba law itself the same paper says : " It is a very sweeping measure. According to its provisions, no liquor can be sold anywhere, nor even can it be given away, as a beverage. No license can be issued; no sale can be made, wholesale or retail, except for medicinal industrial, or religious purposes, and in such cases the drug stores furnish the supply under strict regulations. The Manitoba courts held the act ultra vires. They regarded it as an interference with trade, and as an encroachment upon the Dominion revenue. But the highest court takes the contrary ground, and pronounces this wide measure of prohibi- tion entirely constitutional. It seems now to be the law that the province which can license can also refuse to license, and that when the license is refused there can be no sales. Appar- entiy the jurisdiction is concurrent. The Dominion can prohibit within its area, and the provinces can prohibit within their limits. The Manitoba prohibition law therefore passes into operation." WILL THE LAW BE ENFORCED ? Various opinions were expressed by prominent representatives of the busi- ness, religious, and social interests of Manitoba as to the precise effects of the law if it shall be enforced, and also as to whether it is likely to be effectively enforced. Mr. W. E. Perdue, who appeared for the Hudson Bay Company before the Manitoba courts last February, said: " In view of the validity of the act being up. CANADA. 673 held by the Privy Council, it will be a or tin.- government at once to dei lare its intention either to proclaim or enfon e it. or declare its intention of introducing a repeal at the next session of the legis- lature. Until the act is either proclaimed or repealed there trill be great uncertainty amongst all engaged in the liquor traffic, and there will be a disturbing effect 00 credit In general." Mr. E. L Taylor, ? resident of the Manitoba branch of the dominion Alliance, said : '■ The value of this decision to the cause of prohibition is very great as it makes the issue clear and will enable friends of the cause here to work in thi.-i reform fully confident of ultimate success. It will also greatly assist OUT friends in the other provinces of the Dominion. The temperance peo- ple of Manitoba may be depended upon to rally to the support of the government in enforcing this law." One of the most interesting utterances respecting the situ- ation is that of Mr. John R. Dougall of the Montreal Daily Witness: " I cannot quite make out how much we are to expect yet. The wording of the dispatch is mis- leading, of course. Everyone knows that Manitoba has the right to pass a liquor act. The question is whether the Privy Council's decision gives the province the right to enforce the liquor act which has already been passed. (Granting that it does, the importance of the decision can- not be exaggerated. It is an overwhelm- ing victory for the cause of temperance. We may soon count on seeing the sale of liquor prohibited in every province in the Dominion, with the exception of the province of Quebec, which in the matter of temperance is admittedly past redemp- tion." Canadian Reciprocity. The question of Canadian recipro- city has been brought into prominence by the general discussion of reciproc- ity in the United States. The Cana- dian Manufacturers' Association held its annual banquet in Montreal, No- vember q. Sir Wilfred Laurici was present and made a noteworthy speech upon commercial relations. The interpretation placed on the observations made by the premier is that the International Commission is not hkely to resume its sittings. Sir Wilfred I.aurier remarked amid applause, " We are not sending any more reciprocity tions to Washington, but 1 should not be surprised if Washington were to send a delegation to us, and we would receive them with the greatest polite- \ nother noteworthy address upon the same subject was made on No- vember 7 belore the Chamber of Commerce of New York by John Charlton, M. P., of Canada, who dis- cussed trade relations between the States and the Provinces, and ad\o- cated reciprocity. Mr. Charlton was a member of the Joint High Commis- sion which failed to settle the Alaskan boundary question. A committee of the New York ( lumber of Commerce has been appointed to present Canadian reci- procity to President Roosevelt. The difficulty on the Canadian side is to give the United States sufficient con- cessions without injuring or obstruct- ing Canada's trade with Great Britain. A Canadian paper puts its case as follows : Canada's tariff should be framed wholly with a view to what is best for Canada. When the preferential tariff was adopted it was found to be possible to favor the goods of our best customer, the mother country, while advantaging our own consumers. We will not hurt ourselves in trying to impress on the Americans the value of our trade to them. In fact, we will have no eye on any other people in any fiscal arrange- ments we may make, but solely on what is best in the general interests of the Canadian people. If we find it profitable to buy from the United States we will unquestionably do so, but the tendency of trade will be to exchange with the countries with which it is easiest to ex- change, and that will most likely be with the countries to whom we sell most. On the other hand, Prof. Goldwin Smith in an article in the Dry Goods Economist reiterates his well known views that the natural trade channels for Canada are to the southward, and that attempts to build up trade in disregard of those channels are largely artificial and economically injurious. The Court of Appeals Question. The London conference of colonial representatives with the imperial gov- ernment respecting the Court of Ap- peals 1 p. } j,s 1 question reached definite conclusion in November. A London 674 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 dispatch dated the 24th stated that the Daily Mail had received from its Sidney correspondent word that Sec- retary Chamberlain had informed Premier Barton of Australia that the London conference had resolved that appeals shall continue from the colo- nies to the Privy Council according to the existing satisfactory system, and that Mr. Chamberlain had invited colonial suggestions as to details tending toward simplicity of proce- dure. It is stated that the colonies will periodically make appointments to the judicial committee. The conclusion is in accord with the attitude of Canada rather than that of Australia. i*lore Troops for the Boer War. The enthusiastic loyalty with which the Do minion, on the occasion afforded by the outbreak of hostilities in South Africa, made its contribution to the demonstration to the world of the essential unity of the British Empire, declared itself anew in the offer of the government early in November to furnish a further contingent of 600 artillerymen for the Boer war. The Toronto Globe, under date of November 24, received a dispatch from Ottawa stating that the imperial government had accepted Canada's offer. On the 27th the Globe printed the following : There is a tendency in some quarters to criticize the government on the ground that it is not doing sufficient to aid the imperial authorities in compari- son with the help rendered by other colonies. These critics appear to forget that in addition to dispatching two con- tingents to South Africa the Canadian government has for about two years maintained a regiment at Halifax in order to release from garrison duty there an imperial corps which is now on active service. The maintenance of this regi- ment at Halifax entails an expenditure of about $1,000 a day, or $300,000 a year. Supplies for meeting this expense have been voted until June 30 next, by which time Canada will have contributed nearly a million of dollars, in addition to a previous outlay of $2,000,000, towards the defence of imperial interests. The offer of a new contingent, however, showed that the disposition of the government to help to the end to pay the full price for the final vic- tory to be achieved over the Boers remains unaltered. Nova Scotia Liberals. The overwhelming victory of the Nova Scotia Liberals in September (p. 555) in the campaign- for the choice of members of the new legis- lature, was followed, November 19, by another notable triumph in the municipal elections which took place throughout the province. The county councils are elected by direct vote of the people, there being one municipal representative, or county coun- cillor, from each polling district, and they hold office for three years. The elections were in the main fought out on straight party lines, and as a result the Liberals swept the province. In the eighteen counties of Nova Scotia, represented by between 500 and 600 councillors, the Liberals hold over two-thirds of the representation. They have a majority in sixteen of the eighteen counties, and in the remaining two the representation is about evenly divided between Lib- erals and Conservatives. This victory while giving the Liberal party control of municipal as well as Federal and local affairs, will make that party in- vulnerable in Nova Scotia. British Columbia. The province has been in a fever of political disturbance for three years. The cabinet situation which was outlined in our November issue (P- 556 ; see also Vol. 10, p. 477) induced Mr. Brown to appeal to the constituency, the issue in the election being whether a government endorsed and advised by Mr. Joseph Martin should be sustained, in view of the fact that the Dunsmuir government was formed by the anti-Martin mem- bers of the legislature. Mr. Brown suffered defeated and resigned his portfolio. It appears that the people of the province have had enough of Mr. Martin, and the government is seriously em- barrassed in consequence of its ^associ- ation with him. It is stated that the Dunsmuir government was expected by the electors to restore public confidence and so to legislate as to induce the in- vestment in the industries of the province CANADA. 675 of much-needed capital, which former labor legislation was understood to be keeping out. The Trouble in Klondike. Under date of November 1 7 the San Francisco Call printed a report coming from Skagway, Alaska, that a huge conspiracy had been discov- ered, existing in Dawson and ramifying to Skagway, Victoria, Vancouver, and Seattle, for the overthrow of the local government of the Northwest territory, and the establishing of a republic, with Dawson as its capital. Accord- ing to the details of the story, arms, ammunition, and provisions had been taken in over the railroad and cached at strategic points. Prominent resi- dents of Skagway were said to be leaders in the conspiracy, and miners to the number of 5,000 were said to await the summons to arms, ready to fight for independence from Dominion rule in the gold fields, camps, and towns. On November 21 the Seattle Times confirmed the tale and. claimed to have in its possession documents and seals of the "Order of the Mid- night Sun," the secret society which was organized to overthrow Canadian authority. The report was also con- firmed by the Canadian authorities. Information of the conspiracy reached tin- government some time before the public heard of it, and reinforcements of police were quietly moved up to the Yukon and stationed at White Noise to prevent any movement of freebooters across the border. Whether the raid was sufficiently well planned or strongly supported to have resulted in any measure of success is doubtful, but the prompt action of the police, supplemented by the precautionary measures ordered from the seat of government, was thought sufficient to render impossible any attempt at in- vasion. In less than a week after the publi- cation of the report the belief was generally expressed that all danger was at an end. The discovery of the plot and the prompt action of the Canadian authorities " nipped in the bud " what might have proved the flowering of the worst passions of the rough Northwest. The month, how ever, ended with si^ns in some quar- ters that the end was not yet. The plot had been discovered and frus- trated, but the plotters were still at large and were said to represent large numbers of "the riff-raff of roaring camps " and determined schemers for material gain at whatever peril to the peace of two friendly powers. Two quotations from Canadian papers may be made bearing on an important question connected with the affair and situation. Said the Toronto Mail and Empire ( November 28) : It is evidently the effort of a small and uninfluential group of Great Britain's implacable enemies in the United States to perpetrate a wholesale robbery of gold, and if possible at the same time to em- broil this country in unfriendly contro- versy with the Republic. It would serve their ends admirably, in spite of their failure, if Canada were disposed to mag nify the incident, and attribute it to a widespread conspiracy against British authority on the northern half of this continent. We know pretty accurately the extent and the weight of the raiding element in the republic. They are a class of people who would as soon assas- sinate a president as blow up the Well and Canal. Enjoying as they do the shelter of the Republic, they are prepared to vio- late that hospitality at any moment, either to injure their host or his friendly neighbor. The Toronto Globe published the following as coming from a high offi- cial of the Dominion government : No respectable Americans were asso- ciated with the conspiracy, but, so far as we can make out, the men at the bottom of it were disreputable adventurers. Redmond in Canada. The representatives of the Irish parliamentary party visiting this con- tinent in November addressed a mass meeting of Irishmen in Montreal on the evening of the 20th. The speeches of Messrs. Redmond, leader of the Irish Nationalists (Vol. 10, p. 1039), O'Donnell, and McHugh were to the same purport as those prev- iously delivered in other places, the 676 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. January No., 1902 various sentiments expressed finding their culmination in Redmond's decla- ration that the Irish intend to remain disloyal and rebellious until England wants peace and consents to pay the same price she paid Canada — inde- pendent government. At a luncheon given to the envoys by the Irish societies of Ottawa the Canadian premier, Sir Wilfred Laurier, and some of his official colleagues were present. This was made the subject of emphatic and somewhat bitter com- ment in various London papers, as suggested by the following sentences from the Globe of November 26 : The appearance at the same table of the patriot statesman who organized successive contingents of loyal Canadians for active service in South Africa with an Irishman who has publicly prayed that heaven might bring success to the Boers is an anomaly of a mournful type. The blood of those Canadians who fell at Paardeberg and on fifty other stricken fields cries out against such a meeting, and if it be true that the viceregal comp- troller of the household and Earl Minto's aide-de-camp were present at a subsequent demonstration, official notice must be taken of it. Australian Trade. Great interest now exists in Canada in regard to the possibility of making a favorable tariff agreement with the new commonwealth of Australia, par- ticularly for retaining the present trade with New South Wales. A Canadian paper thus explains the situation : Previous to the union New South Wales was the only colony in Australia entitled to the preference provided for in the Can- adian tariff, its policy having been one of free trade. Now the situation is quite changed since it has become evident that the policy of the commonwealth will be somewhat highly protective. Our cous- ins at the antipodes, like our cousins to the south of us, believe in restricting their trade to themselves. Like the lat- ter, they have become, as a result of their new-found unity, enamored of continent- ahsm. As they have raised their tariff against free trade Britain, as well as against protectionist Canada, and as we cannot possibly offer better terms than Great Britain spontaneously grants, the chances for reciprocity are not en- couraging. The Australian tariff is not only higher, it is said, than the Cana- dian, but it includes a system of bounties on iron, steel, some kinds of machinery, and agricultural implements. As these latter formed the principal item in our ex- ports to Australia, amounting in value last year to nearly a million and a half dollars, the Commonwealth tariff is a direct blow at Canadian trade. We cannot certainly expect that the Austra- lians will agree to a plan of reciprocity which would include articles on which they are prepared to give their home manufacturers a bonus. The principal article to be affected is flour. The Australian duty is $12.00 per ton so long as Australia produces a surplus. To Canadians this might prove prohibitory. Miscellaneous. The comparatively mild form of smallpox which is so generally preva- lent at the present time creates con- siderable anxiety throughout Canada lest it develop into a more virulent form of the disease. On November 14 there were reported over fifty centres of population throughout the Dominion where the disease was. . In Quebec and other places the deep- seated objection to vaccination which prevailed some years ago has largely given way before governmental require- ments. It was reported from St. John, N. B., November 30, that there had been thirteen deaths from small- pox, and eleven thousand vaccina- tions. A disastrous fire in the lumbering and shipping town of Pugwash, N. S., on the evening of Nov. 10, destroyed about twenty -five buildings with their contents. Only about one third of the property was protected by insur- ance. Pugwash was similarly afflicted two years ago. Canada has been asked to send exhibits to the International Exhibi- tion of Fisheries and the International Congress of Fisheries to be held in St. Petersburg in February and March. A movement is being made to get the Northwest territories erected into a province. They are said to contain a larger population (150,000) than MEXICO. 677 hat of British Columbia when it was mule r province. The principal reason giVen why the change is demanded i> the need of more rev- enue to carry on works of public im- provement, as the Dominion* subsidy would give the territories, if provinces, more than they enjoy at present. MEXICO. The Pan-American Congress. IN the scheme adopted for the organization of the Pan-Ameri- can Congress in the city of Mexico (p. 612) nineteen committees were appointed to consider the ques- tions on which that body is to delib- erate. The Pan-American railway commit- tee, of which ex-Senator Davis of the United States delegation is chairman, reported to the conference that the plan of such a railway is feasible from the standpoint of both engineering and finance. In dwelling on the expediency of con- structing an international railroad, Mr. Davis mentioned the fact that some of the South American delegates in order to reach Mexico for the present Pan- American conference had to make the journey by way of Kurope or New York. A letter mailed in the United States for some of the South American republics goes first to Europe and thence to its destination. Mr. Davis estimates the mileage of the international railroad to be constructed at 5,000 miles in order to link existing systems, and calculates the cost at $200,000,000. or at the rate of $40,000 per mile. The report terminates with recommendations that all the material necessary for the construction and opera- tion of the railroad be declared free from import duties, and that it be declared forever neutral in order to assure freedom of traffic. The suggestion is also made that the United States send a competent person to all of the republics of America to study the resources of the several countries, the location and status of exist- ing railroads, present trade conditions, prospective traffic for the intercontinental railroad when built, and what concessions each government would be disposed to grant. For the consideration of the com- mittee on commerce Mr. VY. I. Bu- chanan, delegate from the United States, submitted a project for uni- formity of name and description of the common articles of Pan-American trade, such system to be made the basis of the customs schedules of the several republics. A proposition for a Pan-American bank has been under consideration. A plan for the reorganization of the bureau of American republics includes the objects of preparing Courtesy of The World's Work. JOSE YVES I.IMANTOUR. MEXICAN MINISTER OK MNAM I. reports and statistics for the next conference, the preservation of archives, and the compilation of data on the commerce, industry and agri- culture of the republics composing the bureau. The Mexican delegation has pre- sented a project on international sanitary regulations, recommending the abolition of strict quarantine on all kinds of merchandise, and a quaran- tine of observation on vessels carrying 678 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 passengers and on trains entering two or more countries, to the end that the period of detention in quarantine may be reduced. The adoption of local hygienic measures is also recom- mended. Opinions are by no means unanimous upon this subject. The much discussed topics at the conference are the Monroe doctrine and arbitration. Several speakers have coupled the Monroe doctrine with the Diaz doctrine, named in honor of President Diaz. The for- mer is designed to ward off European aggression and the latter affirms the inviolability of each of the American republics from aggression by any other. On the subject of arbitration great differences of opinion have been manifested. The plan of a treaty provided that the parties thereto will bind themselves to submit to an in- ternational court all claims proceed- ing from pecuniary losses and dam- ages occasioned to any state or its citizens, on account of acts or omis- sions of another state or any' of its citizens, if such claims cannot be adjusted diplomatically. The mem- bers of the international tribunal are to be appointed by the several repub- lics, each country appointing three. There is a special provision for Anglo-Saxon representation. The judges who are to serve on each case are to be selected from this general list. An appeal is allowed in certain cases to a tribunal composed of a larger number of judges. At the close of November it seemed doubtful if a comprehensive scheme of arbitration wouM be ratified by all the republics represented at the congress. The Tehuantepec Railway. The Mexican government is hasten- ing the completion of this important railway which may have the effect of considerable lessening, from a com- ■ mercial point of view, the importance of the projected Nicaragua canal. The railway stretches across the Tehuantepec isthmus with terminal ports at Coatzacoalcos harbor on the Atlantic side, and at Salina Cruz harbor on the Pacific side — which will accommodate vessels of any size in all weathers, thirty-three feet of water being provided. It is signifi- cant that the geographical position oi the new railway commands the whole of the Mississippi trade, as the freight can be collected on the Missis- sippi and its tributaries, and towed right across the Gulf of Mexico with- out transfer to Coatzacoalcos, thereby saving 2,500 miles in distance over any canal route. The railway is owned by the Mexican government. Its completion has been placed with contractors (S. Pearson & Sons) under a partnership agreement. It is said that they mean to finish the work within two years. An expenditure of about fifty millions of dollars is in- volved. At Salina Cruz a dock of 50 acres is projected, with quays of 4,000 feet in length, the entrance to the dock being protected by a huge breakwater 1,000 feet in length, formed of granite blocks forty tons in weight. No less than nine hundred wooden bridges have to be replaced with structures of iron, steel or masonry. Abolition of the Free Zone. The so-called " free zone " is a strip along the northern boundary of Mexico about twelve and a half miles in width, and extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific coast, a distance of 1833 miles. Mexico is a country of very high import duties, but since 1884 all foreign goods that have entered the free zone have paid less than one-fifth of the regular schedule of duties on imports. Amer- ican merchants along the border have never liked the free zone and the majority of Mexican merchants have long regarded it as commercially dis- advantageous. The recent decision of the Mexican government to abolish that zone, therefore, meets with very general approval. The virtual exemption of goods from duties in the free zone has encouraged many residents to buy from cities to the north and on the seaboard, thus diverting their patronage from American merchants along the border, who insist that they should have the American trade of the /U.v/.s// WEST INDIES. 679 Mexicans living only a few miles from them. The population of the free zone is about 80,000, and the loss of most of this trade has been severely felt. The free zone has, too, offered: a powerful incentive to smuggling, which was re- strained only by the establishment of a costly system of inspection along the northern and the southern borders. The main object in establishing the zone was to diminish the incentive for smuggling. Instead, however, it only encouragea it. Trade With Jlexico. The United States Treasury Bureau of Statistics publishes a table showing the rapid growth in American exports to Mexico in the fifteen years since 1887 — a result due to the increased facilities for transportation since the opening of the Mexican Central and Mexican National railways. Till then the trade of Mexico was carried on by British houses ; but now the British trade is conducted by a few agencies which by means of samples and catalogues procure orders for goods ; for there is in Mexico today no important British commercial establishment. Through the fifteen years the exports of merchandise from the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Spain were as follows (in millions of dollars): , United Inited Ger- Year States Kingdom France many Spain 1887 7.9 5-8 7-6 11 1.3 1888 9-9 6-7 8.5 1.6 1.3 1889 11.5 7-9 10.8 3.5 1.6 1890 13.2 9-8 10.7 3.5 1.8 1891 U-9 9-5 8.8 3.4 1.5 1892 14.3 7.2 6.8 2.9 1.4 1893 '9-6 6.1 5.4 2.9 1.3 1894 n.8 6.4 5.8 2.7 14 1895 « -° 8-« 7-5 4-o 1.5 1896 .19-5 8.2 6.4 3.7 1.7 1897 23-4 8.4 5.1 4.3 1.5 1898 21.2 9-3 5-8 4-9 *•« 1899 *5S >o-7 7.1 5-4 2.9 1900 34.9 10.5 1901 3M ~ The Case of T\r. r\ealy. On November 16 it transpired that Philip C. Hanna, consul-general of the United States for Northern Mexico, had received the records in the case of Mr. Mealy, the American citizen who is said to have been un- justly imprisoned at Monterey in October (p. 613) in the effort by influential Mexicans to dispossess him of valuable mining property. Consul- General Hanna forwarded the rec- ords to Washington with recommenda- tions stating ( as reported) that there- exists a conspiracy to persecute Mealy, and that unless the govern- ment secures his release at once and obtains redress, the rights of all Americans will be jeopardized. DANISH WEST INDIES. AT the beginning of November it was currently reported as doubtful whether the projected treaty of cession of the Danish West Indies to the United States would be completed in time to submit it to Con- gress early in December. The slow- ness in the negotiations between the government and L. S. Swenson, United States minister, was attributed to the influence of a member of the royal family closely connected with the commercial interests which started the agitation against the sale. The entrance into power of a new ministry (under the premiership of Dr. Deunt- zer) made it necessary to go over again much of the ground. A letter from St. Thomas appearing in the New York Evening Post near the close of the month says : The Dan, the aristocratic and repre- sentative club of !St Thomas, has on behalf of the inhabitants of the Danish West Indies, just forwarded a petition to King Christian protesting against the proposed sale of the islands. The peti- tion states that it is hoped that Germany, " which already has a score to settle with America," may prevent the consumma- tion of the sale in the last moment. It is also alleged that a syndicate of American capitalists is buying up all the planta- tions, in order to create a monopoly in West Indian beet sugar and with a view to throttling all local opposition to the sale. At the beginning of December, however, the dispatches were confi. 6*o AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 denlly staling that a full agreement had finally been reached between Denmark and the United States. NICARAGUA. President Zelaya Re-elected. GENERAL Santos J. Zelaya has been re-elected president for four years by a large vote. Some days before the election, in a dispatch dated at Managua, November 6, it was reported that President Zelaya had issued a decree abrogating on October 24, 1902, the Dickinson- Ayon Treaty of 1867 between the United States and Nicaragua. The Mosquito Protectorate. The treaty of Managua, negotiated about fifty years ago between Great Britain and Nicaragua, imposed upon the British government the duty of protecting the Mosquito Indians. It is said that Great Britain is now trying to have the Nicaraguan government enter into treaty obligations to care for those Indians in the future. The Mosquito Indians occupy a tract of land along the coast of Nicaragua be- tween Costa Rica and Honduras. They are one of the few native races that were never subjugated by the Spaniards. In 1848 Great Britain espoused the cause of the Mosquitoes in a conflict with the Nicaraguan government, established a protectorate over them, and forced the Nicaraguans to recognize their independ- ence. It is interesting to recall that the first direct application of thep >licy of the Monroe doctrine in affairs between the United States and Great Britain, relates to this British protectorate over the Mosquito territory. The difficulty was adjusted by the provisions of theClayton- Bulwer treaty which was signed at Wash- ington, April 19, 1850. A statement made at Managua in November, by Mr. Paget, secretary of the British legation to the republics of Central America, that the United States has approved the claim of Great Britain to be recognized as pro- tector of the Mosquito Indians in Eastern Nicaragua attracted the attention of diplomats in Washington and created some danger of a misunderstanding. The fact is that so far from acquiring any new privileges on the Mosquito coast, the British government is relinquishing those it now enjoys. COLOMBIA AND VENEZUELA. STUDENTS of the course of events in Colombia during November were not permitted to fall into inattention through lack of reports more or less interesting and reliable. Early in the month special dis- patches stated that Liberal forces were concentrating at points not far from Panama and an attack on that place seemed not unlikely. The seat of war was fcr the time transferred to the isthmus, heavy rains in the Cor- dilleras having, induced an armistice of several weeks between the troops along the Colombia-Venezuelan fron- tier. Rumors of the increasing unpopu- larity of President Castro of Venezu- ela were persistent. Dr. Eduardo Blanco, Venezuelan minister of foreign affairs, had resigned his portfolio, largely in consequence of President Castro's answer to the Pan-American Congress (p. 616). It was said that Dr. Blanco would be succeeded by Dr. Pachano. The Colombian gov- ernment was also having its troubles. The first official act of a new Colombian congress is to appoint a " designado." an official who succeeds to the presidency upon the retirement of both the president and vice president. General Rafael Reyes, Colombian minister to France, during November in attendance upon the Congress of American republics at the city of Mexico as one of the Colombian delegates, holds that position. Informa- tion reached the Colombian legation in New York to the effect that a commission composed of three Colombian officials was about to leave Bogota for Mexico, to endeavor to induce General Reyes to accompany it back to the Colombian capital and take up the reins of govern- ment. Notwithstanding the fact that the former president, San Clemente, has been out of office for some time, it is true that he is still the constitutional president of Colombia, and he has yet to tender his resignation of that office. However, San Clemente, it is stated, has said he will tender his resignation, provided Pres- ident Marroquin, who is constitutionally only the vice-president, will do likewise. A great many of the present complications in Colombia have arisen out of this situ- ation, and the strong factions back of the commission see in General Reyes an COLU.MlU.l AND VENEZUELA. 6«i . WL- rrom the N. Y. Tribune. VIEW IN COLON — IRON ;T STREET. official with a clean title to the presidency, if, as they confidently believe, President Marroqoin can -be induced to relinquish his office. At the end of the month it was yet to be seen how General Reyes himself would regard the move. It is believed by many that with General Reyes at the head of the Colombian government civil war would cease. The Fall of Colon. Under date of November 20 came reports of an unexpected attack of the Liberals upon Colon the evening before. The government was unpre- pared ; the resistance was but slight ; and after some fighting in front of the cuartel and in certain streets for an hour and a half, the Liberals gained ssion of all the public offices, and of the town itself. The United States gunboat Mechms took no action while the fight was in progress, but the next morning it landed a de- tachment of marines to guard the railroad station and other property of the road. At Panama, at the other end of the road, everything remained quiet Colon, called for many vears Aspinwall by Americans, is a place of not over 2.000 inhabitants and derives its import- ance from the fact that it is the northern terminus of the Panama railroad. The place was attacked by a force numbering less than two hundred. Most of the government soldiers were away at Chor- rera where fighting has been going on. In the taking of Colon it is reported that 14 men were killed and 22 wounded. The landing of United States marines to guard property has nothing to do with the Monroe doctrine, but results from our treaty agreement with Colombia, of many years' standing, that we will see that the railway shall be uninterrupted. The tidings of the fall of Colon caused some apprehension at the state and navy departments in Wash- ington. As the result of consultations it was resolved to take no chances of an infringement of the treaty rights of the United States. Therefore, Act- ing-Secretary Hill directed Consul- General Gudger at Panama to inform all who were molesting or interfering with free transit across the isthmus that such interference must cease. It does not appear, however, that the insurgents did anything to incur the censure of the United States govern- ment. Foreigners were respected and protected, and transit across the isthmus was uninterrupted. Colon Retaken. As the month drew to a close, the Colombian government, still holding Panama, had reir.fomed its soldier \ there and assumed the aggressive. There were reports of conservative victories at Culebra and Emperador 682 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. January No., 1902 on the line of the railway (see map, p. 660) a dozen miles from Panama. During the series of engagements the Liberals seem to have achieved one notable victory at Buena Vista, Colonel Barrera commanding. It was, however, not wholly a victory, for the reports stated that the Liberals were obliged to retreat from their position. Their loss, in killed and wounded, was com- paratively insignificant. American marines from the loiva at Panama and the Machias at Colon were on land and perhaps not far from the scenes of war, though not engaging therein. On the morning of November 24 the Colombian gunboat General Pin- ton arrived in the harbor at Colon. The Liberal standard, a large red flag, bearing the words Patria y Liber tad, was flying at the cuartel. Commander Ignacio Foliaco, of the Genera/ Pinzon, gave notice to the American, British, and French warships lying in the harbor of his intention to bombard the place. There was great excite- ment in Colon — a town in which, as the traveller says, " even the very dogs and donkeys look forlorn and unhappy." No relief was really expected. The air was heavy with the tidings of the defeat of the Liberal forces at Matachin by the Conservative General Alban, who was said to be moving toward Colon. The bombardment was delayed. It did not occur. But on the. 28th of No- vember Colon was surrendered to the government forces. The triumph was followed by a great firing of guns from the General Pinzon and a gen- eral revelry of delight among the Conservatives and theif sympathizers. Respecting the agency of the United States in the Colon affair the New York Tribune says : The surrender of Colon appears to have been brought about chiefly through United States intervention. That is the most interesting feature of the case to this country. We do not mean that our forces there allied themselves with either of the belligerents. They carefully re- frained from so doing. But they vigor ously maintained the rights of the United States, and such action made it expe- dient for the two parties to cease hostili- ties at Colon and along the line of the isthmian railroad. It will be remem- bered that the United States authorities restrained the Colombian government from bombarding Colon and thus driving the insurgents out., Such bombardment would have interfered with free transit across the isthmus, which the Colombian government guarantees to us, and so was properly objected to by the United States. Similarly the United States would not permit either of the belligerents to use the railroad for the trans- portation of troops or contraband of war. Such prohibition was necessary if the neutrality of the road was to be maintained, and the latter must be main- tained if the road is to be respected and remain undisturbed by the belligerents. Chile and the Argentine Republic. The settlement of the general boundary question between Chile and Argentina is in the hands of a tribu- nal appointed by the British govern- ment (Vol. 9, p. 185). A dispatch from Buenos Ay res to the London Daily Mail late in October stated that Chile had occupied the disputed territory in the Cordilleras, building military roads, without waiting for Great Britain's award. The Argen- tine government was seeking explana- tions, rumor having it that the Argen- tine minister in Santiago would be re- called. But the Chilean government explaining that its sole purpose was to make necessary roads, with a view of facilitating the work of the British arbitration commissioners, the little war-cloud was dissipated in thin air. At the beginning of December report came from Santiago de Chile of interviews between the minister of the Argentine Republic and the Chi- lean minister of foreign affairs. Senor Infante, the Chilean charge d'affaires at Washington, was quoted in a dis- patch as saying : Both sides are considering propositions, which will lead to a settlement. .My information is that they will reach an amicable agreement. All talk of war be- tween Chile and Argentina is groundless. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. <*3 QUEEN HELENE OE ITALY, RKTUTKIJ HEAD OF THE "CAPRARI." Affairs in Europe. GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Britain's Condition. PRESSED upon by the vast ex- penditures and woes of the Boer war and also by the indus- trial and commercial rivalry of power- ful nations, England seems like a strong man weary and staggering along a " lonely furrow." Too many Englishmen themselves are despond- ent and inclined to pessimistic views. Mi. Leonard Courtney, writing in the Guardian (Manchester) expresses the opinion that the hour foretold by Jevons has arrived. A generation ago Professor Jevons (Owens College, Manchester) ascribed Great Britain's pre-eminence as a producer or, in other words, lier superior cheapness as a producer, to the fact that she had cheaper power, that is, cheap coal and cheap iron, in juxtaposition. Jevons fore- told that this power must pass away and that persons then living would probably see the end of it. That fatal hour Mr. Courtney thinks has arrived. The average Erice of coal at the pit-mouth in the fnited States is less than at the pit- mouth in Great Britain and the demand* of the recent war proved the American product able to bear the strain with more elasticity than the British. He finds the same results in the case of steel. The material elements of power, coal and steel, he thinks, are already cheaper in the United States than m Great Britain. 684 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. January No., 1902 A Canadian paper questions the accuracy of Mr. Courtney's figures and quotes an authority (name not given) who gives a doliar and a quarter only as the price per ton at the pit-mouth in England compared with one dollar and seventy-five cents at Cape Breton and from two dollars and a half to three dollars at the Pacific coast. Yet the same paper says : We cannot but recognize that there is at least an apparent tendency in the direc- tion Mr. Courtney speaks of, and there is no denying the ominousness of his reasoning. If cheap power is the secret of commercial predominance then must the commercial primacy go where power is cheapest. The present aspects of the Boer war and the outlook are treated else- where in this magazine. The immense increase of the national debt and the decrease of British trade are well known facts. But it is very easy to fall into exaggeration of the signifi- cance of such facts. Great Britain is very far indeed from the exhausted condition that many imagine. And when once the unhappy strife in South Africa is over and the English people lay aside the dissensions that have grown up in connection with that strife, it will be seen that the empire has become the more solidified and strengthened during the times of severe strain and vast expenditure, and has not lost its recuperative energy. Lord Salisbury's speech at the Guild- hall in London, November 9, in connec- tion with the installation services of the new Lord Mayor (Sir Joseph C. Dimsdale) has received much criticism, but though it was expressive of the "weariness" which probably all Englishmen feel over the prolongation of the South African situation, it was also expressive of those traits which have made England what it is and which will doubtless persist through great achievements for generations yet to come. Personal and Miscellaneous. The historic Battle Abbey created by William the Conquerer, and the estate, comprising 6,000 acres, sur- rounding it, were sold at public auc- tion, November 26, for $1,000,000. Much conjecture was made as to whom the real estate agent, who was the successful bidder, represented. One of London's dense fogs enveloped the metropolis November 4, covering not only the city, but the Thames valley and the adjacent coun- try for many miles. River navigation and railway traffic were seriously inter- rupted. A week later great gales, rain and snow intermingling, swept all the coasts of the United Kingdom and caused a vast amount of wreck- age. Nearly a hundred deaths were reported. The London City Council has refused permit to an American syndi- cate to erect a ten million dollar "skyscraper" on the Strand. The Council is said to be showing con- siderable development of energy respecting the improvement of metro- politan rapid transit since the opera- tions of the American syndicate rep- resented by Mr. Jerkes. This syndi- cate, however, had not in November accomplished any practical results, since it had been obstructed by a controversy over the method of elec- tric traction on the old underground system. The Duke of Cornwall and York, heir apparent, has been made Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. This is said to be his reward for the skilful manner in which the duke recently accomplished his difficult mission to the British dominions beyond the seas. His speech at the Lord Mayor's banquet, November 9, is highly praised. Mr. Chamberlain's speech at Edin- burgh (p. 618) in which he met Ger- man criticisms on operations in South Africa by animadversions on the Ger- man army, prompted bitter attacks on him and Great Britain from German sources, and even in England his speech has increased his unpopularity. The affair, however, does not appear to have lessened the sincerity of Eng- land's tribute to Count von Hatzfeldt, the late German ambassador, who died at the embassy November 22. The unusual military honors attending the GERMANY. 685 removal of his body to the train are said to have been ordered by King Edward in part to show that the govern- ment is not affected by the anti-Lng- lish tempest in Germany. GERMANY. Bad Times. THE industrial and commercial depression in Germany, says the Berlin correspondent of the London Times, grows more and more serious in consequence of the increase in the number of the unemployed. According to the clerical organ, Ger- manic y the number of the unemployed in that city does not fall short of 80,000. One of the main causes of the economic crisis is uncertainty re- garding the future commercial policy of the empire, combined with the belief that on the basis of the projected tariff it will be impossible to conclude commercial treaties with countries which, like Russia, have become the chief markets for the products of German industry. One effect of the new tariff scheme will be to impose an additional annual tax of $3.60 on the bread consumed by the average working class family. Tariff Discussion. November 1 2 it was stated in Berlin dispatches that the Federal Council (bundesrath) had approved the bill embodying the proposed new tariff. With the exception of slight modifica- tions the bill was identical with the one originally published (p. 437). The bundesrath, representing the individ- ual states of Germany, merely regis- ters the emperor's will. Publicopinion in Hamburg and in other places is strongly opposed to the new tariff, but it is not regarded as likely that the Agrarians, who dictated the terms of the bill, will consent to any modifi- cation of it. The reichstag, which resumed its session November 26 and which is under Agrarian influences, is expected to stand by the measure whatever the outcome. What that outcome is likely to be is thus stated by Public Opinion : The export trade of the United States in agricultural products will be largely curtailed, while Austria and Italy, Ger- many's allies, will feel themselves so seriously aggrieved that reprisals have been promised in advance. Thus, in the midst of a period of industrial and finan- cial depression, Germany is faced by a commercial storm manufactured by the emperor to the order of the Agrarian league and demanded as the price of its approval of the emperor's expensive naval and canal programs. Personal and Miscellaneous. The agitation against duelling con- tinues, having received fresh impulse from an affair at Insterburg, East Prussia, in which Lieutenant Blasko- witz was shot and killed by Lieutenant Hilderbrand, who was subsequently sentenced to two years' imprisonment by a court martial. In a discussion in the reichstag, General von Gossler, minister of war, said : " The army is not the nursery of duels. In 1897 there were four duels in the army, in 1898 three, in 1899 eight, in 1900 four, and in 1901 five." Germany is determined to German- ize the Poles. The Poles are deter- mined not to be Germanized. Polish children are told at home not to learn German in the schools. In the schools they are flogged for not learning German. The attacks of the German press upon President Roosevelt's message to Congress, particularly as relates t<> the Monroe doctrine and American expansion, are in strong contrast with assurances that " official circles " at Berlin are " thoroughly satisfied "with the message. It is well known that the kaiser wants cordial relations with the United States, and the speech of Secretary Hay at the banquet of the New York Chamber of Commerce, November 19, was much praised by the German papers, the Tagtblatt of Berlin pointing out that in it the Monroe doctrine was less sharply emphasized than it has been by Sena- tor Lodge. 686 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. January No., 1902 The Edinburgh speech of Secretary Chamberlain of England (p. 684) con- tinued through November to keep the common kettle a-boiling in Germany, one of the semi-amusing incidents being the publication of a bellicose pamphlet in Berlin by Baron von Edelsheim, an officer on the chief general staff of the German army, in which he declares that Germany could throw 100,000 men on the English coast within a very short time, and that the superiority of German soldiers to those of England would ensure a decisive FRANCE. The Financial Question. TO the deficit in the French rev- enue must be added a reaction in trade following the exhibition boom and a decline in shipping inter- ests. To meet the demand for money an income tax would doubtless receive very strong opposition, while indirect taxation would only lead the people to make retrenchment in their per- sonal expenses. M. Caillaux, the minister of finance, has proposed to use the nation's share of the Chinese indemnity to meet deficits. But the indemnity is to be paid gradually.' A device for cashing the whole at once is thus described : The minister bor- rows 265,000,000 f. in three per cent rente, and with that reimburses the treasury for its outlay as a result of the Chinese expedition, and pays in- demnities to French sufferers in China. He then directs the "Caisse des Depots et Consignations " to cancel rentes to the extent of nearly the whole amount and accept, instead, the in- demnity, which, if paid, is of exactly the same value. The proposition caused an " uproar " in the chamber of deputies. It was reported later that M. Caillaux and the budget committee had come to an agreement that the forthcoming loan should be 210,000,000 f., so as to include the indemnities due to individuals, while those to Catholic missions and to the Peking-Han-Kau railway will be settled out of the annual instalments to be paid by China. RUSSIA. Siberian Railway Completed. A TELEGRAM from Vladivo- stok announced the comple- tion of laying the rails of the Northern Manchurian railway on November 3. It was the anniversary of the czar's coronation. This line connects Vladivostok with the great trans-Siberian road and is said practi- cally to complete the magnificent undertaking begun by the Emperor Alexander III in 1891. The Northern Manchurian branch is expected to be open for traffic in a few months, and will very much shorten the journey to the far East. Hitherto, trav- ellers have had to take a steamer on the Amoor from the terminus of the Siberian railway to Khabarovsk, whch is connected by rail with Vladivostok. When the new line is in working order the only break in the railway connection between Moscow and Vladivostok will be at Lake Baikal. The work of constructing a line round the southern end of the lake will be begun immediately, but cannot be finished for several years. The line which connects Port Arthur with Harbin on the Northern Manchurian Railway is already in working order. ITALY. The Queen and Politics. QUEEN Helene is said to be the recognized head of a new and influential party which goes by the name- of " Caprari " (goat herds) while she herself is nick- named "Capraia" (goat herdess) — the term being used to express dis- dain, the raising of goats constituting the staple industry of Montenegro, the native land of the young queen. As set forth by a foreign correspond- ent in the Boston Evening Tran- script, the object of the " Caprari " is the extension of the Slavic, i. e. the Russian, influence in Italy. Many Muscovite agents are in Italy seeking to bring about the withdrawal of the kingdom from the Triple Alliance and secure some kind of a military con- vention with Russia. This alliance is regarded as necessary to the realization of the Pan-Slav dreams CREECE. 687 of a great Slav empire, which, under the control of the czar, would embrace not only the Balkan states, but likewise the Christian provinces of Turkey, also Albania, and the Slavic provinces (Croatia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina) of Austria. Queen Helene is not only of Slav birth, but was likewise reared in the Slav, that is, the Orthodox Greek faith, and was brought up altogether at St. Petersburg as a Russian princess, at the expense and under the care of the widowed czarina, whose son, the present emperor, dowered her when she married the present king of Italy. She is, therefore, thoroughly Muscovite in her sympathies. The Triumph in Naples. The Naples Tammany — yclept Camorra (meaning organized out- lawry) — was "hopelessly defeated" in the municipal elections. Naples, like New York, has thus to some extent vindicated her honour. It remains to be seen whether the new municipal council, unsupported by any powerful organization, will be able to destroy the influence of the Camorra in the everyday work of civic administra- tion The greatest number of votes was polled by the list compiled with the support of the Neapolitan deputies and senators, the brilliance of whose victory is, however, almost eclipsed by the suc- cess of the Socialists. BELGIUM. An Heir to the Throne. PRINCESS Albert of Belgium. j ife of Prince Albert, only sur- viving son of the king's brother, on November 3 gave birth to a son, thus securing to Belgium a direct heir to the throne. The happy event was made known by a salvo of 101 guns, which, according to the official announcement, would have been limited to 51 had the new arrival been Of the opposite sex. HOLLAND. The Queen's Illness. QUEEN Wilhelmina suffered an illness in November which attracted the more attention because of alleged quarrels with her husband, Prince Henry of Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, to whom she was mar- ried February 7, 1901. Reports of disagreements, due to the prince con- Bort's jealous, cold, and severe dispo- sition, have been current and obtained considerable credence. The young queen inherits all the < )range obstinacy and dislike of criticism, and rumors of royal unhappiness started some months ago. An official bulletin issued at The Hague November 26 stated that the queen had recovered from her illness sufficiently to be able to go out in a few days. GREECE. A Riot in Athens. ON November 20 a bloody fray occurred in Athens in conse- quence of the collision of two schools of religio-literary critics. There has long been a demand by the more radical element of the Greek people that the Scriptures in use in the church should be translated into the modern Greek language, so as to be understood by the masses. This demand has been strongly opposed by the patriarch of the Greek church and by the students in general. Where church and state are closely allied such a question has political connections. In consequence of the riot which took place in Athens on the date above given a resignation of the Greek cabinet was reported on the 24th. This action was taken in spite of King George's efforts to induce Premier Theotokis and his associates to remain in office. A new cabinet was formed by M. Zaimis, former premier, which will be supported by M. Theotokis and his party. The new cabinet is as follows : Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs — M. Zaimis. Minister of the Interior — M. Trianda- Fyllakos. Minister of Marine — M Topalis. Minister of Public Worship — M. Mon- ferrato. Minister of Finance— M. Negris. Minister of War — Colonel Korpas. Until an official inquiry into the causes of the riots has been concluded M. Zaimis will hold also the portfolio of justice. 688 AFFAIRS IN ASIA AND OCEANICA. January No., 1902 Affairs in Asia and Oceanica. CHINA. The Famine in Si-Ngan. ESTIMATES from missionaries place the number of famine victims in this province at prob- ably 2,500,000. The stricken area is almost equal to the entire province of Shen-SL The native and foreign relief funds are being disturbed, but assistance must be continued until the next harvest. Wealthy Chinese in adjoining provinces have made large contributions to the relief fund, in recognition of which the court is con- ferring rank on them. 1 JAPAN. American Imports. rj^HE annual return of the foreign trade of the empire of Japan for the year 1900, which reached the Treasury Bureau of Statistics near the end of November, shows that the growth of American imports into Japan during the decade- has been far greater than that of the imports of any other nation. The total value of imports from the United States into Japan in 1900 was, according to this official publication of the Japanese government, 62,761 ,196 yen, against 6,874,531 yen in 1890, being thus nearly ten times as much in 1900 as in 1890. That this growth of imports from the United States has been far in excess of that of other countries, or of that of the average, is shown by the fact that the total imports of Japan were only three and one- half times as much in 1900 as in 1890, while those from the United States were, as already indicated, nearly ten times as much in 1900 as in 1890. The total imports of Japan in 1900 were 287,261.845 yen, against 80,554.874 yen in 1890. AUSTRALIA. The Tariff Contention. THE Melbourne correspondent of the London Times (November 7) reported an increased possi- bility of hostile action against the government's tariff bill (p. 623) because of the seating of Mr. Mathie- son, the free trade member from West Australia in spite of a protest. Previous to the formation of the commonwealth, of the six states one had a free trade tariff, three very high revenue-producing, and two protec- tionist tariffs. Mr. J. S. Larke, Canad- ian commissioner, in commenting upon the new Australian tariff, remarks that, as a whole, while the duties appear to be very high to a resident of New South Wales, accustomed for years to absolute free trade, they are below the average of the other colo- nies, and very considerably below those of Victoria. The item of import from Canada that will be most seri- ously affected is flour. Seat of Government. Conflicting considerations deter- mine that no choice of a capital will be made among existing cities. The jealouses of the provinces, and par- ticularly of the big cities, like Mel- bourne and Sydney, make it necessary to create a new seat of government. New Guinea. British New Guinea comprises the southeastern part of the island to- gether with the isles of the D'Entre- casteaux and Louisiade groups, and all islands between 8° and 120 S. latitude, and 141 ° and 1550 E. longi- tude. The government has been founded on the British New Guinea act of November, 1889, and on letters patent issued June 8, 1888. The following appeared in the London Times of November 8 : The conference between Mr. Barton, the Australian federal premier, and the premiers of the different states on the subject of New Guinea has resulted in a decision that that dependency shall be administered by the commonwealth gov- ernment, Mr. Barton undertakes to spend ,£2,000 yearly for five years to supply the deficiency in the revenue of New Guinea. Customs duties will con- tinue on Australian goods, New Guinea, not being regarded as an integral part of the commonwealth within the meaning of the section governing inter-state free trade. AFRICA. Affairs in Africa. 689 VARIOUS TOPICS. The Development of the Continent. A FRICA, the last of the conti- A\ nents to be developed, is of gVBat international importance ■• because it is the only large land BMSS that is divided up into parts assigned to the factions of European powers." Some facts respecting railways brought out in an article in the November Jorum, by S. P. Ver- ner, are instructive and significant. About half of the transcontinental line from the Mediterranean to the Cape has been constructed. It will be completed alter the Transvaal war is over. The French are building a road across the desert of Sahara. The Belgians have constructed one around the cataracts of the Congo. The British line from Mom- basa, on the east coast, to Uganda is Dearly completed. This will be the most important feeder to the Cape to Cairo line. The Portuguese have a good line in Angola. The Cermans are building two lines, one in the east, the other in the "t the continent. The French have one in Senegal, and one projected to the north of the Congo. The British have one in Sierra Leone, and several at the Cape. An American, Mr. Mohun, of Virginia, is engaged in constructing an east and west transcontinental telegraph line under Belgian auspices. The question of the relations to be sustained between the white and the black races in the future of Africa, is of the very greatest importance. Mr. Yerner says : On the part of the natives of that land it is absolutely necessary to their very existence that they recognize the coming domination of the foreigner, and be willing to submit to it cheerfully. When the negro finally understands the irre- sistible character of the ingress of the Kuropean he will submit, as he has always done in such cases, and then he- will find that such a course is for his own best inter. Ashanti. Ashanti, on the (lold Coast of Upper Guinea, is a picturesque and historically interesting spot of earth. The English crown colony of the Gold Coast (Major Matthew Nathan, gov- ernor) extends for 350 miles along the (iulf of Guinea and has an aiea. ex- clusive of Adansi and Ashantiland, of about 40,000 square miles. Ashanti came under British protection in 1896 and there is a British resident at Kumasi, the capital. The country is being opened for traffic and gold- mining. Since the rebellion of the tribesmen during 1900 (Vol. 10, p. 1044) civilization has been making steady progress. Abyssinia. The Abyssinians, under the rule of the Emperor Menelek, are abandoning the predatory habits fostered by a long period of anarchy and civil war, and are engaging in agricultural pursuits. Major Ciccodicola, an Italian official residing in the capital of Abyssinia, was in Rome in November and told an interviewer that Menelek does not prefer any one European nation, en- deavoring to hold the balance even between them all, and to satisfy the demands of all so far as is compat- ible with the maintenance of his authority and the preservation of peace. A hundred miles of railroad are now being worked in Abyssinia. Silver dollars have been coined by Menelek, but the standard currency still includes salt bars and lengths of American calico. Ancient Gold Mines. " Egypt offers a promising field for gold seekers." said Mr. ('. J. Alford recently before the London Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. He is a mining engineer who has been explor- ing the mountainous regions between the Nile and the Red Sea, and has discovered several long lost ancient mining sites, which furnished gold to the Pharaohs before the Israelitish exodus. Surveys have been made for a projected railway between Kctieh and the Kosseir Pass, which will be close to some of the mines. 690 SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MISCELLANY. January No.. 1902 Science, Religion and Miscellany. SCIENCE AND INVENTION. World's Hagnetic Survey. AMERICA, England, and Ger- many are co-operating in in- vestigating problems of the magnetic forces and needle variations throughout the world. The United States coast and geodetic survey has established a magnetic observatory at Sitka, and is constructing another at Honolulu. This is in connection with two British expeditions and one Ger- man for the South Pole on plans long ago formulated. The co-operation of this and other gov ernments was asked by Germany, and the movement, now well under way, so far as the preliminary work is concerned, con- templates magnetic observations at fixed observatories throughout the world si- multaneously with the actual scientific researches in the south polar regions. Both the American observatories will be ready to assume their part of the co-oper- ation at the time designated in February next. The work of the expeditions is likely to occupy two or three years. Wireless Telegraphy. The successful transmission of wire- less messages from the steamship Lucania (pp. 378, 505) has led to the adoption by various steamship lines of the means of making such communi- cations. The Nation remarks that the adoption of the Marconi system of wireless telegraphy by the London Lloyds can hardly fail to prove the be- ginning of a change which will even- tually revolutionize seafaring condi- tions. " Steamships may have as ready com munication with shore stations ana other ships within a radus of a hundred miles as though they were connected with an electric wire. Sailing vessels, while their Cower to communicate would be limited y their small supply of electricity, would, if fitted with the Marconi system, be able to report a disaster to all similarly equipped vessels within a like radius. The commerical possibilities which the general introduction of wireless telegraphy on ships opens up need not be dwelt upon. Miscellaneous. The annual report of the Smithson- ian Institution for 1900 is one of the most interesting ever issued by that institution, but one reads with regret that while the institution was never so well known abroad or more honored than now, the enormous increase of endowments of most institutions of learning in this country has left it with far less means relatively than it once had. The progress made by the metric system toward its predicted universal acceptance is very slow. At the In- ternational Engineering Congress held in Glasgow in November one of the speakers said that the most serious obstacle to the general use of the system is the fact that all small tools, drills, reamers, gages, etc., would have to be abandoned and new ones made. The annual session of the National Academy of Sciences met in Philadel- phia on the morning of November 13. President Remsen, of Johns Hopkins University, presided. The next meet- ing will occur in Washington, in April, 1902. There is reason to believe that light to a considerable degree is present at even the greatest ocean depths — phosphorescent light. A valuable and interesting article on this subject, by Charles Cleveland Nutting, appears in Harper's Magazine for November. Among the thousands of species of animals that have been dredged from the bottom, a large proportion have functional eyes, and in many cases they are very highly specialized eyes. Mrs. Piper, the famous medium, has denied the spiritualistic character of her performances. Prominent members of the society of Psychical Research, however, question whether she is really able to decide that matter. Professor Hyslop says that it is rational to suppose spiritism to be one of the possible explanations. RELIGION. 691 EDUCATION. Progress in Thirty Years. PROBABLY no man living is more competent to speak intel- ligently and justly respecting the past successes and the present condition of American education than is President Kliot of Harvard Univer- sity. His address on that subject before the Twentieth Century Club of Boston, November 9, showed espec- ially two substantial gains of American schools during the past thirty years. One of them, as was set forth in the syllabus that was distributed in the audience, is this : The education of teachers, on the average, has greatly improved. It has been a great gain to require for admis- sion to the normal schools the previous accomplishment of a high school course of study. The examination for admission to a city school system is better than it used, to be, and positions are filled to a much greater extent than formerly by sensible competitive exam- inations based on proved merit. The second point of present advan- tage over the conditions of a genera- tion ago was stated as follows: There has been an increasing employ- ment of educational experts in the super- vising and executive functions of urban school systems. The former method of intrusting executive functions to small sub-committees of a large school com- mittee is passing away, and we may reasonably hope that that method will soon be extinct Summing up the results of educa- tional progress, President Eliot said that the passions of the American people do not run away with them, the national spirit is growing broad and rich, women are treated better here than in any other nation, and ricbes are being used in higher ways. True to his principles and his calling, the speaker thought the endowment of schools and colleges wiser than the assistance of hospitals and infirmaries, inasmuch as the work is instructive and not palliative. He dosed by de- claring that national goal is the perfecting of individual citizenship in a Christian democracy. WHEN? PROGRESS OF THE WORLD'S EVAN- GELIZATION. The white in the circles show the proportion of professing Christians. — Epworth Herald. RELIGION. Sunday Observance. TH E observance or non-observance of Sunday as' a Christian day of worship and as a civil rest- day is perhaps less frequently dis- cussed in the public prints than it was a few years ago, but it is still often touched upon in the secular as well as in the religious journals. The Tribune, anticipating discussion in the legislature respecting the New York Sunday laws, sets forth some facts as to how Sunday is spent in some of the great cities, not to influ- ence opinion but simply for informa- tion. It says: In New York City the ancient blue laws have been extensively relaxed, and the most flagrant violations of the present Sunday regulations occur in connection with the sale of liquor. The citizens of Boston probably observe Sunday more strictly than those of any other city of its size in this country. In Chicago the laws against liquor selling on Sunday are dead letters. In St. Louis Sunday is utilized as a holiday. The theatres, saloons, billiard parlors, and dance halls are wide open and all kinds of athletic games are freely indulged in. San Fran- cisco does not attempt to enforce the observance of Sunday at all, but the attendance at churches is nearly as large as in Eastern cities of the same size. 692 SCIENCE REUGIOA AND MISCELLANY. January No., 1902 Sunday schools, however, do not flourish so well. London is a city of churchgoers on Sunday, but the strictness with which the day was formerly observed is consid- erably relaxed. Home rule prevails in Scotland regarding Sunday observance to a large extent, each municipality making its own regulations, except as to liquor selling. Parisians and the people of Berlin regard the first day of the week primarily as one for recreation. In Canada the day is observed so religiously that only in recent years have the street cars been allowed to run in Toronto, the principal city of Ontario. ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY. Work in Crete. THE Island of Crete has had an intensely interesting history which runs back into very early times, and it is now proving to be a remarkably fruitful field for the archaeologist. The work of an Amer- can woman, Miss Boyd, has been mentioned (p. 571). Her work in the unearthing of Gorynia is matched by the work of Mr. Hogarth at Zakro in the southeastern angle of the island. Zakro is a ruined city of the Mycen- aean period whose long-buried dwell- ings have yielded many utensils and ornaments as well as many excellently engraved and well-preserved signets. " More and more it becomes evident that the Cretan discoveries are to supply many missing links in our knowledge of the civilization which antedated the Greeks in the Greek lands, and which since Dr. Schlie- mann's day has been called Mycen- aean." At Phaestos, on the southern shore, has been found a royal city which dates as far back as Mycenae and Troy. Says a writer in the Chautauquan for November: The lines of its palace buildings are still plainly traceable, broad-paved courts fitted with seats of stone, majestic stair- ways between the different levels of the terraced structure, a pillared vestibule to the great hall, and a maze of chambers. Mr. Hogarth says that to one standing in it the uses of the various apartments are manifest. " Here were the living and sleeping rooms of men ; there of women. Their common hall of assembly occupies half another side; the store galleries for the produce of the plain fill the other half. In the chambers to the south they bathed, worshipped, and lodged their retainers and their beasts." All is of a close-grained, hard limestone, which has weathered the wear of thirty centuries- There is little or no ornament discernible, and no gold or jewels have been found. Abbey's Holy Grail. The second series of Edwin A. Abbey's paintings, presenting the "The Quest of the Holy Grail," which were painted for the Boston Public Library, was brought from London to New York in November. The ten panels, with those already in place in the library, make a series of fifteen decorative illustrations, the appropri- ateness of the subject of which appears from the fact that the Grail legends mark the beginning of English, French, and German literatures in the twelfth century. The first five panels were finished six years ago. The second series has been recently ex- hibited at the Guildhall in London. The recognition of Mr. Abbey's ability and success in London is attested by the fact that he has been selected by King Edward to paint the coronation scene, for which extensive preparations are now making. - iliscellaneous. An important palaeontological dis- covery was announced in November from Volgoda, Russia. A skeleton, declared to be human, had been found with the unprecedented length of over eleven feet. Word was received from Cairo, on November 29, that the mummy of Amenophis II., of the eighteenth dynasty, had been stolen from the coffin, at the royal tombs, at Luxor, although guarded by sentries. The authorities immediately entered upon an investigation of the mysterious theft. Work has been undertaken for the preservation of the ruins of the famous Druid circle at Stonehenge^ England. Some of the very valuable finds made by Professor Flinders-Petrie at Abydos, in Egypt, will be sent to the University of Chicago. UTl-lRATURE. 693 TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION. In Kamchatka. KAMCHATKA once had a civil- ization of which interesting relics still exist. On the evening of November 21, Vladimir Bogoraz, leader of the Siberian de- partment of the Jesup North Pacific expedition, was to have lectured be- fore the Imperial Geograpical Society in St. Petersburg and to have given some results of his year and a half of exploration in Northern Siberia. The authorities, however, refusing to allow him to speak, had compelled him to le.ive the city. But a letter from one of his fellow explorers, Vladimir Jack- els >n, was read and was full of curious information. The Jesup expedition left San Francisco March 17, 1900, for Vladivostok, by way of Japan. The aims were to gather material about the origin of the American races and their affinities with Asiatic tribes, to make useful zoological and botanical collections, and to add to the general knowledge of the little explored country around the Sea of Okhotsk. In June, 1900, Mr. Bogoraz went to the Anodyr country, and on July 24 Mr. Jack- clson and his companion, Mr. Axelrad of Zurich, went to Cijiga. Mr. Bogoraz made a study of the Kamchatkans and Kariaks and then proceeded northward nearly to Bering strait. He sledged about 10,000 versts. His entire collections em- brace 12,000 objects, and a comparative grammar of the native language shows them to belong to the Eskimo group. In Central Africa. Sir Marry Johnston, the African explorer, speaking before the- Royal japhical Society in London, November 1 1 , said that he had no rea- son to believe that any other remark- able discoveries of unknown mammals, in addition to the okopi (p. 507) would be made. He has made a special study of the pygmies and " I have concluded that there is no special pygmy language. Each section of the pygmies speaks, more or less imperfectly, the language of the forest negroes with whom it is associated. The pygmy pronunciation, however, is constantly punctuated with little gasps in the place of consonants." LITERATURE. A New Russian Novelist. EUSSIAN novelists are increas- ing in number. The two most recently introduced to Ameri- can readers are Maxime Gorky and Dmitri Merejkowski. These, added to the names of Tolstoi, TurgeniefT, MAXIM GORKY. Copyright by Charles Scribner's Sons. and Dostoievsky, give us the begin- ning of a noble list. Isabel Florence Hapgood, translator of Gorky's " Foma Gordyeef," says : Maxim Gorky's real name is Alexei Maximovitch Pyeshkoff. He was born in Nizhni Nfivgorodon March i4,iS68or 1869 (he says), in the family of his grandfather, the painter Vasily Vasilievitch Kashirin. His father died when he was five years of age. After the death of his mother, a few years later, the orphan boy was hired out to a shoemaker. With the aid of a K raver book his grandfather had taught im to read. His tirst printed production was a story in a newspaper in 1893. His pen name, "Gorky," means "bitter." 694 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. January No., 1902 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. BEING A SELECT, CLASSIFIED LIST OF TIMELY AND IMPORTANT ARTICLES APPEAR- ING IN OTHER MAGAZINES, AND FORMING VALUABLE SUPPLEMENTARY READING. For convenience of reference the classification is made to conform to that of the contents of ''Current History". ABBREVIATIONS USED. Am. Antiq Atlan. . Can. Cent. Chaut. . Cosmop. Dei.in. . Era . ] Forum Gi;nt. Harper [ndep. . Internat. I American Antiquarian. Chicago Atlantic Monthly. Boston Canadian Magazine, Toronto, Ont. Century. New York Chautauquan. Cleveland O. Cosmopolitan, lrvington. New York Delineator, New York ra, H. T Coates & Co.. Philadelphia Forum, New York Gunton's Magazine, New York Harper's Monthly, New York . Independent, New York nternational Monthly, Burlington, Vt. Liv. Age .... Living Age, Boston M< Clure McClure's Magazine, New York Mel. Rec. . . Medical Record, New York Mod. Cul., . Modern Culture, Cleveland, (). Munsey . Munsey's Magazine, New York Nat. Geo., National (ieographical Mag.. N. Y N. E. M. New England Magazine, New York N. A. R. North American Review. New York Out. . . Outlook, New York Pop. Sci. Popular Science Monthly, New York K. of R. . Review of Reviews. New York Scrib. . . Scribner's Magazine, New York WW.. . . World's Work, New York In indicating dates, the usual abbreviations of months are used. International Affairs. Lessons from International Exhibi- tions. Joseph M. Rogers. Forum. Dec The Spanish Treaty Claims Commis- sion. Hon. Robert Hutcheson. Forum. Dec. Reciprocity and Foreign Trade. E. J. Gibson. Forum. Dec. The United States Consular Service. Forum. Dec. Campoamor, the Great Spanish Poet of the Nineteenth Century. Arthur Symons. Harper. Dec. International Control of Anarchists. The Duke of Arcos. N. A. R. Dec. The Boer War to Date. Julian Ralph. W. W. Dec. Reciprocity Agitation. Gunt. Dec. Affairs in America. Havana after Three Years. Thos. R. Dawley. Out. Nov. 16. Lynching in the South. W. H. Levell. Out. Nov. 16. The Negro in Business. Isaiah T. Montgomery. Out. Nov. 16. Sex, Nativity, and Color of the People of the United States. Nat. Geo. Nov. The Present Session of Congress. H. L. West. Forum. Dec. Suffrage, North and South. Ex-Gov. Wm. R. Merriam. Forum. Dec. The Settlement of the West: A Study in Transportation. Emerson Hough. Cent. Dec. The Workingman of the Church. Krnest Hamlin Abbott. Out. Nov. 23. In Unexplored Alaska. Wm. C. Hen- derson. Era. Nov. Prevention of Presidential Assassina- tions. Gen. Lew. Wallace. N. A. R. Dec. Need of xVational Legislation Against Anarchism. Senator J. C. Burrows. N. A. R. Dec. Cuba's Imminent Bankruptcy. Edwin F.Atkins. N. A. R. Dec. The Proposed Appalachian Park. Prof. N. S. Shaler. N. A. R. Dec. The Chinese and the Exclusion Act. Joaquin Miller. N. A. R. Dec. Custom's Inspection of Baggage. Sec. Lyman J. Gage. N. A. R. Dec. Opportunity of the Roosevelt Adminis- tration. Marion Wilcox. N. A. R. Dec. Shall the Munroe Doctrine be Modi- fied? Walter Wellman. N. A. R. Dec. The Negro : A Business Proposition. John M. F. Erwin. Out. Dec. The Rebuilding of New York. M. G. Cunniff and Arthur Goodrich. W. W. Dec. The Greater America. Frederick Emory. W. W. Dec. The Cuban Problem. L. V. De Abab. Gunt. Dec. The Government of Our Insular Pos- sessions. Arthur W. Dunn. R. of R. Dec. A Colossal Inquiry Completed. Sam- uel McCune Lindsay. R. of R. Dec. The Failure of the Pan-American. Can. Dec. Aftermath of the Royal Visit (in Can- ada). Norman Patterson. Can. Dec. Affairs in Europe. Ray The German Workingman. Stannard Baker. Out. Nov. 9! Christmas in Fiance. The Bentzon Cent. Dec. French Country Fetes. E. C. Peix- otto. Cosmop. Dec. INDEX /< > /'/-A'/< >/>/< \\r. /J//: a\ i rt rRE. 6*5 Licensed Gambling in Belgium. Geo. F. Babbitt. Forum. Dec. The Spanish Debt. Arthur Houghton \ A R. Dec. Brigands of Macedonia. John Lang- don Heaton. Era, I >e< . Affairs in Asia. Floral Fetes of Japan. Sir Edwin Arnold. Delin. Dec. Sven Hedin's Exploration! in Central Asia. Nat. Geo. Nov. Ethics of the Last China War. Gil bert Reid. Forum. Dec. From Peking to St. Petersburg by Rail. Alfred Stead. R. of R. Dec. The Bagdad Railway Project. R. of R. Dec. Science and Invention. The Modern Aeronaut. Jacques Boyer. Cosmop. Dec. Story of the Snow Crystals. Wilson A. Bentley. Harper. Dec. Aims of the National Physical Labora- tory of Great Britain. Dr. R. T. Glaze- brook. Pop. Sci. Dec. Influence of Rainfall on Commerce and Politics. H. Helen Clayton. Pop. Sci. Dec. Lucretius «nd the Evolution Idea. Pop. Sci. Dec. The Problem of Aerial Navigation. Rear-Admiral G. W. Melville. N A. R. Dec. Santos-Dumont and his Air Ship. W L. McAlpin. Munsey. Dec. Education. One-Sided Training of Teachers. Na than C. Scbaeffer. rorum. Dec. Religion. Religious Life in America. I. The Workingman and the Church. Ernest Hamlin Abbott. Out. Nov. 16. Status of Religion in Germany. Riv dolf Eucken. Forum. Dec. Literature. A Mechanical Solution of a Literary Problem. Dr. T. C. Mendenhall. Pop. Sci. Dec. A Psychological Counter-Current in Recent Fiction. W. D. Howelis. \ V R. Dec. The Poetry and Criticism of 1901. Win. Morton Paine. R. of R. Dec. Napoleon's Criticism of Virgil. J. P. Lamberton. Era. Dec. Wit and Wisdom from New Books. Era. Dec. Mr. Howells's " Heroines of Fiction." Era. Dec. Real Persons and Places n Fiction- John G. Whittier. Wm. S. Walsh Dec. Business and Industry. The Making of Venice Laces. Ada Sterling. Chaut. Dec. Monetary. How to Secure an Elastic Paper Cur- rency. H. C. McLeod. N. \. R. Dec. Art and Archaeology. Recent Discoveries in Egypt. Nat. Geo. Nov. New Light on Parthenon Sculptures. Chas. Waldstein, Ph. D., L. H. D. Har- per. Dec. American Portraiture of Children. Harrison S. Morris. Illustrations from paintings by Sargent etc. Scrib. Dec. Sir Christopher Wren's London Churches. Ralph D. Cleveland. N. E. M. Dec. riusic and the Drama. The Stage as a Profession. Waldon Fawcett. Delin. Dec. The Drama's Tendency Toward the Unintellectual. Richard Stearns. Cos- mop. Dec. Biography. Booker Washington's Personality. Max- Bennett Thrasher. Out. Nov. 9. The Inner Life of Leonardo da Vinci. Adeha A. Field Johnston. Chant. Dec. Thackeray in the United States. James Grant Wilson. Cent. Dec. Story of Theodore Roosevelt's Life. John Brisben Walker. Cosmop. Dec. The Personality of President Roosevelt By an old acquaintance. Cent. Dec. Rosa Bonheur— An Appreciation. Jules Claretie. Harper. Dec. Bayard Taylor. Albert H. Smyth. Era. Nov. Michael Angelo. John La Farge. Mc- Clure. Dec. Piatt. Win. Allen White. McClure. Dec. General Sir Redvers Buller. V. C. Douglas Story. Munsey. Dec. The Strong Man of Great Britain. Douglas Story. Munsey. Dec. Li Hung Chang. Courtenay Hughes Fenn. R. of R. Dec. Virchow. A Hero of Modern Progress. R of R. Dec. 696 NECROLOGY. January No., 1902. Kate Greenavvay, the Illustrator of Childhood. Ernest Knaufft. R. of R. Dec. John Redmond, M. P., Leader of the Irish Party. R. of R. Dec. A Public Servant of the Northwest (Gov. John S. Pillsbury of Minnesota). Horace B. Hudson. R. of R. Dec. Walter Savage Landor. G. Mercer Adam. Can. Dec. Tommaso Salvini. Clara Morris. Mc Clure. Dec. Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Abraham Willard Jackson. N. E. M. Dec. Exploration and Travel. A Reading Journey in Central Europe. (Florence in Central Europe). Jas. A. Harrison. Chaut. Dec. In Unexplored Alaska. II. Native Life. Win. C. Henderson. Era. Dec. Miscellaneous. A Visit to the Boers in Bermuda. Frank S. Ballentine. Out. Nov 9. A Calm View of Reciprocity. Geo. B. Waldron. Chaut. Dec. Love and Marriage in Italy. Lena Lindsey Pepper. Chaut. Dec. Private Property at Sea. James G. Whiteley. Forum. Dec. The Isolation of the Anglo-Saxon Mind. Edmund Gosse. Cosmop. Dec. Overcrowding and the Remedies for It. A. F. Winnington-Ingram. Cosmop. Dec. Municipal Misgovernment and Corrup- tion. Frank Moss. Cosmop. Dec. The Empire of Islands. Joseph Sohn. Forum. Dec. Ruling Classes in a Democracy. Henry Van Dyke. Out. Nov. 23. The Phoenix of the Aztecs. Rudolf Cronan. Harper. Dec. In the World of the Azores. Henry Iliowizi. Harper. Dec. Who was Baron Munchausen? Penn Steele. Era. Nov. The Importance of General Statistical Ideas. Sir Robert Giffen. Pop. Sci. Dec. Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun. Augustus Bridle and J. K. Macdonald. McClure. Dec. The Making of a Pilot. Albert White Vorse. Scrib. Dec. Publicity as a Means of Social Reform. W. H. Baldwin, Jr. N. A. R. Dec. Pilgrim Ports in Old England. Edwin D. Mead. N. E. M. Dec. The Making of Yale. N. E. M. Dec. Washington-Greene Correspondence. N. E. M. Dec. Children in Commercial and Factory Life. N. E. M. Dec. The Snake Dancers of Tusayan. C. F. Holder. N. E. M. Dec. Romance of the Fur Trade. W. S. Harwood and Forest Crissey. W. W. Dec. Day's Work of a Locomotive Engineer. Henry Harrison Lewis. W. W. Dec. Failure of the Ruskin Colony. Walter G. Davis. Gunt. Dec. Lost Gold Mines. Charlei. Michelson. Munsey. Lee. The Playground of the East (Egypt). Walter T. Stephenson. Munsey. Dec. Christmas Games in French Canada. J. Macdonald Oxley. Can Dec. A Visit to Westminster. Albert R. Carman. Can. Dec. fe^5 %£> Necrology. American and Canadian. BELKNAP, MAJOR HUGH R., of the United States army; died trom intes- tinal troubles in the Philippines, at Cal- amba, Laguna de Luzon, Nov. 12. He was a son of the late Secretary Belknap, and was a well known Republican politi- cian; he was appointed to the pay corps in the regular army last February, hav- ing seived in the Spanish war. BISHOP, DR. JOEL PRENTISS, well known as an author of legal text books; born in Volney, Oswego Co. N. Y. March 10, 18 14; died recently in Cambridge, Mass. GILION, DR. ALBERT LEARY, medical director in the U. S. navy ; born in Philadelphia, Sept. 28, 1833; died in New York, of cerebral apoplexy, Nov. 17. After long professional service in the navy, he became medical director in 1879. In 1893, he was stationed at Washington in charge of the medical headquarters. He was then senior medical officer of the navy, and was placed on the retired list ROLOGY. *97 15, having reached the age limit of ,si\t\ two yean. He w.is an accomplished writer, and was the author of many works on medicine and travel. KRAUS, ADOLPH ROBERT, sculp- tor; born in Germany, fifty-one years died in Boston, Nov. 6. Among the works he left VC the Boston Ma>sa- cre monument on Boston Common, and the portrait statue of Theodore Parker which is to be erected in West Roxbury. LAW. HON. WILLIAM, member of the legislative council of Nova Scotia j born in the north of Ireland; died in Yarmouth. N. S., Nov. 21. LONE KG AN. THOMAS E., detect- ive; born in Illinois in 1S44 ; died in Brooklyn, N. Y ., Nov. 8. He served throughout the Civil War in the yoth Illinois volunteers, being: mustered out with the rank of major. Going into newspaper work, he was employed on the JVtw York Tribune and other papers. He next went into the United States Secret Service, and for many years was in charge of the Western division. After- ward he was associated with Allan Pink- erton. and in 1SS0 started the firm of Lonergan & Thiel. In 1SS5 ne secured the evidence which broke up the famous gang of 4' boodle aldermen " in Chicago and obtained the conviction of all except two. MARTIN, T. HENRY, editor; died in Philadelphia, Nov. 19, aged 38. He was publisher and editor of the Daily News. MAYO-SMITH, RICHMOND, pro- fessor of political economy at Columbia University; born in Ohio in 1S54; killed by accidentally falling from a window of his study on the fourth Moor of his resi- dence in West 77th St., New York City. M KEHAN, THOMAS, a noted horti- culturist and botanist; was born in Eng- land ; died in Germantown, Pa., Nov. 19, -5. He devoted his entire career to botany and horticulture, and was an emi- nent authority on those subjects. He was a prolific writer of articles for scien- tific publications on the subject of his life work. Mr. Median was editor of The (iardemrs' Monthly Magazine from 1859 II. u.i s for sixteen years agri- cultural editor of Forney's Weekly Press, and a few years ago, with his sons, he established .\feelnvi's Monthly. For twenty-three years he was senior vice- president of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and he was one of the oldest members of the Am. i.uion for the advancement oi Si ; cm-Q. He held the office of State botanist of Pennsylvania. Was the author of a volume entitled " The American Hand- book of Ornamental Trees." MILTXKE. GEO. A., musician and composer: died at Hartford, ( oiiii.. Nov O'BRIEN, REV. MICHAEL, vicar general of the Catholic diocese of Maine under Bishop Healy, and later adminis- trator of the diocese; born in Ireland Oct. 20, 1K42; died in Bangor, Me.. Nov. 12. He came to this country in 1S60. In September, 1865, he was ordained to the priesthood at the cathedral in Portland, Me., during the term of Bishop Bacon. He remained after his ordination more than a year at the Portland cathedral as assistant priest, being there at the time of the great fire in 1S66. After service in various localities he was sent to Oldtown, Me., as pastor of the churches there and at Orono. with the Penobscot tribe of Indians under his spiritual charge. It was during his pastorate there that he made the researches into the Indian tongue which have made him known among philologists everywhere. He went to St. Mary's in Bangor in 1SS0. In 1S93 Bishop Healy appointed him vicar gen- eral of the diocese, as a successor to Er. John W. Murphy. OSBORN, LUTHER W United States consul general at Apia, Samoa, where he died Oct. 27. After service in the Civil War he removed to Nebraska, and was a member of the bar of that State for twenty-five years. He was a delegate to the Republican national con- vention in 1876. and a member of the Lepublican National committee from 1876 to 1880. He was appointed consul general 4t Apia on July '6. 1S97, and was the principal representative of the author- ities of the United States in the Samoan group in the troublesome days before the partition. In addition to his post at Apia, Mr. Osborn was also consul general at Nukualofa, the capital of the Congo group of islands. PERRY, JOHN T., editor: born in Exeter. N. IL, in 1S32 ; died in the same place, Nov. 29. Formerly editor of the Nam Hampshire Corigregationalist. Editorial writer for the Exeter News Letter since 1S88. RANSOM. COL. CHAUNCEY M.. publisher and editor ; born in Erie Co., N. Y.f in 1S31 ; died in Newton. Mass., Nov. 26. In 187S he purchased the Boston Judex and changed its title to the Standard (an insurance publication; two years later. He was the founder of the insurance lite underwriters' associations. ROUNDS. (HAS. C. PH. D, educa- tor: died suddenly in Farmington, Me.. Nov. S, aged 70. He was principal of the Maine State Normal School for a period of fifteen years, going from tin re to Plymouth, N. H., where he remained 698 NECROLOGY. January No., 1902 for fifteen years at the head of the New Hampshire Normal School. Mr. Kounds's entire life was devoted to the cause of education, and at the time of his death he was making preparations for a trip to California to conduct educational con- ferences in that state. RUSSELL, D. B., publisher; died in W. Somerville, Mass., Nov. 10. Among the publications which have come from his Boston press in years past and which became notable have been the " Life of Abraham Lincoln," "Life of Charles Sumner," " Gazetteer of Massachusetts," "Gazetteer of Maine," etc. In more recent years he has acted as agent for other publishing houses in Philadelphia, New York, Chicago and other places. WAITE, HON. DAVIS H., ex-gover- nor of Colorado; born in Jamestown, N. Y., April 9, 1825 ! died in Aspen, Colo., Nov. 27. Dropped dead instantly from heart trouble. He was a Republican in politics until 1892, when he was a dele- gate to the Populist convention at Omaha. He was nominated for governor of Colorado in that year by the People's party and was elected. His administra- tion during 1893 and 1894 was tempestu- ous and eventful. It was in the course of these disturbances that he made the statement that he would preserve order if it was necessary to wade in blood " even unto the horse bridles." Foreign. AGNEW, SIR JAMES, formerly pre- mier of Tasmania ; died in Hobart, Tas- mania, Nov 8. Dr. Agnew had lived in Tasmania about sixty years, having gone there soon after he was admitted a mem- ber of the Royal College of Surgeons (England) in 1838. GREENAWAY, KATE, illustrator; died in London, Eng., in November. In 1879 Messrs. Cassell & Co., issued her " Little Folks' Painting Book," which was sold by the hundred thousand. When " Under the Window" appeared in November of the same year, it made Kate Greenaway famous. Since that time she had accomplished much work, among which the " Kate Greenaway Al- manack" has been a large source of income. HATZFELDT - WILDENBURG, COUNT VON, lately retired from the post of German ambassador to Great Britain ; born in 1831 ; died in London, England at the British embassy, Nov. 24. With the exception of M. de Staal, the Russian ambassador, he was the doyen of the diplomatic corps in London, hav- ing been appointed in 1888, after acting for a time as foreign secretary under Bismarck. The "Iron Chancellor" thought so much of his talents that he called him "by far the best horse in his stable." He was one of Bismarck's sec- retaries when Bismarck went to Paris as Prussian ambassador in 1862. It was Von Hatzfeldt who drafted the answer to Napoleon III., when that Emperor tended his surrender after Sedan. Both at Madrid and Constantinople Count Von Hatzfeldt rendered Germany not- able services. HENSCHEL, MRS. L. B., musician; died in London, Eng., Nov. 4. For some few years before her marriage with Mr. Henschel, in 1881, she had been his pupil, and had made herself a name among concert-singers. After her marriage the artistic work of the husband and wife, so far as it regarded public appearances as singers, was chiefly in their vocal recitals, which were a regular attraction of every year. HOOD, LORD, OF AVALON, ad miral in the British navy, died recently in London. He entered the navy in 1836. His first important active service was in the Crimean war. He served in the China war of 1857-1858. Afterward he became director of naval ordnance, and in 1880 and 1881 he commanded the chan- nel squadron. From 1885 to 1889 he was senior lord of the admiralty, having been made an admiral in 1885. In 1889 he was placed on the retired list. He was created a peer in 1892. LUSHINGTON, SIR FRANKLIN, chief police magistrate of London ; died recently in London, aged 78. MAPLESON, COL. J. HENRY, oper- atic impresario; born in London, Eng., Feb. 17, 1851 ; died in London, Nov. 14. He was a colonel in the British army reserve and was retired from active busi- ness. He was educated at St. Mary's College and at Bonn University, Ger- many. On leaving the university of Bonn he underwent a course of training at Woolwich, where he successfully passed his examination for the Royal Artillery. Abandoning the idea of the army as a calling, Colonel Mapleson followed his father's profession as director of Italian opera, but continued to follow his career as a soldier in the volunteers. He was a musical, dramatic and art critic. MORGALL, SENOR FRANCISCO, chief of the Republican Federal party in Spain ; died in Madrid, Nov. 29. He was one of the most powerful advocates of republicanism in Spain. For a few months in 1873 ne enjoyed the distinction of being president of the short-lived republic of Spain. He was an eloquent orator, and also wrote sever&l books em- bodying his ideas of democratic institu- tions. From a photogroph by Pack Brothers. JOHN HAY, SECRETARY OF STATE. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OF Current History. \'<>L. 11. RECORD OF DECEMBER, 1901. No. 12. THE NEW TREATY AND SECRETARY HAY. BY JOSEPH FITZGERALD, A. M. When the Hay-Pauncefote treaty between the United States and Great Britain came up in the Senate for final determination, December 16, it was approved by a vote that was almost unanimous. The dissentient senators numbered only six — against seventy-two voting in the affirmative. OBJECTION TO THE TREATY. Perhaps never before was any inter- national agreement weighed or de- bated in the senate with so little of political partisanship. Even the senators who in the debates expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the treaty, as not entirely consistent with the dignity of the United States as the paramount power of this hemi- sphere, or who voted for rejection, made objection solely or mainly to a phrase in the preamble which they believed to be a virtual recognition of England as a joint guarantor with the United States of the neutrality of an American canal. The preamble, in de fining the aim of the treaty, de- clares that its end is to remove any objection that may arise out of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty to the construc- tion of the canal by the United States," without impairing the gen- eral principle of neutralization estab- lished in Article VI II of that conven- tion." The senators who spoke against ratification of the treaty held that in the passage quoted, England is made to appear as a partner with the United States in guaranteeing the neutrality. TERMS OF THE TREATY. But the first article of the treaty expressly annuls the Clayton-Biilwer convention. It reads, " The high contracting parties agree that the present treaty shall supersede the aforementioned convention of the 19th of April, 1850." Article II of the new treaty recognizes the right of the United States to construct the canal and to regulate and manage it. By Article III the United States adopts " as the basis of the neutraliza- tion of the canal " the same rules substantially, that regulate the navi- gation of the Suez canal. These rules are specified in the treaty. The canal is to be free and open to " vessels of commerce and of war of all nations on terms of entire quality "; the canal " shall never be blockaded, nor shall any right of war be exercised, nor any act of hostility committed within it." But the United States may maintain a military police for its protection against lawlessness and disorder. Other rules prohibit the embarking or disembarking of troops and war material by a belligerent in the canal, except in case of acci- dental hindrance of transit ; also the revictualing of vessels of war of a belligerent in the canal except so far as may be strictly necessary. Here it is seen that the control and man- agement of the canal and the enforce- ment of the rules for its navigation are functions of the United States government alone, and that Great Brit- ain in this treaty assumes no responsi- 7oo THE NEW TREATY AND SECRETARY HAY. February No., 1902 bility. There is no partnership, no join- guaranty. The United States is the sole guarantor of the neutrality of this American canal. In the previous convention, which was rejected by the senate, one of the articles provided for an invitation to other governments to join Great Britain and the United States in the guaranty of neutrality. That provision has no place in the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, Great Britain herself having resigned her preten- sions to be a guarantor. A SIGNAL TRIUMPH. Thus is happily set aside the Clayton- Bulwer convention, which was always a menace to the continuance of cordial relations between the two countries. The signing of the new treaty is a signal triumph of modern diplomacy, the credit for which must be awarded ex- aequo to the statesmen on both sides, though, as the outcome of the negotiations is undoubtedly to the advantage of the United States rather than to that of Great Britain, the people of the United States have the stronger reason to thank their repre- sentative, the secretary of state. Be- sides, the British negotiators were free from the necessity of having the express approval of their parliament, while Mr. Hay's work had to be approved by the vote of at least two- thirds of a senate never very favorably disposed toward projects of treaties with foreign powers, and jealously guarding their constitutional preroga- tive. SECRETARY HAY. Mr. Hay, now in his sixty-third year, was graduated from Brown University in 1858. Immediately after being admitted to the bar of the supreme court of Illinois in 1 86 1 , he was chosen by President Lincoln to be one of his assistant private secretaries, being then in his twenty-second year. He served Mr. Lincoln faithfully in that capacity till the President's death, at the same time acting as his adjutant and aide-de-camp with the brevet rank of colonel. For a while, too, he was attached to the staffs of Generals Gillmore and Hunter in the field. After Lincoln's death, Mr. Hay en- tered the diplomatic service as legation secretary at Paris, and was after two years' service transferred thence to Vienna as secretary and charge d'affaires, and afterward to Madrid as secretary of legation. On his return home in 1870 he entered the field of journalism as an editorial writer on the New York Tribune and was so employed till 1876. He re-entered the public service as assistant secre- tary of state in 1879 and held that office for a little less than two years. In 1897 he was appointed ambassador to the Court of St. James, from which he was recalled by President Mc- Kinley to take the office of secretary of state in 1898. Mr. Hay has not been more fortu- nate in the opportunities offered him by his varied career than he has been diligent in seizing them and employing them to the advantage of his country. Specially fortunate was the coinci- dence of his ambassadorship at Lon- don with the awakening of the sense of kinship between the two English speaking peoples. It may be said that his acquaintance with the politi- cal temper and sentiment of England, gained in his brief term of office at London, added to his knowledge of men and affairs at home and abroad and made him, of all his countrymen, the one man who was most fit to be the negotiator of the canal treaty. AS A MAN OF LETTERS. So far as the public can know Mr. Hay has, since he entered the do- main of high statesmanship, abstained from the exercise of the eminent literary talent of which he gave proof in the "Pike Country Ballads," two at least of which, "Little Breeches " and "Jim Bludsoe,".are not likely soon to die out of men's memories, though their author, it is reported, has now, alas ! little fondness for them. THE NEW TREATY A. VI) SECRETARY HAY. 701 THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. His charming memories of Spain, too, " Castilian Days," and his " Bread- winners," published anonymously and never formally acknowledged for his legimate literary progeny, will be living memorials of him after the treaties he has negotiated shall have been forgotten save by writers and readers of works on international law. So, too, the "Life of Lincoln," written by him in association with John G. Nicolay, his fellow secretary in the White House, will be for him a monu- ment more enduring than granite. DEATH OF HIS SON. Secretary Hay's only son, Adelbert Stone Hay, was American consul at Pretoria for a few months before the capture of the South African Repub- lic's capital. Soon after his return to America he lost his life by an accident at New Haven, Conn., J une 23, 1901. Courtesy of National Geographic Afagasitu. THE BOUNDARY AS FINALLY ARRANGED BETWEEN NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA. 702 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February No., 1902 International Affairs. THE BOER WAR. Military. GENERAL SITUATION. THE South African war has be- come a competition between the obstinacy of the Boer and the obstinacy of the Briton. Months ago it ceased to show the distinctive features of regular war and became a tedious succession of night surprises of small British out- posts in attacks usually repulsed after hours of bloody fighting. This series of futile Boer assaults has been diversified by a series of equally profitless British pursuits of the well-mounted bands of their enemy which, when the chase became hot, would dissolve and disappear in all directions at once over the veldt or behind the kopjes. The Boer as a bush-fighter is by good judges pro- nounced unexcelled in all history, but nations are not saved nor govern- ments established by men whose ideal type or whose enforced type of warfare is the guerrilla raid. A PARALLEL. European and American opposers of Great Britain have recently, in the newspapers, drawn parallels between the Boers and the American colo- nists— both struggling against an immensely greater power for their rightful independence. The discus- sion as to an original parallel right- eousness in the two cases is familiar and need not be reproduced here; but on the question of a parallel in the facts of the situation now, and indeed during the last half-year or longer, it has been clearly pointed out that there is no parallel. The Transvaal is entirely under British occupation; its former president fled long ago to Europe ; neither in it nor in its neigh- boring Orange River Colony has there been for more than a year past any regularly organized republican government. Since the early months of the war there have been no Boer victories of importance, and nothing that can properly be termed an army now confronts the British in the field. In contrast, it is pointed out that the American colonies, through all their years of war, maintained an organized army under an organized government and showed no lack of ability through nearly all the war to cope with the British force on the open field. ANOTHER PARALLEL. A different parallel was drawn in an address at Worcester, Mass., by Charles Erancis Adams, of Boston, which made much impression — a parallel between the present condi- tions in the two Boer republics and those in the Confederate States at the period of Lee's surrender at Appo- mattox. It would have been possible to continue the war in guerrilla fash- ion for many months. This possi- bility was suggested and considered ; but General Lee refused his sanction on the ground that he considered such a style of warfare uncivilized and immoral. The Southern States had chosen to appeal to battle ; the appeal had been decided against them; it was manly to accept the result of their own challenge, rather than to introduce a period of hopeless devastation, misery, and outrage. * THE BOER FORCES. At the beginning of December the effects of Lord Kitchener's largely extended blockhouse system were be- coming evident. The Boer bands were no longer able to roam over vast areas at their will. The great num- ber of their small commandos, however, made pursuit and capture difficult. Of these bands, each comprising from 50 to 400 men, there were seventy regis- tered—twenty-six in the Transvaal, thirty- THE BOER WAR. 703 LORD ROSEBERY. one in Orange River Colony and thirteen (about 1,500 men) in Cape Colony. Under Delarey eight bands were scattered through the Western Transvaal. Ben Vilioen, with 200 men, was north of the Delagoa railway. South of the railway, December 3, were eleven bands, reported as comprising 1,800 men, in touch with Louis Botha and the Boer "government" near Lake Chrissie. All these bands have the policy of separating when menaced with attack, and of rapidly joining forces when opportunity offers for assault on a small British force. The war office in London has de- cided to withdraw at once twenty batteries of artillery from South Africa, as in guerrilla warfare heavy guns are of little use, and are indeed a hind- rance to mobility. HUM. K HOUSE SYSTEM. The efficiency of the blockhouse system (pp. 647, 648) is seen in the fact that whereas during November, 1900, the Boers interrupted the railway line thirty-two times, there was not one such break from October 1 of this year to November 21. A large and increasing area has been denuded of the Boer guerrillas. More than 1 ,600 miles of railway are now protected by blockhouses, making it possible not only to meet the military demands but also to accommodate the large and increasing volume of civil traffic. A SLOW ATTRITION. From the Transvaal it is reported that civil administration is now firmly re-established. Those on the spot who are best able to judge deem the end of the war distinctly visible, but think it vain to expect an end by any sudden stroke. 7°4 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February No., 1902 All of the Boers whose purpose to continue resistance was not strong have now been captured or have sur- rendered. Among these burghers a strong pro-British party has gradually- grown up, which sees the hopeless- ness of the Boer cause and has come to a strong determination to further the prosperity of the country under the new government. Many of these are now even volunteering to fight for it. Those who now remain with the Boer forces are believed to be desper- ate men and are not expected to sur- SAID PASHA, NEW GRAND VIZIER OF TURKEY. render: at least the report is that every Boer now taken fights savagely before capture. Many casualties in the British lines may therefore be feared. But a correspondent who has followed the army operations for two years reports the British troops still full of determination and as cheerful as ever. The line of proposed action henceforth is to wear out the small remaining Boer force by constant harassing; as was in- stanced by Lord Kitchener's report for September of more than 2,000 men with- drawn during that month from the ranks of the enemy — 170 being killed in action, 1 14 wounded prisoners, 1,185 unwounded Erisoners, and 303 surrendered burghers. ,ord Kitchener however, does not expect these large numbers to be maintained through successive m nths. in view of the constant diminution of the Boer forces in the field, and their pvobable return to their former elusive tactics. Some of the recent British successes are attributed to the co-operation of the corps of burgher allies recently formed under the command of Cellier and Cronje acting under General Bruce Hamilton (p. 648). TOTAL BRITISH LOSSES. An official table issued by the war office shows the following total of British losses (" reduction of the mili- tary forces through war in South Africa ") from the beginning, on Octo- ber 11, 1899, through October 1901 : Deaths in South Africa, 17,844; of whom Killed in action 5 001 Died of disease 10 680 Missing and prisoners 532 Invalids sent home, who have died 439 Invalids sent home, leaving the service as unfit 3,958 MILITARY RECORD. On December 5 three British col- umns, near Ermelo, in the Waterberg district, and in the North-west Trans- vaal, captured in all 250 prisoners. Lord Kitchener's weekly report, De- cember 9, showed 31 Boers killed, 17 wounded, 352 prisoners, 35 surren- dered ; total, 444. On December 11, General Bruce Hamilton by a night march surprised and captured nearly the whole Bethel commando, killing 7 Boers and taking 131 prisoners. By another night march he surprised at dawn Piet Viljoens's laager, 25 miles northwest from Ermelo, killing 16 Boers, capturing 76 armed men, and wounding many others who were left at farms. A dispatch, delayed ten days by the censor, received December 15 at Durban, Natal, brought news of an action near Luneberg, Transvaal, in which the British took 80 prisoners ; while Commandant Louis Botha, se- verely shot through the left leg below the knee, escaped capture^ only by crawling into the bush. On the next day came a dispatch from Lord Kitch- ener reporting the capture of Com- THE BOER WAR. 70S mandant Badenhorst and 14 others in the Waterberg. An important capture, of which the report from Lord Kitchener was re- ceived December 17, was that of Commandant Kritzinger, who was attempting to break through the blockhouse cordon at Hanover Road in the eastern Transvaal. He was badly wounded. Kritzinger — whose repute for daring and successful leadership was scarcely second to that of De Wet — led the notable in- vasion of Cape Colony, where at one time he was pursued by no less than seven British columns. after four hours' fighting retired. On the night of the 19th, at Eland Spruit, a Boer attack was repulsed, leaving on the field 8 killed and 4 wounded — others wounded having been car- ried off: British loss, 7 killed, 24 wounded. On the same day, in the eastern Transvaal, a British attack on Commandant Smit's force killed 6 and captured 16. The most serious fighting of the three days was on the 20th at Tabel Kop (or Maggiesdeel), Orange River Colony, where the Boers in the dis- guise of British yeomanry deceived Colonel Damant and gained the race PEKING — THE GATE OF HEAVEN. On December 18 the flooding tide of British success began to ebb. The Boers were evidently not yet ready for peace. On three successive days they were attacking at various points, suddenly surrounding advance guards or dashing on small British posts and inflicting severe losses. The Boer losses appear to have been about equal in number, but of more serious effect by reason of their small remain- ing force. On the 1 8th, I >eWet with 800 men attacked at Langberg, but for a commanding summit. Opening a heavy fire from this point they in- flicted a severe loss — killing three officers and 29 men, and wounding five officers and 35 men. Colonel Rimington's troop then came on the field and scattered the Boers in all directions, capturing prisoners, among whom was a commandant. The Boers left six dead on the field, and after- ward admitted having buried 27 men. Lord Kitchener's report of Boer losses in action during the week 706 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February No., 1902 ending December 21 is as follows: 45 killed, 25 wounded, 310 made prisoners, 35 surrendered; total, 415. Reports of Boer losses, December 23-30, showed 89 killed, 55 wounded, 431 prisoners or surrendered; total, 575- On December 25, at 2 a.m., the noted chieftain, De Wet, with his guerrilla band, reported to number ten to twelve hundred men, inflicted on the British, numbering three to four hun- dred, at Zeefontein, the most serious defeat in recent weeks. The British camp had one of its sides — like that in their historic disaster at Majuba in j88i — on the edge of a precipice which was insufficiently guarded, up which the Boers climbed, and, sud- denly overpowering the picket, rushed through the camp shooting the soldiers as they came out from their tents. There was no panic ; the few soldiers who got clear from their tents fought bravely, but were soon over- powered by numbers. Six officers and fifty men were killed ; eight offi- cers and forty-six were wounded ; and four officers missing are supposed to be with the 245 men whom the Boers took away as prisoners. The Boers are reported to have carried off two wagonloads of their own dead and wounded. The Imperial Light Horse, 14 miles away, reached Zeefontein at 6.30 a. m. and gave chase to the Boers, who succeeded in reaching safety in rough country, with the ammunition and supplies which they had captured. As usual, however, they released their prisoners a few days afterward, having no facilities for guarding them. Lord Kitchener's report makes special reference to the good treatment by the victorious Boers of the British wounded. An English translation of the official telegrams in Dutch from the Boer com- mandoes, comprising their actual reports and the proclamations of leaders previous to a certain period in the war, has re- cently been issued. It reveals a system by which the burghers were continually deceived as to the real state of affairs. Immense British losses were reported — the British troops being always put to flight, while the Boer losses were appar- ently only in cattle and horses. The British were accused of attacking the Boer ambulances, and of paying no respect to either the Red Cross or the white flag. Lord Kitchener's reports, which have always borne an aspect of caution in avoiding extreme statements, present evidence which seems to show the Boers guilty of shooting the Kaffirs on any slight cause, and of barbarous treatment of British wounded at Brakenslaagte. A theory expressed by some British officers is that, though the Boer commandants have the will to prevent outrage and murder by their men, they no longer have the power. Regarding the frequent murders of the natives, Mr. Brodrick in a speech at Glasgow said it was perfectly evident that these crimes were done not in sudden passion, but had place in a system which had been adopted for pre- venting information as to movements of guerrilla bands. Concentration Camps. CRITICISM GENERAL. Through December there was in- creased discussion in Great Britain of this method of caring for the Boer women and children (pp. 648, 649). The subject drew large consideration also in the press on the continent and in the United States. Much heat was elicited and some light cast. A liking, or a dislike, for England, her people, and her characteristic ways, was evident as a formative in- fluence in a large portion of the earlier judgments passed in other countries on either side. In the British Isles a political bias was fre- quently traceable — the liberals, among whom with the Irish leaders are found nearly all the pro-Boers or other open opposers of the war, putting forth the severest denunciations of the camp system as utterly inhuman, though many conservatives also refused to commend it. A partisan (whether domestic or foreign partisan) recital of details of savagery and brutality for the purpose of showing the British government and army chargeable with a deliberate design to exterminate the Boer population, has been not unfamiliar to the public eye THE HO Eli WAR. 707 on both sides of the Atlantic, and had it been less extreme it might have been more impressive. CONTRADICTORY STATEMENTS. The statements on the two sides as given in the press are contra- dictory as to the facts. It has been freely charged in the papers and on public platforms that the camps are structures unfit for human habitation, the quarters filthy, the bedding and clothing inadequate, the food poor in quality and insufficient to assuage hunger; and to these conditions, all due to official neglect or brutality, has been attributed the truly frightful death-rate among the children — the one item which is a matter of undeni- ably true record, as the British gov- ernment publishes to the world at regular intervals official returns of the deaths and of the prevalent diseases causing them. On all other points above noted the public is supplied with statements exactly contradictory to these charges. Thus, Miss A. Phelps, a nurse for five years in the slums of London, writes to the London Times of the camp in which she is stationed and of two others which she has inspected, as well arranged, out- wardly clean, and in all respects well pro- vided for by the government, except that " the authorities have failed in one point — they have permitted the Boers to indulge in the luxury of personal dirt." This, which on the wide area of the veldt would be comparatively innocuous, she testifies has caused in the close air of a camp " an outbreak of zymotic disease, chiefly measles, which has resulted in a high death-rate among the children." Observers at many camps give the same testimony as to the humane intention and endeavor of the government and the sad but unforeseen result. A resident of Pretoria, Hollander by birth, an Afrikander by twenty-one years residence and an official of the late re- publics, writes that being in constant contact with many concentration camps he has no hesitation in denouncing trie charges in the continental press of ill- treatment of the Boer women and chil- dren as downright lies. " The majority of the inmates are satisfied as regards food, clothing, housing, and medical at- tendance." 4,As for the death-rate among the Boer children," he testifies, "it was always tremendously high." A Times correspondent from Elandsfontein states the death-rate before the war for adults and children in Middelburg, Cape Col- ony, as 150 per 1,000. He adds that, though the Boer race is proverbially pro- lific, the yearly increase of total popula- tion in the Orange Free State between 1886 and 1890 was only 11 per 1,000. UTTERANCES IN VARIOUS LANDS. In Britain and in the United States great public meetings have been held to express sympathy with the suffering Boers and to urge gov- ernmental action for their relief. One in Chicago with immense attend ance and great enthusiasm, after a speech by Bourke Cockran, of New York, demanded that the war should stop. From the World's Work, 708 INTERNA TIONAL AFFAIRS. February No., 1962 KING CHRISTIAN OF DENMARK. In Paris, all the newspapers of De- cember 7 published verses by Edmond Rostand appealing to the children of all countries to contribute of their own Christmas gifts a portion to be sent to the Boer mothers and children in the concen- tration camps. The burden of the song was that in those camps " Father Christ- mas " was a spectre, bringing " not toys and sweetmeats, but little coffins of vari- ous sizes." In Brussels, December 17, the Belgian chamber of deputies shelved the resolu- tion presented by M. van der Velde, the socialist leader, in a moderate speech, December 10, to the effect that an appeal be made to Great Britain to " take the necessary steps to reduce the fearful death rate in the concentration camps of South Africa," on the ground that Belgium has no reason to jeopardize Great Britain's friendship by interfering in South Afri- can affairs. The vote stood 56 against the resolution and 41 in favor of it. In Switzerland, in mid-December, the bundesrath declined to approach Great Britain on the subject of the concentra- tion camps in South Africa, taking the ground that it might be interpreted as unwarranted interference in the affairs of a foreign country. In the chamber of deputies at the Hague, December 5, an attempt by the socialists to induce the Dutch government to intervene in South Africa was met by the foreign minister with the government's distinct refusal to interfere in regard to the concentration camps or to take the initia- tive in any appeal for intervention by the powers. AN OFFICIAL STATEMENT. The Blue Book, issued December 14, contained returns from the con- centration camps for October and November. The delay in issue seems to have been due to the government's desire to formulate fully its plans for relief of the situation by breaking up the camps, as recently outlined in the speeches of Mr. Brodriclc, war secre- tary, and to its desire to present these plans in connection with the distress- ingly high death-rate reported. THE BOER WAR. 709 The report shows, in October, 3,156 deaths of whites, of whom 2,633 were children; and in November, 2,807 deaths of whites, of whom 2,271 were children. For the last half-year, the total deaths were 13,941, showing a yearly death-rate approximating 253 per thousand. The Blue Book contains also the reports of medical officials, blaming the death-rate on several grounds — the filthy habits of the Boers, their per- REMEDIAL ACTION. It had become evident early in November that the British government had not failed to discern the frightful extent of the evils resulting from their plan of providing for the wives and children of the Boers by massing them in these immense caravansaries. They had already made a beginning of remedial action which has since been FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK. sistent concealment of diseases, their feeding of babies on meat and heavy dough bread and stewed black coffee ; also the admission to the camps of companies of refugees half-starved and riddled with disease — in one in- stance a group of refugees bringing in eight dying persons and three dead bodies. in process of extension. The British Medical Journal may be considered to have stated early in November the situation as then recognized by the government, together with the action to be taken, as follows : The camps appeared at first to be a military* necessity ; and it was doubtless regarded as more humane thus to mass 710 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February No., iyo2 the women and children than to Jeave them in their half-ruined homesteads. The results have been calamitous. The one essential thing is to split up the camps into a number of much smaller camps on new and unpolluted soils. This change involved many new arrangements for construction, trans- portation, and general supply, during whose process the charges of inten- tional and even of murderous inhu- manity continued in the press of various countries supported by utter- ances of sundry pro-Boers in Great Britain. On December 10, Lord Onslow, parliamentary secretary of the colo- nial office, in a speech at Crewe announced that the camps had passed under the control of the civil authori- ties, and that no pains or expense would be spared to place them in the healthiest possible condition; also that those of their inmates who wished to go to the coast would be freely per- mitted to do so. He added that the larger camps were in process of being broken up into smaller ones of two to three thousand each, and that any epidemics would be dealt with in the use of the best expedients known to science or through experience. Items in Present Aspect. Recent reports show the Orange River Colony resuming almost its normal conditions. Farming opera- tions are in process; mail trains run regularly; the school statistics show an attendance of pupils greater than at any time under the Boer govern- ment; and the revenues of the new government are encouraging. In Johannesberg, in the Transvaal, the output of the mines that have been reopened is increasing. It amounted in September to more than 32,000 ounces of gold. The Johan- nesberg Investment Company reported on December 10 that permission had been granted to start a hundred stamps weekly for the next four weeks; and great numbers of refu- gees were being permitted to return. The Rand millionaires who have most at stake in the gold mines are naturally most anxious for peace to be secured at almost any cost. The government has issued at Pre- toria four proclamations relative to the natives. The first allows colored ministers and educated natives to apply for letters of exemption from the pass laws and other enactments. The second prohibits supply of intoxicating liquor to natives, under severe penalties. The third is for regulation and protection of natives entering and leaving the Transvaal and control of native labor in the diggings : it contains extensive precautions safe- guarding native privileges. The fourth regulates labor agencies on the same lines. A BOER EMISSARY. It was reported in Amsterdam, De- cember 27, that the Boer leaders in that city had decided to send C. M. Wessels to the United States in Janu- ary, bearing a letter from Mr. Kriiger to President Roosevelt. AN ENGLISH PRO-BOER REPULSED. Mr. Lloyd-George, Welsh radical leader, and one of the most alert and active pro-Boers in parliament, met an almost fierce repulse at Birming- ham, December 18, in his attempt to hold a meeting there. His appearance in the town-hall was the signal for terrific uproar and confu- sion, while stones crashed through the windows. A crowd of about fifty thou- sand around the building attempted to break through the barricaded doors and windows, and at last a rush was made for the platform, from which Mr. Lloyd- George escaped in disguise with the aid of police. The throng outside then broke open a door, whereupon the four or five hundred police present charged the crowd and scattered them. Many per- sons were seriously injured. THE SITUATION IN CHINA. The United States in China's Crisis. SPECIAL Commissioner Rock- hill's report of the work done under his commission in China was submitted to Congress early in December. It shows the basis of President Roosevelt's commendation in his recent message of the commis- THE SITU A TION IN CHINA. 711 sioner's achievements through four- teen months on lines which Minister Conger had previously advocated in accordance with general directions carefully framed at Washington. It is also a valuable summary of the effects of this government's policy throughout the peace negotiations. This policy aimed to prevent a par- tition of China. Further, it sought to give the stolid old empire opportu- nity and impulse to rise to a place among independent and responsible nations. The influence of this gov- ernment, aided by two or three others, was steadily exerted for moderating the demand for indemnity which nearly all the other powers sought to swell to an indefinite and crushing amount. Concessions on both sides resulted in a sum nearer to that urged by this government than to the amounts demanded by several other powers. The reduction will tend to benefit the world's trade. The interests of that trade, as well as of China, were benefited also by this country's emphatic and suc- cessful insistence on two important measures — the co-operation of the treaty powers with China for improvement of the water approaches to Shang-hai and Tien-tsin, and the substitution of specific for ad valorem duties on foreign trade. These were secured in return for our consent that the nominal five per cent tariff should be made an effective five per cent. Other powers came heartily to the support of the position taken by this gov- ernment; but President McKinley and Secretary Hay stated clearly at the out- set the general policy of which these pro- visions were prominent features — the policy of using China's outbreak as an occasion for her advantage in bringing her into international relations with the civilized world. The Present Condition. It is still manifestly too early to characterize the situation in positive terms. Its elements are too various, and its antagonist forces, known to be working in secret, are of a strength not yet measurable. Expectations concerning the near future are out- lined or colored by either hope or fear. The British chief of staff, Colonel Collard, returning from service during the campaign in China, asserts that the Chinese officials have no inten- tion of fulfilling their compact with the powers. There is quietness at present, and the missionaries are returning ; but the Boxer movement was merely scotched, not killed, and may recur at any moment. There will be danger in the winter when foreign troops can not be brought in. From various observers come re- ports of portentous signs. One writes that the reactionaries are now in the ascendant, seemingly not con- vinced of their inability to cope with the hated foreigner. Trouble may not arrive soon, but it is coming. The Chinese arsenals are being worked to their utmost capacity. Thousands of cargoes of rifles and ammunition are being hurried up the rivers into the interior. Yet, this writer tells of the public reception of the returning mis- sionaries who escaped from Shang- Si province as " a political and reli- gious phenomenon " — " the events and scenes transcending the extrava- ganzas of romance." The honor which the recent Chinese commis- sioner of expiation refused to render to the emperor of Germany amid the grandeur of his court, was extended by a whole company of lofty digni- taries to the scattered bones of a few untitled missionary men and women murdered not many months ago. A trustworthy correspondent at Peking, wrote on December 1, " Chinese offi- cials have severely punished all offences against foreigners, with I salutary effect on the demeanor of the people." The experienced and cautious su- perintendent of the American Bible Society's work in Northern China, Charles F. Gammon, writes : " Both the extremes of optimistic and pessimistic opinions are held by people of experience. The signs of the times are self-contradictory and misleading, so that the truth is deeply hidden. While 712 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. February No., 1902 at Shanghai I was discouraged by what I learned." Referring to the imperial edicts of sor- row for the past and of promised amend- ment for the future, he says that nearly all are subtle in expression, and capable of being made to convey approval of the dark past; and that the masses of the people, unable to read, depend on one or two scholars in each village to interpret the edicts as received. He reports im- mense quantities of arms and ammuni- tion passing up the Yang-tse Kiang, the arsenals working day and night, and the empress-dowager urging the recuperation of the army and arranging for rapid con- centration of troops. He proceeds thus : "On the other hand, the dowager has issued voluntarily several edicts of a de- cidedly reformatory nature, and the atti- tude of both officials and people is better than ever before known. ^ The people generally welcome the foreigner and en- courage his work. Large bands of Box- ers still exist and meet, but they are now known as rebels, robbers, etc., and, in fact, they prey upon all alike, while the soldiers who fought with them before now shoot them on sight. The officials m* W \^^l^"j > ^ CHOWFA MAHA VAJIRAVUDH, THE CROWN PRINCE OF SIAM. meet us with every show of friendliness and are doing their utmost to aid us in settling Chinese claims and extending our work. There never was such per- fect freedom between Chinese and for- eigners. " My own views take a medium course. I must believe that the end is not yet, and that within ten years, and possibly within five, strife will again be the order and a war ensue the like of which the world has never known. It will result in a uni- versal upheaval and the final dismember- ment of this empire — at a terrible cost. "To offset this are the enlightenment that has come to many minds, the power of the reform party, and the Christian influ- ence that is now so great. These may gradually prevail. The whole situation is so complex, the arguments on both sides so conclusive, that no man can say what is or is to be. "Aside from the 'rebel bands' all give welcome to us and our colporteurs, and our Bibles and portions are pur- chased almost greedily. People most in- different before are now anxious to learn all they can of the religion so much feared by officials, and for the truth of which thousands have forfeited their lives." SIGNS OF PROGRESS. Among recent signs of progress the following are noted. At a dinner given by Minister Con- ger to the leading officials of the leading Chinese foreign office, several American women were present. Wang Wen-Shao, one of the plenipotentiaries, and Ma Tung, a former Boxer leader, were among the guests, in breach of the ancient customs which prohibited prominent Chinese officials from en- tering a foreign legation except on the most formal occasions, and which ranked the meeting socially of foreign women by high officials as a degrada- tion. In the North China Daily News, a correspondent who has returned from a trip through Kuang-Tung, where the fiercest demands for the death of foreigners had been made, reports that the kindly feeling and respect shown by natives to foreigners is now most marked. By steamer arriving at Port Townsend early in December report was brought that in a reaction from the Boxer outbreak THE SITUATION IN C///.Y.1. 7 653> 654)- Messages from Salonika to the United States legation in Constantinople reported the cap- tives in good health, December 2. On December 1 2 it was stated that the brigands refused to abate their demands one dollar : and that, though recognizing the illegality of the abduc- tion, they deemed their action justifia- ble as being in the interest of a sacred cause — the liberation of Macedonia from Turkish oppression. On Decem- ber 14 the report — lacking confirma- tion— was that the legations had com- mitted the case to the missionaries, and that Dr. Washburn, president of Robert College at Constantinople, had arrived at Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. Near the end of the month the treas- urer of the American Board of Mis- sions at Constantinople was at Salon- ika, about to start for the interior to open communication with the bandits. The United States charge* d'affaires, Spencer Eddy, was earnestly engaged GENERAL EUROPEAN SITUATION. 717 on a new plan of release, and Consul- General Dickinson was complaining of continual hindrance by newspaper publications. I h cember ended with no known change in the situation. Rumors were increasing, but the last letter direct from Miss Stone was dated November 13- The Turkish Empire. A SCENE OF OUTRAGE. While the general aspect of the Turkish empire frequently presents features of barbarism, Armenia and Macedonia have of late become such disgraceful scenes of outrage, pillage, and assassination, tolerated if not induced by the Ottoman government, that those districts are an actual menace to the peace of Europe. REMONSTRANCE BY THE POWERS. The Russian ambassador is re- ported to have notified the new grand vizier to this effect in mid-December. France and Russia — if trust is given to a semi-official communication from Paris — are the leaders in seeking the proper basis of "an understanding for making representations to the porte and for eventually taking action to oblige the sultan not only to carry out the clauses of the treaty of Berlin relating to both Macedonia and Arme- nia, but to give guaranties for the execution of these and further re- forms and for settlement of the num- erous questions pending." Russia is said to be discussing the Turkish issue with Germany, while Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Great Hritain do not lack information on the frightful Ottoman misrule. If the Knropean powers could assure them- selves of each other's disinterested- ness of motive, and could speak or act in unison, they could promptly either medicate or remove this plague- spot of the Orient. Their hand has long been stayed by doubt on this point, and on this other portentous question involving racial hate and threatening a limitless strife, What would be the conditions of the many millions of antagonist races now under Abdul Hamid's sway if we should suddenly tear away from them his tyrannous hand ? As to the general outlawry on the Bulgarian border, inspired, it is said, from Macedonia, the Austro-Hunga- rian government has recently made strong representations to both Turkey and Bulgaria, suggesting that the continuance of such conditions makes the country liable to armed interfer- ence by some nation to protect its citizens. Aside from Macedonia and Bulga- ria, the Balkan peninsula as a whole seems to have felt the pacific influence of the recent agreement between Greece and Rumania under the auspices of Austria-Hungary. A TURKISH EXPULSION ORDER. On December 22 it became known that the Turkish authorities in Bey- rout, Syria, had notified naturalized American citizens that within fifteen days they must renounce their Ameri- can naturalization or be expelled from Turkey. Immediate and earnest pro- test, with demand for withdrawal of the notice, was made by the United States charge d'affaires at Constanti- nople, which brought an assurance from Tewfik Pacha, Turkish foreign minister, that the action of the local authorities would be without effect. Protest from Italy. The facts of an affray in the United States, in July last at Erwin, Miss., not far from Vicksburg — in which, it is asserted, two Italians suffered death by lynching and a third was seriously wounded — were communicated to the foreign office at Rome. The Italian authorities, through their consul at New Orleans and their vice-consul at Vicksburg, made independent inves- tigation, and the Italian embassy at Washington made representations to the state department. On December 20, Baron Fava, for- merly Italian ambassador at Washing- 7i8 INTERNA TIONAL AFFAIRS. February No., 1902 ton, raised in the Italian senate the question of lynching, in the United States, and referred to the recent in- stance at Erwin in. which case the guilty persons had not been discovered. Signor Prinetti, minister of foreign affairs, replied, declaring that the Italian government and diplomatists had not been negligent in efforts to secure justice, but that the reticence of witnesses had prevented identification of the culprits, and that the local grand jury had given verdict in the usual formula, that the lynchings had occurred by "the will of God." He declared further that the Italian gov- ernment, still hoping for satisfaction, would continue to protest against con- ditions which were an offence against international treaties. Representa- tions had been made to the United States government that it was a seri- ous thing for that government to declare itself unable to fulfil its treaty engagements. The United States government had admitted (though not in writing) that the Italian claims were well founded, and had promised care- ful consideration of the question. As to an indemnity, the minister agreed with Baron Fava that if offered it should not be refused, but his view was that it should not be deemed a setoff to the crime. The government would ask for no indemnities as the price of the blood of its citizens, but it would not compel the relatives of the victims to refuse indemnities spontaneously offered. The need of empowering our federal authority to take jurisdiction over crimes violating treaty rights, is increasingly felt. We do not allow a foreign power to call one of our States to account, nor do we accept from such a power the reply to our just demand that its domestic laws prevent its doing justice. Yet the latter is our reply to foreign demands, and this not because of any prohibition in our con- stitution, but solely because of neglect by our legislators. Russia and Japan. Near the end of November Mar- quis Ito was a visitor in Russia, and was granted an audience with the czar. He received other notable attentions. Thereupon the London Daily News gave a correspondent's statement "from an authoritative source " that Marquis Ito's visit to Russia was to convey assurances to the czar's government that Japan's recent acquirement of certain territo- rial rights in Korea had no ulterior purpose of aggression on that country. In various papers it was stated that though no permanent or binding obli- gations had been undertaken, the probable outcome was an effective en- tente between Russia and Japan. This statement is too good to be true if credit be given to a Tokio dis- patch to the London Times, December 6, which asserts that the marquis's visit to St. Petersburg is regarded with ab- solute indifference in the Japanese capi- tal. The press and public opinion do not believe in the efficiency of any Rus- so-Japanese agreement from which Great Britain should be excluded, even assuming that Japanese distrust could be overcome. " Nevertheless," says the dispatch, " Russia's agents are earnestly endeavoring to influence Japan by em- phasizing the increase of commerce from the completion of the trans-Siberian railway, and by insisting that Russia's permanent occupation of Manchuria is precluded by her financial condition." Germany, Japan, Korea. There are signs that the German emperor intends to take an active interest in Korean affairs. It is offi- cially announced that German war- ships are now making Chemulpo reg- ularly a port of call as showing Ger- man appreciation of Korea's recent establishment of a legation at Berlin. Suggestion is made in circles non- official that Germany may wish a share in Korean concessions thus far granted only to Americans, British and Japanese. It is further asserted that Ito's business in Berlin was to procure for Japan an imperial loan which he had failed to arrange in the United States. With this view he was prepared to offer tempt- ing propositions to Germany; though a statement of the Japanese consul-general in London a year ago is recalled, that Japan preferred to borrow in the United States as being " the only country which lends money without expecting money, interest, and naval stations in return." THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 719 From the World's Work. COLUMBIA COLLEGE — THE NEW LIBRARY. Affairs in America. rpn THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. The Fifty-Seventh Congress. THE SENATE. E two houses assembled De- cember 2. In the senate there was no need of organization, that body having in the short special session of last March chosen its pres- ident pro tern. Four new senators were present to take the oath of office, viz .: Mr. Kittredge of South Dakota, appointed to succeed Senator Kyle, deceased; Messrs. Dietrich and Mil- lard of Nebraska, and Mr. Gibson of Montana. Two senators were yet to be elected from Delaware. For the first time in the history of Congress the credentials of a senator were in typewriting and on paper, instead of being engrossed on a parchment scroll with a pen; this in the case of the new senator from South Dakota. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. The house was organized speedily by the election of Mr. Henderson, speaker ; and of the other officers of the preceding Congress. The house has 357 members, divided politically into Republicans 197, Democrats 151, and others 9. On the first day 3,000 bills were introduced. THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. President Roosevelt's first message was read in the two houses of Congress December 3. A notable departure from precedent was that the docu- ment was submitted to congress in print. The message occupies more than twelve columns of the New York Tribune. 720 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 It opens with a eulogy of the late President McKinley and a recommen- dation to Congress that stringent laws be enacted for repression of anarchism. Mr. Roosevelt congratulates the coun- try on the prosperity enjoyed through the last five years, and adverts to the rise and development of vast indus- trial and financial combinations. These he finds to be the result of nat- ural causes in the business world, and not of tariff legislation. There have been abuses connected with the accumulation of wealth; but it remains true that "a fortune accumulated in legitimate busi- ness can be accumulated by the person specially benefited only on condition of conferring immense incidental benefits on others. ... In dealing with busi- ness interests, for the government to undertake by crude and ill-considered legislation to do what may turn out to be bad, would be to incur the risk of such far-reaching national disaster that it would be preferable to undertake nothing at all. . . . Still there are real and grave evils, one of the chief being over- capitalization, because of its many bale- ful consequences ; and a resolute and practical effort must be made to correct these evils." As a remedy the president suggests that the corporations which invite the public to aid their enterprises should be required to make " absolutely truthful representations as to the value of the property in which the capital is to be invested." And hence the president would have the affairs of all corporations engaged in interstate business subject to the scrutiny of government officials , and full and accurate information as to the operations of such corporations should be made public at stated intervals. The president favors the creation by Congress of an additional cabinet officer — a secretary of commerce and industries. In the interest of American labor the president urges re-enactment of the law excluding Chinese laborers ; and he would have that act "strength- ened wherever necessary in order to make its enforcement entirely effec- tive." Regarding immigration of Europeans, he would have first abso- lute exclusion of anarchists ; secondly, the requirement of a certain measure of intellectual capacity and " capacity to earn an American living." He finds that there is a " general acquiescence in our present tariff system as a national policy." To make any general change in tariffs now would be disastrous. Still, with our economic system, it is " not only possible but eminently desirable to continue a supplementary system of reciprocal benefit and obligation with other nations . . . Reciprocity must be treated as the hand-maiden of pro- tection. Our first duty is to see that the protection granted by the tariff in every case where it is needed is main- tained, and that reciprocity be sought for so far as it can safely be done without injury to our home indus- tries." The president then points out the need for immediate remedial action by Congress in the interest of Ameri- can shipping. He finds American shipping at great disadvantage in its competition with the shipping of foreign countries. Lines of fast steamships are subsidized by Euro- pean governments j our shipping, sail and steam, freight ships, and mail carriers alike cost more to build than the ships with which they compete ; the wages of American officers and seamen are higher than those of foreign ships' crews ; the standard of living in our ships is far su- perior to the standard in the ships of our commercial rivals. The president suggests the neces- sity of amending the interstate com- merce act, to make it more effective in securing on railways just rates, the revenue for all shippers. The law should provide a speedy, inexpensive, and effective remedy for all wrongs and abuses suffered by shippers. On the subjects of forest conserva- tion, game preserves, irrigation and water control, Mr. Roosevelt speaks with the authority of one fully conver- sant with the needs of vast areas of country in the far West, now waste and uninhabited, but which can be transformed into rich agricultural regions. Turning then to our insular depend- encies, the president defines our aim in Hawaii to be the development of that territory "on the traditional American lines." There, " we do not /'///•; UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 721 wish a region of large estates tilled by cheap labor; we wish 1 healthy Amer- ican community of men who them- selves till the farms they own." As to Porto Rico he finds the island thriving as never before and its gov- ernment administered efficiently and honestly. In the paragraph relating to Cuba he writes: In the case of Cuba there are weighty reasons of morality and of national inter- est why the policy of reciprocity should be held to have a peculiar application, and I most earnestly ask your attention to the wisdom, indeed to the vital need, of providing for a substantial reduction in the tariff duties on Cuban imports into the United States. Cuba has in her con- stitution affirmed whaf we desired, that she should stand, in international matters, in closer and more friendly relations with us, than with any other power; and we are bound by every consideration of honor and expediency to pass commer- cial measures in the interest of her mate- rial wellbeing. In the Philippines our aim is " to help the people upward along the stony and difficult path that leads to self-government." " We are extremely anxious that the natives shall show the power of governing themselves. We are anxious, first for their sakes, and next because it relieves us of a great burden." Every locality that has shown itself fit for self-govern- ment has received it; perhaps from some of these self-government may have to be withdrawn, becaus of their proved unfit- ness. The insurrection is now only an affair of local banditti and marauders ; and "exactly as our aim is to give to the Indian who remains peaceful the fullest and amplest consideration, but to have it understood that we will show no weak- ness if he goes on the warpath, so we must make it evident, unless we are false to our own traditions and to the demands of civilization and humanity, that while we will do everything in our power for the Filipino who is peaceful, we will take the sternest measures with the Filipino who follows the path of the insurrecto and the ladrone." The trans-Pacific cable and the isthmian canal (and the treaty regard- ing that canal with Great Britain) are commended to the earnest attention of Congress. Passages relating to the navy, army, and militia are followed by suggestions HENRY C. PAYNE, APPOINTED POSTMASTER-GENERAL. as to the merit system of appointments to the national civil service. The president recommends the passage of a law to extend the provisions of the law to the District of Columbia. But in particular he desires that law to be " ap- plied rigidly in our insular possessions." He finds the provisions of the law regu- lating the consular service, which was passed in 1856, "entirely inadequate to existing conditions." There are before Congress bills to improve this service materially, and it is of essential import- ance that they be enacted into laws. BILLS IN THE SENATE. To provide revenues for the gov- ernment of the Philippine Islands, which could no longer be lawfully collected under the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, (p. 724) Senator Lodge (of Massa- chusetts, Rep.) introduced in the senate, December 4, a bill to re- tain in force the tariff regulations made September 17, 1901, by the Philippine commission which affect 722 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 goods going into the islands. Further, the bill propdses the levying on all imports hither from the Philippines the same duties as on goods from for- eign countries; also that all duties collected in the Philippines shall be paid into the insular treasury. Other bills introduced the same day in the senate provided for exclusion of Chinese immigrants, the require- ment of an educational test for ad- mission of immigrants from other countries ; for reform of the United States consular system ; for reclama- tion of arid lands ; for exclusion of alien anarchists and for protecting the the lives of presidents. Senator Frye (of Maine, Rep.) in- troduced a new ship subsidy bill December 9. Besides changes in the conditions of earning subsidies for mail steamships, the bill contains provisions for subsidizing " all vessels, steam or sail, which are not under mail contracts." For these there is to be a uniiorm subsidy of one cent for each 100 nautical miles, not exceeding 16 entries in one year. The bill also pro- vides an annual bounty of $2 a ton for deep-sea fishing vessels and $1 a month for American citizens engaged in deep- sea fishery; and it denies American registry to foreign-built vessels owned by Americans. BILLS IN THE HOUSE. The bill to authorize the collection of the Dingley tariff duties in the Philippines, necessitated by the recent decision of the supreme court (see below), was passed by the house of representatives December 18 by a vote of 163 to 128. This is not the senate bill of Mr. Lodge. Three Democrats, Messrs. Davey, Broussard, and Robertson, all from Louisiana, voted with the majority, and two Republicans, McCall of Massa- chusetts and Littiefield of Maine, with the minority. December 19, Representative Jen- kins (Rep.) of Wisconsin offered a bill for a constitutional amendment. This provides that Congress shall have power to regulate commerce in the United States. All private corporations, copart- nerships and joint stock companies in the United States shall be under the control of Congress. Congress shall have power LESLIE M. SHAW, THE NEW SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. in the United States to regulate, control, prohibit and dissolve all contracts and combinations in restraint of trade or com- merce. In absence of legislation by Con- gress pursuant to this article, all powers conferred upon Congress by this article may be exercised by the several States. Cuba. THE ELECTIONS. Eusebio Hernandez, for the Cuban Democratic party, sent a dispatch to Mr. Root, secretary of war, Decem- ber 3, in which he expresses the satis- faction of the friends of General Maso with the secretary's assurance that no official interference in the coming elections shall be tolerated. But such interference, says he, is inevit- able in view of the make-up of the central canvassing board ; all its members are candidates for office, and they are all members of Palma's executive committee. One, of them is secretary of state, and others are high officials, and they are all working openly in the interest of Pahna. The THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 723 THE MACHINERY BUILDING AT THE SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION. Cuban people believe that there is a conspiracy to force a president upon them. The election took place December 31. General Maso having withdrawn from the canvass, T. Estrada Palma was elected president without oppo- sition. Cuba's petition to congress. In a petition addressed to Congress, the Cuban commission on tariff con- cessions, on December 5, set forth the pressing need of the Cuban people of access to the markets of the United States for the sale of their products. The Cubans are desirous of an increased importation of Ameri- can wares and products ; but that is impossible under existing conditions. American sales in Cuba are diminish- ing. Under a uniform tariff European goods can be sold in Cuba cheaper than American. The Cuban commis- sion asks that Cuban molasses and raw sugar up to No. 16 Dutch stand- ard be admitted free into the United States, and all other Cuban products at one-half the rates established for the most favored nation. In return Cuba will admit all products of the United States at a like reduction of duty. No action was taken on the petition prior to the holiday recess of Congress. A party of beet-sugar producers, with their attorneys, visited President Roosevelt December 1 1 to represent to him the injury that will result to their interests should Congress, in accordance with the counsel given in his message, make any large reduction on the tariff duties on Cuban sugar imported into this country. Should the present tariff duty of $36 a ton be largely reduced, many would be compelled to go out of business. The president, it is understood, gave them no encouragement to hope that he would retreat from the position he held in the message. Porto Rico. PROGRESS AND INDIGENCE. The annual report of the insular secretary of the interior was published at Washington December 1 1 . The report notes the transfer last February of the local telegraph system by the war department to the insular govern- ment. During the year, 9,000 acres of public lands were listed as belong- ing to the government. The board of public works expended, during the year, $494,310 on roads, public build- ings, and other improvements. A part of the money was from customs refunded to the island treasury by Congress. To the 157 miles of mac- adamized highway built by the Span- ish government, 85 miles have been added, and surveys were made during the year for 67 miles more. Fran- 724 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 chises for an electric railroad at Ponce (now under construction), a water power company, an irrigation and harbor company at Guanica, two rail- roads, and a telephone company, have been granted by the executive council. Meanwhile sanitary conditions are improving, slowly but steadily. The only city that has a sewer system is San Juan. No case of yellow fever occurred during the year. From the government vaccine station at Rio Pedras, 136,700 points were issued last year. The vital statistics, if correct, are dishearten- ing. In 1900 the deaths were more than twice as numerous as the births, the numbers being 41, 8 54 and 20,259 respect- ively. In the three years of American occupation the deaths exceeded the births by more thau 50,000. The year ending June 30, 1901, had, according to an incom- plete report, 11.535 deaths from anemia alone. Thus more than one per cent of the whole population died because of insufficient nutrition. The Philippines. GOLD AND SILVER COIN. Henry C. Ide, chief of the depart- ment of finance and justice, in an in- terview at Manila, December 1, ex- pressed apprehension of financial trouble to arise out of the probable enforcement of a change of ratio be- tween Mexican dollars and the gold dollar of the United States. At present the gold dollar is equal to two Mexican dollars, but the United States post-office at Manila will not issue money orders in exchange for money orders on any terms except to government employes ; hence the Manila banks are making the exchange, but make a charge of 6 to 8 per cent. Merchants and others are forced to carry their accounts in Mexican silver. The ratio of two Mexican dollars to one gold was established by the Philippine commission; but the postoffice cannot accept it without the authority of Con- gress. Bankers at Manila say that if all salaries were paid in the local or Mexi- can currency, without regard to its fluc- tuations, and if the government had not attempted to enforce a rate of exchange, the financial situation would not have suffered disturbance. SUPREME COURT DECISIONS. On December 2, the United States Supreme Court announced its deci- sion upon the two outstanding " insu- lar test suits," viz. the " fourteen dia- mond rings case," and the second Dooley case." The majority for the decision was in each case one vote. In the case of the fourteen dia- mond rings the court holds that the Philippines became domestic territory of the United States for tariff pur- poses upon ratification of the treaty with Spain. Hence the collection of import duty on the fourteen diamond rings brought from Manila was ille- gal and against the constitution. The court in this case divided as follows : For the decision, Chief Justice Fuller, Justices Brown, Peckham, Harlan, Brewer ; against the decision, Justices White, Shiras, McKenna, Gray. In the other case, in which the constitutionality of the Foraker act imposing duties on goods imported into Porto Rico from this country was in question, the decision affirmed the legality of those duties. The vote stood : Affirmative, Justices Brown, White, Shiras, Gray, McKenna; neg- ative, Chief Justice Fuller, Justices Harlan, Brewer, Peckham. The points determined by these judgments are thus succinctly stated by the New York Tribune. First — The constitution does not fol- low the flag until it is planted on new territory by special act of Congress. Second — The extension of the sover- einty of the United States to new terri- tory carries with it all the constitutional guaranties of the enjoyment of liberty, the righ -• to property, and the protection of the United States to the people thus affected in securing justice and maintain- ing public order and promoting peaceful progress. Third — The islands acquired from Spain by the treaty of Paris are " prop- erty of the United States " in the strict sense in which that term is used in the constitution, and, this being the case, Congress can dispose of these isla/ids in any way which it may believe to be con- ducive to the highest interests alike of the people of the United States and of these islands, 77//; I XI TED STATES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 72$ Among the immediate conse- quences of the judgments of the court is the legal recognition of three species of American territory, viz: States, incorporated territories, and unincorporated territory, or territory belonging to the United States. And from this result three species or grades of citizenship : First — Citizens vested with full and sovereign political power, or the resi- dents of the States. Second — Citizens of the incorporated territories, who are not vested with full and sovereign political power as long as they are residents of the incorporated territories, in that they cannot vote for presidential electors. Third — The people of the " territory appurtenant to the United States," as such, who cannot become citizens of the United States until Congress extends to the territory they occupy all the provi- sions of the constitution. In consequence of the decisions, all goods coming from the Philippines will be admitted to American ports without duty, until Congress shall enact a law for the Philippines similar to the Foraker act for Porto Rico, under which such imports will have to pay duty. WORK OF THE ARMY. Advices from Manila, dated Decem- ber 1, reported several small engage- ments with insurgents in Batangas province. But the insurgent leader there, Caballos, and his followers were badly demoralized, his force having been broken up into several small bands. Caballos had two American prisoners. To cut off supplies to the insurgents General Chaffee, December 5, issued orders for closing all ports in Batangas and Laguna provinces. Further, the quartermasters in those provinces will withhold the rent customarily paid for buildings used for military purposes. The money had been used to support insurrection. The frequent attacks of insurrectors on small military posts make it neces- sary to keep the force of the United States troops at the present strength. General Chaffee, in his annual report published at Washington December 6, holds that the withdrawal of the troops should not be done hastily. In fact it should, when undertaken, be gradual " and more in the nature of concentration than reduction of force or abandonment of any consid- erable area of territory." He would have no reduction of the force before January, 1903. From June 10 to September 15 of 1901, 361 Filipino officers and 3,683 men surrendered; and 26 officers and 494 men were taken prisoners. Appended to General Chaffee's report is that of Judge Advocate-General Groesbeck, who sees in the suppression of brigandage one of the most trying problems of administration. Were the military arm, he says, free to deal with marauders, it were easy to end the troubles," but the increasing of civil government complicates the situation considerably. The American negro, David Fagin, a deserter from the twenty-fourth infantry, who for more than two years was a leader among the insurgent Filipinos, was made prisoner by native scouts at Bongabon in Nueva"Ecija in the beginning of December and then decapitated by his captors. Fagin wore the "class ring" of Lieutenant Alstactter of the engineer corps who was captured by insurgents October 28, 1900. A military commission having con- demned General Isidoro Torres to be hanged for the assassination of a soldier of the twelfth infantry, General Chaffee annulled the sentence of the court; he could not believe that an officer of such high rank could have been guilty of such unsoldierly conduct. At Labo, Camarines province, there was an important engagement between an insurgent force and a detachment of the twentieth infantry in the second week of December. Three Americans were killed. About the same date a large force of insurgents attacked the town of Lipa, Batangas province, killing one soldier and "several American sup- porters." Ten of the insurgents were killed. The same telegram from Manila which reports these conflicts tells also of an attack of 200 riflemen and 400 bolo- men on Nagpartian, North I locos prov- ince. A company of the eighth infantry drove off the enemy, killing eleven of them but themselves suffering no loss, 726 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 From Samar the surrender of 700 bolo- men was reported December 17, and on the same date the death of the governor of the island of Negros in an engage- ment with ladrones. Of the plan of the campaign against Lukban's force in Samar, the Manila Times, after stating the numbers and dispositions of the military and naval forces engaged in the campaign, says: "Samar island will be made a desert where birds cannot live. There is a bare possibility that, aided by the terrible punishment about to be inflicted, Lukban and his followers will decide to throw themselves on the mercy of the Ameri- cans. General George W. Davis, command- ing at Zamboanga, island of Mindanao, has asked that military authority be again made supreme. He finds that the recently elected president, his counsellors and the leading inhabitants of Cagayan de Misamis, are supplying the insurgents with ammunition. General James F. Wade, commanding in tne island of Cebu, agrees in opinion with General Davis. But General Chaffee said to the represen- tative of the Associated Press of Manila, December 22, that "by the end of Febru- ary all the turbulent provinces will have been pacified," except Samar, which may not be subdued for some months yet. A telegram from Manila, December 24, announced the surrender of the insurrecto General Samson and all his officers in the island of Bohol, with 28 cannon and 45 guns. In Laguna province Colonel Dougherty was burning all the insurgents' barracks and small blankets and taking many prisoners. At Dapdap, Samar, about Christmas time, a detachment of 18 men of the ninth infantry under Captain Schoeffel, was attacked by bolomen and lost a ser- geant, a corporal, and five privates killed. Five privates were dangerously wounded. Captain Schoeffel and one private soldier were slightly wounded. Alaska. A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. There is a concerted movement on foot in Alaska to obtain from Congress a grant of a regular Territorial gov- ernment, with representation in Con- gress. A telegram from Port Townsend, Wash., of December 3, tells of a propo- sition to be made to the Alaska Bar Association, in the present session of the United> States Court at Juneau, to take the initiative in calling a Territorial con- vention for the purpose of expressing the general desire for Territorial government. The same dispatch reports the dropping of "Alaska " after Skagway in the Cana- dian customs blanks. This is interpreted by Americans in Alaska as indicating a disposition to claim Skagway as a place within the jurisdiction of Canada. Illinois. BUILDING ACTIVITY IN CHICAGO. " The greatest building boom in Chicago's history is now in full swing," reports a correspondent of the New York Tribune, Dec. 1. Many build- ing ventures stand uncompleted, or not commenced, for lack of competent laborers. Every one of the 6,000 members of the hod-carriers and building laborers' union is at work. Not even when preparations were making for the world's fair was there such activity in the building trades. Indiana. THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE IN SCHOOLS. Mr. Kendall, superintendent of schools, has ordered teachers of the eighth grade and high schools of the State to make reading and study of President Roosevelt's message one of the school exercises. He holds the document to be of great value as a means of interesting the pupils in questions of current history, civics, and language. He calls their attention specially to the references in the message to the late President, and to Mr. Roose- velt's suggestions as to restrictions on immigration, the problems arising in our new possessions, the isthmian canal, relations with China, and the Pan-Amer- ican congress; also to the president's treatment of such questions as trusts, tariff, merchant marine, consular service, and kindred topics, and he would encour- age the pupils to discuss these. But he would have the teachers abstain from anything like partisan comment. New York. RAILROAD TUNNEL UNDER MANHATTAN AND HUDSON AND EAST RIVERS. Plans and maps of a tunnel to con- nect the Pennsylvania and Long Island railroads were filed at New York, December 1 1 . The tunnol will cross under the Hudson (or North River) from Hoboken, N. J., terminus of the Pennsylvania Railroad, to THE UNITED STA TES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 727 D1AORAM Or TH« mojtCTKD TUffBBL DKDEK MBW TOBB Or TBI FBNXITLTABIA AMD LOH0 ISLAND RAft.«OAO«. From the Review of Reviews. Thirty-second street, borough of Manhattan, under the island of Man- hattan and under the East River to the borough of Queens in Long Island, and there will connect with the Long Island railroad. On its route under Manhattan the tunnel will enter a great underground sta- tion. The tunnel (a double tunnel) under North river will have two tracks as far as the underground sta- tion in Manhattan. Eastward from the station there will be four tracks under Manhattan, and under East river these four tracks will be each in a separate tunnel to Queens borough. Novel principles of engineering will be applied in the construction of these tun- nels. The tunnels under North river will be in effect two railway bridges, each enclosed in a steel tube, suppor.ed on piers running down to bed road. It was found impracticable to tunnel through the sand and clay formations of the river bed, which are from seventy to a hundred feet thick. The plan, there- fore, is to have steel trusses inside each tube, and have the tube supported se- curely by piers extending down to bed rock. Each steel tube will be eighteen feet, six inches, in diameter, inside meas- urement, and will be constructed of circu- lar sections about two feet long. The work is estimated to cost about I40, 000,000. Pennsylvania. EXPLOSIONS IN FURNACES. By an explosion of gas in one of the furnaces of Jones & Laughlin at Pittsburg, December 19, nine men were burned to death, three more so badly injured that they were not expected to live, and three seriously hurt. The next day, in the same city, a boiler in the steel works of Park Bros, exploded, killing three men and injuring twelve. One man was missing. A third disaster of a similar kind oc- curred December 21 when, in one of the plants of the Crucible Steel Com- pany in Pittsburg, seven men were scalded by an explosion of steam boilers, and twenty others were more or less seriously injured. The water in the supply pipes, it was supposed, was frozen. South Carolina. THE CHARLESTON EXPOSITION. The South Carolina Interstate and West Indies Exposition was opened at Charleston, December 2. Senator Chauncey M. Depew, of New York, made the principal address of the occasion. Never, he said, since the colony of South Carolina adopted in 1674 the charter devised for it by John Locke and till the conclusion of the treaty of peace with Spain in 1S99, could such an exposi- tion as this be projected. But now there is an industrial and manufacturing South, and there are in the Caribbean Sea Span- ish islands to meet it upon the common ground of reciprocal benefit. The orator took occasion to define his view of commercial reciprocity, " a popular but undefined idea in American politics." The possibilities of reciprocity have captured our im- agination ; but its " practical and ben- eficial limits " are unknown. Senator Depew is confident that the policy will never be adopted if it brings the highly organized industries and the cheap labor ot other countries into competition in our own markets with similar home products. Army and Navy. THE SCHLEY COURT OF INQUIRY. The findings of the court were officially published December 13. There were two reports, one, presum- ably for the whole court, signed thus : George Dewey, Admiral, U. S. 728 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 THE FIFTH AVENUE FRONT OF THE NEW EAST WING OF THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW TOR*. N., president. Sam C. Lemly, Judge Advocate General, U. S. N. The other report bore only this signature: George Dewey, Admiral, U. S. N. The former report is a voluminous document. It finds all allegations made against Rear-Admiral Schley proved, except the charge of coward- e. Schley did not proceed with the utmost dispatch to Cienfuegos nor did he block- ade Cienfuegos as closely as possible. He made no effort to ascertain whether the Spanish squadron was there. In pro- ceeding from Cienfuegos to Santiago he did not use all dispatch and he did not dispose his vessels with a view to inter- cept the enemy should Cervera attempt to pass the flying squadron. He should not have made the retrograde movement with his squadron. He should have obeyed the navy department's order of May 25. On May 29 and 30 he should have endeavored to capture or destroy the Spanish ships anchored at the en- trance of Santiago harbor. When he attacked on May 31 he did not do his utmost with the force he had. In the "loop movement" he caused the Brook- lyn to lose distance and position ; that movement caused the Texas to back and stop her engines. Schley did injustice to Captain Hodgson in publishing only a por- tion of their mutual correspondence. Schley's conduct throughout the Santiago campaign prior to June 1, 1898, "was char- acterized by vacillation, dilatoriness, and lack of enterprise." His official report regarding coal supply for the squadron " were inaccurate and misleading." But " his conduct during the battle July 3 was self-possessed and he encouraged, in his own person, his subordinate officers and men to fight courageously. Admiral Dewey, in his individual opinion holds as follows : That the passage from Key West to Cienfuegos " was made with all possible dispatch," Schley being impressed with the importance of arriving off Cienfuegos with as much coal as possible in the ships' bunkers; that the blockade of Cien- fuegos was effective} thatthe passagefrom Cienfuegos to a point about twenty-four miles south of Santiago was made " with as much dispatch as was possible while keeping the squadron a unit ; finally, that " Commodore Schley was the senior officer of our squadron off Santiago when the Spanish squadron attempted to escape on the morning of July 3, 1898 He was in absolute command, and is entitled to the credit due to such commanding officer for the glorious victory which resulted in the total destruction of the Spanish ships." General Miles, having in an inter- view with a newswaper reporter ex- pressed approval of the opinion of Admiral Dewey in the Schley case, was reprimanded by the secretary of war in a letter addressed to the gen- eral by order of President Roosevelt December 19. General Miles, De- cember 20, replied to Secretary Root, declaring that his observations " were in no sense intended as a criticism " of the army department, and Decem- ber 21 he made further explanations. But this only called forth from the secretary a more explicit reproof, end- ing with this passage : It is of no consequence on whose side your opinion was, or what it was. You had no business in the controversy, and no right, holding the office which you did, to express any opinion. Your con- duct was in violation of the regulation above cited, and of the rules of official propriety, and you are justly liable to censure, which I now express, THE UNITED STA TES AND ITS DEPENDENCIES. 729 Business and Industry. BONDS IN I901. The dealings in bonds in Wall street were in excess of any previous record, and for most of the issues the highest prices ever attained were reached. March was " the banner " month, when bonds to the par value of $129,538,500 were dealt in. In August the transactions reached the lowest level, $36,665,100 par value. The dealings for the whole year amounted in par value to $98 1,702,000. The largest transactions for any one week were those of the week ending February 9, $44,823,900; and for any one day, those of May 1 , $1 1 ,565,500. CLEARING HOUSE EXCHANGES. The exchanges of all the clearing houses in the United States in 1901 compared as follows with those of the two years next preceding: 1901. December •♦9,880,000,000 November : 9,853,912,618 October 9,531,613.614 September 7 966.438,815 August 7,986.144.198 iuly 9.365,718,354 une 10.106,778.513 lay 12,825,972.748 April 12,010,428,193 March 10,003,589,736 February 8,358,808,924 January 10,716,440,805 * December partly estimated. 1900. to,07i. 389.961 8.758,897.164 7,621,319,823 5,626,511,145 5.707.329.104 6,256,080,134 6,607,616,610 7,310,832,515 7,472,974.151 7,043,018,256 6,432,; 1899. ♦8,378,956,161 7,909,434,541 8,343.023.010 7,081,234,122 6,941,8s 1.474 7,126,188,392 7,508,877,349 8,340,037.830 8:738".589;f75 6,992.303.853 8,504,360,612 UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION S EARNINGS. A statement of this corporation's earnings during the nine months of its existence, ending December 31, shows a total of $84,779,298. But from this must be deducted $11,958,- 994 for sinking fund and depreciation, reserve and contingent fund, and improvements. The balance left is $72,820,304. Deduct $11,400,000, being nine months' interest on bonds, and the balance is $61,420,304. The nine months' dividends on stock of the corporation, at 7 per cent annu- ally for preferred and 4 per cent annually for common stock, amount to $41,980,706, which, being deducted from $61,420,304, leaves a balance applicable to surplus or new con- struction, $19,414,497. The iron and steel industry enjoyed throughout the year an unexampled prosperity, due to the perfect harmony of interests and the wise management of the business. The output was enormous down to the year's end, and would have been still larger but for the great delays in transportation for lack of railroad cars. WOOL AND WOOLLENS. The woollen mills toward the close of the year were taxed to their utmost ability to fill orders for heavy weight goods. They have full occupation for months to come. MONEY IN CIRCULATION. Secretary Gage, at a cabinet meet- ing held December 31, reviewed the financial history of the last four years, and made a statement of the money circulating in the country. On March 1, 1897, the money in circulation, outside the treasury, was $1,675,694,- 593, equal to $23.14 per capita. On December 1, 1901, it was $2, 250,256,- 230, or $28.73 Per capita. In the same four years the amount of gold coin and gold certificates rose from ^Si-860^^ t0 $9i4>300>°89« RAILROADS. Returns of the gross earnings of 57 railroads or railroad systems for the first week of December, compiled by the New York Tribune, show for 46 roads a gain of 12.3 per cent over the same month of the year 1900; and they show for 1 1 other railroads and systems a decline of 4.3 per cent. 73<> AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 For the second week of December, 33 railroads or systems show gains of 9 per cent, while 1 2 show a decline of 7.3 per cent. For the third week of December, 12 railroads or systems gained 17 per cent, and 31 declined 8.6 per cent. The returns for the fourth week of December are, for 13 railroads or systems, 8.3 per cent gain, and for three 9.1 per cent decline. TRADE WITH CHINA. American trade with the Chinese empire appears to have been more injuriously affected by the recent disturbances than that of other coun- tries. This is seen in the official figures of the Chinese government, reported by the Treasury bureau of statistics. In the calendar year 1900, British goods imported exceeded in value those imported in the year before by 5,000,000 Haikwan taels; Russian imports increased 1,000,000 such taels ; imports from Turkey in Asia, Persia, Egypt, Algiers, etc., in- creased considerably; those from conti- nental Europe were slightly greater than in the 'previous year; but imports from the United States fell from 22,288,745 Haikwan taels in 1899 to 16,724,493 in 1900. The import of American cotton fabrics declined greatly. Of American drills China imported, in 1899, 1,626,107 pieces, but in 1900 only 805,892 pieces, a decline of more than 50 per cent. The import of British drills declined only ten per cent. Dutch drills had a gain of more than 10 per cent. The decline in the import of British sheetings was from 763,762 pieces in 1899, to 605,199 in 1900 — a decrease of 160,000. The decline in American sheetings was from 3,975,903 to 2,312.494 — a reduction of more than 1,500- 000 pieces. Imports of American kero- sene fell from 40,724,989 gallons to 34,447,112 — decline 6,000,000 gallons. The import from Russia fell from 35,695,116 gallons to 32,708,757 — decline about 3,000,000 gallons. But the import of kerosene from Sumatra rose from 11,993,202 gallons in 1899, to 16,424,155 gallons in 1900. Labor Interests. A NATIONAL BOARD OF ARBITRATION. A conference of representatives of labor and capital with a number of other gentlemen of eminence, was held, December 16, in the rooms of the New York Board of Trade and Transportation. It was called by the industrial department of the National Civic Federation for the purpose of choosing a committee for amicable adjustment of controversies between wage earners and employers. Addresses favoring the project were made by Oscar S. Straus, formerly minister to Turkey, Senator M. A. Hanna, Archbishop Ireland, Charles M. Schwab, and others. The follow- ing day a committee was chosen, twelve from each of the three classes of citizens who took part in the con- ference. When this committee of thirty-six met for organization Decem- ber 18, they chose the following officers and members of a sub-com- mittee : Chairman— Senator M. A. Hanna. Vice-chairman — Oscar S. Straus and Samuel Gompers. Treasurer — Charles A. Moore. Secretary — Ralph M. Easley. Committee of bylaws— Oscar S. Straus, S. R. Callaway, James H. Eckels, John J. M'Cook, Samuel Gompers, and Henry White. Sport. INTERNATIONAL BICYCLE RACE. In the Madison Square garden, New York City, commenced in the early morning of December 8, a bi- cycle contest, set on foot by the American Cycle Racing Association. The teams which entered the compe- tition were : Gougoltz and Simar, of France ; McFarland and hreeman, of California ; Munroe and New- kirk, of Memphis, Tenn. , Babcock and Turville, of the Century Road Club Association ; De Roeck and Kerff, of Belgium ; Fisher and Chevallier, of Switzerland and France ; Le Poutre and M uller, of Italy; King and Samuelson, of Salt Lake City; Lawson and Julius, of Sweden; Karnstadt and Franks, of Vienna ; Walthour and McEachern, of Georgia and Canada ; Norcotte and Jones, of New York ; Hall and McLaren of England ; Maya and Wilson of Pennsylvania; Fredericks and Jaak, of Germany ■ and Butler and McLean, of Boston. The prizes were : First team $1,500; second, $1,000; third, $750; fourth, $500 ; fifth, $350 ; sixth, $250; seventh, $150. The law forbids any member of a team riding more than twelve hours in each day. After a man has ridden the cxm.n states axd its t>E/>/:.Y/>/xc/ES. 73t twelve hours, or whenever h<- is com- pelled to leave the track, his mate tak< ■> his place. At the finish, in the night of December i 1. Mi Kachern and W'althour were the winners, beat- ing their closest competitors by only two y.mls. The record of the race stood : Position at finish Miles Laps McEachern and Walthour i 2,555 4 Hutler and McLean 5 2,555 4 Newkirk and Munro 3 2,555 4 Maya and Wilson 2 2,555 4 Babcock and Turville 4 2,555 4 king and Samuelson 6 2.555 1 Hall and McLaren 7 2,552 9 Fredericks and J aak 8 2,409 1-1 Personal and Miscellaneous. THE MCKINLEY MEMORIAL. The trustees of the McKinley Na- tional Memorial Association had a meeting in Washington, December 7. An offer of co-operation made by the William McKinley National Arch Association was declined. The offer provided that the two asso- ciations should unite in collecting a fund, of which one third was to be used for the tomb at Canton and two-thirds for the arch in Washington. Hut the National Memorial Association would join the other body in a petitiorf to Congress for the erection at Washington of a national monument to the deceased president. CHANGES IN THE CABINET. Secretary Gage having decided to retire from the cabinet, the president, December 23, offered the secretary- ship of the treasury to Governor Les- lie M. Shaw of Iowa, who a few days after signified his acceptance of the nomination. Postmaster general Smith having offered his resignation to the presi- dent, Henry C. Payne of Wisconsin was nominated, December 17, to be his successor. IHI CIVIL SERVICE. The frankness and earnestness of President Roosevelt's passages on civil service reform in his message to mgress were in accord with his uniform conduct throughout his official career. For over twenty years Exec- utive action towards the Federal service has had its ups and downs ; and the believers in the Federal civil service law have had their "ins" and theii "•outs." Now they are having their "ins." May 29, 1899, President M< Kinky issued an order affecting a large number of places in the Federal civil service. Civil service reformers the country over called it injurious. Secretary Gage at that time came out in print in defence of the order. Recently Governor Crane, a staunch civil service reformer, was offered the portfolio of the treasury department. The postmaster generalship goes to Mr. Payne of Wisconsin, known at home as a civil service reformer. The new Federal civil service commis- sioner is Wm. D. Foulke, late of the executive committee of the national civil service reform league. Of the changes occurring in the service in the South, in offices not as yet classi- fied under the civil service law, he who runs may read. Six thousand men will shortly be placed within the classified service — the rural postal carriers. Sixteen hundred places under the war department, taken out by General Alger, are already back within the classified service. GOLD PRODUCTION OF THE UNITED STATKS. Mr. George E. Roberts, director of the mint, estimates the production of gold in the United States in the calendar year 1900 at $79,171,000. Some part of this was exported, vet the import of gold exceeded the export by $12,866,010. The gold production of all North America was$i 16,051.500. The industrial consumption of gold in the United States in the same calendar year is estimated at $16,667,500. That of the whole world at about $75,000,000. IRRIGATION WORKS. A committee of congressmen from me Western and Pacific States have prepared the draft of a bill to be presented to Congress providing for a system of irrigation works to be exe- cuted under government direction. 73* APFAIRS IN AMERICA. February l^o., 1902 The receipts from the sale of public lands in the arid and semi-arid States and Territories are to constitute a fund for the construction of storage reservoirs and irrigation canals. CANADA. The Last Fiscal Year. THE official figures, finally revised, respecting the fiscal operations of the Dominion government for the year ending J une 30, 1 901, show a surplus of ordinary receipts over ordinary expenditures amounting to $5,648,333. The receipts were $52,- 514,701, and the expenditures $46,- 866,367. The expenditure chargea- ble to capital amounted to $7,695,488, as against $7,468,843 for the previous fiscal year. Adding $2,512,328 for railway subsidies and $908,681 for the South African contingents and Halifax garrison to the capital expenditure, gives a total of $ 1 1 , 1 1 6,498. Deduct- ing the surplus of $5,648,333, sinking funds to the amounts of $2,480,336 and $1,631 of refunds, $2,986,196 is left to be added to the net debt of the Dominion, which, on June 30, stood at $268,480,003, an increase of $2,986,- 196 over the preceding year. The revenue in detail for two years is as follows : 1900. igo 1. Customs $28,374,147 J2S.42J.284 Excise 9,868,075 10,318,266 Postoffice 3,205,535 3,441,504 Public works 123,610 224,586 Railways 4<774,i62 5,213,381 Canals 320,562 315,^25 Interest on investments... 1,683,050 1,784.833 Patent fees 121,430 1.30,894 Casual 469.568 562,923 Fines and forfeitures 25,981 23,063 Premium, discount and exchange 162,167 64,921 Marinersrfund 59,945 59.783 Steamboat inspection 34.839 33.87° Gas inspection 21,081 22,163 Weights and measures 53.523 54.35° Penitentiaries 68,830 30,211 Fisheries 79./S8 78,966 Superannuation fund. 51.574 5°.474 Dominion steamers 13.467 19,527 Military college 21,464 22,035 Militia 26,290 25,657 Dominion lands 1,388,023 i,5<7.3i9 Total $51,029,994 #52,514,701 General Prosperity. The record for the fiscal year end- ing next June is expected to show that the year is the most striking that Canada has ever experienced in its commercial and financial develop- ment. The trade and general busi- ness statistics all indicate unprece- dented expansion. The total trade of the last fiscal year amounted to $386,903,157. This was the greatest ever known in the country. But the amount expected for June 30, 1902, is at least four hundred millions. The half year completed in December is said to justify this expectation. Thirteen years ago the total trade of the Domin- ion was $201,097,630. In thirteen years, therefore, the trade of the country has doubled. Trade has grown relatively much faster than the population. During the past ten years the population has grown ten and one half per cent, but in this time the foreign trade has grown over eighty per cent. It is not likely, however, that the disproportion will continue, for the growth of the popula- tion in the West is likely to be large. A comparison of the exports of Canada from 1895 to 1901 forms instructive reading. Each of the years given consists of the twelve months ended June 30. The total exports of merchandise, excluding coin and bullion, last year were $195,64 1,- 838, as against $106,440,244 in 1895, show- ing an increase for the six years of $89,201,594. During this period . the exports of produce of the mine increased by nearly $33,000,000, to which the gold output from the Yukon contributed in a very large degree. In 1895 the total ex- ports of manufactures amounted to $8,737,284, but last year they had grown to $17,845,935, a gain of over 9,000,000. Last year exhibited the greatest expan- sion when the increase in the value of man- ufactured goods sent from the Dominion was nearly $3,000,000. In the preceding year the advance was $2,447,093. Forest products were over $6,000,000 higher last year than they were in 1895. The ex- ports of animals and their produce gained nearly $22,000,000, while agricultural products show a betterment of 19,633.779. The following is a comparative statement of the exports in each class for the years 1895 and 1901. CANADA. m THE CUSTOM HOUSE AT ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK. 1S95. 1901. Produce of the mine.- $ 7,222,968 $40,143,828 Produce of the fisheries... 10,963,119 10.730,999 Produce of the forest 24,201,285 30,271,619 Animals and their produce 35.965.°54 57.703.265 Agricultural products 18.960,447 38,594.220 Manufactures 8,737,284 17.845935 Miscellaneous articles 390,087 }5«i9o6 Total $106,440,244 $i95.64>-838 At a public demonstration given in Toronto, in honor of Hon. William Mulock, on the evening of December 17, Premier Laurier said that the external trade of Canada is now $70 a head. That of the United States is $30 a head. The Toronto Monetary Times of December 27 said that nearly every Canadian bank exhibited a prosper- ous state of affairs. The extent of the banking development during 1901 may be shown by the following com- parative figures : Dec 1, 1900. Dec. 1,1901. Circulation $51,900,000 $57,700,000 Deposits 325,300000 375,300000 Loans and discounts. 301,000,000 324.000,000 Call loans 64,300,000 88,500.000 1 n vestments i n stocks and bonds 49,900,000 57,700,000 The above are all banking figures. But a comparison of the total deposits of the country, i.e., bank deposits, govern- ment deposits, loan companies, and sav- ings banks united, brings out the total increase of the savings 01 the country in a very striking manner. Thus : Dec. 1, 1900. Dec. 1, 1901. Total deposits $418,000,000 $471,000,000 But going back ten years we have very striking figures indeed: Dec. i, 1891. Dec. t, 1901. Total deposits $224,030,000 $471,000,000 Growth of Population. The census bulletin issued on the 1 6th of last August indicated a slow growth in the East (p. 491). The total figure given for the population of the Dominion in that document was 5,338,883. But further returns received by the census bureau brought the total population up to 5,370,000. Returns still remain to be added from the Yukon, British Columbia, the territories, and remote districts of Quebec. While the growth of population is slow in older Canada, the Northwest is some- what rapidly filling up. The immi^r.i- tion branch of the government depart- ment of the interior is doing excellent work to this end. The arrivals from the United States during the past year have exceeded that of any other previous year in the history of the country. The 734 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 arrivals from Britain were also very much larger than in any other year. The total returns for the year ending June 30 last, as shown by the annual report of the immigration branch, give the arrivals in Canada for that period at nearly 50,000 Those who came from the United States are among the best settlers for the North- west. Various Industries. The wood pulp business of Canada has grown to notable proportions. The Toronto Mo?ietary Times says that it realizes eight millions of dollars a year and that nearly one- fourth of the product is exported. Of the total product of the pulp mills of Canada during the nine months ending last September, Great Britain took about 58,000 tons, of the value of $750,000. The United States took about 28,000 tons, valued at $684,000, and other countries 1,500 tons, valued at $32,500. The home market of Canada either absorbed 124,000 tons or some of that amount was held in stock. Sir Christopher Furness, M. P., has made arrangements with the Clergue interests at Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., for the erection of an immense shipbuilding plant, to be located at at Sault Ste. Marie, close to the junction of the " Soo " Canal and Lake Superior. There will be erected steel works, which will cost approximately $10,000,000, and the iron and coal fields of Canada will furnish the raw material. In a letter on gold mining in Canada, from the the special mining commissioner of the London Econo- mist, the writer divides the Canadian gold mines into four groups : The Nova Scotian, those of Ontario, the British Columbian, and those of the Yukon, and he estimates their aggre- gate yield during 1900 at 1,780,000 ounces, made up of 18,767 from On- tario, 30,399 from Nova Scotia, 231,- 089 from British Columbia, and 1,500,- 000 from the Yukon. This produc- tion, he considers, will be highwater mark for some time to come. The Dominion revenue returns compiled for the first five months of the fiscal year (July — November) pre- sent a total of $23,141,976, which was $1,637,271 more than for the corresponding period of the previous year, and $6,941,129 in excess of the ordinary expenditure for the same period. An important item in ex- penditure was the payment of $227, 837 for iron bounties. The official government statistics of the Manitoba crops were published in December. The returns are tabu- lated as follows: Total yield, Acres in Av. yield bushels Wheat 50,502,085 Oats ...27,796,588 Barley 6,536,155 Flax 266.420 Rye 62,261 Peas 16,349 Total 85,179,858 Potatoes 4.797-433 Roots 2,925,362 crop. to acre. 2,011,835 25.1 680,551 40.3 191,000 24.2 20,978 12.7 2.707 23. 879 1S.6 24,429 10,214 Just what this means is best ascer- tained by a comparison with 1899, the best year until 1901 in the history of the province. Total yield, Acres in Av. yield bushels. crop. to acre Wheat 27,922,230 Oats 22,318,378 Barley 5.379.I56 Flax 394,920 Rye 64,000 Peas 20,490 Total 56,009,174 Potatoes 3,226,395 Roots 2,670,108 1,629,995 75.136 17-13 575,136 38-8 182,912 29.4 19.151 10,079 168.5 265. As will be seen, the striking increase was in what is unquestionably the staple product of the province, namely, wheat. Not only was the acreage large, but the average yield was also in excess of the normal. Miscellaneous. THE DOUKHOBORS. Messrs. Smart and Bedley, repre- senting the Society of Friends in Philadelphia, recently inspected the Doukhobor colonies (p. 182). Ac- cording to their report, made in Ottawa, December 24, to Mr. Joseph H. Elkinton of Philadelphia, these Russian settlers are making excellent progress in learning the English language. Their stock is increasing, they are acquiring better homes. All that is needed on the part of the gov- ernment is a little forbearance until MEXICO. 735 they " forget " the oppression to which they were subjected in Russia. Nearly all the members of the party who were induced by the agitator, Bo- jansky, to go to California have returned to the British territories. THE SMALLPOX DANGER. It was still (p. 676) rather exten- sive in Canada at the close of Decem- ber. Under date of January 1, for example, 433 cases were reported in Ontario. Twenty counties were affected. NEWFOUNDLAND. The French Shore. THE term of years during which, according to the understand- ing between the imperial gov- ernment and Newfoundland, this annoying question (pp. 47, 556) was to stand undecided, expired in De- cember. Newfoundland wants to end the long-standing French claims, and the question is, What will the impe- rial government do ? Premier Bond's visit to London last spring (p. 610) has as yet re- sulted in apparently nothing. The Anglo-French modus vivendi expired December 31, and apparently no ar- rangement with France was in sight. On January 1 , the London Daily Ex- press published a cable dispatch from one of the highest officials of the Newfoundland cabinet, as fol- lows : This government has not considered the renewal of the modus vivendi, and hopes there will be no occasion to con- sider the re-enactment of a measure so detrimental to the interests of the em- pire and the colony. The government has not received any advice from the imperial government as to what has been done regarding the negotiations with France, since the Newfoundland delegates left London last May. All the colony's representations to the colonial office have been unanswered, and no reply lias been received regarding reciprocity with America, although the imperial govern- ment's desire respecting a discussion of that question between Sir Wilfred Lau- rier and Sir Robert Bond (respectively the premiers of Canada and Newfound- land) has been fully complied with and the result has been reported to the colonial office. The successful management of the colony's affairs by the present admin- istration is manifested by a financial condition unparalleled in its history. We only require justice at the hands of the imperial government in the removal of the restriction as to the treaty sliore and and trade relations with America to assure us a position of permanent pros- perity. Financial natters. Returns of Newfoundland trade for the fiscal year up to the end of June, 1900, show the total imports to have been $7,497,147 (as against 6,311,245 for the preceding year), and the exports $8,627,576 (as against 6,936,315 for the preceding year). Of the import trade, $2,805,490 came from Canada ; $1,993,505 from the United States, and $2,224,353 from Great Britain. The exports went $520,137 to Canada, $1,005,525 to the United States and $1,945,092 to Great Britain. A dispatch from St John's, dated January 4, said that the colonial reve- nue for the fiscal year ending Decem- ber 31, is the largest in the colony's history, reaching over $1,100,000. The revenue for the October-Decem- ber quarter amounts to $526,100, against $504,800 for the corresponding period of 1900. The foregoing totals indicate a probable surplus of $150,000 when the fiscal year closes in June next. MEXICO. The Pan-American Congress. Tl I E labors of the Pan-American Congress have not advanced as rapidly as many of the dele- gates expected. While the matters which the conference has had under consideration might consume many weeks, there was, at the middle of January, every prospect of an early adjournment caused either by a real- ization on the part of the delegates that it is impossible to accomplish all of the work which has been mapped out or by some violent disagreement on the subject of arbitration. In the discussion of the Pan-American bank project, an amendment to the com* 73& AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 CITY OF MEXICO, VIEW FROM THE CHAPEL OF GUADALOUPE, mittee's report providing for subsidizing the bank was proposed, but upon the assurance that the United States would not countenance a State-aided bank the amendment was withdrawn. . Both New York and Chicago have been recom- mended for the location of the proposed bank. A committee headed by Senator Davis and including several diplomatists from the republics interested has been ap- pointed to have its headquarters at Wash- ington and to further negotiations for the construction of the Pan-American railway. The opinion has been ad- vanced that both the bank and the railway must wait till the volume of international trade is sufficient to warrant their exist- ence. Discontent has been expressed with the American tariff as forbidding large commercial dealings with the United States. In presenting its report the committee on commerce and reciprocity laid stress on the economic statements of the differ- ent governments as based upon their necessities, and recognized that many of the American republics are now, through the growing development of their domes- tic industries, tending more to utilizing their own natural productions. The opinion was expressed that the different governments can make mutual conces- sions, which with the reciprocal advan- tages derived from traffic among them- selves will stimulate the improvement of their products and of their industries to the point of compensating for any pecu- niary sacrifice which such concessions in the beginning may seem to impose. A resolution has been offered, indorsing the Philadelphia Commercial Museum as a depository for the official documents of the various governments and a medium of general information tending to further trade intercourse. The committee on extradition and the suppression of anarchy recom- mended that the American republics sign a general treaty of extradition and that the expression and propaga- tion of anarchistic ideas be made an extraditable offense. A draft of a treaty has been prepared. The question of arbitration has been the topic which has overshad- owed all others, and which has threatened on more than one occasion to cause the dissolution of the con- ference. The proposition for the* establish- ment of an American court of claims has failed of ratification, largely through the irreconcilable differences COSTA RICA. 737 between the several republics as to the application of the principle of arbitration. A number of the South American republics, notably Argentina, favored a system of compulsory arbitration, which was strongly opposed by Chile and from which the United States withheld its assent. If an agreement is reached it will be by the nations represented at the conference becom- ing parties to the Hague convention, of which the United States and Mexico are now members. It is also possible that certain of the South American countries may agree among themselves upon a scheme of com- pulsory arbitration. In case the Hague convention is ac- cepted as the basis of agreement, it will provide a means and a moral influence for adjusting various differences by arbi- tration, and yet each country will be left free to determine whether arbitration shall be applied to any case in which it is concerned. Arbitration of the "Pious Fund" Claim. The so-called " pious fund " has been a subject of diplomatic ex- changes between the United States and Mexico since the Mexican war. The Mexican government failed to pay to the archbishop of California interest on lands belonging to the Jesuits, for which the government acted as trustee. The claim was submitted to the Mexican claims commission in 1877, and the judgment was given in favor of the church for about $1,000,000. The Mexi- can government held that this payment extinguished the claim, but the United States government asserted that the in- terest began again from the date of the award, and it has run until at present it amounts to another million dollars. Personal representations by the arch- bishop of California, who recently was in Washington, and other dignitaries of the Catholic church, caused the depart- ment to press the matter. Arrangements have been made to add this case to the long list of arbitrations which the state depart- ment has made within the last few years for the settlement of American claims. NICARAGUA. Lease of Territory to the United States. ON December 9, Dr. Ferando Sanchez, Nicaraguan minister of foreign affairs, and William L. Merry, United States minister to Nicaragua, Salvador, and Costa Rica, signed a treaty by which Nicaragua agrees perpetually to lease to the United States a section of Nicaraguan territory six miles wide, which includes the route of the proposed Nicaraguan canal. In connection with the above record it may be mentioned that on the 14th of December Seflor Sanchez and Minister Merry signed a protocol for a treaty which provides for the admission into Nicaragua free of duty, of flour, wines under fourteen degrees, fruits, fresh and tried, and preserved products from the United States. The Mosquito Question. Under date of December 14, a dispatch came from Kingston, Jamaica, that three delegates from the Mos- quito territory had arrived there and were negotiating with the British government to secure relief from Nicaraguan rule. They had sent a signed letter to the newspapers, setting forth their refusal to believe that Great Britain is abandoning the Managua treaty (p. 680) and also declaring that the Mosquito Indians are prepared to fight rather than accept a continuation of Nicaraguan control. The delegates were said to be awaiting Great Britain's reply to their repre- sentations before taking further action. COSTA RICA. Business Decline. THE republic has for some years been gradually sinking into poverty. Today it is said (dis- patch from San Jose, December 14) that misery stares the population in the face. Business of all sorts is said to be practically stopped, and many pending failures are being dis- 738 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 cussed in business circles. The gov- ernment is without funds with which to meet the most pressing needs, and hundreds of workmen are idle in the streets. To make things worse, the approach of the presidential election is causing nervousness. The bitter feeling between the government, republican and national parties grows more intense every day and several leaders predict that blood- shed will be the outcome. President Rafael Iglesias was elected in November, 1897. The president holds office four years. There are several can- didates for the position, one being the selection of the faculty of laws, by name Dr. Ascension Esquirel. a popular and famous scholar and a man of liberal ideas. DANISH WEST INDIES. . rj^HERE'S many a slip," and the opposition that trans- pired during December to the proposed sale of the three islands, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John (See map, Vol. 10, p. 101) by Denmark to the United States raised in many minds the query whether the old adage was to have another illustration in the immediate outcome of the negotiations conducted for the United States by Minister Swenson (pp. 558,679). In Copenhagen. Both the Times and the Post of London, on December 19, published dispatches from Copenhagen des- cribing the growing agitation there against the sale of the islands with- out first taking a plebiscite. The ministerial organs, however, were advocating prompt action in the mat- ter and a disregard of the popular clamor to submit it to a vote of the people. Later in the month (Decem- ber 26 ) a petition, bearing eight hun- dred and fifty signatures, was pre- sented to King Christian, the cabi- net, and the rigsdag, opposing the deal. It appears that the monied interests were making what is des- cribed as " a last and desperate effort." And they were promising to draw up certain proposals in the premises, to be submitted to the rigsdag immediately after the reassem- bling of that body. All this placed the government in an embarrassing position. Considerable difference of opinion was reported to exist as to really how far public sentiment against the sale was genuine and how far it was the work of speculators and promoters who insist upon participat- ing in the profits which are to pro- ceed from the transaction. In the Islands. In the islands themselves a strong feeling against the sale developed. On December 26, a "large and orderly " demonstration to this end took place at Christiansted, Island of St. Croix. Resolutions were adopted urging Den- mark to introduce reforms and improve- ments in the islands and lift the latter out of the humiliations of the past. It was also set forth that the leading inhab- itants of the islands, especially the natives of standing, merchants, planters, and Danish subjects generally, demand that the islands be not sold, but that reforms, under the Danish flag, commer- cial, industrial and social, be instituted, which they are confident King Christian and his ministry will consider. Nevertheless, it is confidently de- clared in well-informed circles that the islanders as a whole favor the sale, though many desire a plebiscite first. When the last vote on the question was taken in January, 1868, two islands only were polled, that of St. Thomas being unanimous for session, and that of St. John being 1,039 f°r and 22 against. It is not believed that the vote would be different today, with the hopes held out to the inhabitants by the promoters who failed as middlemen. For nearly forty years, negotia- tions have existed for the purchase of these islands by the United States. That their possession would be a source of financial profit, to any con- siderable extent, is doubtful. Their nearness to the United States would seem to promise a market of some value unless the sugar interests of VENEZUELA 739 this country would prevent that by tariff measures. The islands have always been a source of expense to I >enmark. This record for December may be closed very much as was that for November. A dispatch from Copen- hagen, dated December 31, stated that it had been learned " upon the best authority," that the treaty between the United States and Den- mark for the sale of the Danish West Indies will be signed, in spite of the agitation against such action, insomuch as the Danish gov- ernment has given its promise to this end. The question of a pleb- iscite, it was declared, will not be allowed to interfere in the matter. COLOMBIA. The Revolution Continued. THE surrender of Colon by the Colombian revolutionists at the end of November (p. 682) did not, as it was not expected to, very much lessen the ardor of the insur- gents in general. Foreign interests are so important in Panama that neither the revolutionists nor the government forces regard issues there as decisive of the pending conflict. So-called " normal conditions" pre- vailed at Panama and along the line of the railway during December, but war-clouds in general overshadowed the isthmus, and engagements were not infrequent in the interior. Reports were current of a battle in which the Liberals were defeated at a point called Nombre di Dios on the Carib- bean coast (to which place the United States gunboat Marietta was ordered, on the 20th, to proceed for the pro- tection of American property). An- other government victory was reported, December 27, as the result of an attack by the insurgents, under Gen- eral Marin, on Honda, on the Magda- len a river. Four hundred men are said to have been slain in this a matt. Earlier in the month the Liberals were said to be victorious, aided by Venezuelan troops, at Rio Hacha and elsewhere. General Uribe- Uribe's forces were also operating along the Venezuelan-Colombian fron- tier. The Liberals were said to be in possession of Hucaramanga and also the capital of the Colombian district of Tolima. On the whole, the end of the present struggle in Colombia cannot be regarded as in sight. It is said to have cost, during the past two years, no fewer than fifty thousand lives and to have " absolutely paralyzed the business of the country." Gen. Alban claims, according to report, that Colombia has 60.000 men under arms. The strength of the Liberal forces is absolutely inesti- mable, so much of it is composed of variable contingents from the neighbor- ing republics. VENEZUELA. Relations with Colombia. rr^HE attitude of the Venezuelan government towards that of Colombia remains unaltered (PP- 55^1 615). Indeed, no change can be expected so long as Castro remains president of Venezuela and the Colombian government remains clerical or conservative. A dispatch to the Neio York Herald from Bogota, Colombia, De- cember 1 7 , stated that Senor Herboso, the Chilean minister who has been endeavoring to bring about better relations between the two govern- ments, had sent the following message to President Castro: I regret to have to communicate that the Colombian government considers that the conditions submitted by you cannot be accepted by Colombia. I regret, in the name of the Chilean government and my- self, my inability to re-establish harmony between the sister republics. The Hovement Against Castro. Reports are numerous of an in- creasing revolt in Venezuela against the rule of Castro " the dictator " — whom his enemies in derision call "the monkey of the CordilU His resources and activity are such, however, as apparently to justify the *4<> AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 fear " that Venezuela may experience bloody scenes like those through which Colombia has been passing before Castro can be dethroned. A dispatch from Fort de France, Island of Martinique, December 26, stated: ' Many Venezuelans have arrived here, General Matos, the reputed leader of the revolution against President Castro, and the British steamer Ban Righ, are still here. It is alleged that the vessel has on board five million cartridges and ten thousand Mauser rifles." Previous to his departure, January 2, for the Venezuelan coast General Matos issued a manifesto calling on all his fellow countrymen to take up arms against President Castro and his associ- ates. In an open letter, copies of which were received in Washington near the end of December, President Castro defends his course and says: It is painful to observe that the rash- ness of some, the impatient ambition of others, the mistaken criticism of the leading classes, and the obstinacy of the revolutionary spirit, have sorely tried the virtues of my liberal policy. At a time when I have desired to see the country happy and its citizens enjoying every comfort, I have had the painful duty of adopting repressive measures contrary to my character, my education, and all my sentiments. One of the rebels against the Castro government is General Mendoza, pres- ident-elect of the state of Carabobo. A dispatch from Caracas, December 29, states that he had made an attack on La Victoria but suffered defeat by the government troops. Claims Against Venezuela. Germany's claim. Respecting debts, to the extent of twenty millions of dollars, owed Ger- man capitalists by Venezuela, Germany appeared during December in the role of an anxious creditor who must have a settlement right away. These debts exist in connection with a railroad between Caracas and Valencia that was built with German money. Venezuela is supposed to be near bankruptcy — which may, or may not, be so. Germany is accused of a purpose to take advantage of a situa- tion to get a foothold on Venezuelan territory — which may, or may not, be so (and it must be noted that Ger- many authorities disavow very earn- estly any such purpose). Germany wishes to collect, but the Castro gov- ernment is unwilling — or unable — to pay. Castro is accused of refusing to be bound by a debt of that kind incurred by his predecessors. He is credited with having believed that the United States would so apply the Monroe doctrine as to prevent coercive measures by Germany. He is also said to be willing to cede territory in payment of the claims. Many other equally interesting things, true or untrue, were reported in December. That the Monroe doctrine will not be regarded by the United States as prohibiting European nations from enforcing just claims on the countries of this continent, was made clear in President Roosevelt's message to Congress. Near the close of the month it came out that there had been a diplomatic exchange of views between the United States and Ger- many respecting the latter's attitude toward Venezuela, and that a good understanding had been reached. Secretary Hay's view as to the pro- posed German program in Venezuela was communicated to the German gov- ernment in the shape of a written mem- orandum. This supplemented verbal exchanges which had taken place in Washington between Ambassador von Holleben and President Roosevelt, and between the ambassador and Secretary Hay at greater length. The state depart- ment positively declined to make public the memorandum or its substance, but it was pointed out that the basis of the United States' representations is to be looked for in the utterances of President Roosevelt in his annual message to Con- gress touching the Monroe doctrine in its application to South American countries which do not pay their debts. The report that Germany had sent an ultimatum to Venezuela, threaten- ing forcible measures to compel the satisfaction of German creditors of that country, may or may not be true, but it was declared " on excellent authority," at the end of the month, that Germany's contemplated naval BRAZIL. 741 demonstration against certain Vene- zuelan ports would be postponed possibly until the issue of the present revolutionary movement directed against President Castro. A FRENCH CLAIM. A dispatch from Paris on Decem- ber 27 stated that the French foreign office had confirmed the report from Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, that the gov- ernment of France has notified Vene- zuela that the rights of M. Secrestat of Bordeaux had been infringed by the seizure of the property in Vene- zuela of Senor Matos, the leader of the new revolution against President Castro. The French government holds that the property no longer belongs to Senor Matos, as he had leased it to M. Secrestat, and that the Venezuelan government is bound by the recognition of M. Secrestat 's title by the Venezuelan consul in Paris, before whom the whole matter came up. It was further stated that the French government did not anticipate any com- plications on account of its representations on the subject to Venezuela, and was not considering the adoption of measures to enforce the claims of M. Secrestat, as it expected the question to be settled in a few days. BRAZIL. Trade with the United States. BRAZIL has been but little known to the citizens of the United States. The display which its government made at the Pan-American Exposition was a sur- prise to many people, and the feeling has been growing of late that there should be a better acquaintance and closer commercial relations between the two countries. In November a delegation of mer- chants from Baltimore and New York representing Brazilian commerce, called upon Secretary Hay with a view to urging reciprocal treatment bv Brazil ot Ameri- can interests demanded by the liberal treatment which the United States ac- cords imports from Brazil. Less than a fortnight later a dispatch from Rio Janeiro stated that the Brazilian chamber of deputies had increased the duty on flour imported in bags instead of in bar- rels. After vote had been taken several deputies shouted : " The Yankees have routed the Argentines." Flour from the United States arrives in barrels ; the Argentine product comes in bags. It is said that much sentiment exists against the new law. According to the testimony of Colonel C. P. Bryan, American minis- ter to Brazil, much friendly feeling towards the United States declares itself throughout the country. He says that American trade with Brazil could be built up by leaps and bounds if our manufacturers and exporters were to take the trouble to study the market and introduce their goods. The Honarchical Movement. Such a movement exists in Brazil and, doubtless with exaggeration, it is said to be extensive, embracing " the entire aristocracy and the finan- ciers, while most of the provinces sympathize with it." This is the claim (as reported in the London Daily Express of December 16) of Senhor Burlido who is described as having co-operated with Admiral Melloin the last monarchial conspir- acy (p. 183). One object of those who seek to restore the monarchy is said to be the making of Brazil " a counterpoise in the South to the pre- tensions of the United States." After the discovery of the monarchi- cal conspiracy last March, (ieneral Hermes de Fonseca, chief of police, pro- ceeded to a long and searching secret investigation. It had not led, at the latest advices, to revelations of a serious character. The persons arrested in con- nection with the discovery of arms on November 16 seem to have been people of neither social nor official importance. The police are reported to be exercising the greatest vigilance, though the govern- ment is believed to be too strong and the existing institutions too popular to be in much danger from those who dream of a monarchical restoration. The Coming Election. According to the constitution of the " United States of Brazil " a president for four years is elected on the first 742 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. February No., 1902 of March in the last year of each presidential period. President Campos Salles assumed office in November, 1898. At the coming election the probabilities are said to be in favor of Dr. Rodriguez Alves who has been made the candidate of the ruling political party. The Guiana Boundary. The Buenos Ayres Tribune, the semi-official paper of the Argentine Republic, has given currency to a report that the king of Italy has agreed to arbitrate between Brazil and the British government in the Guiana boundary question. CHILE AND ARGENTINA. War Clouds. MUCH was printed during De- cember about the trouble between these two countries over the boundary line and alleged violations by Chile of the agreement not to build fortifications on the Straits of Magellan. Through the month the Argentine and Chilean ministers continued (p. 628) in conference at Santiago de Chile. Up to the 20th, dispatches sent to all parts of America and Europe were to the effect that no real danger of war existed. The commitment of matters in dispute to British arbitra- ment (the boundary commission of 1898) was in consequence of large British interests involved. A declara- tion of war by either country would be a direct offence to Great Britain. Military preparations, however, were continuing in both countries. On the 20th a popular clamor for war broke out in Buenos Ayres in consequence of dissatisfaction with the course of negotiations. The Nation (December 21) editorially declared that the existing situation could not be prolonged, diat any solution was preferable to the uncertainty. The danger was so great that the question of arbitration became urgent. The British foreign office, it was known, was willing to arbitrate if requested to do so; but it did not regard the present question as coming within the powers of the commission of 1899 (of which Lord MacNaughten is president, and which, for various reasons, has not yet gone from London to inspect personally the disputed boundaries). The present question is not one of boundary between the two countries, but whether Chile has the right to build neutral roads in the disputed territory. If both Chile and the Argentine Republic would request Great Britain to arbitrate the matters in dispute at present between them, Lord Lansdowne, the foreign secre- tary, would promptly acquiesce. On the 2 2d it was announced from Washington that the United States had practically exhausted its last resource, after repeated efforts, to avert the beginning of hostilities between Ar- gentina and Chile. The Londpn Spec- tator, however, a little later, felt moved to remark : " But for one factor of unknown force, we should say con- fidently that war between the two republics in the near future is almost inevitable. The incalculable factor, of course, is the government at Washington." The threatening war-cloud passed by. The dispatches of the 24th con- tained encouraging assurances that the Argentine government decided not to press the demands upon Chile which threatened to lead to hostilities, but instead to await the future find- ings of the boundary commission. Commenting on the London reports to the effect that the boundary commission could not deal with the pending issue, being limited by the treaty which created it to the definition of the boundary, it was pointed out at Washington that, ad- mitting the existence of this limitation, there is still no reason why, Chile being willing, the necessary additional authority may not be given to the commission by mutual consent of the parties. The record for the month ends with the reported signing at Santiago de Chile by the representatives of both countries of a protocol establishing a modus vivendi. This, if approved by the two governments, will at least postpone a war. GREA T BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 743 HENRY SIENKIEWICZ, FAMOUS AUTHOR AND POLISH LEADER. Affairs in Europe, GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Lord Rosebery Speaks. THE Earl of Rosebery (portrait, p. 703) — of whom it may be said that his rare abilities seem, for some occult reason, to come but rarely to their definitive use and their adequate result — made a speech by invitation at Chesterfield on December 16. His reappearance in political debate has been anxiously awaited by a large section of the liberal party who hold the view that the present conservative government cannot be displaced and succeeded by a liberal ministry under any other leader than Lord Rosebery. Some other liberals seem to expect that if he could be induced to become the official leader of his party, in place of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, whose liberal- ism comes perilously near to a Boer advocacy, he might be able to persuade the government to arrange some rea- sonable peace with the Boers. Lord Rosebery, however, shows no willing- ness to resume leadership. The speech was eloquent, and was greatly admired. In its keen and trenchant criticism of the defective management of the war by the party in power, it gave voice to the preva- lent feeling of Lord Rosebery's own party — indeed of both the great par- ties. In his advice to the liberals, that they should come together, he was wise and impressive; for indeed until they do come together not even all the mistakes of the gov- ernment can avail to give them the control in parliament which would bring the royal summons to Rosebery to form a ministry and take the gov- ernment. The schism in the liberal party, how- ever, seems at present hopeless. It is illustrated by a sharp division at two 744 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. February No., 1902 points — on tne question as to the utter and final abolition of the two Boer gov- ernments under imperial rule, and on the question of sustaining Lord Milner as chief commissioner in South Africa. On both these points Lord Rosebery stoutly urges the affirmative. On what would be perhaps a minor point for a division among liberals Lord Rosebery touched when he congratulated his party on having become rid of the Irish alliance (p. 618) — that alliance being practically for the Boers as against England. The British Navy — An American Opinion. It has been noticeable that the tone of remark in the press of Great Britain concerning the British navy is very frequently disparaging — the ships are of antiquated type, armament is weak, equipment is incomplete, men are poorly trained. The one excel- lence conceded is the bravery of offi- cers and men. According to a report in the New York Sun report of an interview with Captain Clover, naval attache" to the American embassy in London, the continental powers are misled in their estimate of the British navy. It is far more effective than they believe. England today is stronger on the seas than any two of the most power- ful of them with a minor power in- cluded. Though her naval reserve is not so large as that of France, she has great strength in her 80,000 trained and disciplined men afloat who are constantly being increased. The Channel fleet, with ships always in excellent condition, is a magnifi- cent aggregation of fighting force. The reports of weakness and rotten- ness are utterly baseless. Such reports, Captain Clover is under- stood to have said, are circulated by the Navy League, and it is a fact that the Admiralty would often refuse an official denial of reported defects in the navy. It did not object to a depreciation of naval strength, with a view to obtaining more liberal appropriations. Miscellaneous. BRITISH MUSEUM CATALOGUE. The completion and printing of the British Museum catalogue is a notable occurrence. An attempt was made in 1 84 1 to produce such a catalogue, and the first volume — consisting of letter A — was actually published. But interminable confusions necessi- tated delay. By 1880 the old tran- scribed catalogue had reached a bulk of nearly 3,000 volumes. Printing on the new catalogue began in 1 88 1 . It is a stupendous production of its kind. SITE OF TARA'S HALL. The one place in all Ireland most warmly associated with the ancient prowess of the Irish race and the glories of the Emerald Isle, is the site of the ancient hall of Tara in which the kings of Ireland were crowned even before the Christian era. The farm containing this historic spot is offered for sale. It has often been proposed to establish an Irish national park on the site, but the funds have always been lacking. A LIVERPOOL HORROR. On the evening of December 23 a terrible thing occurred on the elevat- ed road in Liverpool. For some reason the motive machinery sud- denly ceased to operate while the train was in a tunnel. A large quan- tity of creosoted wooden ties, stored there, got afire from one of the cars and the tunnel was converted into a a furnace from which escape was practically impossible. SMALLPOX IN LONDON. The present outbreak of variola which began six months ago was credited up to the first of December with 349 cases and 116 deaths. The mortality among the unvaccinated has been 60 per cent, but among those whose arms showed one or more vaccina- tion scars, the mortality was but 20 per cent. The number of cases was steadily increasing, and the authorities appear to have litde hope of repressing the out- break until the winter is past. THE POLISH QUESTION. IN the middle of December it was noticed that a considerable im- pression on German public opin- ion had been made by the chastisement RUSSIA IN THE BALKANS. 745 of boys and girls in the schools of the Polish province of Posen, Prussia, for obstinately refusing religious in- struction in the German language, by the heavy sentences passed on their parents, and by various anti-German demonstrations by Prussian Poles. On December 10, Prince Radziwill, the recognized leader of the Polish party, introduced an interpellation in the reichstag challenging an answer from the imperial chancellor as to his attitude relative to this subject. The chancellor replied, declining to discuss in that chamber a question of Prussian administration, and declaring that he would oppose any efforts to set back the course of history. In Prussia, the trouble will proba- bly be localized in the Polish provinces where, in spite of all attempts to weaken the Polish movement, it has held its strength for thirty years. The Poles are able to make trouble in the reichstag where they find their nat- ural allies in the Roman Catholic clericals of the " centre " party. More- over, as the Poles with other Slavs are classed among the "cheaper races," able to undersell Germans in the labor market, and as they are penetrating into the districts of mines and of. manufactures where till of late they were unknown, they intro- duce excitement among the working classes. They marry young and multiply rapidly. Their increase and their steadfast disaffection wound the Teutonic pride, and are thought to imperil the interests of the native races. Yet it is not evident what measures more drastic than those now in force can be employed against them by the German government. In Austria-Hungary the Polish move- ment may cause more embarrassment. Austrian statesmen cannot afford to break with Galicia, a Slavonic prov- ince most loyal to the dual empire — that empire which already has felt the menace of Slavonic irritation. The best informed observers agree that the only international peril in- volved in this question is in the sym- pathy which may unite the Polish population in Austria-Hungary with that in Prussia — a development which would require cautious handling by both governments. However, in St. Petersburg the Novoye Vremya has exhorted Germany to modify her intolerance toward the Poles as tend- ing to disagreeable consquences for her neighbors. It is to be regretted that the same remark can not be addressed by some authoritative voice to the Russian czar concerning his oppressive dealings, in violation of an imperial promise with his loyal and honest Finns. The Paris Temps remarks that the very Germans who demand suppression of Polish nationality and language in Posen are eloquent in their indignant 6 ro test against British suppression of the ioer nationality in South Africa. Another writer adds that the very Ger- mans who flog children for speaking Polish and who imprison the parents, exclaim with horror at the English treat- ment of children in the concentration camps where they are not flogged nor their parents imprisoned. RUSSIA IN THE BALKANS. THE signs are multiplying of an increase of Russian influence in the Balkan states. Austrian journals reveal annoyance, and a suspicion of Russia as not keep- ing the agreement of 1897 that neither country would interfere with those states in their free political develop- ment. Russian intrigues are openly charged as being in process in several of the principalities. Russia's recent loan to Servia is referred to as Servia's selling of her independence. Rus- sian journals repel these charges with sweeping denial. Some English journals concern them- selves with the relations of Turkey, of Germany, and even of France to Russia's Balkan schemes. The policy of the Ger- man emperor is said to be to keep Tur- key as the suzerain power strong enough to bar Russia's south-eastward progress. On this theory the end of the Russo- Austrian understanding of 1897 is the beginning of a long and obscure struggle — Germany striving to patch, mend, and shove up the decaying Ottoman empire; assisted by the Balkan states and encouraged by France, applying all man- ageable disintegrating influences. 746 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. February No. 1902 Meanwhile, there is a report, as yet lacking confirmation, of a military con- vention between Austria and Rumania, the latter being now probably the least subservient of the Balkan principalities to Russia. FRANCE. The Socialists. THE success of France in the recent dealings with Turkey (pp. 652, 653) has increased her prestige abroad and will, in the coming elections, contribute to the success of the republic. There is a strong undercurrent of opinion hostile to republican institu- tions and in sympathy with a mon- archical regime. Yet democracy has come to be an accepted fact and uni- versal suffrage may be regarded a necessity. The great need of France is true statesmanship. It is the absence of this which has occasioned many of the political changes since 1871. A standing menace to the peace of the nation is seen in the socialistic party. . The socialists are now said to be stronger in France than at any previous period. The "quarrels between political parties, the attitude taken by the Catholic church, finan- cial scandals, mistakes in foreign policy, and above all, the weakness of the executive have enabled the socialists to develop to an alarming extent." They are represented in the Waldeck-Rousseau ministry by M. Millerand and have been sup- porters of that ministry from the beginning. Failure on the part of the government to take action fav- orable to the aims of the socialists is making trouble. Renewed strikes among the miners have been threat- ened and such is the condition of the national finances (p. 619) that ex- treme measures are necessary in order to prevent disaster. ITALY. Relations with France. THE relations between France and Italy, though not actually strained, have shown lack of cordiality and suggested a gradually developing antagonism. The points of difference concerned various inter- ests on the African shore of the Med- iterranean. Signor Prinetti, Italian minister for foreign affairs, in a recent speech in the chamber of deputies, announced that by recent arrange- ments all causes of difference had been removed and most genial rela- tions established. Good Times. In the Italian chamber of deputies, November 30, Signor Carcano, the minister of finance, announced a sur- plus of 41,000,000 lire for the last financial year, and said that he antic- ipated a surplus of 13,000,000 lire for 1 90 1 -'02. The minister referred to the economic revival in Italy, and announced reform of the octroi duties without prejudicing the equilibrium of the budget. SWITZERLAND. The New President. DISPATCHES of December 12 announced that Dr. Joseph Zemp, of Lucerne, vice-presi- dent of the federal council, has been elected president of the Swiss con- federation for 1902. Dr. Zemp is a Catholic conservative. Though he was a prominent member of the local Lucerne council from 1863 on" ward, he did not enter the national fed- eral council until 1891, but his reputation was such that he was chosen for the presidency in 1895, the post to which he has been elected. Under the Swiss con- stitution the vice-president of the federal council, the executive authority, consist- ing of seven members of the federal assembly, is usually elected to succeed the outgoing president of the confedera- tion. The term of office is one year, the holder not being eligible for re-election until the expiration of another year. Zionist Congress. This was held in Basle during the last week in December. It started a million dollar fund to purchase land in Palestine and also made provision for establishing a Jewish bank there. Dr. Theodore Herzl, of Vienna, founder of the Zionist movement, was re-elected president. AFGHANISTAN. Affairs in Asia and Oceanica. 747 JAPAN. Imperial Diet Opened. Tl I E emperor opened the imperial diet at Tokio December 10. He expressed his satisfaction with the growing friendship between the empire and the treaty powers, and made a congratulatory reference to the Japanese expedition to China. The budget showed a surplus of $23,750,000, which the government, together with the proceeds from the Chinese indemnity, proposes to devote to redeeming the national debt, the building of railroads and telegraphs, and the restoration of the naval main- tenance fund. Miscellaneous. According to the returns of the communications department, which were published in the Official Gazette of December 3, the total length of all all private railways now in operation throughout the country is 2,905 miles and 16 chains. The lines now in course of construction are 598 miles in length. The Korean government has allotted to Japan 650 acres at Cha- pokpo, near Masampo, for a special settlement policed by -Japan. This land was formerly pegged out and surveyed by a Russian warship. The new mayor of Tokio, who succeeds Hoshi Toru (p. 567) is Baron Kentaro Kaneko, a graduate of the Harvard Law School in 1879, upon whom the officials of Harvard conferred the degree of LL. D. in 1899. Mr. Nakaye Tokusuke, one of the best known modern writers in Japan, under the pseudonym of " Chomin Koji," passed away on December 14 at the age of 55. Official permission has been given to the American Mormon missionaries to preach their religion in Japan, but on the condition of abandoning polygamy. SIAM AND FRANCE. FOR the last eight years negotia- tions between France and Siam have failed to reach a good understanding. Recently some approach has been made toward agreement. The king of Siam has shown en- lightenment to adopt and courage to introduce reforms which already have brought increasing trade, expanding revenue, and social advancement. The future is promising, if the multi- form dispute with France can be arranged. It involves many points among which are the limits of French and Siamese territory in the district of Luang Pre- bang; the restoration of Siamese civil jurisdiction in the 25 kilometre neutral zone along the Mekong river; and the registration as French subjects of the old inhabitants on the left bank of the Mekong. On the first of these, Siam, though her right seems clear, is ready to yield a splendid territory for the sake of peace. On the second a substantial agreement seems to have been reached. On the registration question also France seems ready to abandon her preposterous claim. But on some minor points France insists, refusing Siam's proposal to sub- mit them to the Hague tribunal, or even to the czar of Russia. On sundry other lines, such as the granting of commercial privileges, and the employment of French experts. Siam would probably meet French wishes. AFGHANISTAN. FROM Allahabad came report December 28 of a great durbar at Cabul, at which the new ameer, Habibullah Khan, addressing the assembled chieftains, promised to maintain the policy of his father, the late ameer, in guarding Afghanistan against foreign aggression, and in preventing introduction of railroads, telegraphs, European trade, and edu- cation by missionaries. 748 AFFAIRS IX ASIA AND OCEANICA. February No., 1902 NEW ZEALAND. THE Earl of Ranfurly, appointed governor of New Zealand in 1897, is so well liked that the government urged his re-appointment by the British colonial office. The tariff proposals of the Austra- lian government are considered to be such a blow to New Zealand that Premier Seddon, some time ago, hinted at a retaliatory tariff, but this was opposed by the chambers of com- merce which prefer a conciliatory attitude. Rumors that the New Zealanders were about to repeal their compulsory arbitration law were probably without good foundation. The existing law has put the individual citizen out of court by recognizing the unions as the parties to be dealt with. Instead of undoing this legislation it is said to be probable that attendant evils will be dealt with by more extreme legis- lation in the same direction. By mak- ing it illegal not to belong to the unions individual liberty will be, in a sense, formally abolished. The ex- periment that is being thus tried is one of very great interest. Another experiment which the Mon- treal Witness says will have sooner or later, to be tried, is that of co-operative industries. It will be impossible for dependent capital to seek investment under conditions which treat it as a pub- lic enemy. Some effort will, therefore, no doubt, be made to co-operate with the unions in organizing the men into indus- trial companies and making their elective officers the managers. This would re- move the element of enmity which has such malign effects on industry today. The workers would come absolutely under the control of the majority of them- selves and would get such wages as the majority thought best. When this stage is reached its workings will be watched with breathless interest. It is said that the government of New Zealand has decided to buy all its railway bridges in the United States hereafter. A test bridge re- cently purchased there cost only about a quarter what it would have cost in England. AUSTRALIA. Compulsory Arbitration. IT transpired early in December that the legislature had passed an act for compulsory arbitra- tion in labor disputes, upon the lines of the New Zealand act dealing with the same subject. The working of this law will attract the attention of thinkers throughout the world. This bill not only compels reference of all disputes between employers and em- ployes to a competent court with power to enforce its orders and awards, but makes a strike or lockout before or pend- ing such reference a misdemeanor, pun- ishable by a fine or imprisonment. The court which will pass upon these disputes is to be presided over by a judge of the supreme court, and will have most extensive powers, including the power to declare a standard wage, and to direct that, other things being equal, an em- ployer shall give preference to unionist over non-unionist laborers. There is no appeal from the decisions of the court. The London Graphic says that the conditions in Australia are so excep- tional that the success so far achieved by the New Zealand experiment gives no ground for believing that similar legisla- tion will necessarily be successful in New South Wales, and still less that it would answer in this country. The real test of a compulsory arbitration system will be supplied when the court decrees reduc- tions instead of increases in wages. If the system survives that test its success will be assured, for the method of decid- ing labor disputes by the arbitrament of a judge, aided by technical assessors, is obviously preferable to a cruel trial of strength between master and man. The federal parliament before Christmas adjourned till the 14th of January. Population and Immigration. The Australian census of 1901 shows a gain of less than nineteen per cent during the past decade. The total population is 3,777,356. How unfavorably the last decade compares with the three periods im- mediately preceding is seen as follows: • Gain by Period. Immigration 1861— 1871 176.814 1871--1881 194,709 1 881-1891 393,750 1891-1901 5,328 COXCO FREE STATE. ?49 Affairs in Africa. CONGO FREE STATE. Atrocities on the Congo. F( )R some time reports have been getting currency of terrible things about the condition of the Congo natives, especially in the regions known as the state domain, where strangers are seldom admitted. Early in November, Edgar Canisius, Ml American recently retired from the employ of the Congo Eree State, de- clared that the so-called punitive expeditions of Belgian troops against rebellious natives are in reality "rubber- squeezing raids" conducted with such iniquitous methods that the natives are forced into a continuous state of revolt. Canisius, who accompanied Major Lothaire, commander of the Belgian troops in the Congo, on his earlier expedition after rubber, says nine hundred natives were killed in six weeks during that expedition, while a smaller expedition, commanded b\ a Belgian lieutenant, killed three hun- dred natives in three weeks. The district was practically under martial law, on the strength of which such endless barbarities were committed that the natives were absolutely terror- stricken. While the conditions were somewhat improved in the territories worked by the concession companies, the lot of the natives in the state domain, Canisius declared, was far worse than before the advent of the whites. The natives were practically forced to work rubber at the muzzles of rifles, receiving two cents a pound for what is sold at seventy-five cents at Antwerp. Thousands of natives fled to the bush and were living like wild animals. Along the jungle paths the bodies of those who had died of starvation were frequent sights. This state of things continues. Under date of January 2 word came from London that Captain Guy Bur- rows, who had just retired from the employ of the Congo Free State gov- ernment after six years' service, de- clared in an interview with a repre- sentative of the Associated Press that the conditions prevailing in the Congo Free State were far worse than ever before. He pictured atrocities of the most horrible character perpetrated on the natives by officials and whites who had concessions of rubber land. As a typical case of the means em- ployed by the tree State government, Captain Burrows corroborated the state- ment of an American missionary that the officials employed five hundred canni- bals, to whom they issued rifles, to "massacre and capture unarmed natives who had rebelled against their brutal methods." "I have sworn testimony," said Captain Burrows, "of the Belgians handing over natives to cannibal tribes for the express purpose of being eaten. Forced labor prevails everywhere, and 'shotgun rule' is the truest description of the present administration. The com- panies deriving wealth from the collection of rubber are all more or less state enter- prises, as a third or half the shares in them are invariably held by the govern- ment. Latterly King Leopold and the government have made some show of action against the agents of some of the Upper Congo companies, but only minor officials are ever touched, and the so- called reforms are merely intended to throw dust in the eyes of the public, whose indignation has been aroused by the stories of this reign of terror." Captain Burrows's statement does not stand alone. Some time last year a pamphlet was issued in Liver- pool which produced quite a sensation throughout England. It was entitled, "Trading Monopolies in West Africa : A Protest Against Territorial Con- cessions," and completely riddled the hypocritical claim of the Belgian gov- ernment that its administration was philanthropic, a claim that is frequent- ly used to cover up all sorts of atroci- ties when proofs to the contrary are not easy to obtain. The London Times of December 21 said that the laying of the rails of the Uganda railway had been completed, the railhead having reached the shore of the Victoria Nvanza on the lyth. 750 SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MISCELLANY. February No., 1902 Science, Religion and Miscellany. cember 17, Mr. Marconi was notified by the Anglo-American Telegraph Company's representative that the company held a monopoly of teleg- raph business in Newfoundland and its dependencies, * and that he must cease his experiments and remove his apparatus forthwith. He has since done so, and intends to establish a station in Canada. THE ELECTRIC WAVES. Professor Fleming, lecturing in London before the Royal Institution and referring to Marconi's trans- Atlantic communication, said that he had been comparing light waves with electric waves and found they were both waves in the ether, which bent around obstacles they encountered. They traveled at about the same speed of 186,000 miles a second. Marconi's trans-Atlantic waves were about 1,000 feet long, which was not very small compared with the obstacle they had to encounter; that is, the hill of water formed by the curvature of the earth, which he calculated was about no miles above a straight line joining the Lizard and Newfoundland. The bending required, therefore, was not great compared with the distance, being comparable to a wave one-hundredth of an inch in length bending around an obstacle one-fifth of an inch high. Professor Fleming remarked that it is an interesting question whether it is pos- sible to send an electric wave around the world. He did not presume to answer the question, but he suggested that it was an interesting possibility. MID-OCEAN TELEGRAPHY. The Cunarder Etruria, which arrived in New York December 17, was in communication for more than five hours in mid-ocean with her sister ship Umbria. Long before either ship sighted the other their commanders were conversing by the Marconi wireless system. The position of each ship was known to the other hours before their main decks showed above the horizon. Submarine Telephony. Telephoning throughout submarine cables has heretofore been impracti- SIGNOR GUGLIELMO MARCONI, THE FAMOUS INVENTOR. SCIENCE AND INVENTION. Wireless Telegraphy. MARCONI SIGNALS CROSS THE ATLANTIC. ON December 14 Signor Marconi, at his station on Signal Hill, at the entrance to the harbor of St. John's, N. F., received, he says, signals dispatched from the station at Poldhu in Cornwall. Having by cable arranged with his associates at Poldhu that they were to make signals to him from 3 p. m. to 6. p. m. daily (Greenwich time, equal to 11.30 a. m. to 2.30 p. m, St. John's time), he sent up a kite at the apppointed time, with an aerial wire, by means of which signals are sent or received. The signals were the letter S, which in Marconi's code is expressed by three dots or quick strokes. The signal was made and noted repeatedly beyond the possi- bility of error. At St. John's, on De- SCIENCE AND INVENTION. 751 Courtesy of the Scientific American. CABOT TOWER, SIGNAL HILL, NEWFOUNDLAND, WHERE MARCONI RECEIVED HIS WIRELESS MESSAGE FROM CORNWALL, ENGLAND. cable because of the retardation of the electric current so as to produce only confusion of sounds. The inven- tion of Professor Pupin, of Columbia University, overcomes the difficulty. The attachment to the cable of coils of wire at certain distances apart prevents the confusion referred to. There are now in existence two submarine telephone lines, one be- tween Paris and London, 262 miles long, and one between Buenos Ayres and Montevideo, 218 miles long. Another is in process of con- struction from Brussels to London. It will be 290 miles long. Electricity and nuscular Action. Dr. Jacques Loeb, of the Univer- sity of Chicago, announced a year or two ago that an injection of a solution of common salt, or chloride of sodium, would stimulate the action of the heart, but he could not say why. He now holds that muscular contraction is an electrical phenome- non, produced by chemical means. The beating of the heart is a muscu- lar performance, which the Chicago biologist attributes to chemical action in the human system. The phe- nomena of nerve stimulation and anaesthesia are electrical. It has long been known that certain semi-fluid or gelatinous particles in the nerves are capable of holding either a positive or a negative charge of eleclri- city. Another fact, established some time ago, is that when an impulse is transmitted along a nerve from the brain to a muscle a negative current is devel- ?5* SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MISCELLANY. February No., 1902 oped. It has now been discovered that the stimulation of a nerve is effected by substances whose atoms are negatively charged, while anaesthesia results from the action of positively charged atoms. Since the physiological chemist knows which elements naturally possess one character and which have the other, the insight thus obtained into the two pro- cesses ought to improve the means em- ployed therefor. Astronomy. THE NEW STAR IN PERSEUS AND THE NEBULAR THEORY. Last February a new star appeared in Perseus, rapidly increased in brightness, and then rapidly faded. In June the spectroscope showed that this star was a nebula, and in August Prof. Max Wolf of Heidel- berg, Germany, an expert in the photography of nebulae, attempted to obtain a photograph of it, but with poor results On September 20, an attempt was made at the Yerkes Ob- servatory by Mr. Ritchie. The plate revealed a narrow nebulous ring clearly distinguishable around the star. Six weeks later, further obser- vations showed a most astonishing movement of the bright starlike ob- ject in relation to the nebula. The meaning of these discoveries is still involved in speculations. The latest observations made in November showed evidences of internal changes within the nebula and furnished strong confirmatory ground for the truth of the nebular theory of astron- omy. THE YERKES REFLECTOR AND THE- LICK TELESCOPE. Within a few weeks a long pro- jected reflecting telescope for the Yerkes observatory, at Williams Bay, Wis., has been completed and put into service. This has a mirror twenty-four inches in diameter, and a focal length of eight feet. The Crossley reflector at the Lick Observatory has a diameter of thirty-six inches, but in other respects the director of the Yerkes Observatory, Professor George E. Hale, is inclined to regard his instrument as superior to it. The mounting is exceedingly rigid, and the gearing, by means of which the clock enables the glass to follow a celes- tial object automatically, is exceptionally uniform and accurate. Thus anything like wabbling or elasticity is precluded, and the image is kept upon exactly the same part of the field of view. A dispatch from Los Angeles, Cal., December 3, stated that a large tele- scope, wanting only the lenses, had just been completed at the Fulton engine works for the Lick Observa- tory on Mount Hamilton. THE YERKES REFLECTING TELESCOPE. The steel framework for the two 36- inch lenses weighs 8,000 pounds. The tube is forty inches in diameter and sixteen feet long, The instrument will go to Mount Hamilton for testing pur poses, after which it will be shipped to Chile and mounted on some high peak of the tropics, where for three years close and accurate observations of the Southern heavens may be made. Disease and Therapeutics. THE SMALLPOX. The Medical Record says that it is impossible to locate positively the source of the widespread epidemic of smallpox that has extended through America further than that it spread SCIENCE AND INVENTION. 753 from the Southern and Southwestern States into North Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, and other States. It was probably imported into the United States by Cuban refugees be- fore war broke out between that country and Spain. TUBERCULOSIS. Scientists and agriculturists inter- ested in Dr. Koch's tuberculosis the- ory (p. 441) expect that the trans- missibility or non-transmissibility of bovine tuberculosis to human beings will be absolutely solved within a year. Some time ago the king of England 'appointed a commission to investigate the theory. The scope of the inquiry is officially said to be whether animal and human tubercu- losis are identical, whether animals and human beings can be reciprocally infected, and under what conditions, if at all, transmission to man occurs, and the means of combating it. The commission has begun experiments on a farm provided by the govern- ment. This work will probably extend over several months. English scientists are alive to the importance of the subject, and are sparing no effort to reach the truth by independent investigation. So far as these investigations have gone they have tended to show that Dr. Koch has been guilty of hasty deductions and neglectful of essential conditions in his experiments. FILTH AND DISEASE. Dr. Charles V. Chapin, writing in the Popular Science Monthly, calls in question some of the conclusions of medical science regarding filth as a cause of various diseases — erroneous generalizations, he calls them. Because cases of cholera are more numerous in filthy locations and among filthy people, it was natural, but not logical, to infer that all filth is likely to produce cholera. Like the cholera spirilla, the bacillus of typhoid does not grow and develop outside of the body, but is carried in the excreta ; thence it is diffused abroad. The diphtheria bacillus also is strictly parasitic and grows on the numerous membranes. From persons infected or infested by it diphtheria is trans- mitted to others, usually by means of cups, spoons, or other articles, or by kissing or fondling. The bubonic plague bacillus was discovered in 1 894. It rarely if ever lives and multiplies outside of the body. Typhus fever, smallpox, scarlet fever, measles, whoop- ing cough have been regarded as "filth diseases," but says Dr. Chapin, 'very few observant persons, who have studied the distribution of these dis- eases consider them other than purely contagious. They, of course, never originate in filth or develop in filth, but may spread more among filthy people just because such persons use very little soap and water and allow their faces, hands, belongings, and dwellings to become and remain smeared with mucus, saliva, pus, and other infectious material." Of the whole class of zymotic diseases Dr. Chapin asserts that they have been proved to be purely contagious, and not to have their origin in filth. ROCKEFELLER MEDICAL INSTITUTE. A number of persons engaged in various lines of medical research are now working under the direction and with the assistance of the Institute for Medical Research, which was founded some months ago in New York by John D. Rockefeller. These workers are in various parts of the country. Among them are men who have made their marks in the fields in which they are now laboring for the institute. A working plan has been adopted by the officers of the institute, but it is only a tentative one, and subject to changes at any time. The hope is expressed that as the achievements of Jenner, of Morton and Wells, of Pasteur and Lister, of Koch and Virchow, of Kitasato and Yersin, have become the common heritage of man- kind, so it will also be hereafter with the achievements of this institute. The Nobel Prizes. The award of the Nobel prizes (Vol. 7, p. 233; Vol. 10, p. 860) for 1901, 754 SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MISCELLANY. February No., 1902 (after some previous premature an- nouncements) was officially announced at Stockholm, December 10. These awards, by a commission appointed for the purpose, amount to upwards forty thousand dollars each.- They are given to the five persons who are judged to have made the most important achieve- ments in (1) physics, (2) chemistry, (3) physiology or medicine, (4) ideal- istic literature, and (5) the fraterniza- tion of nations and the promotion of peace. The awards were as follows: In physics, Wilhelm Conrad Roent- gen, professor at the University of Mun- ich, the discover of the Roentgen rays. In chemistry, Jacobus Henricus Van t'Hoff, professor at the University at Berlin, whose work in organic chemistry is well known among scientists. In medicine, Emil von Behring, pro- fessor at Halle, the discoverer of the diphtheria serum. In literature, Sully-Prudhomme, mem- ber of the French Academy. In the works of peace the prizes were divided between Frederick Passy, na- tional economist, of France, and Henri Dunant, of Switzerland, founder of the Geneva Convention, Red Cross Society. EDUCATION. The "Carnegie Institution." ~Tj^ ARLY in December it transpired fij that Andrew Carnegie had of- fered to give ten million dollars in bonds of the United States Steel Corporation for the establishment in Washington of a great national uni- versity. A few days later it was reported as " definitely decided " that the proposition " in its present shape " was not regarded as acceptable by President Roosevelt and his advisers generally. It was not considered advisable that the government should hold the bonds for a term of years, as was proposed, nor that the government should compromise itself by accepting the bonds of any private corporation. At the beginning of January it appeared that Mr. Carnegie had re- moved the objections to his offer and that steps were being taken to form a corporation known as the "Carnegie Institution," Mrs. Stanford's Gift. On December 9 it was announced that Mrs. Jane L. Stanford had trans- ferred to Leland Stanford, Jr., Univer- sity by deed, bonds, stock and real estate, valued at $30,000,000, the largest single gift ever bestowed on any institution of learning. ART. The Verestchagin Exhibition. A NOTABLE event in the art world during December was this exhibition, in the Art In- stitute of Chicago, of recent canvases by the Russian artist, Vassili Verest- chagin, who by many judges is re- garded the greatest painter of war scenes in the world. The five galleries of the south wing of the Institute building were needed to accommodate the vast collection. Popular interest was especially at- tracted by the twenty large canvases illustrating the burning of Moscow, the retreat of Napoleon, and other incidents of the Russian campaign. In an adjoin- ing room were eleven large pictures of the war in the Philippines. It has been said that Verestchagin is to art what Tolstoi is to literature. He aims at truth, and he has no taint of morbidness to work an undercurrent in his realism. Miscellaneous. The salient feature of the nineteenth international exhibition of painters and sculptors, opened in Paris Decem- ber 6, was the contrast presented by the works of two masters, Von Lem- bach and Whistler, who have exer- cised such paramount influence in their respective countries. At the Royal Academy's exhibition of old masters, which opened in Lon- don January 4, Raphael's " St. An- thony of Padua," which J. Pierpont Morgan has purchased for the enor- mous sum of $500,000, was the great attraction. T. S. Cooper, the venerable British painter, says that of 287 pictures that have been submitted to him bearing his signature, he found only 31 to have been painted by himself, the rest being forgeries, LITERATURE. 755 VASSILI VERESTCHAGIN, THE GKEAT RUSSIAN PAINTER. LITERATURE. DURING 1 90 1 the literary output was scarcely remarkable save in biography, fiction, and illus- trative art. According to the /'///>- /is/ivrs' Circular the books of 1901 show a fall of about a thousand in number compared with 1900. The total number published last year was 6,044 (including 1,089 new editions), as compared with 7,149 (including 1,389 new editions) in the previous year. There were fifty novels fewer, the total being 1,513; poetry (202) sh< iws a fall of more than a hundred ; while of works on voyages and travels the number of new books is precisely the same (174), although in reprints there is a decrease of forty. In 1900 history and biography composed one of the few classes which showed an increase; now it shows a decrease of nearly two hundred. The London correspondent of the New York Evening Post says that there can be no question that con- noisseurs in England are viewing with some concern the rapid exodus to the United States of rare books, beautiful pictures, and other objects on whose possession England prides herself. Miscellaneous. Hall Caine says he is largely in- debted to the Bible. " The Deemster" is a story of the prodigal son ; " Th • Bondman " is a story of Esau and Jacob ; " The Scapegoat " is the story of Eli and his sons, but with Samuel as a little girl ; and " The Manxman " is the story of David and Uriah. Rudyard Kipling has made a new sensation. By his keen invective in "The Islanders" he has roused the ire of many of his English fellow- countrymen. 75$ SCIENCE, RELIGION AND MISCELLANY. February No., 1902 IMPORTANT STATISTICS. Consumption of Liquors. FRANCE holds her reputation still as the greatest wine-con- suming country of the world. Germany has generally been con- sidered as pre-eminently the beer- drinking country. But recent statistics show that the consumption of beer in Great Britain and Ireland is greater by about four per cent than that in Germany. And, also contrary to the popular idea, Germany takes the lead as the consumer of strong drinks. According to statistics given by the Board of Trade of Great Britain and Ireland the amount of spirits con- sumed is as follows: Total consump., Per hd„ ^ gals. &als- United Kingdom (1900) 45,890,000 1.12 France(iooo) 78,452,000 2.02 Germany (1900) 107,100,000 1.94 United States (1899) 81,000,000 1.06 The following table shows the con- sumption of beer : Total consump., Per hd., gals. gals. United Kingdom (1900) 1,298,756,000 31.7 France (1900; 238,194,000 6.2 Germany 11899) 1,527,878,000 27.5 United States (1899) 934,210,000 13.3 The consumption of wine in the four countries is given thus : Total consump., Per hd., gals. gals. United Kingdom 15,816,800 9.39 France 983,158,000 25.40 Germany 81,834,000 1.45 United States 25,346,000 0.33 The following table shows the gov- ernmental revenues from alcoholic beverages : Net rev. Propor. to from tax tot. nat'l on drink, revenue. United Kingdom 847.870 000 36 per cent. France 22,034000 19 " " Germany 13,717,000 18 " United States 39,968,000 29 " ' Longevity. The latest statistics published by the United States Census Bureau with regard to death rates are of ex- ceptional interest, says The Medical Record, and are of a nature to give rise to hopeful views regarding the checking of the spread of disease, and perhaps even the extinction of some maladies. There has been a decrease of 2.4 per cent per 1,000 in the general death-rate during the past ten years. A comparison of returns from thirty-six cities with a population of 100,000 shows that, with a few ex- ceptions, there has been a decrease in each one. Here are the figures : 1900. 189a Washington 22.8 23.7 Boston 20.1 23.4 Fall Kiver 22.4 23.2 Worcester 15.5 ig.o Detroit 17.1 18.7 Jersey City 20.7 25.6 lewark, N. J 19.8 27.4 Paterson, N. J 19.0 22.2 Buffalo, N. V 14.8 18.4 Rochester. N.Y 15.0 17.3 Syracuse, N. Y 13.8 19.0 Providence 19.9 21. 1 Los Angeles 18.1 20.0 San Francisco 20.5 22.5 Denver 18.0 23.0 Chicago 16.2 19.1 New York 20.4 25.3 Indianapolis 16.7 17.3 Louisville 20.0 20.1 New Orleans 28.9 26.3 Baltimore 21.0 22.9 Minneapolis 10.8 13.5 St. Paul 9.7 14.9 Kansas City 17.4 17.3 St. Joseph 9.1 St. Louis 17.9 174 Cincinnati 19.1 21.0 Cleveland 17.1 20.2 Columbus 15.8 14.7 Toledo 16.0 18.9 Allegheny 18.4 18.2 Philadelphia 21.2 21.3 Pittsburg 20.0 20.1 Scranton 20.7 21.8 Memphis 25.1 25.3 Milwaukee 15.9 18.8 Immigration. The statistics of the past twenty years show a decrease of immigration into the United States from Euro- pean countries. But the character of the immigration is not so good as formerly. There are fewer Scotch, Irish, and English, and more Hunga- rians, Russians, and Italians. A comparison of figures for 1882 and 1 90 1, drawn from official returns of the Immigration Bureau, is instructive: 1882. 1901. Immigrants from all countries. .788,992 487.918 Austria- Hungary 29.150 113.390 (iermany 250.630 21,651 Denmark 11,618 3,655 France 6,004 3.150 Italy 32,159 135,996 Netherlands 9,517 2,349 Norway 29,101 I2.2|S Russia 21,590 85257 Sweden 64,607 23,331 Switzerland 10,844 2>201 England 82,394 12,214 Ireland 76,432 3°oDI Scotland 18.937 2)07° 1XDEX fO PERIODICA I. LITERATURE. 757 INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE. A select list of important articles appearing in other magazines. For convenience of reference the classification is the same as that of the contents of "Current History." ABBREVIATIONS USED. Atlan. . Can. Cent. . Chaut. . top. 1)1 I IN. . Era Fokum . (il'NT. . II \K1 I K Internat Liv. Age Atlantic Monthly. I Canadian Magazine. Toronto, Ont. Century. New Vorlc Chautauquan. Cleveland, O. Cosmopolitan, Irvington, New York Delineator, New York Era, H. T. Coates & Co.. Philadelphia Forum, New \ ork Gunton's Magazine, New York Harper*! Monthly, New York . International Monthly, Burlington. Vt. . Living Age, Boston McClure Med. Ki i . Mod. Cut., MUNSEV Nat. Geo., N. E. M. N. A. R. Out. Pop. Sci. R. ok R. S( RIB. , w. w. . In indicating dates, the usual abbreviations of McClure's Magazine, New York Medical kecord, New York Modern Culture. Cleveland. < ». Munvy's Magazine, New \ ork National • ieugrapnical Mag.. N. Y. New England Magazine, New York Noitli American Review, New York Outlook, New \" ork Popular Science Monthly, New York Review of Reviews. New York Scribner's Magazine. New York World's Work, New York months are used. International Affairs. Reciprocity with Canada. Hon. John Charlton. Forum. Jan. „ More Stories of the American Invasion of England. W.W. Jan. Our Special Partner, England. U. S. Eddy. W. W. Jan. The American '-Commercial Invasion" of Europe, I. Frank A. Vanderlip. Scrib. Jan. Affairs in America. Political Aspect of Cuba's Economic Distress. Josiah Quincy. N. A. R. The Inadequate Powers of the Inter- State Commerce Commission. E. P. Bacon. N..A. R. Jan. Need of a Permanent Census Office. W. R. Merriam. N. A. R. Jan. The Anglo-French-American Shore. P. T. McGrath. N. A. R. Jan. The Charleston Exposition. Dolly Kennedy Yancey. Mod. Cul. Jan. The Lost Boundary of Texas. Marcus Baker. Nat. Geo. Dec. A New Era in Mexico. Prof. Paul S. Reinsch. Forum. Jan. The Chinese in America. Sun-Yowe Pang. Forum. Jan. Our Honor and Cuba's Need. Marion Wilcox. Forum. Jan. The Hopes of Pan-Americanism. Oscar King Davis. W.W. Jan. The Pan-American Congress and Mex- ican Hospitality. Thos. R. Dawley, Jr. Out Dec. 14. Minnesota and the Railway Trust. Wm. D. Washburn, Jr. Out Dec. 14. The Settlement of the West : A Study in Transportation. Emerson Hough. Cent Jan. The Italians in America. Vincent Van Marter Beede. Chaut. Jan, The Philippines and Our Military Power. Hon. John F. Shafroth. Forum. Jan. The Isthmian Canal. Emory R. John- son. R. of R. Jan. Irrigation in the West. Wm. E. Smythe. R. ofR. Jan. Charleston and Her " West Indian Exposition." R. of R. Jan. Diplomats at the Capital. Munsey. Jan. Street Railways in Canada. W. G. Ross. Can. Jan. Affairs in Europe. Women and Work in England. Helen Bosanquet. Internat. Jan. Tendencies in German Thought and Life since 1870. Georg Simmel. Internat Jan. Contemporary France: with Respect to an English Work. Andre Lebon. In- ternat. Jan. The Primate of England. Wm. Dur- ban. Out. Jan. 4. The Sugar Question in Europe. Yves Guyot N. A. R. Jan. The Russian Debt. A. Raffalovich. N.A. R. Jan. The Americanization of England. Earl Mayo. Forum. Jan. Electric Transit in London and Paris. Isaac N. Ford. Cent. Jan. English Statesmen .and Rulers. George W. Smalley. McClure. Jan. The Strong Men of France. Comte de Maldetroit. Munsey. Jan. Affairs in Asia. Manila. Frederick W. Eddy. Out Jan. 4. Filipino Views of American Rule. Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, and others. N. ,\. K. Jan. Western Progress in China. N*t Geo. Dec. The Philippines and Our Military Power. Hon. John F. Shafroth. Forum. Jan. 75« INDEX TO PERIODICAL LITERA TtlRE. February No., 1962 Reconstruction in China. Arthur E. Smith. Out. Dec. 14. The Russian Trans-Asiatic Railway. Liv. Age. Jan. 14. Science and Invention. Great Inventions of the Nineteenth Century. Eugene Parsons. Mod. Cul. Jan. Recent Total ^Eclipses of the Sun. Prof. Solon I. Bailey. Pop. Sci. Jan. Comets' Tails, the Corona, and the Au- rora Borealis. Prof. John Cox. Pop. Sci. Jan. The Nobel Prizes and Their Founder. R. of R. Jan. Highspeed Electric Locomotion. Thos. Commerford Martin. R. of R. Jan. Education. Problems of our Educational System. Pres. W. DeWitt Hyde. Forum. Jan. Art and Archaeology. New Excavations at ^Egina. Adolph Furtwangler. Internat. Jan. French Impressionism and its Influence in Europe. Camille Mauclair. Internat. Jan. Enid Yandell, the Sculptor. Richard Ladegast. Out. Jan. 4. Biography. Henry George, the Man and the Re- former. Dean Charles D. Williams, D. D. Mod. Cul. Jan. The Empress Frederick. Liv. Age. Dec. 2i. Recollections of Cardinal Newman. Sir Rowland Blennerhassett. Liv. Age. Dec. 28. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution. Prof. W. H. Dall. Pop. Sci. Jan. Huxley as a Literary Man. James E. Routh, Jr. Cent. Jan. Berthelot, the Nestor of Modern Chem- istry. R. of R. Jan. The Kaiser WilKelm. Munsey. Jan. Business and Industry. Consolidated Labor. Carroll D. Wright. N.A. R. Jan. The New Farming and the New Life. Mary C. Blossom. W. W. Jan. Travel and Exploration. Diary of a Voyage from San Fran- cisco to Tahiti and Return (1901). S. P. Langley. Nat. Geo. Dec. Antarctic Exploration. Prof. J. W. Gregory. Pop. Sci. Jan. A Zigzag Journey Through Italy. James A. Harrison. Chaut. Jan. Through Egypt and Palestine. I. Ira D. Sankey. Delin. Jan. The Pompeii of the Sahara. Percy L. Parker. Munsey. Jan. A New Canadian Glacier. Welford W. Beaton. Can. Jan. Literature. Professor Lounsbury on Shakesperian Criticism. Brander Matthews. Inter- nat. Jan. Did Shakespeare Write Bacon. Leslie Stephen. Liv. Age. Dec. 21. Tennyson and His Commentators. Andrew Lang. Liv. Age. Dec. 21. Dickens and Modern Humor. Liv. Age. Dec. 28. The Scandinavian Novel. Liv. Age. Jan. 4. Mr. Howells as a Critic. Prof. Brander Matthews. Forum. Jan. iliscellaneous. The Jury. Justice David J. Brewer. Internat. Jan. Things Municipal. Edmund Kelley. Internat. Jan. The Princess of Wales. M. K. H. Mod. Cul. Jan. The Wish for Immortality. Liv. Age. Dec. 21. The Personal Element in History. Emily Lawless. Liv. Age. Dec. 28. Life in Labrador. W. T. Grenfell. Liv. Age. Jan. 4. Words : Some True and False Uses. Liv. Age. Jan. 4. The Noachian Deluge. Prof. G. F. Wright. Pop. Sci. Jan. The Merchant Marine of the World. Paul S. Reinsch. W. W. Jan. In Vergil's Italy. Frank J. Miller. Chaut. Jan. Omens at Coronations. Charles Ben- ham. Liv. Age. Dec. 21. In and Around the Great Pyramid. Cleveland Moffett. McClure. Jan. The Treaty-making Powers of the Senate. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Scrib. Jan. The Rake's Progress in Tariff Legisla- tion. Jacob Schoenhoff. Forum. Jan. Merchantmen Twice as Big as Men of War. Arthur Goodrich. W. W. Jan. The New Pacific Empire. George Hamlin Fitch. W. W. Jan. More Stories of the American Inva- sion of England. An American in Eng- land. W.W. Jan. NECROLOGY. 759 Necrology. AMERICAN AND CANADIAN. ARGYL, GENERAL JAMES, mar- shal of the supreme court of Mississippi ; born in Germany seventy years ago ; died in Bayonne, N. J., December 5. He was a brigadier general in the confeder- ate army during the civil war. CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, author; born in Boston in 1818 ; died in Concord, Mass., December 23. He was the last of the brotherhood including also Thoreau, Hawthorne, and Emerson, which made Concord famous. He pub- lished nine volumes. CROLY, MRS. "JENNIE JUNE," one of the earliest women journalists ; born in Harboro, Eng., December 19, 1829 ; died in New York City, December 23. She was the founder of Sorosis, the first women's club in America, in i860, and has been called the "mother of clubs." In 1855, before any other woman had entered the field of journalism, writing under the name of "Jennie June," she gained a place on the staff of Noah's Sunday Times. She became a special writer on fashions. In 1856 she was married to David G. Croly, for many years managing editor of the New York World. GREGORY, HON. WILLIAM, gov- ernor of Rhode Island ; born at Astoria, Long Island, August 3, 1849; died at his home in Wickford, North Kingstown, December 16. His political career began as a representative from his town of North Kingstown, in 1888. He was the last governor of Rhode Island to be elected under the old law, under which the State election was held in April, and in this year the first to be elected under the new law, under which the State election is held in November. He was the first governor of the State to die in office in a period of nearly a century. HAZEN, ABRAHAM D., noted post- office official ; died in Washington, D. C, December 3. He served as third assist- ant postmaster general under Postmaster- Generals Key, Maynard, Howe, Gresham, Hatton, Vilas, ana Wanamaker. He is accredited with being the original advo- cate of two-cent postage in this country. HINTON, COLONEL R. J., printer, editor, anti-slavery advocate, and soldier ; born in London, Eng., in 1830; died in London, December 20. He came to the United States in 1851. He served in the Union army, 1861-65 a°d later edited vari- ous newspapers in Washington, New York, and San Francisco. In 1894 he produced " John Brown and his Men," a valuable contribution to history. HUIDEKOPER, DR. RUSH S„ physician and editor; born in Pennsyl- vania in 1854; died in Philadelphia. De- cember 17. One of the eminent physi- cians and surgeons of this country, and a veterinarian of national repute. He was also editor of The Journal of Compara- tive Medicine and Veterinary Archives. He had held many important positions, and was the author of several works on animals. KING, CLARENCE, geologist and mining engineer; born in Newport, R. I., January 6, 1842 ; died in Arizona Decem- er 24. In the autumn of 1863 'ie joined the California Geological Survey. Dur- ing the next two years he was engaged in explorations west of the Rocky Moun- tains. He discovered and named Mounts Whitney and Tindall, and on climbing these peaks found them to be the highest group yet discovered in California. Strongly impressed with the need of a scientific survey of the country from the Rockies to the Pacific, during the winter of 1866 67 he secured the necessary au- thority and funds from Congress, he being placed in charge, under General Hum- phreys of the army. The next five years were spent in the prosecution or the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel, which resulted in a complete geological and topographic cross section of the whole system of the Cordillera of Western America. In later years he made a determination at the age of the earth, which was accepted by the leading physicists of England and Europe as the most trustworthy known. He was the author of " Mountaineering in Sierra Ne- vada" and of various papers on systematic geology. LEARY, CAPTAIN RICHARD P., of the U. S. Navy ; born in Baltimore, November 3, 1842 ; died in the Marine Hospital, Chelsea, Mass., December 27. He was one of the best known and most picturesque figures in the navy, of great kindness of heart, and a brave and effi- cient officer. In April, 1899. Captain Leary was appointed hrst naval governor of Guam. He secured the respect and affection of the natives. In 1900 he was replaced by Commander Seaton Schroe- der. McADAM, DAVID, jurist; born in New York City in 1838; died in the same city, December 22. In 1890 he was elected to the superior court, succeeding 760 tibCkOLOGY. February No., i$6i Richard O'Gorman. By the consolida- tion of the courts he was transferred in 1896 to the supreme court. He was the author of numerous standard works on law. NOBLE, COLONEL JOHN C, known as the Nestor of Kentucky jour- nalism ; died in Paducah, Ky., December 21, in his 85th year. ROGERS, JOHN B., Governor of the State of Washington ; born in Bruns- wick, Me., in 1838: died in Olympia, Washington, December 26. SANFORD, CAPTAIN JOSEPH PERRY, U. S. Navy ; born in Winches- ter, Va., in 1816; died in Stamford, Conn., December 5. Was appointed midship- man of the navy in 1832. From 1838 to 1842 he was attached to the United States exploring expedition around the world under Captain Wilkes. During the war with Mexico he served on the United States steamship Alleghany. After this he served in various stations. In 1853 he went into business, but subse- quently did important service in the civil war. In 1865 and 1866 he was in command of the United States ship Vanderbilt, at that time the fleetest steamship in the American navy. His last appointment was commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard in Virginia. He has been living in retirement for many years. SEWELL, HON. William J., soldier and statesman ; born in Ireland, in 1835 ; died in Camden, N. J., December 27. He came to this country at an early age, gained distinction in the civil war, entering the army as a captain of the 5th New Jersey regiment and at the close being brevet major general. After serving in various important positions, at the outbreak of the Spanish-American war President McKinley appointed him a major-general of the United States Volunteers, but he was obliged to decline this honor, as acceptance would have necessitated his resignation as United States senator. General Sewell was first elected to the New Jersey State senate from Camdem County in 1873, and twice re-elected. In 1881 and again in 1895 and 1901 he was elected United States senator. STRECKER, HERMAN, sculptor, and eminent naturalist; died in Reading, Pa., November 30. He was a sculptor by profession, and to this he devoted most of his days, but as a recreation he spent his nights and holidays in the collection of butterflies. At the time of his death his collection numbered nearly two hundred and fifty thousand distinct specimens, claimed to be the largest, finest and most valuable in the world. Mr. Strecker published various scientific works for which he drew the lithograph plates himself. SWEETMAN, DR. LESLIE, emi- nent surgeon of Toronto, Canada; died at Johns Hopkins Hospital of blood poi- soning. Dr. Sweetman ranked high in his procession. He was widely known among the medical fraternity of the United States. His father, who died sometime ago, was postmaster-general of the Do- minion of Canada. SWINTON, JOHN, labor leader and writer; born in Warsau, 111.; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., December 15. His first appearance as an orator in behalf of the workingman was made in the spring of 1874, when he took the platform at a great mass meeting in Tompkins square — a meeting which the police finally dis- persed. From that time Mr. Swintbn was a champion of labor. THOMPSON, HON. DAVID P., ex- United States minister to Turkey ; bora in Ohio in 1834; died in Portland, Ore- gon, December 14. FOREIGN. FORD, E. ONSLOW, R. A., sculptor; born in London in 1852 ; died in London recently. His principal statues are: "Sir Rowland Hill, K. C. B.," 1882; "Right Honorable W. E. Gladstone," 1883 ; and " Henry Irving as Hamlet," 1883. GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY, chemist ; born in Hull, England, in 1817 ; died December 23. In 1884 he was appointed Sibthorpian professor of rural economy at Oxford, which position he held until 1890. In 1893 he received the honor of knighthood. LUBY, THOMAS CLARKE, Irish nationalist and journalist ; born in Dub- lin ; died in Jersey City, N. J., November 29, aged 79 years. He was active in the •' Young Ireland " movement and was one of the founders and promoters of the Fenian movement. MacCORMACK, SIR WILLIAM, Bart., eminent surgeon; born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1836; died in Bath, England, December 4. He was president of the Royal College of Surgeons in London and during his life was honored by many so- cieties for his services to science. PATON, SIR JOSEPH NOEL, artist; born in Duntermline, Scotland, in 182 1; died in Edinburgh December»26. He was a prolific and popular painter. He re- ceived knighthood from Queen Victoria. The Cyclopedic review of 394- current history C9 v.ll 13 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SUPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY