\ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopedicreview11bostuoft *' THE Cyclopedic Review OF CURRENT HISTORY VOL. ii I90I Illustrated BOSTON, MASS. CURRENT HISTORY COMPANY. 1902. Copyright, 1901, 1902 BY CURRENT HISTORY COMPANY. 3% INDEX. JANUARY, 1901— DECEMBER, 1901 For Errata, ace last page of this index. Page Abyssinia. See Africa. Accounts, Public. Monetary circulation 73, 352 Public debt 72, 352 Yearly balance sheet 350 The national treasury 606 Cost of government 297 Aeronautics. See Science. Aerial navigation. See Science. Afghanistan. See Asia. Africa, Affairs in. See also South Afri- can war. Abyssinia. British in..' 254 Abyssinia, Agricultural pursuits in 689 Arabi Pasha. Pardon of 312 Assouan, Dam of 132 Congo Free State 749 Central Africa, Anglo-German spheres in 255 Egypt, Promising field for gold-seek- ers *. 689 Kuropean influences In 465-469 Kongo, Annexation of the, by Belgium 253 Liberia, New president of 66 Mad Mullah, Repulse of the 377 Mahdl. A new 193 Miscellaneous 377 Moroccan embassy 377 Morocco question 65 Nigeria, British in 254 Nile under control. 132 Railways in Africa, some facts re- specting them 689 Railway, German East African 193 Rhodesia, Steady advance in civiliza- tion 625 Somaliland 254 Soudan. The French in the 312 I 'panda. Progress on railway In 568 Uganda, Report of special commis- sioner 567 Upper Guinea opened for traffic 689 West Africa 255 Agrarian troubles. See Italy. Agriculture: Report of the Secretary of Agricul- ture 659 Agriculture in the Eastern States 659 Aguinaldo 165, 228 Alabama: Negro conference 115 New constitution. The 233, 487. 549. 667 Restriction of citizen franchise 423 Suffrage and new constitution 357 Alaska: Aleuts dying out 602 Boundary question, The 601 Cape Nome, Why? 601 Cape Nome, Winter prospects at 601 Coal mining 668 Destitution at Cape Nome 550 Government, A territorial 726 Population 171 Ravages of pestilence 550 Alfred, millenary celebration 662 Allen. Frederick Innes 236 America. Buddist discovery of 444 Anglican controversy 70 Antarctic expeditions. See Science. Arabi Pasha, Pardon of 312 A rl>it ration. See also Reciprocity and Treaties. The Court of arbitration 9* Arbitration proposed in China 333 Png* Arbitration.— Continued. Reports of mediation, arbitration, etc. 336 Arbitration appeal by the Boers 588 Kruger on arbitration 650 Arbitration between Britain and France 473 National board of arbitration 73n Discussion at the Pan-American Con- gress, on arbitration '::: Arbitration of the "Pious Fraud" claim 737 Compulsory arbitration 748 Argentine Republic, The. Buenos Ayres riots 368. 442 Boundary question 682, 742 Archaeology. See Art. Arctic expeditions. See Science. Armenian troubles: American claims paid 408 Revolutionists at Mush and Sassoun.. 566 Arizona: Forest Reserve 41 Army and Navy: Army. Cost of 11" Army, Cost of transports 662 Canteen, The 357, 598 Harbor defense and river and harbor improvements 598 Hazing abolished 110 Hazing at West Point 88 Hazing defined 357 Naval Militia, Official authority of.... 483 Naval service. Needs of the 662 Navy, Strength of the 59H Peace footing of army 292 Pension office statistics 417 Promotion for merit 6*j Puget Sound navy yard w» Rear-Admiral Evans reprimanded 482 Reorganization of the militia 661 Sampson-Morgan controversy ■■■■ 110 Schley court of inquiry. 417. 480. 547. o99. 727 Ships building <1» Spanish comments 4"1 Spanish War. Prize monies and boun- ties won in • •* Submarine topedo boat. Test of 663 War pensioners *J West Point, Discipline at 58 West Pointers outranked »J West Point insubordination 293 Art and Archaeology: Abbey's Holy Grail..: «J American Woman In Crete, An mi Ancient fresco discovered 508 Basilica Aemilla. The ""••"IS Buddhist discovery of America. The. 4 Crete. Work In ■ 082 Egyptian exploration work «» Elgin collection. The J* Gainsborough. The lost W Fields of investigation &«{ Greek statues recovered lj* Has Ophir been found? »i" In Central Asia — • |»i] Miscellaneous 69Z- '** Oldest Gospel papyrus J*» Oldest mummy. The wj Velasquez In Boston. A *• tehngin exhibition. The Asia. Affairs In. Afghanistan: ^ Ameer. Death of the • ••• JJJ Ameer, the new 6». '*' IV. INDEX. rage Asia, Affairs In. -Continued. Australia: 312 comTonw4kVth;Fiag'of-the::::::::::: 623 Commonwealth inaugurated w Compulsory arbitration <« Federation elections. «» Federation, History o, the... m Federal ministry, The first M Federal Parliament opened *u Government, New seat of ^ Shipping •••• »oq' 688 Tariff question, The W*. *» New Guinea •.■••• 74a Population and immigration......... <« China: see also China. The crisis and situation in. fi8S Famine in Si-Ngan «* Great Yangtse floods...... ^ Li Hung Chang Death of wi Manchuria, Trade with asm Oriental trade, Decline of asm Reform, Progress in India: Ceylon census, The Favorable financial reports ™* New province created.... Jj" Population, Depletion of asm Page 566 504 376 440 621 567 561 132 Japan: RoS American imports S Assassin of Toru punished BW Economical stringency *« Exports to... * General development..... ?«2 Great religious awakening 001 Imperial diet opened............ ••••••• <*< Marquis Ito and financial troubles.. 622 Miscellaneous '*! Perry memorial, The |>"° Political crisis jjai Prof. Muller's library g<b Royal birth The new cabinet Korea : Quelpart, Massacre at Siam: 747 Siam and France «*' New Zealand: ... Commission on federation, Report of M4 Government of New Zealand 748 Persia: Shah Plot against the Thibet: Novel method of communication — Asphalt troubles 50, 183, 305 Assouan, Dam of Astronomy. See Science. Athletics. . __ Strength record broken i<o Australia. See Asia. Austria-Hungary. See Europe. Baldwin-Ziegler expedition. See Science. Base-ball. See Sport. Beet-sugar industry. "U, isu Belgium. See Europe. Bismarck, Statue of »'* Boer war. See South African war. Bolivia: ra 24s Chilean claims w, *» Bond, Rev. Wm. Bennett ^ Books. See Literature. Botha, Louis ao< Brazil: _. 741 Coming election, The '« Foreign colonization ^b» Guiana Boundary £*« Labor : 7il Monarchical movement '** Monarchist plots joa Political outlook.... £11 Trade with United States -41 Bresci, Suicide of *™ Bubonic plague Business and Industry merce. Bank exchanges 729 354 729 355 Business and Industry.— Continued. Bonds in 1901 Boots and shoes Clearing house exchanges.... Combinations Cotton V7w"*«X.VA; wn Industrial progress of the South 3W Exports *J Fisheries J? Failures Gold production' of the United States. 731 Iron industry •■■ *2 Iron and steel 45- *» Great steel combine "r Money in circulation «|*j Railroads 355 Stocks ' 7o0 Trade with China • ••• ■•••■'"£' '™ United States steel corporation s earn- ings • Wheat and corn Wool , Wool and Woollens i™ Petroleum fields • • " 18n Beet sugar industry w, i»u Mining matters. • • • ••••■ Vfi'-.iyi Economic independence of the United States 6W Cables: .. 4oo G67 Pacific Cable, The 44, 4<5», mw California: 214 Bubonic plague *" Canada: 17g Alien labor ,«,/. Australian trade. 729 864 729 Beet-Sugar industry, The....... 120,180 Boer war, More troops for tb£. ........ b<4 British Columbia, Chinese labor at.... 55b British Columbia, A railway crisis at. 242 British Columbia, Third party at...... 556 British policy ,75 Budget, The •• ■-rr" 556 Cabinet Changes, Dominion ••••• o» Cabinet Changes, Provincial •••55S5oa Canada', Conclrning the annexation of 428 Canada, Unexplored.. ™± Canada's foreign trade ?" Census circulars 491 Census returns :.•••■"„;," 241 Church and cremation, Tne « Closer imperial union. ,. Conservative policy, The •••• " Cook charges, The. 'm Coronation oath, Tne ..„. Cremation in Quebec. 673 Court of appeals question °i* Crow's Nest question ti„ Crow's Nest railway ^"isi" 241 Delpit marriage case *>. 1*1. g Dhoukhobortsi, The — *°g Disasters — •• **««,*«" 175 237 Dominion parliament, The. ••" •;:■•££: *" Duke and Duchess of Cornwall, ue ^ See also Com- 234 352 Duke'ofcornwa'lV and York,- Visit of- 554 Durocher-Degre marriage case 303 Exports, Natural gas •— 732 Fiscal year, The • ^ Fisheries ■■■; 430 Franco Canadian trade.. French Canadian loyalty ^ French line subsidy 732 General prosperity...... ••••• " 302 Georgian Bay canal scheme ^g Growth of the West 428 Imports and exports 1?9 Improved highways 734 Industries •••• "" 45 Iron industry, The ^ Judges, Three new. • ; 675 Klondike, Trouble in tne &55 Labor unions..... "119 180 Land grants to troops 179 Law reforms. 299 Lead bounties. The 176 Liberal policy. The INDEX. Page Canada.— Continued. Manitoba, Prohibition at 672 Manitoba, The schools at 555 Manitoba railways 120, 182, 238. 299 Manitoba, The wheat crop 430, 493 Manltoulin railway. The 239 Metropolitan, A new 243 Miscellaneous 243, 303. 366. 431. 494. 556, 609. 676, 734 Monument to Laura Secord 366 New conservative leader 117 New Ontario, Opening of 238 New Ontario, Resources of 180 Nova Scotia elections 555 Nova Scotia legislature 242 Nova Scotia Liberals 674 Ontario assembly 179. 238 Ontario elections 555 Ontario, Mines at 431 Ontario legislature 119 Ontario liberal platform 365 Ontario, Temperance question at 430 Pacific Cable, The 44, 428 Parliament, Ninth opened 118 Pensions, Military 238 Personal notes 47, 122. 243, 431, 494 Plains of Abraham 301 Population, Growth of 733 Prince Edward's Island subsidy 301 Privy Council scheme, Failure of 428 Prohibition law void 121 Public finances, The 44 Quebec, Carnegie offers library 494 Quebec finances 494 Queen's death, The 43 Railway commission 119 Reciprocity 608, 673 Redmond in Canada 675 Roads 120 Royal mint, The 300 Salmon fisheries trouble. The 430 Session ended. The 299 Sessional indemnity 299 St. Lawrence canals 122 Steel rail contract 238 Telegraphs, State-owned 365 Toronto University, Aid to 180 Trade with the empire 429 Transatlantic line, Proposed fast 493 Victoria day 238 Yukon royalty. The 179 Yukon telegraph completed 609 Canteen. See Temperance and Army and Navy. Cape Colony. See South African War. Carllsts 130 Canal*: Panama canal company's offer 246 Interoceanlc canals: new treaty drafted .".244 Chicago drainage canal 41 St. Lawrence canals 122 Trans-Isthmian canals 125, 182. 597, 660 Interoceanlc canal: treaty denounced. 614 Nicaragua canal 125 Carnegie, Andrew 174, 374, 494, 754 "Celtic." The 250. 490 Census: Samoa: population statistics 227 Canada: census circulars 240 Congressional reapportionment under census of 1900 86 Centre of population 72 Comparative populations In Europe — 283 Density of population 298 Census returns: Great Britain 308 Australia, Census of 312 Ttaly. Increase In population 251 Nova Scotia revenue 242 Mexican population 124 Total Indian population 658 Population of Louisiana territory 668 Permanent census bureau 606 French census 620 Canadian census returns 491 Ceylon census 504 Pace Census.— Continued. Population of Alaska 171 Population of German Empire received through the Stare Department 18» Austria-Hungary: Increase In popula- tion i»i India: Depletion of population 192 Agricultural population of the South.. 196 Population of the earth I9fi Population of the United States 607 Canada, Growth of population Australian census of 1901 Ceylon 504 Chaffee, General Adna R Chile: Chilean Claims on Bolivia Chile and the Argentine Republic. 682. 742 Claims Settled (United States) 369 Pan-American congress 432. 561 President, The new 369. 432 China. See Asia. Also China. The Crisis in. China. The Crisis and Situation in. Movements of the Chinese 1-4 Military exoeditlons of the allies Russia in Manchuria 7, 148-151. 392-3. 580. M6. 714 Progress of negotiations 8-11. 79-83 An intimidating expedition 83 The first of the executions 84 Mr. Conger on furlough 84 Sir Robert Hart's view 85 An Industrial obstacle 86 Legation grounds at Peking 87 Missions 87-89. 521-4 International reform needed 141. 142 Military affairs 14.1. 213. 214. 327. 455 The Tien-tsin episode 144 Punishments 145 Indemnities 146, 214. 215, 270-272. 329-333. 391-J92 Losses to American trade 147 The general situation 85. 151. 451, 452. 513. 514. 641. 644. 711 A few personalities 152 Deep suspicion of Russia 207. 306 The question of partition 206-211 A sign of possible reform 11 Various disturbances 114 The question of evacuation 214 Questions of reform 217. 517. 518. 576 A Chinese island conceded H Scruples a hindrance 16* North China's woful plight 166 A point of blame 1* The Shan-sl expedition 166 Outrages by the troops 167 The military occupation 267-269 Allied troops compared 170 An experiment fortunately end«<1 328 British and German Interests 833 Tone of Russian diplomacy 80 Loot and destruction 831 A threat of revolt 814 Achievements by the powers 881 The empress and the Boxers 810 The immediate prospect 89>> Boxerlsm 391.45 Reforms 81 Preparing for the court •* The suspended examinations Ho Chinese delay 453. 484 Chinese protective measures 666 Manchuria 456. 457 The peace proton il Expiatory embassies Outlook for trade 5** <;. rman-Ameriean disput' "5 The court returning • »y Abuses by foreigners »T7 The final protocol — 577 Foreign trade -- i'"£2 Emperor and court 578. Vn Gains and losses of the powers 64» The United States In Chinas Crisis.. Miscellaneous 884. 89«. 457. 514. 580-681 VI. INDEX. Page Chinese, Exclusion of the 362, 489, 666 Christian Endeavor, see Religion. Christian Science, see Religion. Civil service, The .' 731 Coal supply of the world 249 Colombia: Alleged invasion of Venezuela 497 Attitude o# the United States 497 Colombia- Venezuela imbroglio. .495, 680, 739 Revolutions 247. 433, 496, 614,739 Colonial problem, American; see also the names of the various colonies. Who are citizens? 21 Constitutional interpretation 284 Commerce. See also Business and In- dustry. Report of Uganda commissioner 567 Australian shipping 624 Trade with Manchuria 192 Decline of Oriental trade 192 Exports to Japan 440 Commercial situation in Germany 563 Rumored tariff changes in England... 186 Imports and exports (U. S.) 71, 352 American tariff war with Russia... 97, 407 German tariff, The 18, 685 Colonial problem: Who are citizens?.. 21 Proposed new German tariff 437 Proposed Brazilian tariff, Failure of.. 432 Canadian tariff 175 Australian tariff contention 623, 688 Austria-Hungary tariff declarations... 620 Tariff on coffee , 475 United States tariff issues 479 American attitude towards proposed German tariff 502 Tariff discussion 685 Coal exports 552 Export of steel and iron 361 Latin-American commerce 125 Losses to American trade 147 Congress, The fifty-sixth and fifty- seventh. Agriculture, Report of the Secretary of 659 Amendments adopted 107 Appropriations 109 Army reorganization bill 32 Assemblage and President's Message.. 719 Bills before the fifty-seventh Con- gress 721, 722 Burleigh bill 37 Congressional reapportionment 36 Cuba and the Philippines 106 Interior, Department of the 658 Legislation, Other items of 110 River and harbor bill 109 Shipping subsidy bill 34 Shipping subsidy bill, A new 722 Shipping subsidy bill. Failure of 119 War taxes reduced 109 Conger, Edwin Hunt 152 Consular service 605 Consumption. See Science. Copyright, International congress 507 Corea, See Korea. Coronation oath 118,127 Coronation of Edward VII, see Great Britain. Cremation 181, 241 Crete and Greece : .161 Crete, An American woman in 571 Crimes, Notable 40, 41. 115 Crow's Nest question, see Canada. Cuba: Cuban extradition 24 Cuban constitution 25. 101. 162 The Cardenas strike 26 Cuban war claims 27 Yellow fever controlled 162, 347. 410, 594 Piatt amendment 223. 347 Visit of the commission 223 Opinions of the press 225 Emigration to Africa 225 A journal suppressed 225 Constitutional convention 287 Page Cuba.— Continued. War could have been avoided 409 U. S. naval and military stations 409 Sugar production 410 Long voyage of dry dock 410 Annexation : 474, 593, 656 Negro immigration 474 War claims 594 The presidency canvass and the elec- tions 474, 594, 655, 722 Cuba's petition to Congress 723 Currency. See Monetary. Czolgosz, Execution of 605 Danish West Indies 50, 679, 738 Delpit marriage case. See Canada. Denmark. See Europe. Diplomatic service 652 Disasters: Explosion at Pittsburgh 727 Fire and Water 138, 195, 320, 446, 509. 632 Great Storms 195, 260, 446, 509, 572, 632 Railroad Accidents 321, 508, 744 Shipwreck 137, 138, 508, 572, 632 Disease. See Science. Divorce, Invalid decrees 259 Donkhobors, The 182, 734 Drama. See Music and Ditlma. Durocher-Degre marriage, case 303 Dual alliance 20 Duke of Cornwall 554 Earth, Age of the 135 Eclipses, Solar 313 Ecuador: Opening of Ecuador by railways 617 Education: Academic freedom of speech 70, 136 "Carnegie Institution," The 754 College and business v 316 Educational appointments 317 Gifts and endowments 381 Gift, Mrs. Standford's 754 Hesperia, Movement, The 257 Johns Hopkins, New' president of 382 Miscellaneous 382 National Education Association 444 Progress in thirty years 691 South, Needs of the 69 Two criticisms 381 University, A national 443 University of Chicago, Prominence of. 571 Yale's bi-centennial 630 Edward VII, see Great Britain. Electricity. See Science. Elgin collection, The 196 Engines, American 372 England. See Europe. Episcopal canons and ritual. See Re- ligion. Europe, Affairs in. See also European diplomacy. Austria-Hungary : Archduchess Elizabeth, Betrothal of. 620 Election. The 128 Mexican relations renewed 251 Miscellaneous 310 Population, Increase in 190 Railway schemes 251 Reichsrath, The new 128,620 Tariff declarations 620 Belgium: Compulsory voting 565 Heir to the throne, An 687 Kongo, Deferred annexation of^ 253 Denmark: Cabinet. A new 43<t Liberal victory. The 56G France: An enormous budget 809 Amnesty bill passed 61 Associations bill 61. 374 Associations bill passed 189 Automobile race 37". Census, The 620 Departure of religious orders 503 Enormous deficit 619 Excitement in Chamber 375 INDEX. Page Europe, Affairs in. Frauce.— Continued. Financial question, The 686 French Academy. The 309 Important conversion 190 Ministry, The longest 619 Mining troubles 619 Miscellaneous 310, 438 Revenue deficit 437 Royalist trial 375 Slam and France 747 The Marseilles strike 189 The Naval Budget for 1902 438 Warships break down 503 Germany: Bad times 685 Bavarian regent honored 18* Bismarck statue, Unveiling of 374 Cause of depression 564 Commercial situations 563 Count Von Waldersee's return 503 Deficit in bread stuffs 374 •Duelling, Condemnation of 620 Emperor, Assault on 187 Emperor's speeches, The 188 Empire, Population of 189 Empress Frederick, Death of 436 Empress Frederick, Will of 503 Financial crisis 502 Marriage to Seckendorff denied 503 Ministry, A new 309 Personal and miscellaneous 685 Physician's strike, A 309 Proposed new. tariff 437, 502 Russian bi-centenary 60 Prussian ministerial crisis 308 Tariff discussion 685 Von Ketteler's remains, Interment of 503 United States, Trade with 502 Great Britain and Ireland: Accession, Proclamation of 56 Alfred Millenary celebration, The.... 562 Andover by-election 500 A 1300,000,000 loan 248 Britain's condition 683 British navy— an American opinion.. 744 Budget proposals 247 Carnegie's gift 374 Cecil Rhodes letters, The 500 Census returns 303 Coronation, Preparations for 370 Decrease of British trade 618 Earl Russell, Trial of 435, 371 Edward VII, King, Accession of 54 Edward VII, King, Biography of 59 Engines, American 372 German royalties honored 59 Great unionist meeting 435 Heir-Apparent's tour. End of 618 Income tax increased 24S Irish question •.. 618 Irish representation 499 King's address 55 King's oath 127 King opens parliament 125 King's Visit to Empress Frederick.. 127 Launch of the "Celtic" 250 Leyland Line, Sale of 250 Liberal truce, The 434 Liberals, Division of the 369 London and globe failure 80 Lord Roberts, Grant for 434 Lord Rosebery's position 434 Lord Rosebery speaks*. 74.1 "Maine," Gift of the 373 Miners decide against strike 307 Ministry stands firm 249 Miscellaneous.. 128. 187. 308, 374. 436. 501, 744 National debts 250 Naval manoeuvers 500 Naval progress 372 Navy, Increase In 18'' N'i therlands railway question 600 New Bishop of London 187 N'.w Year's honors 59 Parliamentary proceedings 126, 185. 306. 434 VII. Page Europe, Affairs In. Ureal Britain and Ireland.— Continued. Personal and miscellaneous 619,684 Proposed army reform 185 Queen Victoria. Death of 43. 52, 56. 58 Revised coronation oath 871 Royal colonial tour 186 Royal title, Change of 871 Royal title. The new 618 Rumored tariff changes 186 Scotland, Carnegie's gift to 808 Session, The* end of.i 499 Speech, Mr. Asquith's 870 St. Paul's, Danger to 501 Steam power. Turbine 373 Sugar and coal tax 24S Trade's Union congress 562 World's coal supply 243 Greece: Riot In Athens 687 Holland: Accident insurance 191 Clerical victory 439 Draining Zuyder Zee, Bill for 565 Ministry, The new 439 Parliament, Queen opens 565 Queen's illness, The 687 Queen's wedding, The 130 Italy: Agrarian troubles 4» Bresci, Suicide of 310 Cabinet crisis 128 Closing of the holy door 62 Humbert's death, Anniversary of.... 43» Miscellaneous O" Naples, Triumph In * Population, Increase In 251 Queen and politics. The 686 Royal Princess. Birth of 51 Tax reform, Proposed 250 Portugal: , . _,, Religious associations secularised — »3 Prussift * Polish question, The "'** Russia: ..,, Campaign against Tolstoi 6Z1 Failure of crops JJJ-J Famine again threatened 12 Famine, Seriousness of "J* Famine threatening jW Finland. Rebuff of <** Imperial birth ™» Labor troubles ■"" Liquor monopoly. The **» Mr. Kennan, Expulsion of *» Naval budget. The «* Pan-Slavism. Decree against i» Personal and miscellaneous ww Railway development J[» Recent disturbances. The »"» Russia In the Balkans <• Siberian railway completed «» Student riots IW Servla: ~ ... # i*i Ex-King Milan, Death of Royal scandal, A Spain: Cabinet. A new Religious riot Royal wedding. The Jg Serious disturbances **» Turk*? v " Armenian disturbances... 5« C. rman Influence in Turkey «J Zionist movement. The ■•■■••■■■•■■•■••: 3U European Diplomacy and the BUttatlon. Anglophobia lessening 19. l». <» The dual alliance - Holland and Portugal ii"im! m Anglo-German relations 9«. w. *£ Tariff war with Ruasli *• The harbor of OibralUT. |» Italy and th. nrelhuml ,{ Crete and Greece ... ■•• JH Fallacious Blgns of troubi. Britain's increased strength r-" Franco-Russian alllanee "■■ no 13-1 VIII. INDEX. Page European Diplomacy and the Situation.— Con- tinued. The Toulon festivities 280 The Poles in Prussia 281 Foreign mails in Turkey 282 Anti- American coalition 282 Comparative populations 283 England's separateness 340 Anti-clerical agitation 342 Mediterranean complications 343 The British navy 344 Pan-American union ! 344 A Polish aspiration 343 Russia a problem 345 Italy's foreign policy 346 German enterprise in Turkey 347 British strength in the Mediterranean. 401 Anglo-French relations 403 The German position 404 The Albanian disturbance 404 Cretan affairs 40o Turkish troubles 406, 717 Franco-Turkish rupture 469, 471, 532, 591, 652 Visits by the czar 532 A brigand outrage: Miss Stone's case.. 533, 592, 653, 716 Groupings of the powers 589 A protest from Italy 717 Russia and Japan 718 Germany, Japan, and Korea 718 Exports. See Commerce. Famines: Shan-si, Famine In 217,581 Russian and Siberian famine threat- ened 129, 504 Seriousness of Russia's Famine 564 Famine in Chinese provinces 581 Famine in Si-Ngan 688 Finland 564 Florida: Oil Discovery 358 Football. See Sport. Forests and the printing press 553 France. See Europe. Frederick, The Empress 127, 436, 503 French shore treaty, see Newfoundland. "Fulton," The submarine torpedo boat.. 663 Game laws ^_553 Georgia: To suppress arnarchism. .' 668 Georgian Bay canal scheme 302 Germany. See Europe. Gibraltar 159 Gorky, Maxim 693 Great Britain. See Europe. Guam: Insubordination of the troops 348, 412 Hawaii: Politics in Hawaii 27 The legislature 164 Leper home rule 165 Chinese laborers 411 Chinese migration from the United States 476 The labor question 596 Shore defenses of Honolulu 657 Queen Liliuokalanl's request 657 Social equality 657 Hay, Secretary John 699 Hay-Pauncefote treaty. See Treaties. Hay, Death of ex-consul A. S 701 Hazing at West Point. See West Point. Holland. See Europe. Humbert's (King) death, anniversary of 438 Hunt, Governor W. H 411 Hydrogen solidified. See Science. Illinois: Building activities 72G Chicago drainage canal 41 Chicago a seaport 234 Servant Girls' Union 423 Illustrations. See Portraits, Maps, Views. Immigration 671, 756 Imperialism. See Politics, U. S. ; Colonial Page India. See Asia. Indiana: President's Message in schools 726 Index to periodical literature 197, 260, 321, 384, 446, 572, 633, 694, 757 Problem; Great Britain. Imports. See Commerce. Inventions. See Science. Ireland. See Europe. Irrigation works 731 Iron industry. See Business and Industry. Italy. See Europe. Ito, Marquis 604, 622 Japan. See Asia. Kansas: Mrs. Nation's crusade 41, 115, 172 Mrs. Nation's crusade, Sequel of 234 Kennan, Expulsion of Mr 439 Kentucky: Court of appeals 1«3 Ketteler, Von 503 Knox, Attorney-general 235 Koch question, The. See Science. Kongo. See Africa. Korea. See Asia. Krueger 17 Labor Interests: Albanv tramway strike 294 Chicago building trades 113 The Cardenas strike 26 Eight hour movement, The 112 Great steel combine 113 Great strike averted 232 Labor unions in Canada 555 Labor unions, Strength of 600 Miners, The anthracite I/O National board of arbitration, A 730 Railroad consolidation 114 Scranton strike, The 40 Steel-Makers' strike 420 Steel- Workers' strike 483, 548 Strike of machinists 293 "Sun" boycott, The 113 Trade Union and Porto Rico 112 Lance boats, German. See Science. Legal decisions: Illegal discrimination *?» Invalid divorce decrees ?»9 The reign of law 361 Leyland line, Sale of the 250 Leo XIII. See Religion. Leprosy in the United States 427 Liberia. See Africa. Li Hung Chang, Sketch of life of........ 637 Lincoln's remains, Final entombment of 553 Literature: „ Book production • w Gorky, Maxim, A new Russian nov- ej jst • • *>9<J International copyright congress 507 International publishers' congress 572 "Literature" of 1901 Miscellaneous Vogue of fiction, Ihe Longevity Loomis, Minister Louisiana: • .„„ Explosion on British Transport......... 489 Lynching • 40- 115> ™ Mad, Mullah, Repulse of *" Mahdi, A new .— •;•••* O^'' iyi Mails, British, oriental, via San Fran- Cisco ,i„ "Maine," Gift of the.... -■••■; 3(iJ Manchuria. See Asia, China, Russia. Arctic expedition projected 380 Boundary arranged between Nicara- gua and Costa Rica '"J Canadian canals.............. •• lii Centre of population, Western move- ment of • ""J China, Railroad concessions in w China. Eastern ■•••/, ••••580, 64a Danish West Indies, Location of oo De Wet, Advance of " 756 631 7r.fi 247 Page Maps.— Continued. Diagram of proposed tunnel In New York 727 French Islands of St. Pierre and Ml- quelon. Location of 48 Gibraltar Bay 159 Gibraltar. Plan of 159 Great Lakes and ports 300 Honolulu. ProDosed fortifications at... 657 Maps showing location affected by strike 485 Map showing location of two canal routes (Nicaragua and Panama) 660 Monastic holdings in France 438 Nicaragua canal 124 Nicaragua Canal, Ocean affected by.. 661 Northwest Africa, Strategic points In.. 65 Oklahoma 424 Panama Canal route 660 Philippine Islands 544 Puget Sound navy yard, Plan of 664 Railroad, Crow's Nest coal field 178 Railroad, Newfoundland 123 Solar eclipse, May, 1901 311 South America, Portion of 560 South America, War region 496 South Africa 525 South Africa. British and Boer occu- pations 460 United States, with relative areas of European countries T 707 Venezuela, Asphalt region 184 Victoria, B.C., showing naval station at Esquimau 60S Marconi, Signor 750 Massachusetts: Boston subway bill vetoed 358 Woman Suffrage, Opposition to 234 McCormick. Minister R. S 236 McKlnley, President. Second Inauguration 105 Assassination 535 Monument 671, 731 Mealey, Case of Mr 613,679 Medicine. See Science. Mexico: American coaling stations 244 American imprisoned 613 Anti-clerical movement 613 Austrian relations renewed 495 Free Zone, Abolition of the 678 Mr. Mealy, The case of 679 Pan American congress 243, 304. 557. 612. 677. 735 "Pious Fund" claim. Arbitration of.... 737 Population 124 Tehuahtepec railway 678 Trade with Mexico 679 Milan, Death of the ex-king of 131 Milner, Lord 276 Minnesota: Primary nomination law 235 Missions 87 Missouri: Louisiana purchase exposition. The 668 Monetary Matters; see also Accounts, Public: Province of Quebec, Surplus In 494 Financial crisis, Germany 602 India: Favorable financial report 504 South African compensation claims 587 National treasury statistics 606 Appropriation for St. Louis Exposition HO Failures 355 1 "inbinatlons 355 Claims settled with Chile 869 Business and revenue 658 Bonds in 1901 739 < '1. a ring house exchanges 729 Money in circulation 729 United States gold production 731 Canada, Fiscal year in 732 Public Finances 44 Public accounts 72. 350 if government 297 American claims paid 408 'ii office statistic* 417 INDEX. IX. Pat* Monetary Matters.— Continued. Appropriations of the Ifltfe congress... 109 Appropriations <>n account of Indiana. (58 Cnst of the army Chinese Indemnity 146, 215. 271. 393 Deficit in France «u Fiscal year in Canada 175.364 France. Naval expenditure for 43* France, Revenue deficit in 437 French Budget 309 Great Britain and Ireland, Budget proposals 347 National banks (31 National debts. British 250 Pan-American exposition finances 663 Prize monies and bounties won in the Spanish War (64 Purchase of Louisiana territory 068 Russian finances 621 War claims 594 War taxes reduced 1<W Monroe doctrine 305 Moon, The. See Science. Morocco. See Africa. Mormontsm: Joseph F. Smith elected president of the Mormon Church 630 Mosquito extermination. See 8cl<nc. Muller's (Max) library 37( Mummy, The oldest 137 Music and Drama: "Manru" 317 Nation. Mrs 41. 115. 172 Navy, see Army and Navy. Nebraska: Anti-trust law unconstitutional (02 Necrology: Adams. Prof. Herbert B 447 Agnew, Sir James 698 Alba. Duke of (37 Alexander. Rev. Robert 138 Allan, Andrew 385 Allan, Hon. George Wm 447 Almon. Dr. Wm. Johnston 138 Anderson. Gen. George T 363 Argyl. Gen. James 759 Armour, Phillip Danforth U Armstrong, George W 385 Armstrong, Lord Wm. George 7? Arran, Earl of 30 Ascension, Mother 333 Audran, Edmond 51 Babcock. Rev. Dr. Maltbie Davenport. 323 Backus. Rev. Dr. Brady Elcctus 509 Bancroft. Rev. C. F. P 674 Baratierl, Gen. Oreste 611 Barbeau, Edmond Jullen 809 Bardsley. John 7< Batchelder. Brig. -Gen. Richard Na- poleon "* Beach, Wm. Wither Bramston 611 Beamish. Henry Hamilton. C. B 449 Beekman. Henry R J* Beers. Dr. Wm. George "4 H.lknap. Charles. I*. S. N 386 Belknap. Major Hugh •» Benolt. Pierre 303 Beresford. Col. Lord Wm. lister De La Poer. V.C.. K. r . l ■ J it. Sir Walter 318 Hfcdormann, Charles 30 Bishop. Archibald 3» Bishop. Dr. Joel Prentiss •* Bismarck. Count Wm 33; Blumenthal. Leonard. Count Von « Boutelle, Charles Addison 33 Boyle, Sir Courtenay. K. C. B 338 Boyle, Patrick »09 let. <'harl<s 33f Bradbury. James Ware Brady. Albert B J BrlKKs. Rev. Dr. Ellas... J Bright. Rev. Wm.. D.D •■• »»1 Brogden. Curtis Hooka.... * Broglle. Charles Jacques Victor Al- t. Due De J? Broslus, Marriott •w INDEX. Page Necrology.— Continued. Browne, Sir Samuel James 202 Brozik, Wenceslas 264 Bryce, Major Joseph Smith 263 Buchanan, Robert 388 Bulmer, John T 138 Bunce, Rear Admiral Francis M ''35 Burgess, Right Rev. Alexander 635 Burr, Franklin L 138 Burroughs, Rev. Dr. George Stockton. 633 Burton, Sir George 509 Busiel, Charles A 510 Butterneld, General Daniel 448 Campoamor, Don Ramon De 140 Cannon, George.Q 263 Casablanca, Gen. Manuel 388 Cazin, Jean Charles 202 Channing, William Ellery 759 Channing, Wm. F 200 Charland, The Hon. Judge Alfred Na- poleon 510 Charlesworth, Capt. F. C 323 Cheney, Person C 385 Clark, Charles P 200 Clarke, Thomas Curtis 385 Commerell, Sir John Edmund, V. C... 326 Cook, Rev. Joseph 386 Creighton, Rt. Rev. Mandell, D.D 77 Crispi, Francesco 511 Croly, Mrs. (Jennie June) 759 Crozier, Major L. N. F 138 Daly, Major W. H 386 Davin, Nicholas Flood 635 Dawson, George Mercer, C. M. G., LL.D 200 Dean, Hon. Sidney 635 Dickson, Sir James Robert, K. C. M. G. 77 Donahoe, Patrick...... 200 Donnelly, Ignatius 74 Dorr, Dr. Samuel G 263 D'Oyle Carte 264 Duffleld, Rev. Dr. John Thomas 263 Dunglison, Dr. Richard James 200 Eames, Hon. Benjamin Tucker 635 Edwards, Wm. Johnson 323 Elliott, Wm. H 323 Errazuriz, Don Federico 448 Estabrook, Charles 138 Evarts, Wm. Maxwell 138 Faber , Johann 77 Falrchild, Gen. Harrison S 74 Fairbanks, Mrs. Mary E 323 Farrel, John Henry 139 Fee, John G 74 Feeny, Dr. John L 323 Fiske, John 448 Ford, E. Onslow 760 Foshay, Nelson Gray 381 Foster, "Vere 77 Frazar, Everett 74 Fukuzawa, Yukichi 140 Fulton, Rev. Dr. Justin Dewey 263 Gage, Mrs. Cornelia Lansing 323 Gait, Sir Thomas , 386 Gardner, Gen. Wm. Montgomery 386 Gilbert, Sir Joseph Henry 760 Gilion, Dr. Albert Leary 696 Gill, Judge Charles Ignace 574 Gleason, Patrick Jerome 323 Goethals, R. C. Archbishop...... 449 Goodenough, Prof. Myron M 38G Gourko, Count Joseph 77 Graham, Rev. Dr. Robert, LL.D 73 Gramme, Zenobe T 140 Gray, Prof. Elisha \ 75 Gray, Rev. Wm. C, D.D 571 Greenaway. Kate 698 Gregory, Hon. William 798 Gregory, Isaac M 200 Hale, Rt. Rev. Charles Reuben, D.D., LL.D., P. E 75 Haliburton, Robert Grant. Q. C 20f) Hammond. Miss Jane Nye 635 Hardin, George A 263 Hardy, Arthur Sturgis 386 I farrison, Benjamin 20o Harrison, Hon. Henry B 636 Page Necrology.— Continued, Hatch, John Porter 263 Hatzfeldt, Wildenburg, Count Von 698 Haweis, Rev. Hugh Reginald 77 Hay, Adelbert Stone 386 Haynes, Tilly 510 Hazen, Abraham D 759 Hellmuth, Rt. Rev. Isaac 323 Henschel. Mrs. L. B 693 Henri, Phillippe Marie, Prince of Or- leans 512 Henry, Rev. Dr. Benjamin C 386 Hermite, Charles 78 Heme, James A 386 Hertzog, Prof. J. B 574 Hinton, Col. R. J 759 Hitchcock, Rev. Dr. E. W 574 Hitchcock, Hiram 75 Hoffmann, Gen. Edward M 323 Hohenlohe - Schillingfurst, Chlodwig Carl Victor, Prince Von 449 Hood, Lord of Avalon 698 Hoshi, Toru 388 Hoskins, Sir Anthony Miley 388 Howard, Major A. L 139 Howgate, Capt. Henry W 386 Howlan, Hon. George Wm 323 Howland, Weston 324 Huddart, James 202 Huidekoper^Dr. Rush S 759 Hurdman, Wm. H 139 Irwin, CaDt. I. S 139 James, Col. Edward C 201 Jasper, Rev. John 201 Jones, Venerable Thomas Bedford 386 Joos, Very Rev. Monsignor Edwin 324 Kellogg, Rev. Elijah 201 Kimber, Rene Edward 510 King, Clarence 759 King, Hon. George E 324 Kraus, Adolph Robert 697 Kruger, Mrs. Paul 449 Kyle, James Henderson 448 Ladue, Joseph 387 Lafiin, Gen. Byron 387 Lambert, Gen 78 Lauder, Very Rev. John Stutt, M. A., D.C. L 75 Law, Hon. William 697 Leary, Caot. Richard P 759 Le Brun, Napoleon 448 Le Conte, Joseph 448 Lewis, Most Rev. John Travers 324 Littlejohn, The Rt. Rev. Abram New- kirk 510 Lonergan, Thomas E 697 Lonnen, E. J 636 Luby, Thomas Clarke 760 Ludlow, Brig.-Gen. Wm 510 Ludlow, George Craig 75 Lushlngton, Sir Franklin 698 Lyman, Henry Harrison 324 MacCormack, Sir William 760 Mackay, Rev. Dr. G. L 324 Magee, Christopher Lyman 201 Mapleson, Col. J. Henry 698 Muhlenberg, Rev. Dr. Frederick Au- gustus „ 201 Marling, Rev. Dr. Francis Henry 139 Martin, T. Henry 697 Matthiessen, Frederick 0 201 Mayo-Smith, Richmond 697 McColl, Rev. Dr. Angus 201 McAdam, David 759 McClurg, Gen. Alexander Caldwell 263 McElrath, Percy 387 McKindsey, George Crawford 139 McKinstry, Judge E. W 636 McKinley, Wm 573 McLean, John W 324 McLeod, Rev. John 201 McMahon, Monsignor James Meehan, Thomas 697 Mietzke, George A 697 Mi< hie, Col. Peter Smith 13J Milan, Ex-King of Servia 140 Miner. Col. James G 324 Page Necrology.— Continued. Mltkiewicz, Count Eugene Stanislaus De 324 Monkhou8e, Cosmo 449 Muiitfort. Dr. R. V. K 75 Moran. Edward 387 Moreau. Rt. Rev. Louis Z 324 Moreno. Caesar Celso 201 Morgall, Senor Francisco 698 Mount. James Atwell 75 Mrak, Very Rev. Ignatius 75 Murphy, Rev. Thomas 7> Murphy. Gen. Patrick W 636 Murphy, Rev. Monseigneur 636 Murat. Gen. Prince Joachim Napoleon 636 Mustek. Col. John Roy 263 Myers, Capt. L. D 75 Myoshi. Read-Admiral 140 Nakajlma, Baroness w.. 388 Neumann, Newman 449 Nevln, Ethelbert 139 Newcomb, Major Simon D 75 Newell, Dr. Wm. Augustus 510 Ninde, Very Rev. Wm. Xavier, D.D.. LL.D., M.E 76 Noble. Col. John C 760 Nordenskjold. Baron Adolf Erik 512 Nugent, Gen. Robert. U. S. A 387 O'Brien, Rev. Michael 697 Ormerod. Eleanor A 44H Osborn, Edwin Curtis 387 Osborn. Luther W 697 Osier, Brltton Bath, K. C 13^ Oulmet, Hon. Joseph Alphonse 76 Paquet, Hon. Arthur 201 Parker. Rev. E. W 387 Parsell. Henry Van Arsdale 324 Paton, Sir Joseph Noel 7M) Paul. Judge John N. S 636 Perry, John T 697 Pflueger, Carl 325 Phelps, Rear-Admiral Thomas Stowell. U. S. N 7fi Phillips, Judge Jesse J 139 Platti, Carlo Alfredo 450 Pierce. Gilbert Ashville 139 Pingree. Hazen S 387 Pillsbury, Hon. John Sargent 63*1 Pook. Samuel Hartt 201 Postley. Gen. Brooke 7o Porter, Gen. Fltz-John 3?5 Porter. Wilbur F 325 Prado, Mariano Ignacio 326 Prentiss, Gen. B. M 14" Pretorius. Marthlnus Wessels 326 Price, Hiram 325 Ransom, Col. Chauncey M 697 Redhead. Richard 326 Reed, Roland Lewis 201 Reid. James Douglas 26"! Revels. H. R 76 Rogers, John B 760 Roper, Jesse Mims 201 Ross, Hon. John Jones 325 Rosse. Dr. Irving Collins 325 Rothschild. Baron Wilhelm Von 78 Rothwell, Richard Pennefather 264 Rouleau, Judge Charles Barromee 510 Rounds. Charles C. PhD 697 Rowland. Prof. Henry Augustus, LL.D. 261 Rowse, Samuel W • 325 Ruggles, Gen. James M 140 Russell. B. B 698 Russell, Michael 326 Safford, Prof. Truman Henry 387 Salaman. Charles Kensington 38S Salisbury. Edward Elbrldge 14"' Sanford. Capt. Joseph Perry <60 Saunders. Sir Edwin. P. R. S. E 202 Saxe-Weimar. Grand Duke of 78 Scadding. Rev. Dr. Henry 32.' Srhott. Prof. Charles A M" Serpa Pinto. Major 7» Sewell. Hon. William J 760 Shaw. Col. Albert Duane 14" Shaw. Thomas . :fi Sherwood. Dr. Sidney INDEX. XI. Page Necrology— Continued. 8111. John Mahelm Berry 264 Sllllman. Benjamin D Silvester, Paul Armand M Sims. John C 7>; Slaughter, Gen. James E 7ft Smith, Capt. Wm. H.. F. R. O. 8 225 Smith, George Murray 264 Smith, Sir Frank 7ti Snow, Lorenzo CM Sprague, Horatio J -. 449 Spier. Wm. Edward 225 Stalner, Sir John 264 Stephan. Mgr. Joseph A 674 Stephens. James 202 Stillman. W. J 449 Stodard, Lorlmer 510 Stokes. Edward 8 636 Strecker, Herman 760 Stubbs, Rt. Rev. Wm.. D.D 264 Sullivan, Rt. Rev. John T JOl Sunderland, Rev. Dr. Byron 387 Sweeney, Rt. Rev. John £Jl Sweetman, Dr. Leslie 760 Swlnton, John 760 Szllagyl, M. Deslder 450 Taft, Dr. Charles Sabln 76 Tait, Peter Guthrie 450 Tanner, Dr. C. K. D 2*4 Tanner. John Riley 326 Taylor, James E 387 Taylor, Gen. Thomas H 264 Thomas. John R 511 Thompson, Hon. David P 760 Thompson, Maurice 146 Tojetti. Virgillo 202 Trafton. Rev. Mark 202 Trenholm, Wm. Lee 76 Tuttle. Dr. H. H 6S6 Tyler. Moses Colt. LL.D.. L.H.D 7« Uhl, Edwin F 325 Verdi, Gulseppe Fortunlno Francesco. 78 Verreau, Rev. Abbe 325 Vicuna. Don Carlos Moria 51 Vierllng, George 388 Vllleneuve, J. 0 388 Von Rltter Carl 202 Walte, Hon. Davis H 698 Walker. Aldace F 264 Wallace. Gen. Wm. H 202 Walsh, Very Rev. Thomas E 140 Walker, Gen. James A 636 Wantage, Baron 888 Waterman. Lewis E fis Watkln. Sir Edward Wm. Bart 264 Webster. Nathan Burnham JJ Westcott. Brooke Foss 450 White, Rev. Wm. J 888 White. Stephen Mallory 140 Whiting. Dr. Henry Clay 14" Whitman. W. E. S 571 Whipple. Bishop Henry B 674 Whittle, Major Daniel W 202 Wigger. Rt. Rev. Wlnand Michael Williams. Alonzo Mj Williams. Gen. Robert. U. 8. A 511 Williams. Prof. Thomas A 77 Willson. Thomas Edgar 202 Wilson, Brig. -Gen. Thomas. lT. 8. A... 3*> Wimperls. Edmund Morrison '<* Wise. Commander Fred M.. U. 8. N... all Wise. Richard A jj Wolcott . Roger Wood. Clarence D «• Woods. Eliza 4 g Yonge, Charlotte Mary 80 Youmans. Wm. Jay *■ Young. Lemuel R **• Young. Mrs. Zlna D s" N'i wfoundland: Confederation, Admission to the 611 crisis. An imminent 610 Financial matters - 1 development ••■• **• French shore 47. 123. 664J. 7* rnpr. A n< v. *■ Island railway syst.m 1-i XII. INDEX. Page Newfoundland.— Continued. Naval station 304, 495 Railroad question, The 304. 367, 431, 557 System of wireless telegraphy pro- posed 494 St. Johns 557 Wrecks 367, 432, 494 New Mexico: Demand for statehood, A 669 Newspaper of the future 43 New York: Alleged collusion of police with crimi- nals 488 Carnegie's gift to New York City 423 Common law marriages 235 Defrauding of the custom house 487 Hand-writing experts excluded 116 Molineux, A new trial 602 Pan- American exposition 295 Pan-American exposition finances 669 Railroad tunnel 726 New Zealand. See Asia. Nigeria. See Africa. Nile. See Africa. Nobel prizes 753 Northern Pacific railroad, see Railways. Oceanlca, See Asia. Ohio: Mfl Anti-Lynching Law 296 Okapl, The. See Science. Oklahoma: Governor Jenkins removed 669 Government land lottery 424 Ophir, has it been found? 570 Orient, Affairs in the; see China (Crisis, etc.) and also Asia. Panama Canal. See Canals. Pan-American Congress, see Mexico and Chile. Pan-American Exposition 236, 295, 426, 552, 603, 669 Papacy, The 71 Papyrus, Oldest Gospel 136 Peary, Lieutenant. See Science. Pennsylvania: Philadelphia franchises 358 Explosion in furnaces 727 Pensions in the U. S. : Pension office statistics ,.. 417 Military pensions in Canada 238 War pensioners 483 Perry memorial, The 503 Persia, see Asia. Persian Gulf question 530 Peru: Chilean claims 50 Increase In trade 617 Pan- American congress 561 Political affairs 433, 195 Philippines, The: Military operations 28, 105, 165, 643, 725 Leprosy 29, 231 Contract labor 29 Filipinos petition Congress 30 Liquor traffic 31 Filipino federal party 102 League of peace 102 Natives submitting 102 Civil rule 104, 349 Aiding the insurgents 104 Terms of submission 105 Cuba and the Philippines 106 Capture of Aguinaldo 165 Punishment of rebels 167 Pacification 30, 167, 229, 350 Commissary frauds 169, 230, 290 Public education 169, 290 General Funston's exploit 227 Aguinaldo's manifesto 228 Insurgent losses 230 Municipal and provincial governments. 230 Secret societies 231 Vice in Manila 291 The Sulu archipelago 291 Judges of the supreme court 349 Strength of the army 350 Pago Philippines, The.— Continued. Government of Manila 412 Surrender of General Bellarmino 413 Generals Otis and MacArthur at vari- ance 413 Return to military rule 413 Natives applaud American rule 414 Spanish and English in the courts 414 The normal school 415 General MacArthur's report 477 Insurgency lingers 477 The commercial situation 478 Teachers for the Filipinos 478 Quiet in Mindanao 542 Missions 542, 658 The friars r>43, 657 Prosperity of Pampanga province 543 The Katipunan 544 Acts of war not punishable 545 TheTtfcKinley Islands 540 Military and civil powers clash 596 Samar 597 Insurgent fort captured 658 Business and revenue 658 Gold and silver coin 724 Supreme court decisions 724 Polar exploration. See Science. Polish discontent 281, 345, 744 Politics, United States: Advice from democratic leaders 31, 170 Bryanism, Rupudiation of 479 Bryan's future 31 Expansion in the "South 547 Negro disfranchisement 479 Negro suffrage and the insular de- cision 416 New third party 356 Ohio democratic convention 416 President McKinley's reciprocity views 544 Presidential third term 356 Sign of change in the South 231 South Carolina senators, The 291 Tariff issue, The 479 Polygamy: Bill vetoed In Utah 173 Population. See Census. Porto Rico: Distress in Porto Rico 27 Porto Rican labor. 27 Serious rioting 163 Hollander revenue law 163 Prosperity 226, 411 Emigration 163, 227 Taxation 289 Free trade with the United States 348 A new governor named 411 Tariff matters 475 No national banks 475 Tobacco trade ■ 476 A Carnegie library for San Juan 595 Conditions existing 656, 723 Conference with President Roosevelt.. 656 Portraits: Albert, Prince 54 Alexandra, Queen 57, 91 Aosta, Duke of 438 Apponyi, Count Albert de 147 Asquith, Rt. Hon. Herbert H 370 Asser, T. C. M., LL.D 341 Bacon, Hon. Augustus 0 108 Baldwin, Evelyn ^ 375 Baudin. M. Pierre 470 Bartoco, Rt. Hon. Edmund, P. C, K. C 64 Battenberg, Princess Beatrice of 161 Belknap, George E HI Bell, Alexander Graham 134 Bell, Robert, LL.D.. M.D., F. R. S. C. 239 Benham, Admiral A. K 607 Bishop Whipple 574 Blaine, Late Hon. James G 245 Bond, Most Rev. Wm. Bennett, D.D., LL.D 242 Borden, Robert Laird, K. C, M. P 118 Botha, Louis 220 Boyd, Sir John A.. K. C, M. G till Brodeur, Hon. Louis P J19 Page Portraits.— Continued. Brown, Hon. Henry B opp. page 266 Bruchesl. Most Rev. Paul 303 Butler, Hon. Marlon 35 Calllaux, M 47:: mpbell. Prof. W. W C7 Carlisle. Hon. John G 24 Carnegie, Andrew 173 Castro, President 614 ( handler, Hon. Wm. E 2>? Charlton. John, M. P 365 I 'hlna, Prince Ching of 391 China. Prince Chun and Suite 515 Chowfa Maha Vajlravudh 712 Christian, King of Denmark 708 Chula, Longkorn. First 713 Clarke, Sir Sydenham 591 Cleveland, Ex-President 171 Colvllle, MaJ.-Gen. Sir Henry 10 Constans, M 471 Cork. The Late Rev. Joseph, D.D. .'.... 385 crlspl. The Late Francesco 512 Dawes, Charles G 412 De Lauessan, M 279 Delcasse, M 209 De Stael, Baron Georges 213 Deuntzer, Prof. J. H 653 De Wet, Gen. Christian 155 De Wltte, M 98 Diaz, President D. Porfirio 600 Dillon. John 96 Dournovo, M 190 Duff, Ladles 91. 307 Durand, Sir H. Mortimer 160 Edward VII. King opp. page 1 Emerson. Hon. George H 367 Evarts, Hon. Wm. M 139 Ferdinand. Prince of Bulgaria 677 Fielding, Hon. W. S 17ti Fife, Duchess of 307 Fife, Duke of 307 Flnlay, Sir Robert, Q. C 86 Fisher, Sydney A 4*3 Fisher, Vice-Admiral Sir John A 342 Fiske, The Late Joha 448 Frechette, Louis, C. M. G., LL.D 302 Frederick, The Late Dowager Empress of Germany opp. 389 Frederick. Crown Prince of Denmark. 70'.* French, Maj.-Gen 9? Frlck, Henry Clay 113 Fry, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward, K. C 32S Fournier, Vice- Admiral 279 Fuller, Hon. Melville W 99 Funstan, Brig. -Gen. Frederick, U.S.A. 166 Goluchowsky, Count 336 Gorky, Maxim 693 Green, James M 316 Griggs, Hon. John W 22 Hadley, President, of Yale University.. 695 Halsbury, Rt. Hon. Lord, P. C 435 Hamid II, Abdul 282 Hanbury, Rt. Hon. R. W 274 Hanna, Senator M. A 35 Harrison, Hon. Benjamin opp. page 79 Hay, John opp. page 699 Hays, Charles M 46 Helene, Queen of Italy 683 Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael 248 Howard. Sir Henry, K. C. B 143 Howlson. Rear- Admiral, Henry L 480 Hunt. Gov. Wm. II 539 Ingram. The Rt. Rev. Arthur F. \V... 517 Jette, Sir Louis. K. C. M. G 611 Johnson. Hon. Tom L 643 Kang Yu Wei 646 Khan. Habibullah 622 Knox, Hon. Philander C 285 I.amsdorff. Count 151 L'indsdowne. Rt. Hon.. the Marquis of. 621 Leopold, King of Belgium 589 LI HmiK Chang opp. p. 6a< Llmantour, Jose Yves 677 Lindsey, Hon. Wm 33 Llorente, s. nor P. G 221 Sir J. Norman. K. C. B 134 LoomlO, H«>n. Francis B 61 INDEX. XIII. Pag* Portrait*.— Continued. Lotter, Commandant EM Lount. Hon. William 160 Low, Hon. Beth opp. p. 575 Marconi, Slgnor Gugllelmo 750 Maria Henrlette, Queen of Belgium.... 560 Martlnelll. His Eminence, Cardinal 26* McKenzle, Wm 06 McKinl.y. Wm 637 McLaurin, Hon. John L 361 McMillan. Hon. Daniel Hunter 121 Menelik. Negus 177 Meyer, Hon. George von L 61 Milburn, Hon John G 266 Miles, Lleut.-Cen. Nelson A opp. p. 141 Mills, Hon. David 6M Morgan, J. Plerpont 114.641 Morln, Vlce-Admlral 260 Morocco, Mulai Abd-KI-Azz. Sultan of. 467 Moule, Rev. H. C. Glyn 628 Mulock, Hon. Wm.. M.A 264 Munir. Bey 6W Nation, Mrs. Carrie 172 Norfolk. Duke of 78 O'Brien. Wm.. M. P 250 O'Conner, T. P 166 Orleans, The Late Henri, Prince of — 512 Pattl, Madame Adelina 273 Pauncefote. 8ir Julian 663 Payne, Henry C 724 Persia, Mozaffer-Ed-Din. Shah of 464 Piatt. Hon. Orville H 226 Pobiedonostzeff, M 100 Pottler, Admiral 143 Power, Hon. L. G 963 Prince Hohenlohe *b9 Prinetti, Slgnor 277 Reeve, George Bell 46 Reld. R. G 46 Remsen, Dr. Ira opp. p. 227 Rhelnbaben, Baron V 453 Rlchthofen, Baron von • Rldgely. William Barrett 667 Riesco, Don Jermaln 433 Robertson. Major Edgar B 464 Rockhill. Wm. Woodville 366 Rosebery, Lord 703 Roosevelt. Theodore opp. p. 513 Ross. The Late Hon. J. J 324 Rublnl, Slgnor 161 Russia, Czar of 633 Said Pasha 704 Salisbury, Marquis of opp. p 261 Sanderson, Sir T H 84 Santos-Dumont, M 626 Schley. Rear-Acmlral. Wlnfleld Scott. opp. p. 461 Schonborn, Count Frederic 271 Schwab. Charles M 4* Schwarzenstein, Mumm von 61 Scott. Sir Charles Stewart 3W Selborne. Earl of ** Shaffer. Theodore J «1 Shaw. Leslie M J= Sienklewicz, Henry <* Spooner, Hon. John C J* Stanley. Preston, Lord of 366 Stone. Ellen M g» Szllagyl. D. De « Taft. Judge Wm. H lg Teller, Hon. Henry M J Tillman. Hon. Benjamin R » Urlbe-Urlbe. General Jf6 Vaughan. His Eminence Cardinal 164 Verestchagin. Vasslll 7» Verdi ' Victor Emmanuel. III. King of Italy.. 343 Victoria, Queen ■» Vlrehow. Prof ,•••• «» Von Otter. Admiral Frederick \\ 11- helm «2 Voyron. General "25 Waldeck-Rosseau. Pierre-Mat; Walron.l. Sir U •••• f» War.l. Col K. W. I' . K C B »» wick. Com. • ••• un Washington. BookOT T ■* XIV. INDEX. Page Portraits.— Continued. Westlake, John. K. C, LL.D 216 Wilhelmina, Queen 520 Woolsey, Dr. Theodore Salisbury 228 Wu Ting-Fang 453 York, Duchess of 20, 523 York, Duke of 20, 523 Yuan-Shi Kai 642 Zanardelli, Signor 346 Ziegler, Wm 379 Portugal. See Europe. Postal development 605 Postal paper. Fraud on 175 Postal rule, New 426 Post, Parcels 359 Presbyterian Assembly. See Religion. Prohibition. See Temperance. Publishers' International Congress 572 Quelpart massacre 440 Race conflicts and questions: Social equality of races 657 Negro disfranchisement 479 Negro immigration 474 R3.ilW3,YS * In German East Africa 193 Progress in Uganda 568 Railway Schemes in Austria 251 Netherlands Railway Question 500 Railway Development in Russia 375 Northern Pacific stock corner 296 Northern Pacific strife, Settlement of. 425 Railroad consolidation i. 42, 114 Railway commission 119 Railwav bargain (Manitoba) 120 Reciprocity 18, 99, 409, 472, 608, 664, 678 Religion: American revision, The 569 Anglican ritual 195 Anglican ritual crisis 70 Awakening in Japan 567 Bible, A new version of the 445 Cardinal, The new 258 Christian Endeavor memorial 71 Christian Science, Beliefs of 383 Conventions 445 Conventions, Notable 628 Episcopal canons, Revision of 383 Islam, The spread of 445 Liberal Catholicism 195 Miscellaneous 320, 383, 570 Non-Conformist federation 259 Pope Lee XIII on socialism 137 Protestant Episcopal ritual 258 Presbyterian assembly, The 319 Religions of the world 196 Sundav observance 691 Tendencies 628 The temporal power 71 Y. M. C. Association 569 Y. M. C. A. Jubilee 382 Revision, Bible. See Religion. Rhodes letters 500 Rhodesia. See Africa. Riesco, Jerman 432 Roberts, Lord, Grant for 434 Roosevelt, President 538 Rosebery, Lord 434, 743 Russell, Earl 371, 435 Russia. See Europe. St. Paul's, Danger to 501 Samoa: \ New laws asked for V . . 28 Schools in Tutuila 28 Population statistics 227 Charges against Governor Tilley 596 Samson-Morgan controversy 110 Santos-Dumont's air-ship. See Science. Satow, Sir Ernest M 153 Schley court of inquiry. See Army and Navy. Science and Invention: Astronomy: Age of the earth 135 Invisible spectrum. The 255 Moon. and the Weather 313 New star in Perseus 133,752 Snow on the moon 313 Pag* Science and Invention. Astronomy.— Continued. Solar eclipse 313 Stellar heat 313 Sun's flight, The 134 Total solar eclipse 255 Yerkes reflector and Lick telescope. 752 Medicine and Surgery: Anti-Pneumonic Serum 69 Caldas yellow fever serum 507 Cancer, The cause of 313 Consumption cures 69 Cure for deformity 69 Koch question, The 507 Diseases and therapeutics 752 Oxygen and consumption 193 Tuberculosis conference. The 441 Yellow fever not contagious 193 Polar explorations: Antarctic expedition 506 Arctic expedition 379 Arctic exploration 68 Baldwin-Ziegler expedition 503, 568 Peary, Lieut 569 Test of open current theory 506 Artificial wood seasoning 256 Berliner patent decision 135 Criminal anthropology 627 Electricity and muscular action 751 Electricity as a weather factor 505 Exterminating of mosquitoes 443, 507 Gardner automatic signals 315 German lance boats 441 Hydrogen solidified.... 378 Light without wires 68 Long distance telephony 66 Meeting of the American Association 568 Miscellaneous 194. 315. 380, 443, 690 Murray page-printing telegraph 377 New animal, A (Okapi) 315 New chemical element 37s New Edison storage battery 256, 314 New species of giraffe 507 New psychology 627 Nobel prizes, Award of 625 Pictures by telegraph ...256,442 Printing without ink 135 Santos-Dumont airship. The 441, 506 Santos-Dumont wins Deutsch prize... 626 Sprinkling roads with oil 569 Sun motor, A 194 Submarine telephony 750 Virchow, Honor to 626 Wireless telegraphy 135, 194, 378, 443, 505. 690, 750 World's magnetic survey 690 Scotland. See Great Britain. Servla. See Europe. Slavism, Pan, decreed against 129 Smallpox: Fear in Canada 676 Smallpox 735, 752 Smallpox in London 744 Socialism, Pope Leo XIII on 137 Sociology : Mr. Schwab's testimony 318 Some additional dangers 313 Trusts, Mr. Bryan on 318 Trusts, The pros, and cons, of 257 Somaliland. See Africa. Soudan, The. See Africa. South, Needs of the 69 South African War: Afrikander congress 15 Attrition, A constant 273 Attrition, A slow 703 Barbarous warfare » — 276 Battle, A real 275 Blockhouse system, The 647, 703 Boer atrocities, Alleged 398, 462 Boer concessions 337 Boer forces 702 Boer forces concentrating 335 Boer emissary, A 710 Boer and British losses 275, 527 Boer forces and losses 397 Boer repulses 527 INDEX. Page South Af lean War.— Continued. Boer successes 520 Brakenlaagte fight 646 British Intentions. The 15 British losses. The total 704 British outrages 91 Burghers' peace committee 16 Campaign, Plan for a new 397 Camps, concentration 339, 529. 648, 706 Camps for the Veldt folk 90 Camps. Detention 400 Camps, Refugee 274 Cape Colony 13. 401. 462. 525 Concealment, A systematic 335 Conflict continued 459 Contradictory statements 707 Criticisms 461 Criticisms. An era of 219 De Wet, The chase of 13 De Wet, The fall of 15 De Wet's incursion 93 Dutch uprising possible 12 Earl Roberts, The return of 18 English feeling 527 English mood, The 273 English pride wounded 220 English Pro-Boer repulsed 710 Fights in Zululand 584 Fighting still continues 154 Fighting In the Transvaal 585 Futile peace negotiation , 154 General British plans 92 General military view 335 General situation 581, 702 General view 153, 221. 459 Intervention, A glance at 337 Intervention, A question of 92 Kruger in Europe 17 Lord Kitchener's proclamation 461 Lord Milner of Cape Town 276 Losses in three wars 528 Martial law in Cape Colony 585 Military affairs 92. 222, 275, 397, 525, 584. 647. 648 Military record 7" I Miscellaneous 222, 401, 529,650 Natal advancing 528 Official Statement •. 155, 708 On the wide field 89 Opposite judgments 90 Parallel, A 702 Parallel, Another 702 Policy, The government's 459 Predictions few 459 Present aspect 710 Pro-Boers In England 339 Prospect, The 583 Public awakenment 219 Remedial action 709 Report of buildings burned 275 Reports of mediation, arbitration, etc. 336 Statements In debate 459 Steyn's narrow escape 398 Success. A question of 90 Surrender. The hindrance to 527 Transvaal mines. Tax on *. 338 Utterances In various lands 707 Various conflicts 13 Various events 92 War. A new type of 459 War. A peculiar 626 War, A stimulus 220 War in parliament 95 South Carolina: Prison pens 173 Slavery revived 116 Charleston exposition. The 727 Spain. See Europe. Spectrum. The invisible 255 Sport : American cup 233, 294, 422, 486, 560 Athletic contest 651 "Canada's Cup" won back 487 Carelessness among huntsmen 670 Columbia, The defender of America's cup 486 Cresceus lowers his own record 487 XV. 8port.— Continued. Football contests , M9 Football, Move against , 970 Intercollegiate boat races 422 International bicycle race Tjo Miscellaneous 296, 423 Olympian games, The .' 971 Palma trophy 551 Prize fighting .' 970 Shamrock, The arrival of 486 Trotting record broken 423 Standard Oil Company's dividends 490 Statistics, Important: Agricultural population of the South... 116 Book production 199 Centre of population 72 Consumption of liquors 756 Immigration 75$ Imports and exports 71 Longevity 754 National treasury. The 804 Population 607 Religions of the World 19« Sugar consumed in this country 606 Stone, Miss Ellen. See European di- plomacy, &c. Strikes. See Labor interests. Subsidies: Ship subsidy bill 24.16 Prince Edward Island subsidy 101 French line subsidy 901 Ship subsidies. Failure of 109 Suffrage, Woman: Illinois, Woman suffrage In 235, 298 Massachusetts. Woman suffrage In 234 Surgery. See 8cience. Tariff questions. See Commerce. Telegraph companies and public Jour- nals, Legal decision affecting 259 Telegraphy. See 8cience. Telephony. See Selene*-. Temperance reform: Mrs. Nation's Crusade 41. 115. 172 Ontario, Temperance question In 430 Nation raids. Sequel of 224 Liquor Traffic at Manila 31 Prohibition law void : 121 Prohibition in Manitoba «7? Consumption of liquors 751 ( ianteen 367. 618 Texas: Homestead laws 489 Petroleum fields W Richness of oil fields 2W Thibet. See Asia. Toru. Assassin of. punished 587 Trade. See Commerce. Trans-Isthmian Canal. See Canals. Treaties. See also Reciprocity and Ar- bitration. Arbitration «J Abrogation of treaties 471 Morocco negotiation 474 Interoceanlc canals: new treaty drafted ** Revision of the Geneva treaty 40S Russia-Manchuria Compact 148. 590 The Hay-Pauncefote treaty 125. 182.999 Treaty rights Involved 457 Interoceanlc canal: treaty denounced. 614 Futile peace negotiations .... 154 Peace protocol 514. »77 Trusts: Mr. Bryan on trusts « The pros, and cons, of trusta » A salmon trust •• Tuberculosis. Se. Turbine steam power **• Turkey. See Europe. Uganda. See Africa. Utah: ,_ Polygamy bill vetoed '•* Venezuela: ., .._ __, Asphalt <ll*pute 50. 183. 305. Wl Castro an<l Venezuela *»* Castro's arbitrary eond ik t J^ Castro, Movement against «*» XVI. INDEX. Page Venezuela —Continued. Colombia and Venezuela 558, 680, 730 French claim, A 741 Friars In Colombia 559 Germany's claim 740 Illiteracy 369 Loomts, Minister 183, 247,305 Minister of War, Resignation of 433 Miscellaneous 617 Munroe doctrine. The 305 Panama, Isthmus of 559 Revolutions 51, 433 War, Prospect of 559 Uribe Uribe interviewed 616 Verestchagin, Vassili 754 Victoria, Queen. See Great Britain. Views * Australia, Flag of 623 Berlin, Reichstag 188 Berlin, Unter deu Linden and Imperial Palace 278 Boat, New portable 442 British museum 533 Buda-Pesth, Hungarian Parliament Houses 189 Christianla, Norway Parliament Houses 456 Colon, View in front street 681 Columbia college. The new library 719 Constantinople and Bosporus.." 281 Edinburgh University 372 "Fulton," Submarine torpedo boat 663 Halifax 554 Honolulu, Executive Building 164 Lance-boats 442 London, Beaconsfield's statue 340 London, Government offices 145 London, Parliament Buildings 95 Madrid, Royal Palace 131 Malta, Fortress of 158 Melbourne Exhibition building 63 Melbourne, Parliament House 252 Metropolitan museum, new east wing. 728 Mexico, City of 736 Mexico, National palace 579 Modern Athens 651 Moscow, Showing the Kremlin 191 Moscow, Iversky gate, The 641 Nome, Main street of 655 Osborne House 126 Newfoundland, Cabot tower, Signal Hill 751 Page Views.— Continued. Pan-American Exposition grounds 427 Peking— The gate of heaven 705 Prince Edward Island Government ' Buildings 429 - Progress of the world's evangeliza- tion 691 "Retvizan," Russian battleship 586 Sandringham Hall 60 Scotland, Bank of 249 South Carolina exposition, machinery buildings 723 St. James Palace 55 St. John, N. B., Custom house at 733 St. Paul's Cathedral 501 Statue of King Alfred 565 Sultan, Palace of 406 The Hague, Palace of Justice 473 Tower of London 19 Vienna, Palace of Justice 251 Vladivostok 330 Washington, Capitol 106, 701 Washington, State, Navy and War De- partments 26 Washington, U. S. Postoffice...' 476 Winchester Cathedral 563 Windsor Castle 59 Winnipeg, Parliament Buildings of Manitoba 45 Yale university, library buildings 593 Yerkes reflecting telescope 752 Waldersee, Count von 503 Washington, Booker T 603 Wilhelmina, Queen. See Holland. Winnington-Ingram, Bishop of London.. 187 Wireless telegraphy. See Science. Woman suffrage 234, 298 West Point 38, 293, 357 Yacht Races, see Sport. Yellow fever: Santiago de las Vegas, yellow fever In. 410 Lessened in Cuba by sanitation 347 Fever controlled in Havana 162, 594 Yellow fever not contagious 193 Yellow fever serum 507 Y. M .C. Association. See Religion. Zionism: Turkey, Zionist movement in 311 Y. W. C. Association. See Religion. Zuyder Zee, Draining of the 565 ERRATA. P. 1, col. 2, eighth line from bottom, for "Shan-se" read "Shan-sl." P. 10., col, 1, eighth line from bottom, after "summary of" read "the preliminary peace agreement." In second col., ninth line from top, spell "Ketteler." P. 50, col. 2, for "province of Tacna" read "province of Atacama." For "Peru in 1890" read "Peru in 1898." P. 51, col. 2, for "Perazo" read "Peraza." P. 110, col. 1, in title for "gems" read "items." P. 184, col. 1, for "Diaz" read "Baiz." • \ P. 223, col. 2, eighteenth line from top, read "on which." P. 258, col. 2, eighteenth line, for "Englishman" read "Hollander, or Fleming." P. 283, col. 1, sixteenth line, read "in 1900." P. 304, col. 2, omit two lines beginning "compiled by." P. 320, col. 1, twenty-sixth line, read "Dr. Minton." P. 388, col 1, eighteenth line, read "August 14, 1836." P. 450, col. 2, under the cut read "The late Prince Hohenlohe, ex-chancellor," &c. P. 516, col. 1, thirtieth line, for "idemnity" read "indemnity." P. 542, col. 2, last line but one, for "is" read "in." P. 548, col. 2, thirty-sixth line from top, for"finlsh" read furnish." P. 574, col. 1, twenty-fourth line from top, for "Bryant" read "Bryan." P. 578, col. 1, twenty-first line, for "yards" read "years." P. 579, col. 2. sixth line, read "about 150 miles from S'Ngan and 550 miles from, &c. P. 584, col. 2, third line from the last, read "gone stale." P. 590, col. 1, eighth line from top, for "law" read "land." In col. 2, fourteenth line, for "part" read "port." In twenty-seventh line, for "giving" read "getting." P. 591, col. 1, twenty-seventh line, for "border" read "hordes." P 592, col 1, last line but one. for "Newark" read "New York." P. 614, col. 1, lines 37 and 38, for "protool" read "protocol." P. 651, col. 1, fifth line from the bottom, for "He adds." read "It is added." P. 731, last column of table, for "11" substitute a dash. • P. 742, first column, twenty-sixth line from bottom, for 628 read 682. \ HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII. Born November 9, 1841. Succeeded to the British Throne on the Death of Queen Victoria, January 22, 1901. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW OK Current History. VOL. 11. MARCH, 1901. No. 1. International Hffaire- THE CRISIS IN CHINA. IN the weeks now under review, from the earlier part of Decern- ber through January, official re- ports trom China have been oc- cupied with the negotiation for peace whose main result was anxiously awaited in all civilized lands. Aside from this, reports have dealt largely with local and minor events, such as the rebellious risings in various prov- inces, the frequent expeditions, puni- tive or explorative, of the foreign forces, and with the many prelimina- ries to the final negotiation. Evidently the governments, not being fully in ac- cord in their ultimate designs— some of them not having reached a definite decision— saw reason for keeping each its own counsel as to some details: too early and explicit utterances might preclude some coveted national gain, or by creating division might em- bolden China to resist. The fear of creating division is set forth by "The Times," London, as preventing any very material addition to the public information from the official dis- patches or the utterances of the gov- ernment leaders in parliament: "Lord Salisbury in the house of lords and Lord Cranborue in the house of eonv nions have practically coniined them- selves, so far as the most interesting part of the Chinese problem is concerned, to statements that the concert of Europe exists, and that therefore they can tell ns nothing that we want to know." Therefore, the mass of new<< from China may here be left unnoticed as l*>ssibly only rumor or conjectn-e; while selected Items of interest or im- |H)rtance not officially authenticated appear with some such cautionary phrase as "It is reported," or "a dis- patch announces." Movements of the Chinese. It was announced at the beginning of December that the native Chris- tians were returning to their former towns in Canton province under escort of French and Chinese troops, and that official proclamations were posted in the villages warning against further outrages. The Chinese authorities had been threatened by the French with severe penalty in case of further trouble. At Shanghai the Chinese officials were busily improving the defenses and sending munitions of war to the Kiang-Yin forts, in alarm at reiw>rts of an Intended expedi- tion of the allied forces Into the Yang-tse valley. At Tlent Tsin. the United States consul reported In- creased activity of the Boxers In the • vicinity. MASSACRE OF MISSIONARIES IN SHAN 81. In the province of Shan-ae the massacres of last June have been re- newed, according to dispatches In the Cologne "Volks Zeitung." The gov- ernor having invited to his bouse on promises of better protection a Roman Catholic bishop, his coadjutor, and four European priests, ordered their Copyright. 1901, by Current HIKorr Company. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 bands tied, then poniarded them. Af- terward he went with soldiers to the bishop's residence and seized six Mar- seilles sisters, promising them great rewards if they would renounce Chris- tianity. Upon their unanimous refusal the governor poniarded them. There were killed also several Chinese priests, thirty Chinese sisters, fifteen seminarists, and 200 orphans. VARIOUS CHINESE DOINGS. The Chinese ministers at Berlin showed to the officials at the Foreign Office a telegram from Li Hung-Chang announcing that the new governor of Shan-si had publicly executed more than eighty rebel leaders and was using the utmost severity in suppress- ing the Boxers and protecting the mis- sionaries. Captains Wingate and Ryder, re- turning from the expedition to Kal- gan, December 6, brought reports that twelve Swedish and Norwegian mis- sionaries, and many native Christians, had been massacred at Kwei-hua- cheng by order of the Taotai ; and that stations west of the Belgian mission station were still besieged by Boxers, and by Chinese troops under orders from the authorities. The city of Hong-Kong was placard- ed on December 13 with appeals to the secret societies and the people to rise unitedly during January and drive out all foreigners. There, and at other points not far from the coast, whence come alarming predictions of a bloody rising in the spring, little credence is given them by persons well informed; though there is ground for apprehen- sion regarding many mission and trad- ing stations in the interior. The Rus- sian officers do not expect any serious military movement by the Chinese during the winter, though local dis- turbances at many places may be ex- pected. GENERAL TUNG FUH-SIAXG. The foregoing brief record of Chinese doings is one mostly of local disturb- ance and massacre with little bearing on any great and final issue except as it sets in clear light some national peculiarities with which the diplomacy of the West must now deal. The well- known Chinese genius for delay and for making use of delays has been fully in evidence through recent months. As to military science, China has thus far shown little worthy of the name. It is possible, however, that one soldier may yet have to be dealt with in a combined military and political capacity, a soldier reputed to combine types of Chinese and un- Chinese. Dispatches of the middle of December, non-official yet with some aspect of prob- ability, declared that General Tung, who had been commander of the forces in and around Si-Ngan-fu, was practically in control of the court, overawing the Empress-Dowager, and in a position to decide the government's acceptance or refusal of the terms finally agreed on by the allies. In partial agreement with this dispatch is the report that the Chi- nese minister at Berlin said, December 1, that Prince Tuan and General Tung were, de facto, in control of the court. On the other hand, a report only a week earlier expressed the warm approval by the envoys of the removal of General Tung from command of the forces sur- rounding the court — a practical banish- ment. Unfortunately Tung's anti-foreign ac- tivity, achieving the only success — tran- sient and utterly fruitless — against the allies, gives reason to a suspicion of his course whether as dictator or as outright rebel. General Tung Fuh-Siang— regarded as far the most capable and resourceful of the Chinese generals — is not a Chinaman, nor a Manchu: he is of Mohammedan stock and was born in Central Asia. He served as brigadier-general in Kashgaria, but became conspicuous by his success in subduing the Tun-Gan rebellion in the province of Kiang-su. Shanghai reports of January 6 and 7 'somewhat questionable) state that Gen- eral Tung's 14,000 troops have mutinied at Ku-Yuen-chou in the province of Kan- su; and that the Empress-Dowager has ordered General Feng Tsc-Tsai's army from the province of Yun-nan to suppress the rebellion. Feng's army consists of 15,000 men armed with modern weapons. Evidently the military situation, espe- cially the relation between the army and TEE CRISIS IN <Ill\.\. the court must :ii present I ittsMered uncertain. MASSACRE OF BBPOBMEBfl A dispatch from Vancouver, B. C, on December u~>, r.xx), reporti ■ t»-rri bie massacre of the Reform forces in tin' rang-tae valley in Central Chinu, and tin* beheading of twenty-seven of tin' loaders, followers of the reformer, Kang ftQ-Wel (Vol. 10, p. 882). The report is that some reform leaden with a badly armed rabble of 12,000 vil- lagers entered the town in which resided th<> governor of the district, who \v:is hdleved to be friendly to reform and who had at command 5,000 disciplined and well-armed troops. The villagers were persuaded to leave at the city gates all arms except their revolvers, while the loaders wire invited to an audience at the governor's palace, which was delayed for a day while other leader* were sent for. During the audience a disagreement arose, and by the treacherous governor's orders the leaders were seized, dragged into the courtyard, and beheaded. Mean- while, in obedience to a secret order, the imperial troops suddenly fell upon the rabble of reformers, who bravely fought their way out, but left 1,500 dead. A REFORMER'S ADVICE. Minister Conger and the other foreign envoys, December 7. received 8 letter signed by the Cantonese re farmer, Kang Yu-Wei, who was for merly an adviser of Emperor Kwang Su, and always favorable to foreign- ers. He attributes the great calamities thai have befallen China- to the Dowager Empress and her advisers. Prince Tuan, Prince Ching, Yung-Su, Yang-Yi, Ohao Slut-Cliiao, Muang Eta, Moyn Kueit, and Ilriong. He expresses thankfulness that the foreigners were enabled to hold out in the Peking legations, and then asks to offer suggestions which "will in- sure just punishment of the real culprits, satisfaction to the different countries, and a permanent settlement of the Inter- national relations of China." He nrges: 1. That the Empress and her advisers should not be allowed to negotiate the peace. 2. That the Emperor, a friend of for- eisners, should be restored. 8. That all reactionary officials should be arrested, and that a careful watch should be kept over the so-called friend- ly viceroys in the south. He contends that unless Yung-Sn. Prince Tuan, and the other guilty olfl- • i.ils an -evenly dealt with they will continue to assert that foreign nations are powerless against China. "The foreigners should Sot rely ,>n the viceroys. They *( ml men. money, and armaments to the Empress and bit bar obedient servants. Should the Emperor be restore.!, the empire would rejoice. The Emperor*! psrtj consists of the most enlightened men, who are friendly to foreigners and desire to Incorporate Western civilization ami culture In an ancient country.'' For this task he avers that he was un- pointed by the Emperor in a secret edict of 1S08. when be appealed to the foreign powers on behalf of the Emperor— "an appeal which, had they listened, would probably have prevented what has hap pened." THE IMPERIAL COUBT. It was announced at Peking, Decem- ber 1, that Earl LI bad been informed by a dispatch from Si-Ngan-fu that the court had resolved to behead or other- wise kill Vu-IIsien. former governor of Bhan-sl, who was guilty of massa- cring about fifty missionaries whom lie had invited to accept bis protection. Members of Li's staff siti.i that the Emperor would probably send Yu- llsien a silk cord the usual autbori tative Intimation to a criminal of rank that be must bang himself. A re|K>rt to the foreign' office at Paris, from Shanghai, January :s. reported his exe- cution. December 19, by order of the Dowager-Empress KWANO-8U A CHRISTIAN CONVEB1 In the session of the Reichstag in Berlin, December 18, Dr. Stoecker. former court chaplain, speaking of the situation In China, said that be bad received private letters asserting that the Empress-Dowager's antagonism to Kwang-Su was dm- to the fact that the Emperor bad actually become a Chris- tian, having been converted by the In- fluence of British and American mis- sionary books that had been brought to his attention. When the session had closed. Dr. 8toecker In an Inter- view gave a number of corroborative details. INTERNA TIONAL A FF. 1 Hi 8. March. 1901 'His informant is presumed to hare been his intimate friend, Field Marshal von Waldersee. It is of course possible for Christian people to be too eager in accepting such a gratifying conclusion. All that has been certainly known is, that in the period of Kwang-Su's full activity as Emperor he was an earnest student of the Christian Scriptures and other books procured through missionary agency, and that he issued edicts for educational and other reforms which in- dicated a purpose to make available for his people some of the public and social benefits which he deemed might be gained from a partially applied Chris- tianity. This violation of precedent — precedent being a large part of Chinese religion — would shock the narrow and ignorant mind of the Empress-Dowager as evidence of his conversion to a strange and abhorrent faith, which would nat- urally lead her to frame some legal de- vice for delivering China from his rule as Emperor. Dr. Stoecker's evidence, if made public, would be of great interest. RUMOR OF A NEW EMPEROR. A Shanghai report (dubious) in Lon- don states "that while the court was at Tai-Yuen-fu on the journey to Si- Ngan-fu, the Empress-Dowager se- cretly appointed a new Emperor with the title Tung-Su. He is a fifteen- year-old boy, who was taken to Si- Ngan-fu in the imperial yellow chair. Emperor Kwang-Su has notified the reform party that he is returning to the capital and will need their assist- ance." PLIGHT OF THE COURT. The movements of the Chinese court immediately after the capture of Pe- king at the middle of August (Vol. 10, pp. 698-700) were for a time unknown. Afterward it was ascertained that they had escaped in disguise and in panic from the palace, and (as is re- ported) a few hours later from the city, with an armed guard of a hun- dred eunuchs, who, to prevent delay at the gates by the fleeing throngs of Chinese, fired several volleys into the crowd and opened a passage. They were in rude carts, were without pro- visions, and so scantily supplied with clothing that at nightfall the Empress- Dowager, shivering with cold, begged a supply of garments from the magis- trate of a small town where they made a stop. Thence, with several so- journs on the route, they made their toilsome way about 000 miles into western China to Si-Ngan-fu, the ancient capital of the empire, in the valley of the Wel-ho, there walled with precipitous mountains. This metropolis, founded more than 1,000 years before Christ, repeatedly be« sieged, destroyed, and rebuilt, a point of conversance of the great trade routes between China and Central Asia, has always had great commer- cial and military importance. Its walls, strong and high, are about eight miles in circuit, and its population is reported to be about one million. EMPEROR'S BROTHER IN PEKING. Prince Chun, younger brother of the Emperor, at an interview in Peking about January 10, said that though he did not officially represent his brother, he knew his sentiment favoring a re- turn to Peking as shown in a recent letter. The prince, a youth of 17, made a favorable impression. He set forth the Chinese objection to the permanence of the foreign legation guard, regarding it unnecessary. He spoke of the Boxer moyement as a natural result of patriotic feeling under continued provocation: its purport was China for the Chinese. For years the nations had demanded and ob- tained by treaties trading privileges, which they continually aimed to extend by forcing on China undesirable treaties with threats of seizing the choicest parts of the country, making a slight riot an occasion for gaining large territorial eon- cessions. The prince declared that the people, though the most peaceable on earth, are liable, as are all Oriental na- tions, to periodical excitements; and that they had gradually been wrought up by seizure of important territory at Kiao- Chau, Port Arthur, Wei-Hai-Wei, and elsewhere, and by the grant from their rulers of the official prerogatives de- manded by Roman Catholic missionaries: yet they had misbehaved no worse than the French in their famous revolution, and the recent trouble was not likely to recur for centuries. He declared his belief that the Emperor is the friend of the foreigners who do not seek to dis- ////. CRISIS IS CHIXA. member the empire. His most enlight- ening utterance — though not reaching far into the durk— concerned the power of the Umperor and tin Bmprcss Dowagwr respectively: bo said it was a mistake to attribute to the Kinprcss-Howagcr an un- limited power, though she naturally has such induenee with the youthful Kin- perof as the Chinese always concede to their senior relatives and show by their worship of ancestors. Military Expeditions of the Allies. The military movements of the al- lies, though frequent in various direc- tions, have not been on a large seale and cannot be ranked as constituting a definite campaign. Usually they have been successful in achieving some local and limited purpose of quelling threatened outbreaks of Box- ers and other gangs of murderers or plunderers emboldened by the mani- fest imbecility or the secret connivance of the government. These expeditions are reported to have brought protec- tion to groups of foreigners and to lit- tle companies of native Christians who had escaped the massacres of last summer. The special work assigned them was to prevent the numerous bands of Chinese fighting men, driven and Mattered by the victorious inarch of the allies, from gradually regather- ing as a united force. Thus evidence was to be given to both the imperial government and the populace that the foreign powers were holding tirm con- trol of the capital and the whole sur- rounding region, and would insist on such outcome of the negotiations now being entered on as should fully en- sure the concessions demanded by them in the interest of peace and of the permanent recognition of interna- tional rights. While this desirable purpose has doubtless been to some extent served by the many expeditions of the foreign troops, there is much disagreeable evidence as to the proceedings of some of them; though among these —let It be noted— are scarcely if at all included those of Japan, the United States, and Great Britain. It has been much remarked i>y observen la iv king. that, while then- teemed f.-w occasions i<»r expeditions by the troopa of these three powers, the lermaa end French commanders found fre- quent causes for them. From many pens of correspondents Of European and American Journals have flowed detailed accounts of much looting of villages, with furious ravage and in many cases with violations «>f women and promiscuous slaughter even of little children, especially by the French ami Russian soldiery, it is vain to plead in excuse the fury of moral and even physical abhorrence roused to frenzy by the cold demoniac cruelty of the Chinese toward their multitude of helpless victims: such ex- cuse itself would be immoral, and has indeed been scarcely seen in print, as if it were felt that a Christian civilisation could not afford thus to unclvlllse it- self. Defense, however, in the form of a direct denial and disproval in whole or in large part, is looked for ami is awaited with some disquiet, If one may Judge from the tone of leading Jour- nals — some authoritative evidence that the occasional doings of such criminals as may lie found in an army as in every other large group of hu- man beings, have been mistaken for the customary doings of the army. Nearly all accounts praise without stint the behavior and discipline of the soldiers of Japan, and in good measure, of those of this country and Britain. A dispatch from Peking. I »■• cember 7, stated that Li Hung-Chang had informed General Chaffee that he and all the people of the province of re-chili are extremely gratified at the behavior of the American tr<> >\>- toward the Chinese. Inasmuch as orders from Washington had distinctly designated General Chaffee's trtM)p« aa guards for the legations there was some surprise at the press itpuru that American troops ha'd gone out In co- operation with I German ex|M*dltlon- ary force which had been charged with extensive looting. General Chaf- 8 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 fee's cable dispatch of January 2 cleared away ali such suspicion. His movement had been simply to verify a report of the murder of many na- tive Christians, and if the report were found true, to secure arrest of the guilty parties. His troops had at no time taken part in offensive opera- tions. It was announced in Paris, Decem- ber 18, that the government had de- cided that all objects, unless material of war, which had been seized or iuse regulars, commanded by two gen- erals, in wild flight from the province of Pe-chi-li to Shan-si. The Chinese evaded fighting, and their baggage was captured. In the latter part of December there were reports of irritation caused by the activity of the Grerman troops in districts assigned to British protec- tion. It is not strange that, from causes great or petty, discord should arise between troops of half a dozen nationalities operating in districts BARON VON R1CHTHOFEN, The New German Foreign Minister, Formerly Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. should be seized by the French expe- ditionary force in China should be re- stored, whether belonging to the Chi- nese government or to private indi- viduals. Early in December Count von Wal- dersee reported the hoisting of the German flag at the Ming Imperial tombs, and the punishing of natives in the neighborhood for murder of Christians. His dispatch reports nlso the success of the expedition to Kal- gan, about 120 miles northwest from Peking, driving several thousand Chi- whose assigned boundaries are neces- sarily somewhat indeterminate. The reports that fill the air in China, as they fill the columns of journals in several countries, tend to international friction, even though not credited in official quarters. An illustration is the following from a reputable London paper, Decern bev 20: "It is reported that five days ago the German troops visited Lung-ching and shot sixty imperial troops who were en- gaged in suppressing Boxers, and also killed thirty other Chinese, including three convert*. They took 200 prisoners. THE CRISIS I\ CHINA, including thirty natives attached to the Anglican mission. In consequence of an appeal from the magistrates, however, the prisoners were liberated in return for the payment of 20,000 taels. -This puni- tive expedition was in defiance of the un- derstanding that no such measures should be taken pending the negotiations. The Germans are said to haw looted the place." With this interesting report may be compared a statement that lias had corresponding publicity, which is from the German commander relative to the doings of the same period: Count von Waldersec's dispatch, dated at Peking, December 19, mentions an encounter with a force of Boxers at Yung-Ling, December 14, of whom fif- teen were killed; and the flight of 1,000 Chinese regulars to the mountains on the approach of the Germans. These two reports, differing as to facts, also belong to a different order of literature. On January 3 was credibly re ported the return to Tien-Tain of u German expedition to Lien-Cheng-Hsu which bad captured forty-three Krnpp guns and destroyed J,(mh> rides and great quantities of ammunition. A German column stormed a fortress about forty-two miles northeast of Po- king, the headquarters of newly organ- ized bands of Boxers numbering about 1.000. What may have been the same but appears another battle, was re ported about the same time: the Ger- main attacked a fortified village northeast of Peking, and captured it, losing three killed and four wounded: Chinese loss, 200 killed, 300 wounded. The Russian troops, except a limited force detained as legation and railway guards, were reported on January 14 as evacuating the province of Pe-ehi- li and entraining for Manchuria. Russia in Manchuria. That Russia is now in practical con- trol in the great northeastern portion of what Is known as the empire of China— the region between Biberia and Korea, and that where Russia is. there she holds, pro two statements which since 1898 present no novelty (Vol. 8. p. 40; Vol. 9, p. 784; Vol. 10. p. 7!)8>. Dispatches from Peking. De- cember 31, show, not the secret treaty which repeatedly has been rumored for a i -ess ion by China of He- Lung Tsian, known as Manchuria, but an open Russo-Chinese agreement for the Russian military occupation of Fung tien, the southern and most important province of Manchuria, and for early resumption of Chinese civil admlnls trntion under a Russian protectorate. The agreement is credibly reported as signed by representatives respectively of the Tartar general commanding at Muk- den, the old Manchu capital, and of the Russian commander-in-chief. Similar agreements in reference to the two other provinces will necessarily follow, where- upon Manchuria will become a Russian protectorate — the Russian political resi- dent at Mukden having general powers of control similar to those of the Russian resident at Bokhara or of the British residents in the native states of India. The Tartar general must disarm ami dis- band the Chinese soldiery, <1< livering to tho Russian military officials all muni- tions of war in ih< arsenals. All forts. defenses, and powder magazines not oc- cupied <>r required by the Russians must be dismantled in the presence of Russian officials. This now possession is of great im- portance to Russia for her railway and commercial development in Biberia, and for her military control on the Yellow Sea and the north Pacific coast, to which Manchuria opens her best approach, It gives her the true Inland base for her great new port and naval station at Port Arthur. This new advance has little relation to her trade with China, in which. figuring chiefly as a purchaser, Russia has an Interest of no Importance com- pared with that of other great na- tions; but it marks the century's end with one great step onward in her tor ritorinl advance— the lust preceding step having been the annexation to Siberia of what had been for years the adjoining province in China. Prince Uktomsky. special Russian nsrent at Peking, is credited with this recent Step bV which Russia restores and en- 8 IXTEBXA T10NAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 sures under her military occupation tranquillity in a great district in which China had granted Russia two years previously the right to build railways and to guard them with the requisite military force, but which China in her last summer's craze had ravaged in her vain effort to reconquer eastern Siberia. In this step Russia violates no treaty, nor even the well-under- stood engagement by all the powers that none of them should take occa- sion from China's outbreak to seize or annex territory, and so to open the empire to general partition. Russia has not annexed Manchuria: Chinese civil and local government remains there. Russia has merely, as is her standing custom, availed herself of two opportunities within three years for instituting a natural process by which Manchuria will in due season gravitate to inclusion in her vast mass. It illustrates the policy of the colossal Northern power— not to force issues irrespective of the tidal current of events, but to watch and to wait while constantly preparing for a move- ment at the instant when the tide shall serve (Vol. 10, p. 996), None of the governments has made public its surprise at Russia's proceed- ing in Manchuria: probably, while several of them are disgusted, none is surprised. It is not known that any of them purpose any protest. Indeed, this advance takes a form which ad- mits the Russian plea that it merely develops the concession made by China at the end of the Japanese war. When China in her insanity last sum- mer suddenly sent her wild troops into and across Manchuria, making a path marked by destruction of Russian prop- erty and life as far as to the Russian boundary along the A moor, and then crossed that river invading Siberia. Russia availed herself to the full of her Manchurian treaty rights, sending great armies, retaking her railway property, and, for the requisite protection against recurrence of such a sudden craze, as- sumed military possession and control of lnrge areas along the railways, naturally including the chief towns— much of norrhern Manchuria, being sparsely pop- ulated. This is the military possession and control which the recent agreement between China and Russia develops, or- ganizes, and continues indefinitely. It might be difficult for any of the powers to show precisely where, in terms, this movement violates the agreement by them all not to use their armed entrance into China for annexation of territory: Russia now makes no "annexation," though that may be prophesied as the ultimate result. Moreover, in the whole dealing with Manchuria the allied powers had no part: Russia was alone. The whole spirit and effect of this Russian advance bears distinctly against the recent international agree- ment formed at the instance of the United States, in which Russia joined with all the great powers in establish- ing the "open door" for China (Vol. 9, p. 834). Her really decisive step into Manchuria, however, preceded her "open door" agreement. Against her latest step there is much protest in the press of Britain and this country, but no government has made any sign of interference. It is reported on at least respectable authority that in Berlin the chancellor of the empire has given the Russian ambassador repeated as- surances that Germany considers Man- churia as lying outside of Germany's interest or commercial sphere, and that the recent Anglo-German agree- ment in no wise touches it Progress of Negotiations. Dispatches in London, November 29, reported the Russian minister at Peking as intimating to the Chinese envoys Russia's purpose to insist on amending the- terms of the death pen- alty clause in the joint note of the powers so that, either, the guilty should be punished by the Chinese in the manner acceptable to the powers, or that the terms should not be irre- vocable, as had been agreed, but might be modified by negotiations. On December 4, the ministers agreed to amendments proposed by the United States minister in the joint note— chang- ing the term "death penalty" for the guilty officials to "the most severe pun- ishment befitting their crimes," and THE CRISIS IN CHINA. changing the term "irrevocable" as ap- plied to the conditions, to "absolutely in- dispensable." Also, the names (twelve) of the guilty are not specified, the provi- sion being only that those princes and officials must be punished whom the Chi- nese government has recognized as guilty and who have received nominal punishment by imperial edicts, with the addition of others to be designated here- after by the ministers. This abatement of the proposed de- mands the correspondent of "The Times" (London) ascribes originally to Japan, whence being communicated to Washington It was found to coin- cide with the President's views, and was duly presented by the United States minister. Yet, all softening of the terms to uieet the approval of the Chinese is by them ascribed to the Russians. On December 11, it was announced that the ministers had finally agreed on the terms of the collective note. JOINT NOTE PRESENTED AND AC- CEPTED. On December 20 the ministers at Peking signed the collective note, ex- cept that Mr. Conger delayed for two days, under orders from Washington relative to one point, that of the in- demnities. The United States and Russia, it is stated (though not of- ficially) favored referring the whole indemnity question to the new court of arbitration at The Hague: the other powers would commit it to the peace plenipotentiaries. With Mr. Conger's signature he appended an explanation of the position of the United States government on the debated point, but entered no protest. On December 24, in a meeting of the ministers, the joint note was handed to Prince Ching. who forwarded it to the Emperor. Li Hung-Chang was ill, and sent apology for his absence. Dispatches from Peking, December 29 and 30. reported the acceptance by the Chinese government of all the con- ditions of the collective note, and that a formal edict of acceptance was be- ing sent by an envoy, who would also ask that negotiations for a definite settlement should begin forthwith, and that military operations, includ- ing punitive expeditions, should cease. While this edict, like all that pro- ceeded from the court, is ascribed to "the Emperor," it Is not known whether this is more than a figure of speech. Outside of official or fully authenti- cated statement, yet sufficiently credi- ble, is the report in a Peking telegram to New York that the Chinese pleni- potentiaries who had accepted the terms of the collective note were much surprised at the imperial edict to agree to its terms and to append their sig- natures with the imperial seal. The report was, further, that the Em- peror's instructions were to agree fully to the note; and then to endeavor to get the best terms, particularly as re- gards limiting as much as possible the number of foreign legation guards and of military posts along the railway to Peking, and as regards disarming in- stead of destroy Ing the forts between Taku and Peking. One correspondent claims to give the exact words of the imperial edict: "We have duly perused the telegram of Prince Ching and Li Hung-Chang, and it behooves us to agree to the whole twelve articles. But our commissioners shall devise a plan to discuss details of sections complacently with the ministers." At this hopeful stage a serious de- lay was suddenly threatened, as ap- pears in general from the accounts, which differ in some unimportant de- tails. On January 5, Viceroy Chang Chih-Tung telegraphed to the Chinese envoys in Peking, strenuously urging delay in their final signature of the note till modification had been ob- tained of Sections 5, 7, 8, 9 (see below), with the expunging of the sentences in the preamble attributing to the im- perial court the attacks on the lega- tions. He added that he had tele- graphed an urgent warning to the Em- I>eror and the Empress-Dowager not to return to Peking because of the danger to them from the clauses ob- jected to. An imperial decree soon ar- 10 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 rived showing similar alarm and for- bidding the envoys to affix their sig- nature till the clauses had been modi- fied. The envoys replied that the warning order had come too late, and that it was impossible now to recall the decisive assent which by imperial sanction they had already given. It is said that Li Hung-Chang took an unflinching lead in this entirely reasonable though not very Chinese decision— replying to the suggestion that his government might refuse to ratify the treaty after he had signed it: "The consequences would be with them and not with us. We have fulfilled our duty. We have warned our Emperor in our telegram yesterday that we should never again be offered such easy terms, and that hostilities would no doubt be resumed if the first edict were with- drawn." Further delay is said to have been occasioned by the difficulty which the envoys had in procuring the imperial seal, which was requisite to give au- thority to their signature, and which had been left in the Emperor's private apartments in the Forbidden City. On January IT Minister Conger re- ported to Washington that the Chi- nese had duly signed, sealed, and de- livered the peace protocol, thus intro- ducing the era of negotiations for a final treaty. The note which accompanied the de- livery of this ngreennnt by the Chi- nese plenipotentiaries reiterated the Chinese objections to portions of it; and it added to them a request for the immediate return of the govern- ment buildings, and for total cessation of military expeditions; also a desire for a definition of the limits of the legations, and a desire for removal of foreign troops as soon as possible. Following is a summary of its pream- ble and its twelve sections. Sections 5, 7, 8, and 9, were those in which modifications were urged by the belated and disregarded imperial edict. A reported prediction by Earl Li is, that "Sections 1, 2, 3. 4, and 10 will present no difficulties. But dis- cussion will take place over the other articles"— "rather to elucidate than to alter the original text." SUMMARY OF THE PEACE PROTOCOL. The preamble condemns the recent out- rages in China as crimes against the law of nations, civilization, and humanity. It recounts the chief of them — the assas- sination of Baron von Kettler by sol- diers of the regular army obeying orders of their officers; the siege of the legations by Boxers and imperial soldiers under orders from the court. It denounces the treachery of the government in declaring through its representatives abroad that it was protecting the legations while it was actually besieging them. It charges on imperial troops the murder of the Jap- anese chancellor, Sugiyama.aud on troops and Boxers the torture and assassination of foreigners in the capital and in many provinces, with the desecration of foreign cemeteries and the remains of the dead. It declares that the allied powers, having been compelled to come from far and t<> fitrht their way to Peking to end such horrors, now consent to accede to China's petition for peace on the following (irrevocable) conditions, considered abso- lutely indispensable in reparation for the crimes committed and for prevention of their recurrence: — 1. An imperial prince, heading an ex- traordinary embassy, is to convey to Berlin an expression of the Emperor's re- gret for the assassination of Baron von Ketteler; and a memorial monument is to be erected on the site of the murder, with an inscription, in Latin. German, and Chinese, expressing the regret of the Emperor and of the government. 2. The most severe punishment befit- ting their crimes is to be inflicted on the personages designated in the imperial de- cree of December 21 (whose names — not mentioned — are Princes Tuan and Chuanc: and two other princes, Duke Lan, Chao Shu-chiao, Yang-yi, Ying- hien), also others whom the foreign min- isters shall hereafter designate. Official examinations are to be suspended for five years in those cities where foreigners have been assassinated or cruelly treated. ?,. Honorable reparation is to be made to Japan for the murder of Chancellor Sugiyama. 4. Expiatory monuments are to be erected in all foreign cemeteries where tombs have been desecrated. 5. The import of arms or material used exclusively in making arms and am- munition is to be prohibited, under con- ditions to be communicated by the powers. rut: i 7.7.w.s in uhina. li G. An equitable indemnity is in be paid to st ties, and individuals, also to Chinese who have suffered injury because of their employment by foreign- ers. China is to adopt financial measures acceptable to the powers to guarantee pnyment of the aforesaid indemnities, and t<> provide security foe the loans. 7. The powers are to have authority to maintain permanent legation guards, and to plaee the legation quarter in a state of defense; and permission for Chi- nese to reside in this quarter is to be withdrawn. 8. The Taku forts and those which might interfere with free communication between Peking and the sea are to he razpd. 9. There is to be foreign military oc- cupation of points to be indicated by Sgm ment among the powers as neces- sary to ensure free communication between Peking and the sea. 10. Imperial edicts are to be posted during two years in all distriet cities threatening death to any person joining an anti-foreign society, and enumerating the punishments inflicted by China upon the guilty ringleaders of the recent out- rages. An imperial ediet is to be pro- mulgated ordering viceroys, governors, and local officials to be held responsible for anti-foreign outbreaks or violations of treaties within their jurisdiction- failure to suppress or immediately pun- ish same being visited by immediate removal of the officials responsible, who are never again to hold office or receive distinction. 11. China is to be under obligation to negotiate with the foreign governments regarding conditions deemed suitable b) them ftp trade and shipping regulations and for all matters affecting mercantile transactions, with a view to tacilitate the latter. r_\ The Foreign Office is to be re- formed; and the com t ceremonial for reception of foreign ministers is to be modified in the sense to be indicated l>\ tin- powers. Until china complies with the foregoing conditions, the powers can hold out no expectation of a limit of time for re- moval of the foreign troops now occupy- ing Peking and the province-. The provision with which Section 2 closes is regarded by persons a. qunlnted with Chinese customs as one whose wtdeuess of application will make it the severest penalty that could be inflicted on all classes of Chinamen. Tin- chief ambition of Chinamen is to gain a place in the office-holding class. and this can be obtained only by those who successfully pass the official ex- aminations In the Chinese classical literature. The laws require every candidate to pass these examinations at the place of his birth. Thus, for live years, till persons born at any of the multitude of places. Including great cities, where any of the outrages occurred, are shut out from almost the sole object of a Chinaman's ambi- tion. This provision has value also as striking at the higher classes. SECOND STAGE OK PEACE NEGOTIA- TIONS. A great effort is expected on the part of the Chinese to prolong the negotia- tions on the final treaty in the hopes of evading some of the concessions specified in the protocol. The debate now opening is tangled with many complications, of which the reaction- ary party headed by the Euipress- Dowager and including the two power- ful viceroys of the Yang-tse provinces, with Yung-Lu and a strong l>ody of mandarine, will doubtless seek to avail themselves. They may add a new difficulty to the situation by In- ducing the government to refuse or to delay to return to Peking. As for the poweia, they have yet to decide on the amount of the indemnities, on the ap- I»ortionmeiit of them, and on schemes to collect and pay them, on providing t<»r an international financial control, and on a general recasting of all the commercial treaties in accord with the new era. The Chinese obstruc- tionists are doubtless expecting dis- cord among the powers on the ques- tion of a continuance of the foreign forces in China. A proposal to refer all or any part of the case to The Hague tribunal Is beset with the danger of breaking the concert of the powers, inasmuch as that would be its effect unless all the powers agreed (with China) to such reference. LI Hung-Chang and Prince Chlng have, on their request, procured the appointment of two high officials. 12 INTERNA HON A L 1 1 F FAIRS. March. 1901 Sbeng, the taotai (mayor) of Shang- hai, and Chou-Fu, former Chinese minister to Korea, to aid in the nego- tiations. There are reports that Earl Li is again dangerously ill. The request of Prince Ching and Earl Li for transfer of the Forbidden City to the Chinese in order to pre- pare for the Emperor's return, was referred by the generals to the minis- ters. They replied that they saw no reason to alter their previous deter- mination that before any concessions could be granted, the Chinese govern- ment must show deeds proving their desire to comply with the demands of the protocol. Military arrangements would depend on the promptitude with which China executes her en- gagements. THE BOER WAR. The end of the first week in Decem- ber presented a continuance of the scene of preceding weeks— sudden dashes by bands of Boers on isolated posts, surprising the small garrisons and occasionally capturing cattle and military supplies. Such prisoners as were taken— no large number except in two or three instances— the Boers usually found it necessary to release after a few days, as they could not spare food for them or lacked the men requisite to guard them. Delarey was operating far to the north in the Vaal River Colony westward from Pretoria. At the south, De Wet, the dashing guerilla chief, was appearing and vanishing in the region of the Orange river, making occasional captures on a small scale, but chiefly causing dis- comfort by menacing an invasion of Cape Colony. This menace excited alarm in the towns of the north; and precautions of various kinds were taken even as far southward as Cape Town— the fear at that time being not so much the fighting which De Wet's roving bands might do, as what might be the effect of his bold movement in inspiriting to insurrection the large Dutch element in many parts of the colony. Lieutenant-General Lord Kitchener, who as acting general in South Africa had succeeded Field Marshal Earl Roberts as commander- in-chief, showed no apprehension of this kind, though the columns of several English papers were tremu- lous with alarm. Either he felt as- sured that the Cape Dutch would not rise, or he knew of adequate pro- visions already made for quelling such a rising. A Possible Dutch Uprising. The workings of the Boer mind, as recent events have shown, are not to be predicted according to standards customary in modern Europe; where- fore it must suffice here to say that, among those most conversant with present conditions in Cape Colony the expectation of a Dutch rising did not long prevail. The reasons for this judgment may be stated as follows. The British rule in Cape Colony, if ever deemed oppressive, is no longer deemed so even by those elements of the population whose radical sympa- thies are with the Boers, inasmuch as English laws in that colony have long upheld and guaranteed a liberty and a political equality which the burghers in the Transvaal steadily refused to other civilized inhabitants— even clos- ing all negotiations to that end with a sudden ultimatum threatening to open war with Britain at the end of twenty-four hours. While their friends in Cape Colony are to be respected in their natural sympathy with them, they cannot be expected to follow ihem into a war which at this stage <ould bring only destruction of their property and homes with no possible help to their burgher friends in the two northern colonies. England has now pledged herself to the world to carry the war through with the whole power of the empire. And it has now become abundantly evident that no nation on earth will intervene. Yet it must be granted as possible that war i m: UoEJt WAR. K! which began contrary to wise predic tions iiuiy also violate predictions by attending to the Cape. For. war is :i tin-. The Chase of DeWet. The elusive De Wet was vigorously pursued, with efforts to cheek his en- trance into Cape Colony or to cut off his retreat. While this soon com- pelled him with his 2,500 or .'{,(HH) men to turn hack from his attempt at in- vasion, it failed to capture him in his rapid turnings and douhlings on his own track for several days amid the numerous passes in the rough country around the Caledon river and in his subsequent retreat northeastward. Failing in his attack on Commassie hridge he was compelled to almndon 500 horses and many carts. On De- cemher 12 General Knox was chasing him In a running fight toward Thaba Nchu, capturing a Krupp gun and fifteen wagoi.s with ammunition and stores. At V\\s point it appears that the Boer cni«f made his escape north- ward. His attempt cost him three guns, about fifty killed, and a large amount of ammunition. Various Conflicts. The Boers, in the remoter north. 3,000 to 5,000, under Delarey and others, gained a decided success, De- cember 18, at Noottgedachl on the Magaliesberg range southwest of Pre- toria, where they attacked General Clements, whose inferior force was compelled t<> retire. The British lost fourteen killed and 57:5 missing (wounded and prisoiiersi. also I con siderable amount of transport. The Boers reported their loss in killed as very heavy: later statements showed it as exceeding the British loss in killed. Two days afterward. ::15 sf the British prisoners came into camp. baTing I n released. The Boers cap- tured no trims or ammunition. A few days later. December P.t .1.1. tieiieral Clements and General French drove the enemy from all that region in a scries of attacks in which the reported losses were British, tWO killed, four- teen wounded; Boers, twenty killed, and total loss 180. On December i<» the Boers attacked Vryheid. and were repulsed with loss of about ion killed and wounded: British loss, six killed, nineteen wound- ed, thirty missing. Three days later, in the same region, the Boers suffered a heavy loss in men and supplies. De- cember 13, Lord Methuen attacked and captured the Boer position at Ottos hoop, taking fifteen wagons, 15,000 rounds of ammunition. 1,400 cattle, and 2.000 sheep. (See map. Vol. 10, p. 323.) CAPE COLONY INVADED. Lord Kitchener, December 22. re- ported an invasion of Cape Colony by two bands Of Boers— 500 to 800 cross- ing Oraug*1 river at Rhenoster Hoek. and another party westward. In a few days both forces were headed off and broken into small bands. There was no movement of the Cape Colony Dutch to join or to aid them. They captured several small posts, tore up railways, looted many farms, and dis- gusted the Dutch farmers and even the members of the Afrikander Bond, who judged them to be mere marau- ders. Martial law was declared in all the disturbed districts. Bands of Boers were roving also through the northwestern portions of Gape Colony near the border, around Vryburg: and for several days no mails reached Kimberley. A very valuable British convoy of twenty-six wagons with va- rious military supplies, which left Vryburg, was captured. December 23— a heavy loss for the British. Lord Kitchener, however, seems not to have permitted these annoying and rambling invasions to disarrange or change his general plan of cam- paign. The arrival of considerable British reinforcements was reported; and on .lanuary 28, Kitchener was said to be disposing large forces in a 14 INTERNA T10NAL AFFAIRS. March. i:hm semicircle, the columns moving simul- taneously to inclose the hostile forces, whose southward movement was gen- erally, but perhaps prematurely, con- sidered as checked. Early in Janu- ary, 6,500 South African irregulars had been reported as recruited in the pre- ceding eight weeks; and on January 3 an enrollment of volunteers for de- to the south having been frustrated. On December 29, the strong British posi- tion at Helvetia in the northeastern part of the Transvaal was surprised in a night attack, and lost eleven killed, twenty- two wounded. A British reinforce- ment reoccupied the post the next day, and the 200 prisoners were released five or six days afterward. On the night of January 7 there was a heavy attack sim- ultaneously on all British posts along a MAP OF DeWET'S ADVANCE. fense of the colony was started enthu- siastically. On December 13, a detached party, mostly raw recruits, of Brabant's Horse, in fighting a superior force near Zastron, Orange River Colony, lost four killed, sixteen wounded and 120 prisoners— the latter, however, reported as released not long afterward. On December 28, General De Wet was reported at Sene- kal, his attempt again to break through line of many miles on the railway from Fretoria to Lourenco Marques. After se- vere fighting, with losses probably nearly equal on both sides, the Boers were driven off at 3:40 A. M., leaving more dead on the field than the British loss m killed. , In the closing days of January, there were active operations against companies of Boers by General French in the Transvaal, and by General Knox in the Orange River Colony, against De Wet— run Hutu 1 1. iv.'. 15 the Boers retiring. The damage recently done by them to mines and machinery in the Rand was estimated at $1,500,000. Iu this general view of the military situation through January, many minor conflicts and movements arc not chronicled, and of those here noted scarcely any. even of those really grievous to the' English, had any bear- • ing on the result. The scene generally presented is flrst a series of harassing guerilla attacks aimed at the surprise or capture of small Isolated posts or detachments. These were attacked by roving bands led by daring and resourceful men who. where no armed force Is encountered, derail engines, destroy railway culverts and bridges, plunder trains, and loot farms and vil- lages whose people are not upholders of the Boer claims. Later, by reason of the development of General Kitch- ener's plans in certain districts for concentrating and feeding in greal ramps the sparse i>opulation, and for massing troops to control the more Important lines of communication, the Boon except the scattering and half- organized hands that by latest ac- counts are roaming somewhat aim- lessly iu the less populated regions have done some good lighting in at- tacks on fortified posts at the north. There is no sign thus far of any dis- arrangement of Kitchener's general plan: meanwhile the mounted force which he so greatly needs has been steadily In preparation to take Its place in the campaign. The Fall of DeWet. This active and able warrior, who has evaded either capture or defeat, and whose daring and resource have given him renown, has had a fall, in- asmuch as he has given the English nation a shock of disappointment sur- passing that occasioned by his success- fid raids. Ferhaps there Is no other people so prompt as the English to recognize and to admire intrepidity and tenacity in a man who is fight- ing them fairly; so for many weeks v..t. 11-2. the Englishman of average standing has been applauding De Wet: had that slippery Boer been caught and brought to London he might have been made the victim of a popular ovation. But he is no longer their hero, having broken the rules of the grant game of war, and Indeed shown himself a savage, to be hanged if caught. If credible accounts are true, including General Kitchener's dis- patches, three regularly appointed agents of the Burghers' Central Peace Committee who came to a Boer laager near Lindley, January lb, with appeals for ending the fighting, were by ids orders severely flogged, and one of them, named Morgan I>aal. a subject of Queen Victoria, after being flogged," was shot. Another pence envoy. Wessels. was by De Wet's orders shot at Klipfontein, January 28 The Afrikander Congress. This convention of men and women. I torn (or resident) in South Africa of European descent, favoring an inde- pendent nationality under Dutch or Boer rule (Vol. 9, p. 802), met in Wor- cester, Cape Colony. December 8. It adopted resolutions demanding ter- mination of the war, and "the retention by the republics of their Independence;" pledging "labor in a constitutional way" for these objects; and condemning "the policy and the attitude" of the British governor and high commissioner, Sir Al- fred Milner. A deputation conveyed their resolutions to the governor, who promised to send them to the home gov- ernment with an expression of his em- phatic dissent. This indicates the lib- city which obtains under English laws in South Africa. After a few days the municipalities throughout Cape Colony were heard from, repudiating the ct nsure passed on Sir Alfred Milner. The British Intentions. Noticeable as tending toward pacifi- cation was Mr. Chamberlain's state- ment in parliament, December 7, as to the government's proposals for the South African colonies. This state- 16 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March, 1901 inent was in response to Lord Rose- bery's severe criticism of the methods of the government, and Lord Kimber- ley's demand for a definite pronounce- ment of policy. The plan outlined by the colonial secretary showed an un- expected moderation and liberality, and appears to have been cordially welcomed in parliament by even the Opposition members and by the people. A disclaimer of vindictiveness against the men in arms, he said, was to be made known by issue of proclamations in Eng- lish and in Dutch. The government's object was — first, to end the guerilla war: then, immediately to institute a crown MAJ.-GEN. SIR HENRY COLVILLE, Formerly Commanding the First (Guards) Bri- gade in the British South African Field Force. government; and ultimately to make the colonies self-governing. Regarding the proposed plan for a civil government, he declared that as soon as possible munici- palities with all municipal privileges would be created at such places as Pre- toria, Floemfontein, and Johannesburg. As far as practicable, Afrikanders would be made officials, and for every man, Roer or Britain, laws and privileges should be equal. Though this official announcement was not in terms a peace proposal, it was of peaceful tendency as contra- dicting the inflammatory declarations reported to have been widely circu- lated in South Africa by the Boer leaders, that the establishing of Brit- ish authority would bring to all who had upheld the burghers in their re- sistance— or at least to the hundreds of their leaders— imprisonment or ban- ishment, with confiscation of homes and property ; while the whole country would be subjected to degrading tyr- anny which would crush out all civil rights anc1 liberties. Burghers' Peace Committee. About December 15 several promi- nent burghers in the Pretoria district, including a number of former mem- bers of the Transvaal Volksraad, formed a peace committee which re- solved to attempt an opening of ne- gotiations. At their suggestion Lord Kitchener addressed a meeting of this committee, December 21, and showed a temperateness and a spirit of con- ciliation which had never before in South Africa or in the campaign in Egypt been supposed to have place in his character. He enlarged on Mr. Chamberlain's statements in parliament, declaring that while these showed the impossibility that the Boer government should ever be re- established, they clearly showed a pur- pose to avoid oppressing the burghers, and a plan to form in South Africa a government in which the burghers them- selves would have a prominent share, en- suring not only the rights of property and full civil liberty, but also preserva- tion of the ancient laws and customs of the country. He declared that the two Boer governments having been dis- integrated in the war which they began, the continuance of the present struggle was inhuman, being utterly hopeless. There was no longer the excuse that it might bring intervention: the powers had definitely refused Mr. Kruger's request for that. The burghers had made a strong fight, but they had been over- powered, and it would be no dishonor to the leaders to recognize that fact. Hosts of Boer prisoners were waiting to be restored to their families. He said" that in case of submission no one who had fought fairly should be banished from the country; moreover, all such, including the leaders, would receive the consideration due their rank. Lord Kitchener declared his Avish to finish the war by the most humane means possible, and promised that if he should be com- pelled to abandon conciliatory for harsher measures the committee should have notice from him. I Hi: BOER WAR. 17 The Central Pence Committee at Kiouiistiiil. ns repotted January 8, nd- dreeeed to '.hv i>eople of Cai>e Colony au open letter— called forth probably by apprehension of the Influence of the Afrikander congress at Worcester —stating that the time has come for the people of the Orange Ulver Colony to make every effort to save their country from further destruction. Portion? of the document are the fol- lowing:— "The country is literally one vast wil- derness. The farmers are obliged to go to the towns for protection, and huge refugee camps have been formed by the British for them and their families. These people have lost everything, and ruin and starvation stare them in the face. All this misery is caused by a •small and obstinate minority, who will not how to the inevitable and who make the majority suffer. Any encouragement to the men still on commando to continue the hoi>ele8s struggle can only injure us' and causes us further misery. We have done our best and fought to get Africa under one flag, and we have lost. Let there be no mistake about this. England has sp*»nt millions and sacrificed thou- sands of lives, and no reasonable being can believe for one moment that she M ill now give up the fruits of her vic- tory. . . . England has definitely an- nounced that she will not restore the in- dependence of the two republics. Let us, in the interests of lasting peace in South Africa, accept this announcement as final, and let us work for conciliation on that basis. "From the speeches made in the Brit- ish parliament and by Sir A. Milner and Lord Kitchener, we have learnt that the way in which the British government is willing to settle matters is not ungen- erous or humiliating to us." After naming "Mr. Steyn and Gen- eral De Wet" as "the only obstacles to peace." the appeal proceeds: "We ask you to believe us when we say that Mr. Kruger and the late Trans- vaal government have been willing twice already to accept British terms; but Mr. Steyn refused to have anything to do with surrender. He continued the war and encouraged the burghers in the hope that we should get European assistance. . . . We appeal to you to help us make an end to this unhappy state of affairs* which is plunging everybody into pov- erty and despair." The committee Issuing this letter In- cludes W. D. De Wet. late assistant chief commandant, three Volksraad members, and tw.> justices of the pence. Mr. Kruger in Europe. The German Emperor's refusal to receive Mr. Kruger (Vol. 10, p. 080) was recognized by the 3ermun jour- nals of the Liberal party as a political necessity. The Conservative. Agrari- an, and Anti-Semitic journals showed dissatisfaction, deeming the refusal likely to strengthen the suspicion that Germany has no longer a free hand as against England. The "Berliner Tageblatt" expressed fear lest Ger- many, "by following too closely in the wake of England, would again arouse the suspicion of the powers regarding the Anglo-German Yang-tse agree- ment." On Mr. Kruger's journey from the Netherlands frontier, immense crowds gathered at all the stations, the burgomasters made speeches, and the children sang. In several of his re- plies, he pictured the Transvaal as a little child whom a bad man wished to kill. He arrived at The Hague, De- cember G, and, after a greeting at the railway station by the town officials and a choir of GOO singing men and girls, was welcomed by the burgo- master and others with speeches eu- logizing his statesmanship, one of which strongly condemned England's "tyranny and injustice." In accord- ance with votes In both chambers of the States-Greneral, the two presidents sent him letters of welcome — the presi- dent of the lower house merely ex- pressing sympathy; the president of the senate expressing approval of his "noble purpose" to end the unjust war barbarously forced on him, and hoping for the Independence of the two re- publics. Three days afterward It was announced as to the latter epistle that the government had instructed the Dutch minister in London to disavow all responsibility for it On December 8, Queen Wilhe^lna received Mr. Kruger In audience at 18 1NTEMNA TWXAL AFFAWS. March, laol the palace. On the 11th he received from the Dutch government in an in- terview its definite refusal to take the initiative in behalf of the arbitration which he had demanded between the Transvaal and Great Britain— the ground taken being that the initiative belonged to the great powers. At the palace, December 14, the Queen en- tertained him at a private dinner. After a visit to Amsterdam, Decem- ber 19, where be was received by the municipal and commercial authorities, and applauded by great crowds, he left The Hague, December 22, for several weeks' stay in Utrecht. There also he was greeted by a great throng. Return of Earl Roberts. Field Marshal Roberts, with his wife and daughters, sailed from Cape Town for England, December 11. Immense crowds cheered his departing steamer. In a parting speech he gave an earnest tribute of gratitude to all who bad been working with him, and urged the friendly fusion of the Dutch and Eng- lish races in South Africa, who, he said, should try to forgive and forget all that tends to bitterness of feeling. Landing at Southampton, Jan. 3, after a warm official and popular reception, he passed on to London, approaching and entering the metropolis according to a program elaborately arranged both to gratify him with the highest manifesta- tion of regard and honor, and to gratify the greatest possible multitude of people with at least a passing glimpse of one whom a felicitous writer has described as "the most lovable if not the greatest soldier in the national history." To give him the first and a prompt welcome — a "royal" welcome indeed — there met him at Paddington on the station platform, the Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of York, the Duke of Con- naught, the Duke of Cambridge, and other royalties. The field marshal then passed in a royal carriage provided for him, along a route lined with a force of 14,000 troops and through streets dense- ly packed with continuously cheering crowds, to Buckingham Palace, where he was entertained at luneheo"n with the Prince and Princess of Wales as host and hostess. The Queen on January 2 bestowed on him an earldom, with spe- cial provision for passing of the title to his daughters— his son having been killed early in the war. He was also made a Knight of the Garter. In the afternoon Earl Roberts visited the War Office, and by 11 o'clock the next morning he had entered dili- gently on the duties of his new office as commander-in-chief of the British army. His brief addresses in the progress of this homecoming and reception showed in a felici- tous simplicity of phrase the generosity and modesty, the constant thoughtful- ness for others, and the moral candor, revealed in the direct force of his mental movement, which have won for "Bobs" the admiration and confidence of his Queen, his countrymen, and his army. THE RECIPROCITY POLICY. The German Tariff. The uncertainty continues in regard to Germany's action on the tariff and other matters affecting commercial reciprocity arrangements with this country (Vol. 10, p. 08-1). An im- portant element in the situation is said to be the growing fear in Ger- many lest American manufacturers flood the market in that country, and that unless watch be kept Gterman agricultural interests may in like man- ner be invaded. The Central Bureau for preparation of commercial treaties has addressed a circular to the press regarding recent American successes in obtaining foreign orders— instancing orders from the Dutch colonies for cast- iron piping at twenty-five per cent be- low the German bid, and from Calcutta for locomotives at prices lower, and on terms of delivery better, than the English. It predicts serious Ameri- can competition in China. In a speech in theReiehstag a tew weeks since. the secretary of the imperial treasury took a gloomy view of the economic prospect. All this tends to swell the#Agrarian outcry and demand. Their demand fully granted, e. g., a grain duty of 00 marks, would render impossible any policy of reciprocity in commercial EUROPE A \ DU'LUMA* ) 19 treaties, and In the view of the "Vossische Zeitnng" would cause a tariff war with the United States and Russia-heavy duties then being laid by the United States on German sugar, and by Russia on German iron. Still the Agrarians assert that the present United States tariff in its ex actions of dnty on German product! jnstiiies them in the reprisals which they propose. Chancellor von Bulow's position relative to the Agrarian pro- gram is not known, though the Con- servative leader in the Reichstag has recently announced that the chancel- EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY. Anglophobia Lessening. The year opened with a higher tone in European international relations. The menaces of the last two ye;irs •gainst England— not from France, but from certain powerful cliques of Kronen politicians and army men- have lessened in noise and presum ably also in the force of their popular appeal. The agreement in October be- tween Great Britain and GJermany 'regarding a mutual policy in China" THE TOWER OF LONDON. lor is willing to compromise with the Agrarians. There are Increasing signs, however, that the commercial • lasses are growing more united against their demands. An item amusing to Americana in the pork trade was reported in Janu- ary, one of the Agrarian arguments for exeiusion of American pork from the German market has been that there was reason to suspeet its purity and wholesomeness. The same fear recording Terman pork is shown in Russia's recent official prohibition of iraportinp into that country swine flesh from Germanv. (Vol. 10. pp. 884, 990) marks a feeling in both nations far more cordial than could have been anticipated from their attitude four years ago. This was strikingly evinced, and to an extraor- dinary degree, by Emperor William's instantly repairing to the Queen on tin- tkUnga of her approaching death. and by his whole bearing in England; and by King Edward's warm acknowl- edgment in return, in appointing him field marshal in the British army, and conferrine on his son. the Crown Prince, the blue ribbon of the Order of the Garter. Among the masses of the people the reciprocal regard of the 20 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. March. 1901 two governments, increasing in very recent years, has been especially mani- fested by the English. For various well-known reasons, not all chargeable H. R. H. THE DUKE OF YORK, Heir Apparent to the British Throne. to Britain's fault, unless her successes also are to be counted among her faults, she has been the '•best-hated" of all the great nations; and, though not of a temper that warms instantly and runs fast and far to persuade an unwilling friendship, she is now find- ing it a luxury to be liked as well as to be watched with doubt from far. The death of the Queen, the most uni- versally honored and trusted sover- eign in modern times, has evidently called into warmer expression the friendliness that recent months had developed between the two cousinly countries. Indeed, it may be found that by this lamented removal into the unseen of the chief upholder of peace in Europe through more than a generation, peace itself becomes more sacred and august. Complications in Europe arising from South Africa are no longer feared, or, as Mr. Kruger might say, hoped. Only three European powers have interest there. Great Britain, Germany, Portugal; and these inter- ests are now in close agreement there, as they were not five years ago. Of the complications arising in the Ori* ent, nothing is here to be said except that none are now threatening there, though the equilibrium of the powers is uncertain, as is also the result of the negotiations. The Dual Alliance. Relations between France and Rus- sia have been brought unexpectedly into question in the last two months; but there is no reason yet shown to make credible the rumor that the Franco-Russian alliance has been or is soon to be dissolved. The rumor origi- nated in the anti-Republican, anti- Dreyfusard press of France, which, angered by the severe reforms made by General Andre, minister of war, after the shameful revelations in the Dreyfus trial— charged on Andre and on the premier, M. Waldeck-Rousseau. the ruin of the army of France. This anti-Republican cry was taken up by some Russian papers, notably the H. R. H. THE DUCHESS OF YORK, Formerly Princess May of Teck. "Xovoye Yremya" of St. Petersburg, Which also developed in plain terms the intimations from the French papers Shore referred to that the French al- THE COLOMAL PKOliLEM. 21 Han oo bad lost all its former value to Russia, si net- the army bad lost its former unity and discipline. This view seems prevalent in Russian military circles, and some recent ut- terances by officials are quoted as im- plying tbat tbis is tin- view of tbe Ku-.si.-iu government. At present it may be inferred that tbe alliance is not as firm as it was, but scarcely tbat it is immediately to be dissolved. The "Independanee Beige," Brussels, published an announcement from its St. Petersburg correspondent, January 12, tbat the Russian government had ordered the "Novoye Vremya" to cease its attacks on the French gov- ernment and General Andre. Holland and Portugal. The tension between the govern- ments of the Netherlands and Por- tugal in the early part of December seems to have subsided for tbe pres- ent The trouble is said to have origi- nated in the withdrawal by Portugal of the exequatur of the Dutch consul, who was consul also of tbe Trans- vaal, at I«ourenco Marques, because of a British protest against bis aid to tbe Boers. On December 7 it was an- nounced tbat tbe Dutch minister at Lisbon and the Portuguese minister at The Hague had left their wpoctlTe posts, and there was even beard some very wise talk of a war in which tbe Dutch navy would have bad great pre- ponderance of force. At this stage came the very unusual action of tbe British government in quietly order- ing the whole channel squadron to Lisbon— a visit which was made the occasion for a striking expression of friendship between Britain and Portu- gal. The trouble has not drawn at- tention since. Hffatrs in Hmerica, THE COLONIAL PROBLEM. Who Are Citizens? ABGUMBNT was commenced in the United States supreme court at Washington, Decem- ber 17, 1900, upon the case of John EL Coetze, with which is joined the case of Emil J. Pepke. both cases involving the civil rights of inhabitants of territories conquered by tbe United States ami tbe relation Of those territories to the government of the United States (Vol. 10. pp. *4S, fK)3>. Goetze had, under protest, paid duties on merchandise brought from Porto RlOO to New York, and brought suit to recover tbe money so paid on tbe ground that Porto Rico was not "a foreign country" within the purview of the Tariff act: Porto Rico was at the time within the United States; and to impose a duty on merchandise coin- ing thence was to violate Section 8 of Article I. of the Constitution. The lawyers for (Joet/.e state the main points of their argument in these four propositions: 1. The people of the United States, in organizing the govern ment of the Dttlted States, have established certain limits never and nowhere to be tran- scended, and that those limits may not be transcended the Constitution is written. Constitutional limitations are the nbicpiitons concomitants of eoostitu- tii'nal power. 22 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. March. 1901 2. The Treaty of Paris is not open to the construction that it provides for the governing of Porto Rico without regard to constitutional limitations and as a country foreign to the United States. If it were possible to place that con- struction upon the treaty, the provision would be void as contrary to the Con- stitution: but this would not in any way prevent or affect the accomplishment or the usual results of annexation. .'». If the Tariff act imposes a duty or tax upon goods brought from Porto Rico to a place elsewhere in the United States after the annexation, the imposi- tion is void as being in conflict with an express provision of the Constitution. HON. JOHN W. GRIGGS, of new jersey, I'nited States Attorney-General. 4. When the Treaty of Paris took ef- fect Porto Rico ceased to be "a foreign country" within the meaning of these words used in the Tariff act of 1897. Edward C. Perkins, one of the coun- sel for Goetze, maintained that the Constitution is in effect a power of at- torney, arid the question was as to what that power was. The prosecution of the war in Porto Rico or elsewhere, or the acquisition of territory, were acts that must be brought within the powers of the Con- stitution. The claim of unlimited power in new territories is opposed to our en- tiro theory of constitutional government. An unbroken line of judicial decisions establishes the doctrine that the prohibi- tory clauses of the Constitution apply in the government of the territory of the United States. On December 18 and 19 Attorney- General Griggs made an eloquent ar- gument for the government's right to levy duty on imports from Porto Rico and other newly acquired territories. He held that within the meaning of the Tariff act Porto Rico and the Philip- pines are to be regarded as foreign countries, belonging to, but not forming in a domestic sense a part of the United States. It is not necessary to invest such territory with the full status of an integral part of the Union: discretion to grant or to withhold such status is one of the ordinary and fundamental rights of an independent sovereign state. Nothing in the Constitution or in the principles underlying it denies to the nation a right to exercise fully this usual and common sovereign right. "The government contends, therefore, that in view of the fact that tariff laws are in rem, there is no principle of jus- tice, much less of constitutional restric- tion, which forbids Congress from tax- ing in this way the merchandise of out- lying possessions of the United States when brought into the ports of the Union; that the limitations of the Con- stitution as to customs, etc, were in- tended to secure equality between the states in the geographical sense, and not to forbid Congress from exercising the ordinary sovereign power of taxation as to the products of other sections of country not included within the geo- graphical boundaries of the states; for which we rely upon the opinion of this court in Knowlton vs. Moore as decisive and conclusive. "Why should this government be consid- ered to have less freedom of action in this matter than other nations? What clause of the Constitution so compels? Why are we so tied and bound that we are never to secure the fruits of victory, never to acquire an island of the sea, a belt across the isthmus, a station for a naval base, unless at the cost of admit- ting those inhabiting the soil to full rights as citizens of the United States, whether they be cannibals or savages, granting them the glorious potentiality of being a part of the people of the United States? Did our forefathers hamper us like that? If so, this Con- stitution is as misshapen as Richard the Hunchback: 'Sent into this world be- TEE CULuXlAL PROBLEM. 23 fan his time, scarce half made up. ami that s<> lamely ami unfashionable that nations laugh at us us wo halt by.' " lu the peroration Mr. Griggs Midi "I am here in I feeble and huuibh> way to Mipport the executive and legis- lative branches of the government in dealing with these momentous questions. Throughout I have felt a serene confi- dence that nothiug I have advised, noth- ing the government has done, has been without its precedents and forerunners from the most illustrious of our fore- fathers, from Jefferson, Jackson, Madi son, Gallatin, and from the great chief justices of the past; that nothing has been done but tended to the great exal- tation and extension of our country and the improvement of the people coming under our control." Instead of seeking strict and narrow constructions, he said, the powers of the executive and legislative branches had l>een so construed as to give them a wise and safe discretion, so that the day would be hastened when we might give to these new peoples self-government, and to some of them, perhaps, a place in the galaxy of states. On December 20 Charles H. Aldrich of Chicago, 111., formerly United Stiites solicitor-general, presented an argument in favor of the doctrine that the rights guaranteed by the Constitu- tion extend to all territory acquired by the United States— that "the Con- stitution follows the Flag." In his speech he showed the difference between the powers of the British parlia- ment and those of Congress. The parlia- ment is omnipotent, can decree anything that falls within the power of the British people; but the functions and powers of Congress are as strictly lim- ited as aro those of the executive de- partment. The Treaty of Paris trau- seends the Constitution in that it directs the President and Congress to do a thing which is clearly inhibited by the organic law of the United States: under th ■» Constitution it is not at the discretion of the President and Congress to extend the Constitution over the Phil- ippines or to withhold it: it is extended over them by the sole fact of their coming under the dominion of the United States. To the two cases already mentioned as coming before the court for final adjudication, seven others were added by consent. Another hearing was to be had on January 7. Among the new eases added was one involving the exaction of duties from importers of merchandise from Hawaii. m An- other was one In which the status of Porto Hico is involved. Karly In I'.hmi the New York and Porto Hico Steam ship Company refused to take pilots on their vessels when entering New York harbor, on the ground that they idled between domestic ports. The Pilots' Association took the ease into court, and in November Judge Brown decided against the pilots (Vol. 10, p. 903). It was now appealed to the supreme court. Final arguments in these cases were heard in court Janu- ary 8, 9, 10, and 11. Attorney-General GSriggs for the government, and John G. Carlisle, ex-secretary of the treas- ury, for the petitioners, made the final pleas January 11. Mr. Griggs, in con- tending for the right of the executive and legislative powers to a certain measure of discretion in extending to the island dependencies or withholding from them all the benefits of the Con- stitution, said: "There must be, in the nature of things, a time between the <\\.>vt\ of ac- quisition and the assumption by the United States of the full government of acquired territory when the relation be- tween the federal government and tin* acquired territory will be inchoate. In this particular case, when the treaty was ratified and the Hawaiian resolu- tion approved, there were no collection districts, no revenue officers, no provision for turning over the proceeds of the rev- enue to the general treasury, no means of enforcing the criminal laws passed to punish frauds upon the revenue, or any- thing, in fact, to enforce to the slightest extent the rights of the government, or the provisions of the law, which, it is contended nevertheless extended to the new possessions. Neither Porto Bico nor the Philippine Islands were pos- sessed, at the time of their acquisition, of any autonomous government of their own after the Spanish sovereignty was eliminated. They were incapable of levying or collecting taxes for their own support. "There might be cases of the acquisi- tion of territory which possesses no or- ganized form of government whatsoever, not even of a local or municipal kind. Whether such territory should have any 24 AFFAIRS IS AMERICA. March. l!«il local government would depend entirely upon the will of Congress; the contention of the appellants would create the ab- surd necessity of having acts., of Con- gress as to revenue and other matters extended in theory through tracts of country in which they were utterly in- capable of enforcement, all the agencies of government being absent. It could never have been contended that such a condition of theoretical law and practi- cal anarchy should arise. "We have been so long accustomed to regard the United States according to its old lines that it is almost a wrench to consider that there is now United States territory within the Arctic Circle and in the islands of many seas. This expan- HON. JOHN G. CARLISLE, Ex-Secretary of the Treasury. sion should result in a larger comprehen- sion of the duties and necessities; and the impossibility of enforcing an iron- clad rule of uniformity everywhere should be borne in mind." Mr. Carlisle's argument dealt espe- cially with the questions involved in the Porto Rico case before the court. Both direct and indirect taxes, he said, had been levied upon imports into territories as well as into states. Under the contention of the government that territories were not part of the United States, it might be taken that goods could go free from Porto Rico to Alaska, but this was not the case, for the same duties are charged on goods from a ter- ritory going to Porto Rico as from a state. That the tax levied is a local tax was denied, but it was called a tax for local purposes. Mr. Carlisle read the parts of the Porto Rican act establishing the rates of duty and disposition of the moneys col- lected, as a basis for his complete argu- ment; and said the court would see that on all goods from the United States to Porto Rico there should be levied 15 per cent of duties on foreign goods, with the internal revenue of Porto Rico add- ed, and that goods from Porto Rico to the United States enter on the payment of 15 per cent of customs, with the in- ternal revenue only added when the goods are of Porto Rican manufacture, while goods from other countries paying the Porto Rican internal revenue may come into this country without other in- ternal revenue tax. "We insist," he said, "that this is not an import duty. We object to the form under which the government seized our goods and held them on their arrival at Porto Rico until we paid them tribute in the form of a tax. An import is something." he continued, "coming from a foreign country. Porto Rico can- not be a foreign country, for its courts send appeals to this body. This is, therefore, not an import tax, but an ex- port tax upon goods sent out of these states, and there are two .specific prohi- bitions against such export duties." Opinions of the court were read to show that that tribunal had held that no duty might be laid on exports from one state to another as to a foreign country. Following this, Mr. Carlisle argued that there could be no export duty, and said that there must be fixed some time when Porto Rico ceased to be foreign territory, and even with that point he urged that the tax must be considered unconstitutional. If Congress could levy export duties, he said, there could be as many rates of duty as there are states or territories, for there is no provision for uniformity or export taxation. Cuban Extradition. The judgment of the United States supreme court in the Neely case (Vol. 10, p. 1000) was rendered January 14: it was that the order for Neely' s ex- tradition was proper and that no ground existed for his discharge on habeas corpus. In announcing the court's conclusions Justice Harlan said: "The facts above detailed make it clear that Cuba is foreign territory within the THE * 0L0S1AL rinniLEM. 25 meaning of the act of June (>, 1900. It cannot lie regarded in any constitutional, legal, or international MM us u part uf i in* territory of the United states. While by the uct of April _.'), 1898, de- I'luriug war between this country uud Spain, the President was -lircc'tt'd ami empowered to use our entire luml ami naval forces, as well as the militia of the several states, to such exteut as was necessary to carry the act into effect, that authorization was not for the pur- pose of making Cuha an integral part of the United States, hut for the purpose only of compelling the relinquishment hy Spain of its authority and govern- ment in that island and the withdrawal of its forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. The legislative and executive branches of the government, by the joint resolution of April 20, 1898, expressly disclaimed any purpose of exercising sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over Cuba, 'except for the pacification there- of,' and asserted the determination of the United States, that object being ac- complished, to leave the government and control of Cuba to its own people. All that has been done in relation to Cuba lias had that end in view, ami so far as the court is informed by the public his- tory of the relations of this country with that island nothing has been done inconsistent with the declared object of the war with Spain." The Cuban Constitution. Tljis Instrument consists of twenty- six sections: Its provisions are In nearly all respects the same as those of the Constitution of the United States; but there are differences, whether for better or for worse in all cases may be an open question. The first section merely declares the form of government — republican — the lioundaries of the republic, and its divi- sion into six provinces. The second defines the terms of citizen- ship and franchise. The third is a Bill of Rights in twenty- six paragraphs: the original United States Constitution has no provisions of the nature of a bill of rights; the omis- sion was carried by a majority vote, and the first ten amendments were drawn up expressly to make good the omission. Among the rights insured to Cuban citi- zens by this third section, are these: "No person shall be arrested, except by virtue of a warrant from a competent judge; the writ directing the issuance of i he warrant of arrest shall be ratified or amended after the accused shall have heeii given a hearing, within seventy- two hours following his imprisonment. "All persons arrested or in prison without due legal formalities, or in cases not provided for in the constitution ami the laws, shall be placed at liberty at their own request or at that of any citi- zen. The law shall determine the method of prompt action in such cases. "The expression of thought shall be free, he it either by word of mouth, by writing, by means of the public press, or by any other method whatsoever, without t>eing subject to any prior cen- sorship, and under the responsibility de- termined or specified by the laws." But provision is made for the suspen- sion of certain of the guarantees men- tioned in the first twenty-two para- graphs, among them the three given above: "The guarantees mentioned in para- graphs 5, 0, 7, 8, 9. 11. 12, 15, 18, 19 of this section cannot be suspended in any part of the republic except when the safety of the state requires this suspen sion, in case of the invasion of tin- state's territory or grave perturbations of order so as to threaten the public peace." Paragraph 25 defines the conditions of this suspension of guarantees: and they are further defined in the final para- graph: "The suspension of said guarantees can only be ordered by means of a law. or by means of a decree of the Presi- dent of the Republic if Congress be not sitting. Ihfc President cannot decree such suspension for more than thirty days, or for an indefinite space of time, without convoking Congress in the same decree, and in every case he must give an account to Congress of the suspen- sion ordered, in order that Congress may resolve what it thinks fit." Sections VI. and VII. vest the legisla- tive power in two elective bodies, a House of Representatives and a Senate: styled "Congress." Each province elects six senators. The senate is a court for trial of impeachment-: confirms certain appointments to office made by the Pres- ident. Section VIII. prescribes the qualifica- tions ami powers of representatives. Section XI. gives to the President a power of veto similar to that possessed by the President of the United States. Among the powers of the President, de- fined in Section XII.. are these: 26 AFFAWS IX AMERICA. March, 1901 "To suspend the sessions of Congress when, in the matter relating to their suspension, no agreement is possible be- tween the co-legislative bodies. '•To appoint, with the approval of the senate, the associate justices of the supreme court of justice, diplomatic rep- resentatives and consular agents of the republic, he having the right to make provisional appointments of said repre- sentatives and agents when the senate is not in session and when vacancies oc- cur." There are provisions regarding the functions of governors of provinces or departments, provincial legislative bod- ies, the administration of municipalities, etc. as to the payment of those which in ita judgment are legitimate." The Cardenas Strike. On the occasion of a strike of steve- dorea and sugar handlers at Cardenas, Cuba, the lirst days of January, Gov- ernor-Greneral Wood, having been ad- vised by the alcalde of the place that the situation was grave, sent this mes- sage in reply: "Unreasonable demands should not be acceded to. Acts of this kind are a serious menace to the commercial pros- perity of the country. Every effort STATE, NAVY, AND WAR DEPARTMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Section XXIII. has one paragraph only, viz.: "The Republic of Cuba does not recog- nize and will not recognize any debts or compromises contracted prior to the promulgation of the Constitution. From the said prohibition are excepted the debts and compromises legitimately con- tracted for in behalf of the revolution, from and after February 24, 1895, by corps commanders of the liberating army until , on which the Constitu- tion by Jimaguayi was promulgated, and those which the revolutionary gov- ernments contracted, either by them- selves or by their legitimate representa- tives in foreign countries, which debts and compromises shall be classified by Congress, and which body shall decide should be made to suppress demonstra- tions of this nature. If unable to handle the situation, yon will be given the nec- essary assistance. Make every effort to bring in outside labor and to resume business." The strike extended to all classes of ship laborers and to the men employed in lumber yards and mills. Upon General Wood's message the "Union Newsletter," of New York, an organ of the Printers' Union, remarks: "This is the second or third time that this has occurred under General Wood, and nothing has been done. There was a superstition extant that America went to Cuba to erect liberty. It was evi- ////•; COLONIAL PROBLEM. dently for the 'commercial prosperity' hunters ODly. Labor tin' re has qo rights wliicli they are hound to consider. But you can do everything with a sword ex- cept sit on it. ' Cuban War Claims. Claims of several subjects of the German Bmperor for damages in prop- erty sustained bjf tlit'in in the war with Spain and in the Insurrection before the war, were laid before the State Department at Washington. In- . •ember 24, 11Mm». Shall tlie United States government assume responsi- bility for the losses of these claim- ants'r The State Department decides that it shall not. Other governments bare similar claims to press on behalf of their subjects. But the claims will probably be held in suspense until the independence of the island, or its status whether as an autonomous state or as a territory of the United States, is decided. Distress in Porto Rico. Dr. A. D. Williams, an army sur- geon serving in Porto Rico, in a report to the adjutant-general of the Military Department of Porto Rico upon the conditions of the inhabitants of the island, states that hundreds of people are starving and that relief must be afforded immediately. la the course of a tour of observation he noted first at Las Marias the pres- ence of mis?ry: many were siek in the squalid little town, but there was no medical man. The American school- master there, being asked, Why so much siekness, so many deaths? answered promptly. '"For want of food." A few milts beyond Utuado, Dr. Williams found in a starving condition laboring families that he had known to be indus- trious. At Adjuntas the conditions were appalling. In the hospital were fourteeu patients and three nurses: for mainte- nance the steward received daily one dollar in municipal stamps, exchangeable for about fifty rents. The week before Dr. WUliama'l visit to Adjuntas. the deaths were fifty-two and the births four. The chief physician at Adjuntas defined the prime cause of the high death rate to lie "want of load, chronic star- vation." Porto Rican Labor. The labor unions of New York city which are affiliated to the American Federation of Labor were notified, December 28, from the headquarters of the Federation, that steps were to ho taken forthwith to organize" the workingnien of Porto EMco in branch unions. The sum of .$."),(hh» is avail able to cover the expenses of organi/.a t ion. Santiago Iglesias. w bo was a delegate to the Federation's congress at Louisville. Ky., is to accompany the organizing committee to Porto Rico and to assist in their work. The Federation asserts that workineu in Porto Rico are held subject to an- cient Spanish laws, which forbid union lodge meetings except coder a permit from the police for each meeting. The president of the Federation will, if nec- essary, appeal to Cong-ess to establish the workmen's light to hold meetings. Politics in Hawaii. A correspondent of the New York "Tribune," in accounting for the suc- cess of the Hawaiian Democratic party in the last election, gives as one of the factors of that success the scan- dalous disregard of justice and right by the board of commissioners ap- pointed to ascertain the amount of In- demnity to be paid to property owners for losses sustained in the burning of the Chinese quarter of Honolulu in January, 1000 (Vol. 10, pp. 54, 123). The board as it was constituted, says this correspondent, was strongly ob- noxious. It was argued that members of the building trades, merchants, and other experts competent to determine tin- value of the property destroyed should have been selected, lawyers only having been named. Public feeling ran so high that a mass meeting was called, and tin- appointments ami their manner of selec- tion were strongly condemned. Among other measures, that which at the very beginning shut out many a deserving man from all chance of ever recovering anything was bitterly inveighed against. This was the fee of twenty dollar! re- quired for the mere lodging of a claim, an impossible sum for hundreds to pro- cure who had lost everything they pot MOOOd. One of the most prominent 28 AFFAIBS LV AMERICA. March, 1901 speakers at this meeting was Cushmau Jones, who was one of the five commis- sioners sent to Washiagton jn 1893, ac- tive in the organization of the provision- al government, in the Constitutional con- vention of 1S94, and the institution of the republic which followed, a public spirit- ed, patriotic man, a supporter of the government, and up to that time a friend of the administration. The meeting rep- resented not the disgruntled office seek- ers and disaffected partisans, but the best men in Honolulu, those interested in educational affairs, bankers, ship- owners, merchants, and the pastors of several of the churches. Their protest was marked by moderation, justice, and intelligence; but it had little effect. The objectionable feature of the board — the membership and plan of action — re- mained, and the President announced his intention of not receding from the position which he had taken. The party in control of the islands was held responsible for all this, and the vote by which it was ejected from office expressed the dissatisfaction of the white no less than of the native inhabitants. Samoa. NEW LAWS ASKED FOR. Governor TUley made an official visitation of all the districts of Tu- tuila in November, and was every- where received with hearty expres- sions of praise and thanks by the na- tive chiefs and notables. Petitions were presented to the governor, ask- ing for the enactment of certain laws necessary for the wellbeing of the native people. They asked, first, for a law to tax the natives for the expenses of the local government; second, for a law to abol- ish the native custom of making costly gifts to the attendants at marriage fes- tivities and at funerals; third, for a law to prohibit the inhabitants of a whole village or district from making "malaga" (a journey) and billeting them- selves on the towDS or districts for an indefinite stay. SCHOOLS IN TUTUILA. Complaint having been made that no efforts were making to afford schooling to the natives of the Samoan islands which are under American control, an inquiry was addressed by the secretary of war to the governor, Commander Tilley. He made a report to the secretary, December 25, 1900, which was published at Washington January 10. All of Samoa, Commander Tilley af- firms, is now practically Christianized, through the labors of missionaries of the liondon Missionary Society. The Samo- ans have the Bible in their native tongue, also a hymn book in Samoan. The same society maintains a college at Malua, in the island of Upolu, to pro- vide native pastors and teachers: here about 200 young men are in constant at- tendance: the pupils are taught handi- crafts as well as the ordinary scholastic branches. Under American auspices there is a school for boys (about 100 at- tending) at Manua; there is a girls' school at Afao in Tutuila, pupils 100; for this school a large new building, to cost $1 0,000, is in process of construc- tion. Local inferior schools are spring- in? up in all the villages. There is a Catholic school for girls, with but few pupils. Nine young Americans, Mor- mons, are teachers of English in the island of Tutuila. Commander Tilley is of the opinion that the children to be educated must be separated from the mass of the natives, and taught by ex- ample as well as by precept the ways of civilized man: such has ever been the policy of the missionaries, and experience demonstrates the wisdom of it. The Philippines. THE CAMPAIGN. Advices from Manila, December 22, reported the capture of Bautista, chief of the Catipunan Society, in north- eastern Luzon, by a detachment of the 10th Infantry. About the same date a detachment of the 49th Infantry at- tacked a barrio on the Cagayan river and drove out the insurgents, of whom they killed many: 1000 rounds of am- munition were captured. Reports from Iloilo stated that the islands of Panay and Cebu were being rapidly cleared of the enemy: soon there would be no resistance save by la- drones. The campaign in •Panay was carried on by the 20th Infantry, and that in Cebu by the 44th. The rebel forces throughout Luzon were at this time reported to be greatly thinned THE COLOXIAL PISnlU.KM. 29 and scattered: supplies of ammunition were failing them, and many insur- gents were making submission daily. A lieutenant and sixty men of the Ninth Cavalry, Decemlwr 1'.'. attacked a large force of insurgents near Guiii" batan, province of Albay; forty-live in- SUIgestl were killed and mauy wounded: tbe Americans had one man, a sergeant, wounded. Advices from the island of Leyte, received December 24, told of con- siderable turmoil still persisting on the west coast; while on the east coast all was quiet, the insurgent leaders having retired to the mountains. On the west coast, near Ilongas, Lieutenant Frank K. Lynch and three men of the 44th Volun- teer Infantry were wounded. As a result of scouting through- out Luzon, many reports of cap- ture of iusurgents were received in Manila toward the end of December. A detachment of the Fourth Infantry cap- tured fifty insurgents in the province of Cavite. General Wheaton captured Gre- morio'8 camp near San Antonio. General Funston reported the killing of five in- surgents and capture of many more near Gaysau. About twelve insurgents were killed and eight wounded near Moriones. Captain Mendoza and thirty men of San- dieo's command surrendered at Aliaja. In the Camarines district twelve insur- gents were killed by detachments of the 11 th and 9th Cavalry. In the early days of January insurgents entered Gapan and San Isidro, in General Funston's dis- trict, and burned some twenty houses. January 9. Lieutenant Steele, with ten men of the 43d Infantry and seven native soldiers, had a sharp engagement with a large force of insurgents at Tenaguna. island of Leyte, and killed over 100 or them; American loss, one man killed. January 12, General Grant, operating in the southern end of Luzon, reported that district as "now fairly pacified," except the locality south of Buloc mountain; the whole province of Fampanga was ready for civil government. January 25, thirty men of General Funston's com- mand killed five insurgents near San Isidro; later the same detachment en- gaged thirty insurgents under Tagunton. a noted leader, and Tagunton was killed in trying to escape. Instances of the submission of insurgents were reported from Manila, January 22, viz., at Vigan. over 1,000 of them took the oath of alle- giance, and at Malahon about 400. January 7, Governor-General Ifac- Arthur issued an order for deportation Of Generals Riearte. del Pilar. IIiz«>n. Llanera, and Santos to the island of Guam; also of nine lower officers of the Filipino army and eight civilians, among these Trias, Tecson, and Mubiui. Gen- eral Delgado, commander of the Iloilo province. Fa nay, surrendered January 11. with twenty-one men, fourteen rifles. About the snnie date fifty-three armed bolomen surrendered at Kcnguct, and sixteen of Geronimo's men were cap- tured. A telegram from Iloilo in the island of Panay, dated January 20. reported the submission of 50,000 Filipinos in that province. Some time before this, 2,180 Katipunuus at Santa Maria renounced their connection with the insurrection and swore allegiance to the United States government. The oath was administered by the Cura in the parish church, and the ceremony was followed by the Te Deum and benediction. MBPBOBY. Appended to Governor MacArt bur's official review of the civil affairs of the Fbillppiues for tbe last fiscal year is a report by Major Guy L. Edie on the history of leprosy in the islands. Major Edie accepts the estimates of the Franciscan friars, according to which there are no less than 30,000 lepers in the archipelago, the greater portion of them in the Visayas. The disease was introduced in 1633, when the ruler of Japan sent to the Philippines a ship with 150 lepers on board, to be cared for by the missionaries there. A house to house inspection commenced in January, 1900, developed more than 100 eases "f leprosy which had l>een concealed in pri- vate houses: these were sent to the San Lararo hospital in Manila, but many others escaped into the surrounding coun- try. A commissioner has been appointed to select a suitable island or islands on which all the lepers in the archipelago may be isolated. CONTRACT LABOR. In a report made by General Mac Arthur to the secretary of war, and published at Washington, December 23, It is stated that the extension to tbe Philippines of the United States immigration laws without material change to meet the local conditions, had proved to be of doubtful expedi- ency, especially the laws regarding contract lalx>r. From this It would ap pear that the military government had proclaimed those laws in the islands. •It is essential.*' says the report, "for 30 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. March, 1901 the mercantile Interests to secure em- ployees from abroad under contract, else business will suffer." These laborers, it is asserted, do not come into competition with the native labor- ers. EFFORTS AT CONCILIATION. The new political association, styled the Federal party, published, Decem- ber 24, an address to the natives of the islands advising the people to seek HON. HENRY M. TELLER, of colorado, Independent United States Senator. peace by acceptance of the best terms obtainable from the American govern- ment. The number of Filipinos, says the ad- dress, who are convinced that the time for peace has come increases daily. The object of the Federal party is the re- union of all Filipinos who truly wish for peace and who are disposed to work for it. It appeals to those who will attempt to attain for the Philippines the greatest number of liberties under the application of the American Constitution. We call ourselves the Federal party because un- der American sovereignty the righteous aspirations of the Philippines will be to form a part of the American federation as states of the LTnion. FILIPINOS PETITION CONGRESS. A petition to "the Congress of the United States, "signed, by 2,000 natives of the Philippine islands, was pre- sented to the Senate January 10, by Senator Teller (Ind., Col.). The petitioners, of whom Mr. Teller said that they are "the leading people" of the islands, "lawyers, and bankers, and professional men generally," demand in- dependence for their country on the ground that (1) the war has proved the national aspiration to independence to be invincible; (2) that annexation to the United States is out of the question by reason of the great difference in race and the distance of the islands from America; (3) that such autonomous government as Canada and Australia possess is "not in accordance with the aspirations of the people;" (4) that the Filipinos have con- clusively proved their capacity for self- government. The conclusions of the petition are summed up in these terms: "We have therefore already proven: "1. That the revolution was the exclu- sive work of the public. "2. That in preparing it they were moved by a great ideal — the ideal of in- dependence. "3. That they are ready to sacrifice their whole existence in order to realize their just aspirations. "4. That, in spite of the serious diffi- culties through which they are passing, they still expect from America that, she will consider them with impartiality and justice, and will recognize what by right belongs to them, and thus give them an opportunity to show their boundless gratitude. "5. That the annexation of the Philip- pines to America is not feasible. "G. That the American sovereignty is not favored by the Philippine people. "7. That an ample autonomy cannot be imposed without violating the Filipino will. "8. That the Filipinos are firm for self-government." On these conclusions they base their demand, 1. That the independence of the Fili- pinos be recognized. 2. That all necessary information re- garding the events which are taking place, concerning the peaceful fowns and places which are supporting the arms of the revolution, be obtained from Fili- pinos who. by their antecedents and by their actual conduct, deserve the respect and confidence of the Filipino people. UNITED STATES POLITICS. 31 LlQl'Olt TRAFFIC AT MANILA. The secretary of war tail graphed 1<» .Judge Tuft, chairman of the Philip- pine Commission, .January 1.">, these questions: 1. What is present condition Manila as to use of intoxicating Minims, drunk- enness, ami disorder? 2. How does it compare with tin- prin cipal American cities? 3. Do natives frequent American sa- 1 is or drink American liquors? 4. How much drunkenness among American soldiers? .">. Arc houses of prostitution licensed, protected, or in any way encouraged hy authorities? The answer, signed "Commission," was dated January IT: "Root, Secretary of War- "With reference to your telegram of the 15th — first, very good; second, better than any American city of same size; third, practically not at all; fourth, con- siderable. Same much more conspicuous than at home, because several barracks near heart of city and frequented saloons on narrow thoroughfares. New license law passed banishes saloons to places less Accessible and annoying for general pub- lic. Informed by army authorities that actual drunkenness not much, if any, greater than at home. Absence of home influence and lack of usual amusements would increase it. Marked Improvement in this regard since Improved political condition in city has permitted more attention to the subject. Fifth — Xo. . . . General moral con- dition of city greatly maligned. Gambling greatly decreased. Native vino shops in Manila in August, 1K08, 4,000. now re- duced to 400; American saloons, indud ing hotels and restaurants, reduced from 224 in February, 1900, to 8S now. Of these only 48 licensed to sell spirituous liquors, UNITED STATES POLITICS. Ex-President Cleveland's Advice. In the Philadelphia "Saturday Even ing Tost." December 22, was published an article by Mr. Cleveland proposing a remedy for the ills of the Demo- cratic party. In 1S00 and again in 1000 it was dem- onstrated that the only forces that can u in Democratic success are adhesion to recognized Democratic principles and re- liance upon Democratic counsels and leadership. The Democrats fought the last two campaigns in alliance with un- Democratic (Populist) forces; that alli- ance was inuncii-. ly costly in defeat; even with success such an alliance would have been unprofitable and dangerous. There is much for the party to do, and the future is full of Democratic duty and opportunity. The party** lighting forces will be listless and faltering if summoned to n third defeat in an alien cause. Mr. Bryan's Future. William .f. Bryan was the guest of honor at the annual banquet of the Jefferson Club of Lincoln. Neb., <>u the night of December L'C. In his speech in reply to the toast. "Commercialism ■ Menace to Liberty." he adverted to his announced pnrposc "I" starting a weekly journal, '•The Com moner," and said: "I am sure that an editorial position will furnish as much intellectual enjoy- ment as I could have had in the White House." Then, in allusion to the result of the Presidential election: "Shall we whose cause is just lose faith in our prinicples because our opponents have von? The defenders of trusts did not lose heart when all parties denounced combination* in restraint of trade: shall we give up the tight because monopoly has triumphed? "Whether I shall ever be a candidate for office again is a question which must be determined by events. No one can apeak with certainty of the future, for one's destiny is not known until his life's work is complete. I shall be content if it is my lot to aid in the triumph of the principles, while others enjoy the honors and bear the responsibility of offlce. The holding of public offlce should be an in- cident, and not the extreme aim, of the citizen. It should not be an end, but tin- means for the accomplishment of a pur- pose. '"The principles for which we contended in the last campaign still live, and we who believe in them must continue to fight for them. An election does not change principles: it only determines what principles shall for the time being be applied. "If we are successful in diverting pres- ent tendencies and in carrying the gov- ernment to its old foundations, we shall rejoice in the victory and profit by the reforms secured. I am confident that 32 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. March, 1901 we shall ultimately win; but if the trend toward plutocracy cannot be checked, it is still better that we should be defeated in a righteous undertaking than that we should join hands with those who are ignoring the inalienable rights of man." THE FIFTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Army Reorganization Bill. When the Army bill was before the house, December 5, Mr. Shafroth (811., Col.) considered the proposed bill in connection with the Philippine policy of the government in its moral, legal, and practical aspects. Looking at it in its practical aspect, he found it to be inexpedient. The official statement of the imports to the Philip- pines from all the world amounted in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, to $30,- 152,597, of which $1,050,409 was from the United States. Thus the imports from this country were not one-twentieth of the whole. Besides, these imports were made on behalf of our soldiers. Sup- pose the American exporters of those goods made a profit of ten per cent.: that would be $1G5,040. But now, what is the cost of maintaining the commerce which yields that profit? There are in the Philippines 05,000 soldiers costing at the peace-time estimate $1,000 per capita per annum, or $05,000,000. "How long will the American people stand the expenditure of $05,000,000 a year out. of moneys collected from the people for the purpose of putting into the pockets of a few of the exporters and manufacturers of goods a profit of only $105,000 a year? "To a business man how preposterous does this proposition appear. How long would he be willing to spend $305 of his money for the purpose of putting into the pocket of some one else a profit of $1, and yet that is exactly what is being done in the Philippine islands. "The cost of imperialism is far greater than I have stated. It is shown in the appropriations, by Congress for this year as contrasted with the appropriations for the year prior to the Spanish war. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897, they were $409,499,010. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, the appropriations amounted to $710,150,802, a difference of nearly $250,000,000, and in addition con- tracts for the navy were authorized to the amount of $52,334,374. But greater than all cost is the loss in life of thous- ands of the flower and youth of our land from tropical diseases, which, even if we have peace, must continue as long as we hold the islands." There was a five hours' debate upon the bill in the seriate, January 4, in the course of which Senator Hoar (Rep., Mass.) offered an amendment relative to the employment of troops in the Philippine islands. He would have the Filipino leaders invited to Washington, there to plead their peo- ple's cause. "Let them state their case. They can come and go in peace and honor. If we say to the Filipinos that we will not con- sider their case until they go down on their knees, lay their hands upon their hips and their lips in the dust, this war will go on, if there is a spark of spirit and principle in their breasts, until every Filipino of one sex is exterminated and until the women among them take up the fight and are exterminated also." His amendment to the bill was: "Provided, That no further military force shall be used in the Philippine islands, except such as may be necessary to keep order in places there now actually under the peaceable control of the United States, and to protect persons or property to whom, in the judgment of the Presi- dent, protection may be due from the United States, until the President shall' have first proclaimed amnesty for all political offenses committed against the United States in the Philippines, and, if in his power, shall have agreed upon an armistice with persons now in hostility to the United States, and shall have in- vited such number— not less than ten— as he shall think desirable, of the leaders or representatives of the persons now hos- tile to the United States there, to come to the United States and state their wishes and the condition, character, and wishes of the people of the Philippine islands to the Executive and Congress, and shall have offered to secure to them safe conduct to come, abide, and return, and shall have provided at the public charge for the expenses of their trans- portation both ways and their stay in this country for a reasonable and suffi- cient time for such purposes." The amendment was rejected by a decisive vote. In the senate, January »7, Senator Lodge (Rep., Mass.). in defending the proposition to raise the strength of the army to 100,000 men, based his argu- ment not only upon the necessity of THE 111 I f-SIXTB ' ONOBESS, 33 our having always In readiness a suf- ficient force to maintain peace and order in our island i>ossession8, but also suHi'icnt to defend our own homes, our possessions, ami our com- merce against hostile aggression from any quarter. Regarding the peril of lnterf( rcnee bf foreign nations who are our commercial rivals, he said. "I am uo alarmist, nnd I have no fears that we are in danger of war with any- body, und I do not believe there is a na- tion on the face of the earth that has any desire to attack us. But no man can tell what may happen at any time. We have come in the process of our develop- ment until we have expanded far beyond our own markets commercially, and ire are breaking into every market of the world. "Here in the United States we are holding all the best part of the North American continent. Look at your map —a great symmetrical country, all under one flag, no separate government, your railroads running in steady connection"! and carrying freight from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Lakes to the Gulf. Europe cannot beat that. Every separate state system, every separate railroad she has, enhances the cost of her articles. We are beating her in iron and steel. We can turn them oat at a price Europe cannot meet. We are going to surpass her in other articles. She has to take coal from us. It is a mere ques- tion of time when her last stronghold, the carrying trade, will be invaded. . . . "Any one who has read the newspa- pers lately will have noticed there has been continual talk about economic fed- erations to shut out the United States from Europe. In other words, they feel the economic pressure that we are put- ting upon them. They will try to meet us, undoubtedly, in the great field of economic rivalr>. I believe that with our resources, with the character of our people, with our new country, with our grpat continent, the victory can only b<* with us, and that there can be but one end to that conflict of economic forces. We occupy a great position economical- ly. We nre marching on to a still greater one. You may impede it. perhaps, by legislation; you may cheek it; but yon cannot stop the work of the economic forces. We may blunder here in legisla- tion, but the American people and the economic forces which underlie all are carrying us forward to the economic su- premacj of tha world, it is a great po- sition, but, dazzled by its splendor, do not forget its perils. It carries its dan gers with it, and I want to see the United States always prepared to meet these dangers. We have no quarrel with any nation, and I heps we shall have none. I see none who would wish to attack us. I wish to see the Halted states so pre- pared that under these new conditions she always will be safe by sea and land." On January is, in the senate, the bill came up for a vote and was approved by a vote of 43 to 23. Eour Demo- crats voted with the majority, Messrs. Lindsay (Ky.K McLaurin (S. C). Mor- gan (Ala.), and Sullivan (Miss.). Sen- HON. WILLIAM LINDSAY, OF KENTUCKY, Democratic V. S. Senator. ator Hoar would have voted against the bill had he been present in the senate ball: being detained at home by illness, be was paired with Senator Spooner tltep.. Wis.). Senator Hale (Rep.. Me. i, before casting his vote for the bill, signified his opposition to the increase of the army to 100.000. say- ing: "If it were not for the fact that this army is to conduct this war in the Phil- ippines, i mmittee of this body would present here a proposition for the crea- tion of a permanent standing army of 100,000 men. But unless this bill was 1 there would 1k> in the Philippines :$4 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. -March, 1911 after July 1 next only 20,000 American soldiers. Pressed by the Filipino forces they would be 'hemmed in in Manila,' and would be 'lucky if they were not driven into the sea.' No senator could stand thai ! No man, no party could stand upon such a condition. Therefore I am constrained, as much as I am op- posed to it, to support this measure." Tbe matter was then referred to conference committees of senate and house; and on January 31, the report of the conferences was read in the sen- ate. The bill then came up for a final vote, and was accepted by a majority of eight, though seven Republicans voted against it— Hale (Me.), Chandler and Gallinger (N. II.), Hoar (Mass.), Penrose (Pa.), McComas (Md.), and McCumber (N. D.). But on the other hand three Democrats, Lindsay (Ky.), Morgan (Ala.), and McEnery (La.) voted with the majority. Both houses having now passed the bill, it went to the President, who gave it his approval February 2, mak- ing it a law. Thus the strength of the United States Army is fixed at 58,000 men as the minimum; but the Presi- dent is empowered to raise it to 100,- 000 should he deem it necessary. Shipping Subsidy Bill. The Shipping Subsidy Bill has been the occasion of many speeches and debates. The original intention of the bill was to give a bounty of $9,000,000 a year, under certain conditions, for twenty years, to American owners of ships engaged in foreign trade. Many amendments were offered and debated, one to substitute fifteen years in place of twenty; but at the end of January no vote had been taken on the bill as a whole, and its final form is matter of conjecture. The speech of Senator Depew (Rep., N. Y.), on January .25, favoring the passage of the measure for considerations both of patriotic sentiment and sound national econ- omy, was one of the most effective arguments advanced by the supporters of the measure. It proceeded on these lines: We have been so absorbed in produc- tion that we have quite overlooked an equally important matter — that of secur- ing our position on the ocean. The enor- mous output of our transportation sys- tems— by rail, by canal, by the lakes, by the rivers — must find a foreign market, else there is distress and stagnation. But when our products reach tho seaboard, for transportation to Europe, Asia, Af- rica, South America, Australia, they must pay toll to foreign shipowners, must come under the protection of for- eign flags, must be subjected to the haz- ards of foreign wars. The subsidy is $9,000,000 a year; but the subsidized ships must carry the mails free: so de- duct what is now paid for mail carriage, and the yearly subsidy is reduced to $7,- 750,000 a year. The bill grants no mon- opoly favors: it aids vessels of every class, steamships, sailing vessels, fishing craft. It has been said that the existing lines will get all the money. Not so: the most that can be given to the ships of the American line and all other 21- knot steamers hereafter built cannot ex- ceed $2,000,000 a year. Again, it is said that bounties to high-speed vessels are not needed: they are not built for com- merce proper but for the accommodation of tourists. Not so: in transportation speed is desired: it is the gauge by which people judge the maritime "skill, genius, and enterprise of the nations. The mari- time nations know that in such ships they have always at command a fleet of cruisers and transports in case of war. But. the bill does not give suffi- cient encouragement to the tramp steam- er, to the 10 or 11-knot steamer. Fig- ures show that the balance of compensa- tion over cost of operation is greater than in the case of high speed vessels. The subsidy under the bill covers only about one-fourth of the cost of mainte- nance and operation: therefore the ship which enjoys the subsidy must battle for cargoes, else it loses money. Ameri- can producers pay to foreign shipowners $175,000,000 a year: four per cent of that would give us an American merchant marine and the expenditure of the great- er part of the money in our own country. We are not interested as to who of our fellow citizens get subsidy money, if they earn it; but we are deeply concerned that somebody shall get it who will establish shipyards and build and navigate Ameri- can ships. PROTECTION FOR AGRICULTURISTS. A memorial by David Lubin, in be- half of the State Grangers of Califor- nia, Oregon, Illinois, Washington. Missouri. Virginia, and Pennsylvania, ////•: /•//••/• y-si x i ii < < > vu i: i: v v. Sfi demanding protection for agricultural staples l>y a bounty on exports as pari of an net for the protection of ship ping l>y subsidies, was presented In HON. MARION HITLER, OF NORTH CAROLINA. Popilist U. S. Senator. the senate by Mr. Butler (Top., N. C), December 17. In this document the arguments for the shipping bounty nre thus summed up: 1. That such bounty will protect American shipping against the competi- tion of foreign ships. 2. That this protection will give the foreipn carrying tram* to American ships. 3. That thus will be built Dp a greet American merchant marine. 4. That thus will be kept at bOBM large sums now paid to foreign shipown en; that American capital ami labor will thus find employment in the bnUding and manning of American ships; and that the strength of the navy will be supplement- ed liy a force of trained seamen and of ship* that can be of service in war. The memorial then proposes the question, What will be the effect of this law upon agriculture? It will be In the highest degree injurious: this judgment the memorialists enforce by argument thus: "A Liverpool buyer in our market de- sires, say, to land wheat in Liverpool at one dollar a bushel. Should the ocean freight lie one rent a bushel to Liverpool, t!." exporter will dedlH-t ope cent fl'olll the Liverpool price for freight. Should the freight be fire cents, or ten cents, or twenty cents :i bushel, the exporter will deduct five cents, or ten Bents, or twenty cents a bushel. Now, let it he observed that the more the exporter deducts the less the farmer will receive, not alone for the quantity which the farmer then sells, but for all the re- mainder which the farmer may then have on hand, whether it is to be exported or whether it is to be sold for home use. It follows, therefore, that no other in- dustry whatever can be so powerfully affected by the action of the proposed subsidy to shipping than can the staples of agriculture. A decline <»f five cents per hundred in the price of ocean freight means an advance to the farmer of five cents per hundred on all of his unsold products. An advance of five cents per hundred on ocean freight means a decline to the farmer of five cents per hundred on all his unsold products. -1 \ VIOR M. A. II ANNA, or ohio. "Now that the matter has been clearly defined, the question properly presents itself: Will the proposed subsidy t^. shipping tend to decrease the price of ocean freights, or will it tend to increase it V That this subsidy shipping measure 3G AFFAIRS I.Y AMERICA. March, 1901 is not intended to decrease ocean freight charges is evident, for its main purpose is not to do the foreign carrying trade at the "pauper" labor rates of foreign competition, but the driving away of these competitors so as to permit the protected shipowner to raise ocean freights high enough to enable them, as they claim, to pay their sailors 'protect- ed American wages,' and incidentally earn for themselves in increased profits, the reward of 'protected' American cap- ital "There is yet one other and very im- portant consideration which will no doubt be given this subsidy bill, and that is, What action will be possible by shipping men when once they succeed in driving away foreign competition to an extent which would place the price fixing for ocean freight into their own hands? "Granted that this is a possibility, and what must we further grant? This, that it would l»e the most dangerous power ever given by legislation into the hands of men eager for money. With power to raise and lower ocean freights at will, they would have the power to raise and lower the home price of several billion dollars' worth of agricultural staples at any and at all times. Such a power would impoverish the farmers of this na- tion and destroy the republic." SENATOR HANNA ON SHIP SUBSIDY BILL. In an article contributed to the New York "Independent," Senator Hanna (Rep., O.) makes a spirited defense of the policy of promoting American shipbuilding enterprise by public sub- sidies. Without government aid in one form or another American shipping can never rise to eminence. The question is, what form shall that aid assume? Shall it be that of discriminating duties and tonnage dues? But that has been fully consid- ered and rejected as impracticable: it would necessitate abrogation of many treaties, and it would invite retaliation by other nations. Shall we offer export bounties? But the same objections He against these. Or shall Ave grant subsi- dies to mail steamship owners and boun- ties to owners of cargo ships? That is the remedy proposed in the pending bill. It "eliminates the wont feature from the subsidy policy — that of selecting a single line on a certain route as the sole beneficiary of the measure — and extends the compensation to the ships of any American citizen on any route to a for- eign country. The plan of the bill is based upon a recognition of the fact that it costs more to build ships in the United States than it does to build them abroad; and that, if American capital is to be attracted into such ships, the United States, which will be the chief benefi- ciary of the investment, must make it safe and reasonably profitable. For the same reason it has been decided that, even witli the first cost of the vessel provided for, there yet remains the extra cost of operation under the American flag as compared with the cost under other flags. Here, too, it became neces- sary for the government, which was to bo benefited by the restoration of our ships to the sea, to make good that dif- ference of cost. And finally, as to the faster ships, it was found that they would nearly all come into competition with foreign ships enjoying not only the lower cost of construction and operation, but substantial subsidies from their gov- ernments as well. And, in order to in- duce Americans to invest in such ships under the American flag, it was found necessary for the government to offset that advantage by additional compensa- tion. I believe that the amount of com- pensation fixed in the bill is only barely sufficient to induce Americans to put their capital into ships." Congressional Reapportionment. When Congress reassembled, Janu- ary 3, after the Christmas recess, the question of reapportionment of rep- resentatives in Congress under the Census of 1900 was to have been taken up in the house in advance of all other measures; but a resolution of- fered by Mr. Olmsted (Rep., Pa.), of Elections Committee No. 2, introduced a new issue which threatened to make the solution of the main problem more difficult and to precipitate long and passionate debates. By Mr. Olmsted's resolution the com- mittee on census Mas directed to report to the house in what states, if in any, the right to vote for presidential electors, congressmen, or certain state officials had been denied to citizens of the United States, against the provisions of the Con- stitution. The resolution, after reciting the facts upon which it was based, e. g., that "since the last apportionment the states of Mississippi, South Carolina, and Louisiana have by changes in the consti- tution and statutes of said states, for reasons other than participation in rebel- lion and other crime, denied the right of suffrage to male inhabitants twenty-one THE Fill Y-SIX l ll CONGRESS. :«7 ffjNUf "1" Kge, citizens of the Dotted States. Mid SUCh "'filial iii MCI Of said stairs extendi tci more than one-half of these win> prior thereto were entitled to vote, ns appears from the following sta- tistics, published in the Congressional Directories of the .v_\i and r»< it li « *« ■ 1 1 gressm, viz.: in the setee «iistri«_-tB of M h r issippi the total vote east for all Gangrens candidates in 1890 was 62,662; in 1>9S 27,<M.">. In the seven districts of South Carolina the total vote in 1880 was 7::.. ".'_>•_». and 2S.8S1 in 1898. In the six districts of Louisiana, 74.542 in 1880 and 33,101 in 1898. One number of the present house, representing ten counties in Mississippi, with a population in 1880 of 1 94.297. received only 2,068 votes. One member of the present house, represent- isjg si\ counties in South Carolina, with a population in 1S90 of 158,851, received only 1,766 votes; and one member repre- senting thirteen counties in Louisiana, with a population of 206*802, received only 2,194 yotes," calls for an investiga- tion by the census committee. That committee was to "examine and report in what stales the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Con- gress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legisla- tures thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such states twenty- one years old and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, and the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in each such state." The resolution was defeated by a vote of 83 to 81— not a quorum. The yeas were all Republican, the nays all Democratic. The anticipation of delay in enacting the Apportionment bill was not realized. THE BURLEIGH BILL. By the Burleigh bill, passed by the bouse January 8, and by the senate without amendment January 11, the number of representatives is increased by 28, from 867 to 380. Twenty of the states gain representatives. Of these, Illinois, Texas, and New York make a gain of three each: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Minnesota, a gain of two each; Arkansas, California, Colo- rado. Connecticut. Florida. Louisiana. Massachusetts. Mississippi. Missouri. North Carolina, North Dakota, Wash- ington, Weal Virginia, and Wisconsin, one each. No state suffers a loss In the number of representatives In Con- gress. It is worthy of notice that tin- member- ship Of the house is much less numerous than that of many similar legislative bodies in other countries. Thus the Brit- ish bouse of commons, representing the United Kingdom's population of ■ little over 40,000,000, numbers 070 members; the French chamber of deputies has 5NJ members to represent a population of less than 40,000,000; the German Reichstag lias 397 members: German population over 52,000,000; the Italian chamber of deputies, representing less than 32,000,- 000, has 508 members. The new appor- tionment act contains a specific' provision designed to prevent gerrymandering, viz.. that members "shall be elected by dis- tricts composed of contiguous and com- pact territory and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of in- habitants." Before this it was the cus- tom of Congress to leave the states un- limited authority in making up the dis- tricts. Under the new apportionment the several states are entitled to send representatives to the lower house of Congress as follows: Alabama <» Arkansas . . ~ < California 8 Colorado 3 Connecticut 5 Delaware- 1 Florida 3 Georgia 11 Idaho 1 Illinois 25 Indiana 13 Iowa 11 Kansas 8 Kentucky H Louisiana 7 Maine •. 4 Maryland 0 Massachusetts 14 Michigan 12 Minnesota 9 Mississippi 8 Missouri If, Montana 1 Nebraska 8 Nevada 1 New Hampshire 2 New Jersey 10 New York 37 North Carolina 10 North Dakota 2 Ohio 21 Oregon 2 38 AFFAUIS IN AMERICA. March, 1901 Pennsylvania T>2 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina 7 South Dakota 2 Tennessee 10 Texas 16 Utah 1 Vermont 2 Virginia 10 Washington 3 West Virginia 5 Wisconsin 11 Wyoming 1 HAZING AT WEST POINT. Two investigations of the hazing at West Point (Vol. 10, p. 101S) were made, one by a military court ap- pointed by the secretary of war, the other by a committee of Congress. The military court, presided over by Major-General Brooke, held a sitting at Bristol, Pa., December 17, and took testimony as to the physical condition of Oscar L. Booz before and after his term at the Military Academy, his character for manliness and truthful- ness, and the complaints he had made of the hazing. William H. Booz, the youth's father, stated that a letter from Oscar told of his having been called out to fight, of his eyes having been blackened and some of his teeth loosened, of his suffering three or four weeks from a blow over the heart, and of his being dosed with ta- basco sauce. When Oscar resigned from the academy and came home he was in bad physical condition: his throat was so bad he could not swallow the juice of an orange. Passages from letters written by young Booz were read, in which he complained of inhuman usage, e. g., "The upper class men are tyrants, brutes, and bullies, and they have an eager desire to injure and pain some- body." The family physician testified that when Oscar came home from the acad- emy he was pale, thin, and dejected. On account of his throat affection, he ad- vised Oscar's parents to take him to Dr. S. Cohen of Philadelphia, a throat spe- cialist. Dr. Cohen testified that the youth suffered from tuberculosis of the larynx: a spoonful of tabasco sauce would be likely to scald the throat and produce the lesions which were found. The Investigation was continued at West Point, December 10. There the witnesses were chiefly cadets who had been fellow-students of Booz. With hardly an exception these wit- nesses testified that Booz was regarded with contempt, not only by the upper class men, but by the men of his own class, because of his cowardice when he was called out to fight. But Booz had not been used more roughly than other newcomers. They had never heard him complain of persecution. More than thirty students were examined; and, though every one of them had undergone the hazing, none had suffered physical injury. Among the cadet witnesses was a brother of Lieutenant Hobson of the navy, of "Merrimac" fame: he had been forced to stand on his head in a tub of water, to climb a tent pole, and to sing a comic song. But Cadet Hobson saw in this only innocent pleasantry. December 20, the court took cogniz- ance of certain allegations made by Mr. Broth, formerly mayor of Altoona, Pa., regarding the ill-usage to which his son, John Breth (deceased), was subjected while a cadet in the Military Academy: that he was forced to sit on the point of a bayonet: that he was made to swallow drugs of all kinds, to the ruin of his health, and to eat soap; that he was once confined in a straight jacket so tight that on release his arms seemed paralyzed. These charges were by Colonel Mills, su- perintendent of the Academy, declared to be untrue. Cadet Breth, Colonel 'Mills testified, was never subjected to such treatment. And similar testimony contradictory of the charges made by Mr. Breth was given by the Rev. Mr. O'Keefe, under whose pastoral care young Breth was while in the Academy. At this and at the other sessions of the court, the cadet witnesses almost with- out exception testified to the prevalence of hazing, which they called "exercising" at the Academy; but they all denied that it involved any acts of "brutality": the newcomers were "exercised" simply to "take the conceit out of them," and they were all the better for the lesson. One of these modes of abating self-conceit was to make the cadet stand on his head, and, while in that position, speak a piece and deliver a right-hand salute with the left foot. "If a cadet should refuse to go through the exercising, what then?" "He would be called out," was the re- ply of Cadet Smith of Maryland. "That means that he would have to fight?" "Yes, sir." The investigation made by the com- mittee of the house of representatives HAZINQ AT WEST I'OINT. developed numerous inslnnet s of haz- ing attended by brutal usage of the cadets under the "treatment." This invest igation, said the '•Triliune," New York, "iiimv than confirms the strong belief created by the military Inquiry that hazing as It is practiced there (West Point) Includes various MCti Of abominable measures and cru- elty." The committee hold numerous sessions at West Point, Bristol, Pa., and elsewhere, and the final Bitting was in Washington. The facts lirought out in that final session were typical of those developed in the whole course of the committee's investiga- tion: The witness in Ihis case was F. H. Cunningham, now a teacher in the Ham- ilton Institute, New York City, formerly a cadet at the Military Academy. There he was teut-mate of Cadet MacArthur, son of the general of that name. Mac- Arthur underwent hazing in July, 1898. After the ordeal he reeled into the tent and went into convulsions, writhing and moaning. The convulsion paroxysms continued for several minutes at a time. MacArthur was subjected to hazing twice: after the second "exercising" he was urged to go on sick report, but re- fused: for his "pluckiness" he was ex- empted from all further hazing. Mr. Cunningham testified as to the hazing of three other cadets — Hill, Haskell, and Kensel. Haskell, the witness heard, fell into convulsions: medical assistance was not invoked, but his fellows worked over him for some time. Hill "qualified on peach pio," and afterward had convul- sions, necessitating medical aid. Kensel also went into convulsions: the witness heard that a cadet had choked Kensel to repress his cries. Another cadet, Howse, was hazed into hysterics. A cadet, not named, had his 'jaw broken in a fisticuff with a senior. Cadet Crown "(pialified on prunes," of which he eat about 1 "■"., "breaking the record" and so earning ex- emption. General Dick, chairman of the investigating committee, handed to the witness a list of sixty-nine forms of haz- i it ir end :iskcd if he knew of any more: he added but one — that of compelling plel»es to write letters. He told of men hung on bars, feet up, so that when they dropped from exhaustion the knees ■track on the wood floor several feet be- low: the fainting man was again hotetod up and again repeatedly dropped from exhaustion. Mr. Cunningham said the object of 'calling out" was to place a trained upper class man against an un- trained lower cla-s man. The result was inevitable, in conducting a fight, the purpose was to cut up the face of the lower class man before knocking him out. An upper class man had said to the wit- ness that a certain fight was not correct because the lower <lass man's face was not cut up sufficiently. He was told of a lower class man being in the hospital for a week after a fight, and then his face was said to be a "sight to Bee." Iii view of the sentiment aroused throughout the country hy the reve- lations of the investigation, the West Point cadets united in a determina- tion to al)olish hazing at the Academy. On the last day of the investigation at West Point, the following commu- nication was presented to the chair- man of the committee by Colonel A. f.. Mills, superintendent of the Acad einy: "To the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy. "Sir: Having become cognizant of the manner in which the system of hazing as practiced at the Military Academy is regarded by the people of the United States, we, the cadets of the United States Military Academy, while maintain- ing that we have pursued our system from the Lest motives, yet realizing that the deliberate judgment of the people should, in a country like ours, be above all other considerations, do reaffirm OUT former action aboUahing the exercising of fourth class men. and do further agree to discontinue hazing, the requiring of fourth class men to eat anything against their desire, and the practice of "calling out" fourth class men by class action, and that we will not devise other similar practices to replace those abandoned. Itespei tfnlly submitted for the first class; W. It. Hettison. president class '01; for the second class, B. O. Mahaffey, presi- dent class '02; for the third class, Quinn Gray, president class '03; for the fourth class, Joseph A. Atkins, representing class '0-1." An attempt was made In Congress to investigate the conduct of the cadets at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. Md.: but in the opinion Of Secretary Long no charges of haz- ing there had been sufficiently sub stantinted to justify an official inquiry. 40 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. March, 1901 THE SCRANTON STRIKE. The union employees of the Scranton (Pa.) Traction Company went on strike, December 23. upon refusal by the company of the men's demand for a ten-hour work-day, an increase of pay to twenty cents an hour, and abo- lition of the "swing shift." On De- cember 25, of thirteen men brought by the company from Syracuse, N. Y., twelve went over to the strikers, who paid the fares of most of them to Syracuse. The same day, of three new arrivals from Syracuse, two were induced to quit the service, and the third was compelled by threats to leave the town. Finally, late in the ilay, arrived at Scranton forty men, but these were won by the strikers within half an hour. December 26 saw the road still completely tied up. Of more than 100 men brought from outside places by the company, not more than six stayed. The situation was without change till December 30, when a compromise was reached, giving to the men an in- crease of wages. Traffic was resumed the following day. A force of 300 la- borers was employed to remove ob- structions placed on the tracks all over the county by sympathizers with the strikers. The demand of the strikers was for a wage of three cents an hour: by compromise they received two cents: the hours of work were settled at ten a day. The employees of the Reading United Traction Company, by a strike, won similar concessions January 12. The daily wage was set at sixteen and two-thirds cents an hour and the day's work at nine hours: future differences to be arbitrated. NOTABLE CRIMES. Lynchings. At Rockport, Ind., on the night of December 16, two negroes were lynched in the jail yard by a mob of 500 persons for the murder of H. S. Simmons, a white barber. William Jenkins and four other men were lynched by a mob at Versailles, Ind., in September, 1897 (Vol. 7, p. 657). Jenkins's wife, Lulu C. Jenkins, is to be paid $4,000 indemnity by the county of Ripley by the bonds- men of Henry Bushing, formerly sheriff of the county. Mrs. Jenkins in- stituted suit for indemnity three months after the lynching: the parties reached a private settlement of the matter December 27, 1900. Fred Alexander, negro, was taken forcibly by a mob out of the Kansas State Penitentiary, January 15, carried to Leavenworth, and there burned alive. He was in prison under a charge of criminal assault, and be- sides he was believed to have as- saulted and murdered a young woman last November. He was burned at the stake on the scene of the alleged crime of murder, the torch being ap- plied by the father of the alleged vic- tim. The man to the last made solemn protestation of his innocence. The mob, when all was over, scram- bled for "souvenirs" of their exploit. The Cudahy Kidnapping. At eight o'clock P. M., of December 19, Edward A. Cudahy, Jr., son of Edward A. Cudahy, meat packer, of Omaha, Neb., was seized by kidnap- pers, who carried him away. At nine o'clock the next morning a man on horseback rode rapidly past the Cudahy residence and as he passed threw into the yard a letter in which $25,000 was demanded as the price of the boy's return. If the- money were paid the boy would be given up: but if this demand were not complied with, his eyes would be de- stroyed by acid. Then (so ran the letter) "we will immediately kidnap another millionaire's child that we have spotted and demand $100,000; and we will get it, for he will see the condition'of your child and realize the fact that we mean business and will not be monkeyed with or captured." Then precise directions were given how the money, in "gold coins, was to bo delivered at night. VARIOUS STATES .i\7> TERRITORIES. 41 Mi. Cudahy in person took the gold to the spot Indicated in the letter, and there left it for the robbers: two or three hours afterward the boy was taken in a wagon to the neighborhood of his father's house and set free. Bosschieter Murder Case. Three of the men indicted for the ■Order of Jennie Bosschieter (Vol. 10, p. 880) were found guilty of murder in the second degree, January is, after ■ trial lasting on!}- four days: those three were McAllister, Death, and Campbell. Kerr, the fourth accom- plice, was accorded a separate trial, Which was had January 28: lie pleaded non vult contendere to the charge of criminal assault, which plea was ac- cepted. The four men were brought into court the following day for sen- tence. Addressing the three. Judge Dixon said: "You stand convicted of the crime of murder in the second degree. The crime of which the evidence proved you guilty was murder in the first degree, for you killed Jennie Bosscheiter by administer- ing poison to her for the purpose of pre- venting her resistance to attack. From time immemorial the legal penalty for a crime of that nature has been death, but the leniency of the jury in the exercise of their lawful authority has saved you from the gallows." They were condemned to thirty years' imprisonment in the state prison. Then addressing Kerr, the judge sa id: "The evidence adduced in this case did not warrant the conclusion that you were implicated in the administration of the drug, but it was convincing that you participated in the attack made upon Jennie Bosschieter; and in the commis- sion of that offense there is one aspect of the care that makes your conduct VMM than that of your associates: you are older and you have more obligations to virtue— a wife worthy of your highest and purest affection, children whose wel- fare should have been your constant con- cern." The sentence upon Kerr was impris- onment for fifteen years. In both the -extreme penalty of the law eras Imposed. VARIOUS STATES AND TERRI- TORIES. Forest Reserve in Arizona. By contract with the secretary of the Interior, the individual owners of about one million acres of timber land contiguous to similar lands owned by the government in northern Arizona, transfer to the United States their titles, receiving in return title to lands of the public domain elsewhere. Thus nearly L',(HM»,(MMt acres of magniilcent forest are made available for the San Francisco Mountain Reserve, and a vast system of irrigation works will be formed. There are in Arizona three other forest reserves— the Preseott, Black Mesa, and Grand Canyon; and these, with the San Francisco, have a total area of about 0.000,000 acres. Only two other West- ern states have a larger area of forest reserve than Arizona, viz., California. 9,000,000 acres; and Washington, about 7.(500,000 acres. The policy of establishing forest re- serves is not confined to the West. A bill has been introduced in the house of representative* authorizing the exj>endi- ture of $5,000,000 in purchasing two mil- lion acres in the Appalachian mountains of Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. Illinois. CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL. On January 28 the supreme court of the United States handed down an opinion overruling the demurrers filed in the case of the Drainage Canal by the state of Illinois and the Drainage Canal Board to the suit of the state of Missouri (Vol. 9, p. 0O2; Vol. 10, p. 740). On the part of the state of Mis- souri the contention was that the drinking water of the city of St. Louis is polluted by the sewage matters car- ried down by the canal. The case is now to be tried on its merits. Kansas. MRS. NATIONS CRUSADE. Kansas is a "prohibition" state, and there the retailing of intoxicants is a misdemeanor. But the state, county, and municipal powers seem unable or 42 AFFAIRS IX AMERICA. March, 1901 unwilling to enforce the law. Mrs. Carrie Nation takes the law and its enforcement In her own hands: and at Wichita, on December 27, opened a campaign for suppression of the "joints," as the illegal saloons are called. First she visited every drinking place in the town and ordered the keepers of them to close their doors. As no heed was paid to the command, the following morning she entered the saloon of a ho- tel, carrying a sack of stone, ammunition for her warfare. Without waiting for parley she "opened fire" on the mirrors, the paintings, and other furniture of the place. Men who were in the saloon fled, the man behind the bar sought cover behind that breastwork. At last a po- liceman arrested Mrs. Nation, took her to his station and lodged her in a cell. Suit was brought against her for ma- licious mischief and destruction of prop- erty to the amount of $2,000, but at the; trial the county attorney asked that the case be dismissed on the ground that the prisoner was not responsible for her acts, her mind being impaired and subject to delusions. This was granted and the prisoner set free, January 19. She then resumed the campaign. At Enterprise, Kan., January 24, there was a street tight between a band of women led by Mrs. Nation and another band of women headed by a saloon-keeper's wife: this led to suit and counter-suit, each side procuring warrants of arrest against the other. Mrs. Nation was severely lashed with a horsewhip in the hands of one of the woman-champions of the saloon in- terest. At Topeka, the state capital, the sa- loon keepers, apprehending a visit from Mrs. Nation, erected barricades before their doors and engaged the services of watchmen. She arrived in the city Jan- nary 28, and, visiting Governor Stanley in the Central building, rebuked him for suffering saloons to remain open. Then she called on the attorney-general of the state, the county attorney, and the sher- iff, demanding closure of the dramshops. After this she made a like demand upon the legislature. With Governor Stanley Mrs. Nation had an exciting interview, in the course of which she said to him: "You can close every 'joint' in Kansas if you will. Governor Stanley. You can do it if you want to, but you won't. You are a lawbreaker yourself if you do not. You took your oath of office to keep the Constitution. You refuse my request. You are not only a lawbreaker but a perjurer." .Again she said to the governor: l,You come with me and help smash saloons." And then she added: "If you won't help us— if you won't help me, I'll go around and I'll smash, smash, smash! The devil seems to have a cinch on the men, but he hasn't a cinch on the hatchets and rocks." The war is now carried to the town of Anthony, but theie a subaltern is in command. On January 30 a band of women, headed by Mrs. Sheriff, wrecked four liquor shops, smashing plate-glass windows and mirrors, and other fixtures. The attack on the saloons was made at daybreak, the crusaders being armed with hatchets. In this case the raiders were protected by a guard of men, their husbands or other male relatives. At one of the scenes of demolition the pro- prietor of the place attempted to offer resistance, but a member of the body- guard felled him by a blow upon the head with a beer bottle. Meanwhile the commander-in-chief, Mrs. Nation, was busily organizing her forces at the state capital: a call for volunteers was answered by forty-five women, who pledged themselves to follow her whith- ersoever she might lead. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. Railroad Consolidation. In the beginning of January Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan purchased a con- trolling interest in the New Jersey Central Railroad Company, and trans- ferred it to the Reading Railroad Company. Upon the public announce- ment of this transaction, the "Rail- way World" declared that "to-day A. J. Cassatt, Mr. Yanderbilt, J. Pierpont Morgan, and James «J. Hill are re- garded as practically ruling all the great railways of this country." Thus is already very nearly fulfilled the prediction made by the Interstate Commerce Commission in its report published about the date of the New Jersey Central purchase, that soon "it will be within the power of two or three men, or at least a small group of men, to say what tax shall be imposed upon the vast traffic moving between the East and the West." The Com- mission adds a word of warning: "It is both human nature and the lesson of history that unlimited power in- ' .1 \.I/M. 4:1 duces misuse of that power. Rail- ways tie not combining for the pur pOM Of 'extortion and abuse.' hut noiu> tln> loss should the people provide ■MM protecton against that possible result of the combination." Mr. Leo ('unman, who is h high au- thority on railroad affairs, writing in the Chicago "Tribune," avers that in the new great consolidation of interests are comprised companies owning 7d,224 miles Of railway. But even this striking state- ment does not give the measure of this latest stride toward dominion over all the means of public transportation. This vast consolidation of railways will have, as an important part of its plans, control of ocean navigation between the United States and every region of earth— steam- ship lines across the Atlantic and the Pacific. Newspaper of the Future. Alfred Harmsworth. editor and pro- prietor of the London "Daily Mail." writes in the January "North Ameri- can Review" on "The Simultaneous Newspapers of the Twentieth Cen- tury." in which he criticizes the papers of the present day as "hopelessly clumsy in shape, verbose as to matter, and most Imperfect as a record," and indicates his idea of the "proper form" for a newspaper to be that of "a small. portable, and neatly indexed publica- tion of the size of 'The North Ameri- can Review,' and of the balk and ap- pearance of the New York 'Outlook.' " He predicts trust control of newspa- pen in the future, saying: "I feel certain that the newspaper of the twentieth century will be drawn into the vortex of combination and cen- tralization. In fact, given the man. the capital, the organization, and the occa- sion, there seems to lie no reason why one or two newspapers may not present- ly dominate great sections of the Doited States, or almost the whole of Great Britain. In other words, Where t Inn- are now a multitude of papers — good, had. and indifferent— -there will then be one or two greet journals. The method by which such journals would be estab- lished would be precisely those employed in the formation of the ordinary trust. Posseniag its own rabies, wires, dis- patch boats, and special trains, the simultaneous newspaper concern would soon have its own paper mills, printing ink factories, machinery shops, and the like." In order to demonstrate some of his ideas of improvement in size, shape, and arrangement, Mr. Harmswocth was authorized to edit one daily edi- tion of the New York "World" at the beginning of January. The feature of the edition which attracted most atten- tion and favorable comment was its reduced and more convenient size of page. Miscellaneous. A coroner's jury in the case of the loss of seven lives in the Tarrant drug store fire In the city of New York in October last (VoL K>, p. SMi.") rendered a verdict January 11. They find that the explosion "was occasioned by the storage of combustible chemicals in excess of the quantities permitted by law," and hold Tarrant &.- Co. crim- inally responsible. Cornelius L. Alvord, Jr.. guilty of defrauding the First National Bank of New York (Yol. 10, p. 820), was. having pleaded guilty, sentenced in the United States circuit court, Janu- ary 16, to thirteen years' imprison- ment in the Sing Sing prison. CANADA. The Queen's Death. Elsewhere in these pages the all- absorbing topic of the month— the death on January '22 of the aijgust and beloved sovereign of the Empire— will 1k» found treated with a fulness that renders unnecessary any repetition here. In no part of the British Em- pire was the person of Queen Victoria more dearly loved, or her sovereignty more gladly accepted or more pro- foundly re vote i iced, than in the I >« » minion. Her reign was almost coin- cident with the period of the growth of Canadian constitutional govern- ment; and her very name had become sacred by indissoluble assoriatioti with all that has Ihmmi great and good in the development of the country, its insti- 44 AFFAIItS IX AMERICA. March, 1901 tutions, and the social and moral wel- fare of its people. While her death is felt as a personal loss by all Cana- dians the world over, the bereavement is not Avithout consolation in the thought that her example and the tra- ditions of her rule will through all time perpetuate her beneficent influ- ence. The allegiance of the Canadian peo- ple passes unreservedly to her success- or, Edward VII., who will find no- where in his vast dominions a more 'loyal devotion than that of his Cana- dian subjects. The Laurier government decided not to accord state recognition to the ser- vices hold in the Anglican Cathedral at Ottawa in memory of Queen Victo- ria, lest such action should be con- strued as an acknowledgment of a state church in Canada. Public Finances. Fiscal operations for the six months ended December 31, 1900— the first half of the current fiscal year— show a surplus of $8,523,040, the following being a statement of revenue and ex- penditures for the last six months of 1900 as compared with 1899: REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. Revenue— 1899. 1900. Customs $14,145,113 $14,417,438 Excise 5,003,020 5,350,043 Postofbce f 1 ,405,000 1,594,237 Public Works and Railways 2,075,975 2,930.095 Miscellaneous. . 1,137,142 1,438.040 Total $24,480,552 $25,731,050 Expenditure. . $15,050,521 $1 7,208,010 Wealth of the Fisheries. In the extent of her fisheries Canada stands foremost among the nations. Her Eastern seaboard, including the coast of the Maritime Provinces from the Bny of Fundy to the Straits of Belle Isle, constitutes a line of 5.000 miles; while on the West, British Columbia adds 7,180 miles, or more than double the coastline of the United Kingdom. The salt water inshore area, not including minor indenta- tions, covers over 1,500 square miles; and the Canadian fresh water area on the Great Lakes is computed at 72,700 square miles; while Manitoba and the Territories include in addition innu- merable well-stocked lakes and rivers. In the season of 1899 nearly 80,000 men were employed in the industry, using gear representing a capital of $10,000,000. In the Maritime Provinces are 858 lobster canneries, valued at $1,- 334,180 and employing 18,708 hands. The salmon preserving industry of British Co- lumbia, comprising sixty-nine canneries, and representing a capital of $1,380,000, gives employment to 18,977 hands. The total value of the catch of fish in Canada for 1899 was $21,891,706. The Pacific Cable. It was announced in January, by the United States consul-general at Melbourne, that the postmaster-gen- eral of Victoria had accepted the bid for the laying of an all-British cable across the Pacific, at a cost of $8,735,- 307, the installation and surveying to cost $992,700 extra (Vol. 10, pp. 200, 1031). The cable is to be in working order by July 31, 1902. The route decided upon is from Vancouver, B. C. by way of Fanning or Palmyra island, Fiji, and Norfolk island, with branches from the last-named station to Auckland, New Zealand, and Queensland. The length of the cable over this route would be (a How- ling 10 per cent for "slack" actually used) 7,986 miles, as follows: Vancouver to Fanning island, 3,501 miles; Fanning island to Fiji, 2,093 miles; Fiji to Nor- folk island, 901 miles; Norfolk island to New Zealand, 537 miles; and Norfolk island to Queensland, 834 miles (see map, Vol. 10, p. 199). Great Britain and Can- ada have agreed to defray five-ninths of the total cost; New Zealand, one-ninth: and New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria have pledged themselves to con- tribute the remainder between them. As to the revenue to be derived from the cable, it is anticipated that the returns for the first year, on a tariff of forty-nine cents a word, will be $534,370; and that- by the fourth year of its working the. .lY.I/M. 45 cable will Itocome a paying concern. It has been prppo— d to Charge seventy- three cents a word for messages right through— that is, crossing Canada and the Atlantic, iii n.l.litimi to the Pacific— and ftirt v-iiiii*' a nts lor the Pacific ehM tion. Supplementary to the above an- nouncement there was published the first week in January a letter from Sir Sandford Fleming to the post- master-general. Hon. William Mulock, suggesting that steps should be taken to nationalize the cable and telegraph service of the empire. From an im- Ltd., was formally opened by Mayor Milligan of Midland in the presence of a distinguished company, including Hon. (J. W. Ross, premier of Ontario, and other officials. Its capacity Is 150 tons of pig iron a day. The establishment of the iron-smelting industry on the shores of Georgian Bay paves the way for the establishment of allied enterprises in that rich but com- paratively undeveloped portion of On- tario. In addition to the advantaue gained by being in close proximity to the ore deposits of Lake Superior, thus ad- mitting of raw material being delivered BA PROVINCIAL PARLIAMENT BUILDING, WINNIPEG. periallstic and strategic point of view, as well as commercially, such a project would be Of great moment as increasing facilities of intercommuni- cation while greatly lowering in all probability their cost. The Iron Industry. Probably no more important Inci- dent in the industrial history of Onta- rio has over taken place than was wit- nessed at Midland on December IS. when "Midland Furnace No. 1" ol the Canada Iron Furnace Company, at the minimum of cost, Midland has the great advantage of being almost in the heart of the largest iron-consuming section of Canada, namely, Ontario and Quebec. Daring the past season of nav- igation, four steamers of the Algoma Central Railway Company carried ore to Midland from the Helen mine nt Michi- picoten, the property of F. H. Clergue of Sault Bte. Marie, who is one of the directors of the Canada Iron Furnace Company. Mr. Edward Gurney of To- ronto secured for his foundry the first run of metal from the new furnace. The Canada Iron Furnace Company own the famous Radnor forges in the province of Quebec, which have been producing iron for 250 years. 4G AFFAIUS IN AMEUKA. March, 10O1 The Delpit Marriage Case. A delicate case involving the ques- tion of the relations of church and state in Canada has recently aroused unusual interest in social and religious GEORGE BELL REEVE, New General Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway. •ircles. It appears that Albert Delpit, now private secretary to Lieut.-Gov. Jette, was married in Montreal, May 2, 1803, to Miss Jeanne Cote. Both parties were of Roman Catholic an- cestry. The bride's father, however, had long ceased attendance at Catho- lic services, but had never taken any legal steps to declare himself a Protes- tant. Such a declaration is required by law to release a man brought up in the Roman Catholic Church from ec- clesiastical assessments; but the law requires it for no other purpose. The marriage ceremony was performed by a Unitarian minister, Rev. Wil- liam S. Barnes. The union turned out unhappily, and Mrs. Delpit applied to the court for a judicial separation, whereupon the husband pleaded that under the law of Quebec a marriage between two Catholics celebrated by a Protestant was no marriage at all. He denied that the woman was his wife, thereby illegitimatizing his three children. He then applied to the Church authori- ties for . a declaration of nullity of marriage, and the Court suspended ac- tion pending the decision of the ec- clesiastical authorities. The question which the Church had to consider -was whether both contracting parties were Catholics at the time of the marriage. It has decided that they were, although Mrs. Delpit asserted that she was at that time a Protestant. The de- cision has recently been confirmed at Rome, and so far as the Church is con- cerned the marriage has been invalidated. It yet remains to be determined whether the civil voiding of the union follows as a matter of course. It is as- serted on behalf of Delpit that by the organic law of the province, based upon the Treaty of Paris, marriage in Quebec is a sacrament first and a civil contract afterward. That is to say, it must bo acceptable to the Church authorities and executed in accordance with their regula- tions before it becomes valid in law. As Catholics are forbidden to be married by others than their own pastors, it follows, it is contended, that the Delpit marriage, assuming that the parties to it were members of that communion, was in- valid. A marriage between a Catholic and a CHARLES M. HAYS, Formerly General Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway, Now President of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Protestant, Celebrated by a Protestant clergyman, would be legal without ques- tion, and before the civil courts Mrs. Delpit will endeavor to prove her con- tention that at the time of the marriage she was a Protestant. Failing to prove that, the whole contention of the Cath- olic Church to invalidate such marriages will be challenged, and the case will be XBWFOVXDLA VD. 47 carried to the highest court. Witliin t lt«- prortaeo it is said thai there am hun- dreds of families vitally interested in the rase. the marriages of the parents hav- ing been celebrated by ProtcatantSj al- though the contracting parties were Catholics. Disastrous Fires. A tiro commencing In the factory of the Knechtel Furniture Company, in Hanover, Out., December 20, 1900, de- stroyed property valued at about $120,- • HHt; Insurance, about $00,000. On Christmas day, 1900, Calgary, in Alberta, was visited with the most de- structive fire in its history, several business structures being burned, with a loss of about $100,000. In the village of West Lome, Ont. December 30, 1900, fire destroyed a business block valued at $125,000. A blow to Ontario industry was the destruction by fire of the factory of the Canada Woollen Mills Company, nt Lambton Mills, January 19, 1901. Loss about $53,000; well covered by insurance. The city of Montreal, Que., was un- fortunate in January in being visited with a series of disastrous fires. On the night of the 18th the premises of Thomas May & Company, corner of McGill and St. James streets, were gutted, with a loss of alxmt $350,000. On the night of the 23d a still more de- structive fire broke out in the whole- sale clothing house of M. Saxe & Sons, corner of Lemoine and St. Peter streets. Panned by a north wind. the flames swept to the river front, burn- ing almost three entire blocks in the business heart of the city, Including the million dollar Board of Trade building on St. Sacrament street. Loss estimated from $3,000,000 to $0,000,000; insurance over two mil- lions. Personal Notes. Only two Canadians were listed among the recipients of New V.-ar im- perial honors. The decoration of C. M. J. (Companion Of the Order of St. Mi. had an-l St. QeOTfe) was Lest. .wed v»i. II— «. on Lieut. -Col. C. C. Kltson. formerly commandant of the Royal Military College at Kingston, and on Lieut- Col. Thomas Irwin, secretary of the Canadian Patriotic Fund Association, formerly inspector-general of artillery. Under the continued federal Liberal regime, it may be expected that the Conservative prei>ondorance in the Dominion senate will gradually be lessened as vacancies occur and are filled. Toward the end of January was announced the appointment of four Liberals to the upper house— Hon. Lyman Jones of Toronto, Ont.: A. T. Wood of Hamilton, Ont.; Robert afackay of Montreal, <Jue.; and George McIIugh of Victoria county. A telegram from Vancouver, B. C, December 18, reported the total loss of the steamer "Alpha" off the east coast of Vancouver island, with the loss of eight out of thirty-three lives. NEWFOUNDLAND. French Shore Question Revived. The modus Vivendi, or provisional diplomatic agreement adjusting tem- I>orarily the disputed question of French treaty rights on the west shore of Newfoundland, expired on the last day of Decenil>er, 1900. The failure, as yet, of the colonial government to renew for another year the arrange- ment, which for patriotic reasons they consented to extend ■ year ago (VoL 10. pp. 99. 204), has revived the whole question as a live issue calling for satisfactory settlement. To that end Premier Bond has been called to Kng- land by Mr. Chamberlain, the. colonial secretary, to confer with the British and French representatives. The BMdm vivendi, it will be remem- I . ! d, was originally fixed for an indefi- nite period of years in 1S9<>. in the hope that removal of the long -standing cause of friction would prescntlj be effected by diplomatic negotiation. It was renewed from time to time, the last occasion be ing shortly after the bursting of the war- cloud in South Africa a little over a year ago. when the colony refrained from pressing a claim which would have been 48 AFFAIRS IX AMEBIC A. March, 1901 an embarrassment to the homo govern- ment in the existing crisis. If the agree- ment be not renewed — at least condition- ally on certain assurances of speedy final settlement of the whole issue — the status of affairs as defined by the Treaty of Utrecht and subsequent treaties on the Newfoundland coast will revive in full force. The whole subject was investigated by a royal commission appointed in 1898 (Vol. 8, p. 695; Vol. 9, p. 439); but the report of the commission, though submit- ted to parliament in May, 1899, and said to favor the claims of the colony, has not yet been officially published. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 secured for Great Britain the absolute possession of the island of Newfoundland. This right was confirmed without qualification Seal* of Mile* ?. ,fl 2 £_ ^Wr**"8' Ctf) «_i^- Jt"*UIL07 ' I 'SAvy. MIQUBLONI.^ TheOvhm ■** ■■■■ «V^B * G Green /, ^fr > * , Si *&Celomiitrl. re r. io*S£'(F^»i^'> Lit m ST PIERRE MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF THE FRENCH ISLANDS OF ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON. by the Treaties of Paris in 1763 and of Versailles in 1783, and it has never been modified or challenged. At the same time, the French fishermen on a certain defined portion of the Newfoundland coast (see map, Vol. 10, p. 99) obtained rights in 1713, reaffirmed in 1783, which place them in a very peculiar position in regard to British territory. Within the limits fixed by treaty they are allowed to catch fish and to dry them on land without being subject to local restric- tions. On the other hand, they are pre- cluded from erecting fortifications, or, in- deed, any other buildings except wooden stages and huts for drying; they are for- bidden to winter in the island, and are enjoined to confine themselves during their stay to the business of fishing or drying fish or to the repairs necessary for their vessels. The British colonists are placed under an obligation not to mo- lest the French fishermen "during their fishing" or to injure their drying stages or scaffolds during their absence. In strictness nothing belongs to France un- der these treaties except the right to carry on the inshore cod fishery within certain narrow limits. In process of time, the value of this right has greatly fallen away. Commercial and social changes have reduced the importance of the inshore Newfoundland fishing to very small dimensions; and the process of shrinkage has been going on steadily even since the modus vivendi was intro- duced in 1890. Six or seven years ago the number of Frenchmen employed in all capacities on the "French shore" was less than 1,200, and it is now only a little over 500. The proceeds of the fishery have never, in recent years, ex- ceeded a few thousands of pounds. The main element of profit appears to be the lobster-canning industry, which is a para- sitic growth on the original conventional rights of France, and which, according to the strict provisions of the Treaties of Utrecht and Versailles, can hardly be maintained. The power to catch lobs- ters and to establish factories for "can- ning" them on the Newfoundland coast might be conceded as a matter of comity or indulgence, but it could hardly be ex- tracted by any fair process of interpreta- tion from the right to catch and dry cod- fish, to erect drying stages, and to repair fishing-boats. But in addition to this claim the French insist that the British colonists shall be forbidden to set up lobster-canning factories of their own on the "French shore." Though not a word can he found in support of this claim in the stipulations of 1713 and 1783, yet it has been provisionally recognized under the modus vivendi. The colonists of Newfoundland contend that, as the French interests under the treaties is ■ rapidly declining one, it is unnecessary to make any valuable concessions in order to extinguish it. From the imperial point of view, the reason why it is desirable to get rid in an amicable way of the rights of France on the "French shore" is that the protec- tion of the French fishermen, even though they are only a small and unpros- perous handful, is a perpetual source of danger. The claim to interfere with this object might at any moment bring the French government and the French navy into collision with the British colonists and with the imperial power. Though the "French shore" is of little economical importance to France, it is confused in the popular mind with the French interest in the sea-fishery on NEWFOUNDLAND. I.. the Great Banks, which is Dot only a valu«»blc i lid 11st i.v, encouraged by a high bounty system, but is regarded, rightly or wrongly, as | nursery for tin- seamen of tin- French navy. With the eod ti-li ing on the Great Banks neither the Im- perial government nor the people of Newfoundland ha\e the right, even if they had the desire, to interfere. But the latter feel very keenly that the bounty system in France subjects them to an unfair competition, which they consider on her rights under the Treaty of I ti ilit, while the colonists have sub- stantial reason to chafe under the en- forcement of those- rights. An amicable settlement ought to present no insuper- nble difficulties. For a full history of the case as out- lined in CURRENT HISTORY, see Vol. 1, pp. r>3. 167, 310. 430; Vol. :?. pp. 107. 327, 606, 780: Vol. 4. p. 181; Vol- 5, p. 673; Vol. 8, pp. 430, 605; R. G. REID, OF MONTREAL, QUE. Known as the " Czar " of Newfoundland, Whose Contract with the Colonial Government Formed the Chief Issue of the Recent Election in the Island. themselves justified in meeting with re- strictions on the supply of early bait to the French fishermen. Under the modus vivci.di the French sea fisheries obtained advantages in regard to the supply of bait, as well as in regard to the lobster- can'iiiik' l>ii>iiu-ss, which are not likely to be continued if the question of the "French shore" reverts to the original treaty rights. The real issues are not important enough to justify a quarrel be- tween two cre.it nations. France has practically nothing to gain by insisting Vol. 0, pp. 176. 430; Vol. 10, pp. 99. Jut. A New Governor. Toward the end of January was an- nounced the appointment of Sir Caven- dish Boyle. K. C. M. 3., government secretary of British Guiana since 1804, •vernor of Newfoundland, to sue <• 1 Sir II. E. McCallum. K. C. M. G.. recently made governor of Natal. f>0 AFFAIRS IN AMERICA. March, tfloi THE WEST INDIES. The Danish Islands. It was announced the last of De- cember that practically all the neces- sary preliminaries for the purchase of the Danish West Indies by the United States (concerning which negotiations have been carried on for the last two years) had been satisfactorily com- pleted, except the appropriation by Congress of the necessary amount; and that a careful canvass of Congress by Mr. Lodge gives reasonable assur- ance of its approval of the transaction. The price named to the Danish gov- ernment by our minister to Denmark, Mr. Swenson, is 12,000,000 kroner (about $3,240,000). It is stated that, but for a change of ministry in Copenhagen, the transaction ENGLISH MILES Vr"-*£ [tjaguet CARIBBEAN OCrEAN?°*?n MAP SHOWING POSITION OF THE DANISH WEST INDIAN ISLANDS. would have been completed last spring. The islands have been a financial drag on the Danish exchequer for some time, and negotiations for their purchase were nearly completed by Secretary of State Seward in 18G7 for $7,500,000. The sen- ate, however, failed to ratify the treaty (Vol. 9, p. 027). Since our acquisition of Porto Rico with its good harbors, the maiu reason for acquiring these neigh- boring islands is to prevent their ac- quisition by any other power, as would likely be the case, did we not buy them. Statistics regarding the islands were given a year ago, when their purchase was much discussed (Vol. 10, p. 101). SOUTH AMERICA. Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. There have been two significant de- velopments since our last issue in the three-sided struggle on the western coast of South America, between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. It will be remembered that Chile's last move with regard to the dispute with Bolivia over the Bolivian littoral re- tained by Chile after the war of 1870-83 (Vol. 6, p. 415) was to submit an ulti- matum to Bolivia, in which she de- manded that Bolivia absolutely yield all claims to this littoral in return for cer- tain financial and commercial concessions that Chile would make. The rejection of this ultimatum by Bolivia toward the last of 1900 (Vol. 10, p. 1037) was fol- lowed, if we may believe dispatches of January 19 from Washington claiming to have official information, by an at- tempt on the part of Chile to secure the consent of four other South American governments to the partition of Bolivia among them, which would, of course, leave the disputed territory as it is now, in Chile's possession. This audacious proposition was promptly and emphati- cally rejected by Peru, Bolivia's friend and ally in the war with Chile, and its offensiveness emphasized by the request that Chile recall her minister from Peru. It is stated that the other countries ap- proached were Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay; but their answers to the proposition are not known". While Chile has been thus engaged in efforts to end in one way or another all claims on the part of Bolivia to the re- storation of the province of Tacna or any of its parts, she has also taken another step in the dispute with Peru, indicating her intention to defer at least as long as possible the restoration of Tacna and Arica to that countrv (Vol. 4, p. 112: Vol. 7, p. 956; Vol. 8. p. 432; Vol. 10, p. 482). January 1G, the Chilean cham- ber of deputies rejected the Billinghurst- Latorre protocol which provided for the arbitration of this matter. This protocol was ratified by Peru in 1890 (Vol. S, p. 432); but Chile has postponed action on the matter for over two years, and has now rejected the treaty. It is sug- gested that she was afraid to reject the protocol while her dispute overxboundar- ies with Argentina was going on, fearing a union of the two countries. This dis- pute has been referred to Queen Victoria' for arbitration, and Chile has now by her action regarding the protocol put the Tacna-Arica question where it was more than two years ago. • Venezuela. ASPHALT DISPUTK. Considerable excitement has been caused by a supposed attempt on the sol ill am hi; i' i. 51 part of President Castro of Venezuela to deprive an American company of its property illegally. The whole trouble is in connection with the as- phalt lakes in Venezuela, which arc the most valuable oues In the world. An American company under the title Of the American 4V National Asphalt Companies obtained from the Venezuelan government in 1883 a concession for working for 25 years the asphalt lakes in the province of Rermndez and the? neighboring island of Trinidad. The company, owned by the New York A: Rcruiudf*' Company, capitalized at $58,- HON. FRANCIS B. LOOMIS, OP OHIO, United States Minister to Vknezikla. 000.000, hcjjan to work its concession in 1888. Recently n rival American syndicate has been formed, known as the Warner- Quinlan-Sullivan syndicate from the names of its three members, or as the Warner syndicate simply. This syndicate purchased an asphalt concession known us "La Felicidad" for $40,000. It is the right of the Venezuelan government to ppll this territory that is in dispute. Th> New York M Rermndez Company claims that it purchased a monopoly of the as- phalt territory, and that "La Felicidad'' is a part of its concession. The Warner syndicate claims that "La Felicidad" is at least a mile from the boundary of the rival company's claim, and President Castro supports them. This is what gave rise to iuternationul complications. In mid-December the New York «,V Rcrinudez Company complained to the Government jit Washington that Presi- dent Castro was intending to expel then by force of arms from territory conceded to them by the Venezuelan government. The State Department instructed Min- ister Loomis to expostulate with Presi- dent Castro, and ordered the "Scorpion," which was at La Cnayra, to proceed to the scene of disturbance. Two other irunboats were ordered to Venezuela. Roth companies armed their followers; and bloodshed, even war, seemed im- minent. Ry the middle of January, it became clear that President Castro did not in- tend to interfere in the matter with force of nrms, but to leave it to the courts to settle, which was all that the United States desired in the beginning! and the orders to the "Scorpion" were recalled. Up to February 1 no outbreak had oc- curred. Rut the crisis will come if the Warner syndicate endeavors to take pos- session by military force of its conces- sion. MORE REBELLIONS. In addition to these international complications. Venezuela's short rest of six months from revolution has been broken again by several out- breaks. The last of December a re- bellion was started by General Per- azo. one of ex-President Andrade's generals, who assisted General Cas- tro in his successful relielliou against President Andrade (Vol. 9, p. ,.t:,,:,,; Vol. 10, pp. 106, 207, 297, :5,.M>. 482), and had been rewarded with the portfolio of secretary-general. Pemao seeiiM to bare bees defeated and driven west- ward toward Colombia. In mid- January, the seizure by the Venezuelan government of two trad- ing vessels belonging to the Orinoco Steamship & Trading Company, oper- ating between the Port of Spain on the island of Trinidad and points on the Orinoco river, was the first inti- mation to the outside world that a vigorous rebellion was in progress in eastern Venezuela. Since then there bate been report* of several severe engagements near Juirla and Garth pano in the eastern province of Rer- 52 AFFAIRS IX EUROPE. March, 1901 niudez, with varying success. .The seizure of these two boats may lead to complications, as it seems to be a question whether the company is an American or an English one. It has an English charter, but the investors are largely American. The capture by government forces of supposed filibusters on the little island of Pato. near Trinidad, may also cause trouble, as Great Britain and Venezuela both lay claim to the island. Hffatrs in Europe* GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Death of Queen Victoria. QUEEN VICTORIA died at Os- borne House, Isle of Wight, at 6:30 P. M., January 22, *in the 82d year of her life and the G4th of her reign. The first oflicial intimation that was given to the public of the Queen's last ill- ness was the announcement made in the Court Circular, January 18, by her of- ficial physicians, that she was not in her" usual health, and would be obliged to "abstain for the present from transacting business." The next day's bulletin showed the serious nature of her illness; and, on Sunday, January 20, she was not expected to live from hour to hour. With a final exhibition of the wonderful vigor of her superb constitution, however, she rallied again and lived two days longer than her physicians thought it possible. The official designation of her disease is given as cerebral failure due to senile de- cay. It is now known that she had been suf- fering for nearly a year from indigestion, nervousness, and insomnia; and it is gen- erally understood that she suffered a slight stroke of paralysis at the last. But, with her indomitable will-power, she refused to acknowledge that she was ill, and continued the careful perform- ance of her multitudinous duties until within a very short period of her death. As soon as the serious nature of the Queen's illness was realized, her children and grandchildren were notified; and they hastened to her bedside. Her eldest daughter, the Dowager-Empress Victoria of Germany, herself suffering from an incurable disease, was unable to go to her mother; but her son, Emperor Will- iam, left the celebrations in honor of the bi-centenary of Prussia at Berlin (see be- low) and hastened to Loudon, where he was met by the Prince of Wales on Saturday, the 19th, and conducted to Osborne House in time to receive the recognition of the Queen, who showed great pleasure at seeing him. The Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess Christian, and Princess Beatrice of Battenberg were with the Queen from the time her illness began; and the rest of her children and many of her grand- children gathered in time to receive her feeble farewells given during a most timely return of consciousness on the last morning of her life. They gathered again around her bedside later in the day, and sorrowfully watched her as she drew her last breaths, quietly and peacefully, surrounded, as she would have wished. by nearly 'all of the children and grand- children whom she loved so tenderly. Mourning for the Queen. The Queen's death was followed im- mediately by an avalanche of sym- pathetic messages of condolence from all parts of the Empire, and from nearly every other nation of the earth, including people of various races and religions, and even those countries whose attitude toward Great Britain as a nation has been one of bitterness and hostility. It was evident that these messages wore no mere com- (MEAT BltlTAlX Au\U MELASU. 53 HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. Kokn May U, 1819. SoCCMDBD tu the British Throne, Junk a), 1837. Died January 22, 1901. 54 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. March, 1901 pliance with official etiquette, but were the sincere expression of the great admiration and affection sin- cerely felt for the Queen by the civil- ized nations all over the world. Sel- dom, if ever, has the death of an in- dividual caused such genuine heart- felt sorrow to so many millions of people so widely scattered over the earth's surface. Two notable exceptions to the general evidences of grief were the opposition to messages of condolence in Dublin and the refusal of Mayor Van Wyck of New York to place the flag on the City Hall at half-mrfst. Mayor Van Wyck's action, however, was by no means representative of the feelings of his city or of the United States, for abundant tokens were visible on every hand throughout the country of the deep grief felt at the loss of the Queen. President McKinley's message to the Prince of Wales was especially sympathetic and appreciative; PRINCE ALBERT, The Late Prince Consort of England, Husband of Queen Victoria. numbers of public memorial services were spontaneously arranged in all the large cities; and emblems of mourning were displayed on public and private buildings in great abundance. In London, where the bulletins of the Qtfeen's condition had been watched li.v multitudes with the greatest anxiety and sorrow, "the great bell" of the Cathedral of St. Paul, the gift of William III., used only on exceptional occasions, was solemnly tolled as soon as the death of the Queen was announced. Within a few hours, long before the official orders for mourning were issued, great numbers of black robes and hatbands were seen on the streets, a remarkable exhibition of the deep sense of personal loss felt by the public. Even the joyous acclaim due to the proclamation of a new King (see below), who has long been the popular idol, was hushed instinctively by the feelings of reverence and sorrow for the solemn presence from which he had so recently come, while the miles of streets traversed by the impressive funeral pro- cession were lined on both sides with 'multitudes of people, very few of whom showed cheeks dry of tears. Countless funereal hangings were displayed on the buildings, and business and entertain- ments of all sorts were suspended. The court will probably remain in mourning for a year; but the consterna- tion this announcement created among the drapers, who had already laid in their stock of colored fabrics for spring and summer wear, led the King, with his characteristic consideration, to issue an order that the public will not be expected or desired to wear full mourning after March G, or half mourning after April 17. Most of the foreign courts have gone into mourning for a greater or less period. The German court will go into mourning for a month, and the entire Prussian army for a fortnight. This period was extended to three weeks for the 1st Dra- goon Guards, of which regiment Her Majesty was honorary chief. Accession of King Edward VTL In compliance with the inexorable necessities of affairs of state, the Queen's eldest son, no longer Prince of Wales, but now King of England, was obliged to leave Osborne in less than 24 hours after his mother's death, and journeyed to London to hold the first meeting of his Privy Council. He left Osborne at 9 o'clock Wednes- day morning, January 23, attended by his brother, the Duke of Connaught, his son, the Duke of York, Prince Christian, and the Duke of Argyll, and Mr. Bal- four, representing the cabinet. A large company of privy councillors, ministers, ex-ministers, civic dignitaries of London, arid other officials, assembled at the meeting of the Privy Council in St. QBEAT BRITAIN AND /HKL.l.VD. 60 Juim-s l'alaoe at 2 o'clock in the after- nutiii. The King presented himself to the Cooacfl, made a declaration, and took the tMth of allegiance. The privy coun- cillors then took the oath of allegiance, and signed tin* proclamation of fbx* Qneen'8 death and the King's accession. THE KINGS ADDRESS. The King's address, which he made without notes, was marked by the called upon to address you. My first and melancholy duty is to announce to you the death of my beloved mother, the Queen; and I know how deeply you and the whole nation, and, I think I may say, the whole world, sympathize with me in the irreparable loss we have all sus- tained. *'I need hardly say that my constant eiid.-.ivor will be always to walk in her footsteps. 1 .1 - M ■J. 'BB, " _ «■ • ^2 ■= - n w IllK!! '-•'' LI ■ I V- fags ■&■■■■■■? WW III - - a"i." "**T ST. JAMES PALACE, LONDON, Where the Accession of Kim. Edward VII. was First Proii.aimkd. plainness and simplicity of speech which have so effectively character- ized the Queen's public uttornii' "Your Royal Highnesses, My Lord* and Gentlemen: This is the most pain fill occasion on which I shnll ever bo "In undertaking the heavy load which now devolves upon me I am fully de- termined to be a constitutional sovereign in the strictest sense of the word, anil, so long as there is breath in my body, to work for the good and amelioration of my people. 56 AFFAIRS J.V EUlloi'i:. March, lftoi "I have resolved to be known by the name of Edward, which has been borne by six of my ancestors. In doing so I do not undervalue the name of Albert which I inherit from my ever to be lamented great and wise father, who by universal consent is, I think deservedly, known by the name of Albert the Good; and I de- sire that his name should stand alone. "In conclusion, I trust to parliament and the nation to support me in the arduous duties which now devolve upon me by inheritance, and to which I am determined to devote my whole strength during the remainder of my life." PROCLAMATION OF ACCESSION*. In accordance with the provisions of an act of parliament, both houses of parliament met that same afternoon at 4 o'clock to take the oath of al- legiance to the new King. The fol- lowing day, January 24, three public proclamations of the death of Queen Victoria and the accession of King Edward VII. as King of Great Britain and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, were made in Lon- don. The proclamation was read first at St. James Palace; but the King was not present. This was in accordance with the expressed views of Queen Victoria, who had felt it to be a great trial to her- self to be present at her own proclama- tion. The second proclamation was made at Temple Bar, after the ancient cere- mony of demanding and receiving from the Lord Mayor permission to enter the city bad been formally observed, a silken rope serving to represent the ancient Temple Bar which was removed some years ago for the convenience of traffic. The third reading was at the Royal Ex- change. The time of the proclamations had not been made known in advance, in order to avoid unmanageable crowds, so that the readings were not marked by great excitement, and the cheering was subdued by the mournful surroundings. The King's personal appearance, how- ever, was always loyally welcomed. His bearing was simple and dignified, and his gracious and tactful assumption of his new duties under such trying circum- stances met with cordial praise from all sides. Funeral of the Queen. The funeral services of the Queen were set for February 2, as consider- able time was necessary to perfect the arrangements for the progress from Cowes through London to Wind- sor, and to allow time for the large number of royal guests to arrive. It was decided that there should be no public lying in state, and, during the in- terval between the Queen's death and her funeral, the casket containing her body rested in her private dining room, which had been beautifully fitted up for the purpose under the personal superinten- dence of Queen Alexandria. Her per- sonal retainers were allowed to gaze upon the face of their beloved and honored mistress here for the last time; and the casket was then permanently sealed in the presence of the King. On Sun- day, January 27, memorial services were held in nearly all the churches and chapels in England. The Archbishop of Canterbury preached at St. Paul's Cathedral, London; and the services at Whippingham church, Cowes, were at- tended by the royal family and most of their royal guests, including the German Emperor. Services were held by Jewish synagogues on Saturday. The arrangements for the funeral prog- ress were carried out according to the Queen's provisions, which she had made in detail with characteristic foresight and precision. Up to this time, every- thing connected with the Queen's sick- ness and death had been characterized by the simplicity and naturalness of do- mestic life. But from this time, private sorrow must yield to the public claim to do homage to the great Queen: and ac- cordingly the funeral arrangements, while free from pomp or ostentation, gradually grew into a royal progress such as had never been witnessed by the >rld before. -In accordance with the Queen's wishes, it was decidedly military in character, rather than a state pageant. Friday, February 1, a day favored with "the Queen's own weather," the coffin of the Queen was carried on a gun- carriage from Osborne House to the pier at Cowes between lines of soldiers, and was followed by the King, Queen, Em- peror, and royal Princes and Princesses on foot, showing every sign of personal grief. It was placed on board the royal yacht "Alberta," underneath a canopy of ruby velvet. The progress of the "Al- berta" with its majestic burden, pre- ceded by a fleet of torpedo destroyers, and followed by the "Victoria and Al- bert" carrying the royal mourners, across the Solent from Cowes to Portsmouth, was an impressive naval pageant equalled only by the famous naval dis- play of the Diamond Jubilee. The entire pathway of eleven miles from shore to (4 RE AT UBITAIS A \h MELA \h. 57 shore was marked by British nnd foreign l..iitl«-hips and cruisers with flags at half-mast, whose minute guus kept up a continual mighty reverberation, and whose bands took up one after another the strains of Chopin's and Beethoven's funeral marches. The "Alberta" an- chored in Portsmouth harbor for the night, where it was met by government officials nnd members of parliament, who, together with a great assembly of i>eople, kept watch through the uight. ing alone. Then, borne by eight splendid cream horses, led by eight equt rri«--. came the khaki-colored gun-carriage with the coffin lifted high. On a mag- nificent white satin pall heavily em- broidered in gold that covered the coffin. rested the Queen's diamond crown and orb of empire. The coffin was followed by a large royal cavalcade of mourner", including: representatives of nearly every royal house of Europe, among them forty sov- HER MAJESTY QUEEN ALEXANDRA, QfKEN Consort of Edward VII. of England; Formerly Princess of Wales. Born December, 1, 1844. Married March 10, 1863. February 2, the coffin was borne by special train to London, where a long progress of three miles was made from Victoria Station to Paddington. Every branch of the military service was rep- resented in this great procession, while 2.r>,000 troops in addition were placed along the line of march to preserve order. After the military and naval represen- tation came the bodyguard of the Queen, foreign military attaches, and the head- quarter's staff, led by Earl Roberts ri«l- ereigns, heirs to thrones, and princes, all mounted and in military uniform. Prom- inent among them were the Germau Em- peror, the King of Portugal, the King of Greece, the Crown Prince of Denmark. Grand Duke Michael of Russia, and Archduke Francis FerJinand of Aus- tria. The King of Belgium rode in a carriaue with the Queen's daughters be- cause of his feebleness. Then followed Queen Alexandra and the royal prin- cesses in deepest mourning. The decora- -.8 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. March, WOl tions along the route wore purple and black according to the King's orders. Large wreaths of uniform size were tied on the lamp-posts. Thus did the great and good Queen make her last royal progress through London, the greatest progress of them all, far surpassing even the wonderful one in the Diamond Jubilee in dignity and impressiveness, and for the evidences it gave both of the universal admiration and love for the dead sovereign and of the strength and unity of the Empire. The body of the Queen was carried from London to Windsor, where th.> burial service of the Church of England was read by the Bishop of Winchester and the Dean of Windsor in St. George's Chapel. This service was largely at- tended by ambassadors and envoys from all the world. The coffin was removed to Albert Chapel at the close of the service, where it remained over Sunday, February 3; and on Monday, the 4th, it was placed reverently in the tomb at Frogmore which the Queen had prepared for herself by the side of her beloved hus- band. Prince Albert, whom she had so faithfully cherished in memory for forty years. Thus closed the stateliest funeral pageant the world has ever seen, a fitting close to a noble life and a glorious reign. Last Years of Victoria. A detailed account of the Queen's life up to the time of the Diamond Jubilee, and an estimate of her work and character have already appeared in CURRENT HISTORY (Vol. 7, pp. 1-16). The two years following the Diamond Jubilee were comparatively uneventful for the Queen. She made her usual visits to the South of France, going to Cimiez in 180S and to the Riviera in 1S99. In May of the latter year, she performed what proved to be her last ceremonial function in London, the laying of the foundation stone of the new building completing the South Kensington Museum, called the Victoria and Albert Museum (Vol. 9, p. 449). Her 80th birth- day was celebrated a week later with great rejoicing, but without much public display. The last year of the Queen's life was unusually clouded with sorrow from two causes that especially appealed to her sympathetic nature, the death of a num- ber of dear friends and relatives and the wnr in South Africa. There is reason to think that these griefs deeply felt, though nobly borne, were a great strain on her nervous vitality, and hastened the end of her life. Among those whose death was a severe loss to the Queen was her second son, the Duke of Edinburgh I Vol. 10, p. 690), who died quite suddenly of heart failure; Prince Christian Victor, her grandson, who was a victim to en- teric fever at Pretoria (Vol. 10, p. 967); and very recently Dowager Lady Church- ill, one of her oldest and most intimate friends, who died suddenly at Windsor Castle. The grave and peculiarly painful sickness of her eldest daughter, the Em- press Frederick, was also keenly felt by the Queen. In spite of these griefs, however, she found courage to plan and pay a visit to Dublin at a most opportune time (Vol. 10, pp. 210, 237, 297, 391), and to take a keen interest in everything pertaining to the welfare of her brave soldiers, to whom she gave a warm and motherly welcome on their return from South Africa. On January 2 she summoned Lord Roberts for an Interview and in- vested him with the Order of the Gaiter. She continued to transact the routine state business until within a few days of her death. Her life surpassed by a few- days that of the English monarch before her who had lived the longest, George III., as her reign had previously exceeded the longest reign. The two main points in the Queen's character and life-work most universally emphasized in the numerous tributes to her, are: first, her nobility of character as a woman in all the womanly spheres of life, as an obedient daughter, loving wife, tender mother, and devoted friend; second, the great influence she so wisely and often exerted in the maintenance of the peace of the world. While she can hardly be said to have been brilliant, she had a keen instinct for the right course in a doubtful matter, backed by a long life of widely extended experience, and could always be counted on to cast her influence where her judgment convinced her the fight lay. These two charac- teristics are felicitously phrased in Presi- dent McKinley's message; her "noble life and beneficent influence have promoted Jthe peace and won the affection of the world." With her passing ends an era to be known by her name in history as the Victorian Era, the most memorable the world has ever seen for advancement in science, literature, and all the arts of peace and war. No Queen could desire to bequeath a greater memory to pos- terity than that. No woman could wish for a finer memorial than the deep love and admiration for her that fill the hearts of millions upon millions of men and women who never looked upon her face. QBEA r BRITAIN -I V l> WELAXD, .v.» VIEW OF WINDSOR CASTLE, FROM HOME PARK. Biography of Edward VH. Albert Edward, eldest son of Queen Victoria, formerly Prince of Wales, now King Edward VII., was born November 9, 184 1. His education was carried on by tutors, under- the careful supervision of his father, Prince Albert, for a good many years, after which he spent some time at Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cam- bridge Universities. In his nineteenth year he paid a visit to Canada and tin* United States, where he was welcomed with great ovations. In 1S02 he made a tour through the East, including the Holy Land, accompanied by Rev. A. II. Stanley. The acquaintance of the Prince with his future wife, Princess Alexandra of Denmark, was begun and carried on in a most romantic fashion: and 1 li* - couple were married at St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on March 10, 1868. The beau- tiful and gracious Princess soon won her way into the hearts of the English nation, and has been, for many years, second only to the Queen in popularity. The domestic life of the couple at their home in Sandringham has been a most happy one. In December, 1871, the Prince of Wales was seriously attacked by typhoid fever, and his life despaired of. Public petitions were offered for him in the churches; and on his recovery, a meal r ■•■ markable demonstration Of public thanks- giving was-- given on February 27. 1872. when the Prince attended service in St. Paul's. A trip to India in 1ST." and to Ireland in 1885 completed his acquaintance with a large part of his mother's dominions. In 1898 he met with an accident, which slightly crippled him (Vol. 8. pp. 717. 933); and in April, 1900. his life was at- tempted by a young Belgian anarchist as he was boarding a train in Brussels for Copenhagen (Vol. 10, p. 297). The Prince was very fond of out-door sports of all descriptions, and has owned several famous trotting horses. He has practically been the leader of social life in England for many years, and has held his difficult position as heir apparent for so many years with great tact and skill. German Royalties Honored. Amid all the sorrow occasioned by his mother's death, and the countless cares contingent on the preparation of the arrangements for her funeral and his own accession to the throne. King Edward did n6t forget to carry out a courteous attention planned by his mother for her grandson, the German Emperor. On the anniversary of the Emperor's birthday. January 27, the King appointed him a field marshal in the British army. Two days previ- ously the King had already invested the German Crown Prince with the Order of the 3arter— also in fulfill- ment of her late Majesty's wishes. New Year Honors. The long list of the Queen's New Year honors is less interesting than usual to the general public. 60 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. March, 1901 Among the best known names are those of Sir Hiram Maxim, the in- ventor of the Maxim gun, a native of Maine, who received knighthood; Sir Alfred Milner, Administrator of South Africa, who was made a G. C. B.; Mr. Edmund Barton, first premier of the new Australian Commonwealth, who was made a member of the Privy Council. A number of other Austral- ians prominent in federation received minor honors. No peers were created, and few baronets or knights. felt for him in the added grief which has come to him at a time when he was preparing to sail to South Africa to see his son, who was recently wounded at Glenfontein, while he still mourned the loss of his eldest son at Ladysmith a year ago. GERMANY. Prussian Bi-Centenary. The bi-centenary of the coronation of Frederick I. of Prussia on January 18, 1701, was celebrated with great ""V m ^ SETHIKX' g iJUL «r it I SANDRINGHAM HALL, Country Residence of the Former Prince and Princess of Wales. London and Globe Failure. The London & 3 lobe Finance Cor- poration, Limited, of London, sus- pended payment, December 29, 1900, and involved in its ruin thirteen other firms on the Stock Exchange. The real director of the company was Mr. Whitaker Wright, a well-known pro- moter. But the chairman of the con- cern was the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, formerly governor-general of Canada, viceroy of India, etc., and one of England's most distinguished diplomats. It is generally conceded that he was the victim of inexperi- ence, and much sympathy has been festivities lasting several days in Ber- lin, by the German Emperor and his court. Memorial wreaths were deposited on the coffins of King Frederick I. and Em- peror William L, the only Kings of Prussia who have actually gone through with the expensive ceremony of corona- tion. The present King and Emperor has never done so, and on the present oc- casion he contented himself with receiv- ing the homage and acclamation as Kaiser of all the fellow-sovereigns of the Empire, as this public recognition in- volved the previous acknowledgment of his royal Prussian rank, by virtue of which he becomes German Emperor, which is his correct title, and not the Emperor of Germany. n: a \< /.. 61 There was a long list of state banquets and receptions, during which 3,772 orders ami decoration! irara distributed in ad- dition to the 10,000 of Inst year. Fifteen new peers for the Prussian Herrenhans. or House of Lords wi-re appointed t>v the Emperor. The Emperor distributed $25,000 from his own purse in different stuns for deserving charities in honor of the festival. The tabling frigate "Gnelsouau." of the German naval service was lost in the Mediterranean, being driven ashore The bill passed the Chamber of Depu- ties at 2-30 A. M., December 19, 1900, hf a vote of 156 to 2, after a final pro- longed and violent effort of opposition. and that, too, In practically the form in which the cabinet desired it. This was due wholly to the splendid discipline maintained by the premier, a most en- couraging feature in French politics, as lack of discipline has been the con- spicuous weakness of French govern- ments. The bill was speedily passed in the senate by a vote of 201 to 11. Dccem- HON. GEORGE VON L. MEYER, op massachusetts, I'nitkd States Ambassador to Italy. in a gale near Malaga December Hi. I'.hmi. with a loss of al>out 130 lives. FRANCE. Amnesty Bill Passed. The Amnesty bill (Vol. 10, pp. 487, 1041) has at last passed l>oth bouses of the French parliament, and it Is hoped that the long and bitter strug- gle over revision of the Dreyfus case is at last ended, although those per- sonally Interacted In the matter still continue to clamor violently for their vindication by trial. her 24, in the same form in which it left the chamber of deputies. The Associations Bill. The next issue which the Waldeck- Uousseau ministry has to face prom- ises an even more severe struggle than the Amnesty affair. On January 8. the chamber, after re-electing M. Paul Deschanel as president, began Che debate of the Associations bill (Vol. 10. p. MS). While the religious orders are not men- tioned in this bill, it is clearly directed ■gainst them, and it is really the begin- 62 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. March, 1901 ning of a battle between church aud state. The bill declares a decree of the Council of State necessary for "any as- sociation of French and foreign mem- bers" or for "all such associations as have their headquarters out of France, and whose members live in community." This, of course, includes nearly all the religious orders, a large share of whose members are foreigners, and whose head- quarters are in Italy. Bequests are also forbidden to religious orders; and heavy penalties are affixed to any violation of the new laws, including fines, imprison- ment, and confiscation. There have been eloquent speeches on both sides of the question in the cham- ber; and the Pope has entered into the conflict in a letter to Cardinal Richard. Archbishop of Paris, in which he referred to the benefit France had derived in the East from her position as defender of the Roman Catholic missionaries, and the de- sire of other powers to oust her from this official position held by the Pope's favor. An attempt in the chamber on the part of the Opposition to involve the government in a dispute with the Pope over this letter, failed by a vote of 310 to 110, thus scoring a victory in the first test for M. Waldeck-Rousseau's skilful handling of the matter. His declaration that, if the bill were passed, the gorern- ment would tolerate no interference on the part of the Pope, elicited a vote of confidence of 429 to 95. ITALY. Closing of the Holy Door. On December 24, 1900, the Holy Door in St. Peter's Cathedral, which was opened a year previously (Vol. 9, p. 967), was closed with elaborate ceremonies by the Pope in person, ac- companied by a large company of bishops, archbishops, and cardinals. The ceremony, which lasted two hours, marked the closing of the Holy Year and was witnessed by a vast concourse of people. The Pope per- formed his part of the ceremony, in- cluding the intonations, with remark- able vigor and without showing signs of fatigue. It is calculated that the Holy Year has brought $3,000,000 to Rome in offerings. Hffaits in Hsia. AUSTRALASIA. The Commonwealth Inaugurated. THE first day of the new cen- tury was made memorable in the history of the British Empire and of the world in a peculiarly fitting way by the inau- guration of the new world power that has been created under the Southern Cross by the federation of the Aus- tralian colonies under the title of The Commonwealth of Australia. The ceremonies centred around the in- auguration in Sydney. N. S. W., of Lord Hopetoun as governor-general of the new Commonwealth, and were marked by a splendor and magnificence hither- to unknown in Australian experience. The First Federal Ministry. On his arrival in New South Wales, Lord Hopetoun found an anomalous state of affairs, in that the premier of that colony, upon whom he would be expected, by precedent in similar cases in British constitutional history, to call to form a federal ministry for his support, was Sir William Lyne, for- merly leader of the Opposition, and AUSTRALASIA. m i ! 1 it: 1 I i'M «4l rTc-— " r»»p3 ^mJ^HMMI Bti'"'"'M L 4-^^Bt_^flMRiH .f# *&• m msar m i ! r 1 * < * &» It' =aae- ' MELBOURNE EXHIBITION BUILDING, Which is Being Fitted Up for the Opening <>k the First Federal Parliament of the Commonwealth ok Australia. opposed to federation; whereas the nnin upon whom he would naturally call, Mr. Barton, a prime mover and zealous promoter of federation, often spoken of as the "Father of the Com- monwealth Bill," was holding no of- ficial rank. Lord Ilopetoun followed precedent, "and called upon Sir Will- iam Lyne to form the ministry. Sir William, ufter consulting with the premiers of the colonies and finding he could not secure the support of Vic- toria, generously surrendered his task in order that federation might start out with as strong a ministry as pos- sible, and recommended to Lord Hope- toun that he select Mr, Barton for the charge. Thus the matter was happily adjusted without friction; and, on December 30, Mr. Barton presented the following list of ministers to Lord Ilopetoun: Mr. Barton— Prime Minister and Min- ister for External Affair*. Mr. Dcakin— Attorney-General. Sir William Lyne— Minister for Home Affairs. Sir George Turner — Treasurer. Mr. Kingston— 'Minister of Trade and C. .tun- Mr. Dickson— Minister of Defense. Sir John Forrest — Postmaster-General. This enhinet is generally considered a strong and satisfactory combination, al- t lit ugh free traders and protectionists both agree that there is a preponderance of protection views in it. Considerable dissatisfaction was felt in Tasmania tlmt she had no representative on the list; and as the number or portfolios with salaries was limited by the constitution to seven. Mi. Barton added Mr. Lewis, the Tas- manian premier, as minister without portfolio. BARTON. RT. HON. EDMUND. P. C, Q. C, the first premier of United Australia, was born in Sydney, X. S. \\\. in 19.AU; elected to the legislative as- sembly of New South Wales in 1879: and from that time was conspicuous in the politics of that colony, and in the movement for federation from the begin- ning. Indeed, sinoe 1S07. lie has ben perhaps the foreasost FederatJoaist in Australia. LYNE. SIR W. J., a Tasmanian by birth, also represents New South Wales. He entered the assembly in 1880, became leader of the Opposition in 1804. and premier in 1800. He is an ardent sup- porter of free trade, and has opposed federation on that account, but has an- nounced his intention to heartilv support the federation now that it in an accom- plished fact. 04 AFFAIRS IN ASIA. March. 1901 TURNER, SIR GEORGE, was horn in Melbourne in 1857, represented Vic- toria at the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. DEAKIN. CUR. ALFRED, born in Melbourne in 1850, also represents Vic- toria in the cabinet. He represented Victoria at the Colonial Conference in 1887, when he declined knighthood. KINGSTON, MR. C. C, born at Ade- laide in 1850, represents South Aus- History of Federation. A brief sketch of the history of the federation movement is given here for the convenience of our readers, who may find a fuller account of its growth in the following past issues of CURRENT HISTORY: Vol. 1, pp. 23, 125, 271, 400; Vol. 3. pp. 163, 834 ; Vol. 4, pp. 439, 075; Vol. 5, pp. RIGHT HON. EDMUND BARTON, P.C., K.C., First Premier of the Commonwealth of Australia. tralia. He is one of the three original draftsmen of the original Commonwealth bill. FORREST. SIR JOHN, represents West Australia, where he was born in 1847. lie was the first premier and treasurer of West Australia under re- sponsible government. DICKSON. SIR JAMES, was lately premier of Queensland. He was edu- cated at Glasgow, and entered the Queensland assembly in 1S73. 203. 958; Vol. 0. pp. 198. 095, 940; Vol. 7, pp. 214. 478. 729; Vol. 8. pp. 200, 471, 958; Vol. 9, pp. 200. 405, 725; Vol. 10, pp. 302. 895, 4S9, 077, 858. The first attempt at federation dates back as far as the fifties, when a propo- sal was made for a general assembly to legislate on intercolonial matters. Noth- ing was actually done, however, until 18S3. Several federal conventions and councils then followed in rapid succes- sion in 1883. in 1885, 1880, and in 1890. This last one was the first in which all THE MOROCCO QUESTIOX. H the colonies were represented, Now South Wales having held aloof before. The following vear a convention of f.irty-tive delegates, appointed now for *he rirst time bf the colonial parliaments bwtaad of the governments. met in Syd- ney and drafted a bill which has been the basis of all subsequent operations. The matter dropped out of notice, how- ever, until a convention elected by pop- ular vote met in 1S0JS, and framed a bill which was submitted to the various par- liaments for suggestions. These amend- ments were then embodied in another bill, which had Wen, with a slight modi- fication regarding deadlocks, adopted by large majorities in a referendum vote in all the different colonies of Australia by January, 1S99. It then needed only tho sanction of the imperial government to Wcome law. After some discussion over the right of appeal to the Frivy Council, the Com- monwealth bill was passed by the im- perial parliament almost word for word as it had been submitted to them; and January 1, 1901, was assigned by royal proclamation as the day of establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia. The main features of the Common- wealth bill will Is? found in Vol. 0. p. 302. By it the six colonies of Australia proi»er. and Tasmania, but not New Zea- land, comprising a territory of nearly '.).- 000,000 square miles, which is nearly equal to the area of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, with a white popu- lation of about 3.r»00,000, possessing enormous wealth and resources (Vol. 9. p. 95T>, are united into one strong, dem- ocratic Commonwealth owning loving al- legiance to the British Empire, and destined, undoubtedly, to play a highly important part in the future destinies of that empire and of the world at large. Hffatrs in Bfrica- THE MOROCCO QUESTION. IT has been the traditional policy of England to insist that Morocco, or at least that part of it adjacent to the strait of Gibraltor, must remain neutral. It seems now, however, not Im- probable that she will refrain from op- posing what amounts in Rome degree to a partition, Spain being allowed to acquire ■ slice of territory along the northern coast, while France con- tinues her forward movement in the hinterland, Of which one or two Inci- dent! have recently caused some ex- citement (Vol. lo. pp. 7i;j. Qgg), The French recently occupied Igll, on the border of Morocco and Algeria, and axe said to be maaatng troopa on the frontier—a prat seeding thai hi natu- rally exciting the Moors, who are fiercely jealous of their independence and not easily controlled by the gov- ernment. In any partition of Morocco the des- perate resistance of six million Moors, ALGERIA. SAHARA MAP SHOWING STRATEGIC POINTS IN NORTHWEST AFRICA. Arabs and Berbers would l.ave to 1k> reckoned with. 66 SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND MISCELLANY. March, 1901 Claims Settled. The United States consul at Tangier reported, December IS, the settlement by the Moorish government of the claim for $5,000 indemnity for the murder in Morocco of a United States citizen, Marcus Essagin (Vol. 10, p. 953). Morocco has agreed to pay Germany all her claims, amounting to about $46,270, for injuries done Germany. New President of Liberia. On December 11, 1900, President W\ D. Coleman of Liberia resigned owing to differences with the legislature aa to interior policy. Secretary of State Gr. W. Gibson was elected President by special legislation, Science, IReliaton, anb fllMscellan^- SCIENCE AND INVENTION. Long-Distance Telephony. WHAT is said to be the largest sum ever paid for an invention was an- nounced early in January as having been paid by the American Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company to Professor M. I. Pupin of Columbia University, New York City, for the patent rights in his device whereby the distance over which telephone mes- sages, and the rapidity with which electric telegraph messages, can be sent is vastly increased. A brief men- tion of Prof. Pupin's discovery was made in CURRENT HISTORY last year (Vol. 10, p. 572). The price paid is said to be between $400,000 and $500,000 in cash, and an annual roy- alty of $15,000 for seventeen years, the period of the life of the patents. Dr. Pupin's method of investigation was first to formulate a mathematical theory of electrical wave propagation in long wire conductors, then to construct an experimental cable that should verify the theory and open the way for the Construction of a cable suitable to com- mercial use. It took five years of hard work to overcome the difl5culties of the problem. When a steady current of electricity flows through a wire, a form of resist- ance is developed that corresponds to the friction of water in a pipe. But if the current is frequently interrupted, as in telegraphy or telephony, other phenom- ena arise. These occur in the insulating medium immediately surrounding the conductor. With a land wire, the dry air is the scene of this action; with a sub- marine cable it is the paper or gutta percba. The conductor not only conveys a current from one end to the other, but when the current starts it creates a "sphere of influence" just outside its sur- face along its full length. When the cur- rent stops, this envelope of energy is withdrawn. These operations involve a certain amount of work and require a little time: and if the current resumes its flow too soon after cessation, a blur- ring effect will be produced. Tin ap- pearance and disappearance of the elec- tricity at the terminus will not lie so sharply defined as it was at the start. This trouble puts a limit on the speed at which telegraphic messages can be sent by cable. Thirty words a minute i» the maximum, and twenty the ordinary rate. As there are about sevt-n letters to a word, and the operator's key is closed thre*> or four times to a letter, there are 000 or 800 waves a minute, or about ten or twelve a second. Faster sending than this results in a chaotic SCIENCE AS'D INVENTION, <J7 jumble of signals. Now. the vibrations of ii mini's voice vary from about 12B to 1 IM » a second, and those of a woman's nro much more freqmnt. Patti's highest tioti i contain 1,(KX) or more sound waves to the second. The vibration of a busi- ness man's voice, therefore, is | dOMD times more rnpid than the maximum iiiiini|iuliitinn of a cable operator's key. The amount of work tluit h:is to be done to produce the effect here described on the environment of a wire is called its "capacity." Years ago Oliver Heavi- ■Jde, an English investigator, pointed out formulae, and at each of these points to introduce a "choke coil," whose induc- fctnee is carefully adjusted to the capa- city of the adjoining section of the cir- cuit. The choke oil consists of a little wire wound up into a hollow spool and overlaid with some more wire. The in- sertion of the coils enables the cable to transmit six thousand times as much current. For commercial purposes Dr. Pupin has produced an inductance coil with an iron core which provides a large magnetic mass and enables the size of each cou- PROF. W. W. CAMPBELL, Nkwi.y Amnmo Dikbctm op thi Line Omsstatoky, Mount Hamilton, Cal. that the capacity of a current could be offset by anotbei electrical phenomenon known as "in<luctan<-e." He did not fur- nish anything but ■ mere theoretical hint. There were no measurements <>i details. \\'h:it Profe— or Popia has done is to Bad out a practical way of utilizing Hcavi- side's suggestion. This was like the con struct ion of a dynamo after Faraday had announced the principle Of induction. It called for profound mathematical knowl- edge, inventive ingenuity, and prolonged experiment. What Profeaaor Papia does is to (lit the wire 01 cable at certain in- tervals, determined by mathematical doctor to be reduced to the external di- mensions of aliout two inches by two inches by three inches. For submarine cables these coils would be placed at in- tervals of an eighth of a mile, and for land cables at intervals of two miles. The extreme distance over which the preaenl system of telephony will be fully available is :;.<X)0 miles. Whether this invention will ever be applied to a transatlantic cable for tele- phonic service only, is a Qtiaatlon not easily answered. It must be remem- bered that the poftfcm of the day de- rated to business in New York and Lon- 68 SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND MISCELLANY. March, 1901 don overlaps by only nn hour or two. It is 4 P. M. in the British capital when it is 11 A. M. in New York. Whether it would pay to lay a cable just for one or two hours' business is doubtful. But if a telegraph cable were constructed on the new principle! and some of the ma- chines which transmit hundreds of words a minute over a land line were attached', its possibilities would be enormously greater than those of any existing cable. The first application of the system, however, will probably be to land lines. It ought to become an easy matter to ex- tend these across the continent. Great economies in the use of metal will also be secured on circuits of a few hundred miles. Light Without Wires. Nikola Tesla has added to his tri- umphs of invention a method of pro- ducing brilliant light without the aid of wires. Its advantages are cheap- ness and the closest approach yet made to sunlight by any artificial means. The lamps consist of glass tubes bent in spiral forms or other ornamental ways and containing rarefied gases. The ends of the tube are covered with a metallic cap, aud provided with hooks for hanging the lamp on the terminals of the source of oscillations. Tesla thus describes the process of light production: "The street current is passed through a machine which is an electrical oscil- lator of peculiar construction and trans- forms the supply current, be it direct or alternating, into electrical oscillations of very high frequency. These oscillations, coming to the metallically-coated ends Of the glass tube, produce in the interior corresponding electrical oscillations, which set the molecules and atoms of the inclosed rarefied gases into violent commotion, causing them to vibrate at enormous rates and emit those radiations which we know as light. The gases are not rendered incandescent in the ordin- ary sense, for if it were so, they would be hot, like an incandescent filament. As a matter of fact, there is very little heat noticeable, which speaks well for the economy of the light, since all heat would be loss. « "This high economy results chiefly from three causes: First, from the high rate of the electrical oscillations; second, from the fact that the entire light-giving body, being a highly attenuated gas, is exposed and can thiow out its radiations unimpeded; and, third, because of the smallness of the particles composing the light-giving body, in consequence of which they can be quickly thrown into- a high rate of vibration, so that com- paratively little energy is lost in the- lower or heat vibrations. An important practical advantage is that the lamps need not be renewed like the ordinary ones, as there is nothing in them to con- sume. "It is a remarkable feature of th<* light that during the day it can hardly be seen, whereas at night the whole room is brilliantly illuminated. . . ," Arctic Exploration. Special interest has been aroused iit the projected north polar expedition to be led by Captain J. Elzear Bernier, of Quebec, who has gained the support of Sir Clements Markham, president of the Royal Geographical Society of England. The attempts to reach the North Pole have been made by four routes— by the- two shores of the large arm of the tea between Greenland and Franz Josef Land, and by the Bering and Smith's straits. The attempt to reach the pole- by Bering strait was made by the ill- fated '•Jeannette," which, imprisoned in the ice for two years, was finally broken up north of the island of New Siberia. Bits of her were discovered later on t he- southeast coast of Greenland. The wreckage, it is conjectured, drifted north- ward through the glacial ocean north of Franz Josef Land and close to the pole;, and this was the theory upon which, it will be remembered, Nansen undertook his famous expedition of 1S03-9G to the- "Farthest North" (Vol. G, p. 702). Captain Bernier will travel by the- route taken by the wreck of the "Jean- nette." By this route, instead of being in opposition to the current, as so many explorers have been, the captain hopes to be carried along and aided at all points of his journey by it. It is well known that north of Franz. Josef Land, for some distance, then' \a a deep sea of relatively warm tempera- ture. This much, at least, Nansen has made certain. Whether this Ice-bearing sea extends clear to the pole, or whether it is studded with islands like the waters around Franz Josef Land, and whether it is relatively as mild as the Spitzbergeir west coast, are questions yet to be solved. Captain Bernier believes thai the polar basin is a frozen ocean, over which his dogs and reindeer may make their way on ice for the most part free of impedi- ment. He purposes to enter the Silu- rian side .somewhere near the Lena, or EltVi MlO\. Bennett island, nnd proceed leisurely over the ice at the rate of four miles ■ day. He will take with him 190 rein- deer and a rubber raft capable of carry- ing 1S,(MX) pounds; thirty sledges made of aluminum and wood, and folded away in the bottom of the raft, and t" I enough to last two and a half years, though he believes he will return in eighteen months. The members of the expedition are to be the commander, one geological surveyor, six selected men, and one man to take charge of the dogs and reindeer. Medicine and Surgery. CONSUMPTION CUBES. Anions: the alleged "cures" for con- sumption frequently announced in late years, that of Dr. Armnnd Gauticr, a member of the Institute of Frame and professor of chemistry in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, has aroused gen- eral interest. Arsenic forms the basis of the treat* incut; but unlike Dr. Hoff of Vienna, who uses arsenic as a specific for phthisis, Dr. Gautier administers the drug hpodermically, instead of through the digestive organs, and uses a form of arsenic never before tried, namely, in a compound known as cacodylic acid, more than half of which is metallic ar- seiiic, discovered by the late Dr. Bun- sen. In this form a «piantity of arsenic which would otherwise be fatal can be administered without danger. His first applications were to certain forms of skin disease. More recently the drug has Ifccn administered in the form of caco- dvlate of soda. What the Frenchman regards as the last course to pursue is to give the drug regularly every day for a week, and then have the patient go without it for a similar period, lie re- sumes the remedy the third week, and rontiuucs to alternate as before. The quantity used is two centigrammes on the first day. and five on each of the re- maining days of the week. However, in instances, ten centigrammes may be en- dured without ill effects. It is claimed thai tulieretilosis of the larynx is the Only form Of the disease which does not yield to the treatment Claims of suceess as a remedy for consumption have been advanced for the use of "decomposed light" by Dr. George T. Hopkins of Brooklyn. N. Y. The first stjisre of the treatment COO- sivN in "bonding up" the system by the DM1 "f arsenie. cod liver nil. ete. Tllell the patient, disrobed, is given a course of "baths" of decomposed light, which is generated by a powerful arc machine. Only a portion of the spectrum rays, sep- arated from the others by a blue fUMS, are allowed to play upon the patient, ANTI-PNEUMOMf BJUtUM. The anti-toxic serum method of treatment has almost revolutionized the modern combat with disease. Its latest development Is that of an anti-pneumonic serum by Professor Pane of the Koyal University of Na- ples, Italy. Weakened verms of pneumonia are in- jected into a horse, a cow, or a donkey. Gradually stronger doses are given until the animal is immune. When this stage is reached some of the animal's blood is drawn and allowed to stand. The blood separates itself into two parts, the clot and a clear, yellow liquid, called the serum. It is this serum which is the curative agent. CUBE FOB DEFOBMITT. An Austrian surgeon. Trof. Robert Gersuny, it is claimed, has discovered a method of supplying artificial tis- sues to parts of the body, thereby remedying deformities resulting from removal of portions of the bones. It consists in injecting into the cavity a mixture Of para 'tin and vaseline at a' temperature of 104 degrees until the normal fulness has been restored. It is claimed that the mixture quickly and permanently hardens, and its use is fol- lowed by no injurious effects upon the blood. EDUCATION. Needs of the South. In delivering the annual address at the tenth yearly convention of the Southern Kdiicatinuul Association in Richmond, Vs., President H. B. Ful- ton, Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, dwtdt upon the question of the present educational needs of the South. He called attention to the fact that public money was expended in providing the same kind of training for blacks as for whites, irrespective of the different temperaments ami capabilities of the two races. The form and kind of train- 70 HCIEXCE, 11ELIGIOX, AND MISCELLAXY. March, 1991 tag for the negroes should be thnt only which is best adapted to the possibilities of the African race. "The greatest educational need of the South to-day is at least one institution pre-eminently fitted by its material equipment, its means of support, and its environment, to command and hold with- out challenge the position of leader in technical training among the institutions about it. No one of the state institutions can claim this position for our section. To afford the material appliances for THE DUKE OF NORFOLK, Kx-Postmastek-Gknkkai. <>k England. such an institution as we need, $1,000,- 000 is a minimum sum. To maintain its work as it should be, an endowment of not less than $3,000,000 would be needed. . . ." Academic Freedom of Speech. Following the enforced resignation of Dr. Edward Ross, head of the de- partment of economical sociology at Lelnnd Stanford, Jr., University, last November (Vol. 10, p. 967), a commit- tee of the alumni of the institution was appointed to ascertain the reasons for the incident. According to its re- port, the action of Mrs. Stanford in asking the dismissal of Dr. Ross in- volved no principle infringing on the right of free speech. Professor Ross's strictures on corpor- ate managers and methods, delivered !>■•- fore a local labor association, had in- censed Mrs. Stanford, as they seemed to be plainly directed against her late husband, the founder of the university. After a vain effort to change her opinion, President Jordan called upon Dr. Ross to resign. Prof. George E. Howard, head of tin; department of history, criticized before his class President Jordan's action as hostile to academic freedom of speech; and, as he refused to retract or apolo- gize, was forced by President Jordan, for reasons of discipline, to resign. Professors W. II. Hudson of the English depart- ment, Charles O. Little, head of the de- partment of mathematics, and David" Spencer also handed in their resigna- tions. The ethics of the case are open to debate, as is evident from the variety of press comment which it has called forth, ranging from caustic commen- dation of the university authorities to warm defense of their action. RELIGION. Anglican Ritual Crisis. General interest has again been aroused in the long-standing contro- versy between the Evangelical and the Ritualistic or so-called "Catholic" parties in the Church of England, as a result of a Round-Table Conference recently held by representatives of both parties with a view to comprom- ise (Vol. 0. pp. 223, 447, 4S4, 743; Vol. 10. pi>. 404, ">70>. Discussion of the Eucharist chiefly oc- cupied the attention of the Conference. While wide divergencies of view were revealed as to the mode of Christ's pres- ence in the communion. Zwiuglianism, or the merely symbolic, commemorative view, had apparently no advocates; and the London "Guardian" (moderate High Church) remarks that "both sides appear to have apreed that in the Encharisl we partake of the body of .lesus Christ, crucified and glorified." No decisive re- sults were obtained; but the suggestion made in the conference by Lord Halifax, president of the English Church Union, that the "Catholic" party might be satis- fied to take the "First Prayer-Book of IMPORTAST STA TISTH v 71 Edward VI." as the mnximum of ritual liberty, ami then in return disband the English Church Union, has been widely received in England as an important contribution toward a satisfactory settle- ment of the Church problem. The Temporal Power. An address to Fope Leo XIII., de- livered in behalf of British Roman Catholic pilgrims to Rome, January 8, by the Duke of Norfolk, ox-postinas- ter-general of England, caused modi excitement In the political press of Italy, and called forth also in Eng- land various comment as to the wis- dom and tactf ulness of the utterance. The I>uke said: "We pray and trust that the new cen- tury mav witness the restoration of the Roman pontiff to that position of tem- poral independence which Your Holiness declared was necessary for the effective fulfillment of the duties of your world- wid ■ charge." The Italian press of all shades of po- litical opinion united in criticism of these words as a breach of international eti- quette, the British government and that of Italy as at present constituted being on most friendly terms. The subsequent action of the Duke in Inviting the Brit- ish ambassador, Lord Currie, to a recep- tion at winch the healths of the Queen Bad '>t the Pope were drunk, while that of the Italian king was omitted, is de- scribed by the London "Times" as a "tactless violation of all diplomatic eti- quette." The incident would not have aroused such rigorous comment and protest wore it not for the tension and extremely delicate balance of the forces that con- stitute the diplomatic nervous system of Europe. It is worthy of note that the Duke's utterances were not in any sense official. Christian Endeavor Memorial. The twentieth anniversary of the founding of the first Young People's Society of Christian Edeavor was cele- brated by the unveiling. February 2, of a bronze commemorative tablet on Wllliston church. Portland. .Me., the birthplace of the movement. The tab- let is after I design by 11. B. Pennell Of BoetOB, Mass.. one of the first lead- ers of the Christian Endeavor prayer- meetings in the parent church, and is a gift of Christian Endenvorers in America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. IMPORTANT STATISTICS. American Commercial Progress. The monthly reports of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Depart- ment teach in a very impressive way the lesson of this country's giant strides toward world supremacy in trade and manufacture. These ure figures that do not lie and that can not l>e interpreted in any other sense but that of portending an eurth-wide economic revolution. IMPOSTS AND EXPORTS. The grand total for the year 1900 was $2,307,102,070, which is more than 230 millions in excess of the total for 1803. And not less significant" is the ratio between import and export. There was an import of $820,052,110, and an ex- port of $1,478,050,804— a favorable bal- ance of nearly 019 millions. Nor is the importance of this balance diminished even though we regard the old theory of the balance of trade as exploded: from any |>oint of view considered, that favor- able balance is proof that not only is the United States capable of supplying the world's markets with products of manu- facture and agriculture, but that it can supply its home needs from its home resources. In passing we may compare the export of 1900 with that of previous years: it exceeds the import of 1899 by- more than 202 millions and that of 1891 by nearly 825 millions (see Vol. 10, p. 10R2). When the tables of import and export are studied in their details they are found to be still more significant. The report for the year 1900 shows a remarkable increase in the importation of raw ma- terials of manufacture and a still larger Increase in the exportation of manufac- tured Roods, over all preceding years: on the other hand it shows a decided in- crease in the importation of foreign manufactures.. Turning now to exports, the figures show that during the decade the growth of our exports to South America has been comparatively small; but to Asia, Oceania, and Africa phenomenally large. The following table shows the exports from the United States by countries in 72 SCIENCE, RELIGION, AND MISCELLANY. March, 1901 1890 and 1000, arranged in order of of Columbus, Ind. Thus the centra magnitude: still movos westWtml> 1)UC at „ V|1,.y UNITED STATES EXPORTS. slow pace DOW Compared with its move. Exported to 1S90. 1900. meat since the beginning of last cen- United King- tury. The following table shows the a°m $434,403,505 $002,221,375 proirre88lve western march of this In. Germany ... 91,321,210 197,003,400 * ,u>-lt/ ' ne western maun or tins m Canada 38,629,307 102,900,250 tereating spot upon the map by de- Netherlands . 25,541,189 83,721,501 cades during the last century: France 49,741,216 82,553,335 Decades Belgium 27.779,095 40,929,953 ' Distance Mexico 13,822,796 38,270,933 „ Westward. T«..,i„ l^979 8nr% Qfi7'«7ni lear. Approximate Location. (Miles.) »aly lo,2<2,S0y 36,731. < 04 1790, 23 miles E. of Baltimore British Aus- 1800, 18 miles W. of Baltimore 41 tralasia 11 651 398 28 163 72'' mo- 40 mile8 N- w- h* w- of Washington.. 36 p.,,,,. Wqoo'jqq OCOQl'noj. 1820, 16 miles N. of Woodstock. Va 50 inha 13,329,493 2b,934,.)24 1830, 19 miles S. W. of Moorefleld, W. Va... 39 Japan 5,072,038 20,492,111 1840, 16 miles S. of Clarksburg, W. Va 55 China and 1850> 23 m'les S. E. of Parkersburg, W. Va. 55 H^„l.«r,„ o far OAQ on Ana qo.i I860, 20 miles S. of Chillicothe, 0 81 Ollgkong . 9,080,248 20,459,38.) 1870, 48 miles N. E. of Cincinnati.... 42 Brit. Africa. 2,953,335 19, 190, 60S 1880, 8 miles s. w. of Cincinnati 58 Denmark... 4,825,351 15,499,371 im 20 miles E. of Columbus, ind 48 Spain 12,471,516 15,200,917 19W. 7 miles S. E. of Columbus. Ind 14 Sweden and The centre of population is not deter- Norway ... 4,479,253 11,520,574 mined merely by ascertaining the divid- Brazil .. ... 12,902,356 11.516,681 ing lines, east and west and north and Argentina .. 4,840,403 11,095,538 south, on each side of which half of the Russia in En- people of the United States live, and fix- rope 9,490,439 8,498,950 ing the centre of population at their in- British West tersection. If that method had been fol- Indies .... 9,094,474 8,630,347 lowed, the official balancing-point would Austria-Hun- always have been far east of the places gary 1.171,603 7,657,019 where it has been located; and the Portugal ... 4,79S,843 5,705,179 changes of the past ten years would ha v<- British East* resulted in an eastward, not a westward Indies .... 4,662.472 5,227,032 movement. More than half of the gain Chile 3,629,283 4,596.525 in population has been east of the point Hayti 5,907,514 3,720,279 taken as the centre of population in 1890. Phil i p p i n e The Census Bureau system is to take Islands . . . 153,904 3,523,140 account of distance as well as numbers. Total, includ- The centre of gravity, so to speak, is ing other located by counting every person living count r i e s, 2,000 miles away as equal to ten persons not herein only 200 miles distant. The gain of 100,- specified . ..$857,502,548 $1,477,949,170 000 population in Oregon or Washington may offset an increase of half a million The Centre Of Population. in New York. That is what keeps mov- _,, ~, .„ «j • 11 ing the official centre of population west- The Census Bureau officially an- w^r<3> and it is the onlv ,-UUn why there Bounces the centre of population to be has been ^^ a change in the past ten now at a point seven miles southeast ( years. PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The Public Debt. On January 1, 1901, the total public debt of the United States, less a cash balance in the treasury of $290,107,336.31, was $1,099,191,310.36, a decrease during the year 1900 of #35,108,696.79. Details of the debt, with assets and liabilities of the treasury are as follows : • PUBLIC DEBT, .IANIAKY 1, igoi. Interest bearingdebt .......... $1,001,499,770.00 Debt, interest ceased . . . . . . • • • • 2,654,070.26 Debt bearing no interest ......... 385,144306.41 Total gross debt .......... 81, 389,298,646.67 Cash balance in treasury 290,107,336.31 Total net debt $1,099,191,310.36 rruLJ' vis. 73 < ASM IN THE TREAS1 ttl Reserve f uud— Oold coin and bullion Trust funds— (iolil coin . Silver dollars Silver .1. .ll;n - of 1890 Silver bullion of 1890 I Hi ted St;ite> notes (ieneral fund— Oold coin unit bullion Oold certificate- Silver certificates Silver dollars Silver bullion United States notes Treasury notes of 1890 Currency certificates National bank notes Fractional silver coin Fractional currency Minor coin lloinls and interest paid, awaiting reimbursement In national bank depositaries — To credit of Treasurer of the United States To credit of United States disbursing officers $130,000,000 M» 427,426,000.00 4,409362.60 56337318/10 1360,000.00 DEMAND LIAIilLITIES. Gold certificates Silver certificates . Currency certificates Treasury notes of 1890 National bank 5 per cent fund . Outstanding checks and drafts Disbursing officers' balances Post Office Department at unt Miscellaneous items $203,629,379.00 427,4-26,000.00 1,560,000.(0 61,397,000.00 14,149,391.83 5,781,008.11 r.7.174,811.74 7,276,37941 2,770,245.72 Reserve fund Available cash balance Total 754,0i2.37y.Ol» •65,719,871.95 30,841,450.00 5326307.00 1,062,182.00 3,861,768.81 w,ffft.fmtt 166341.00 .ai.iMj.iM 7,952,*49.48 4,446,009.09 133.26 448,644.19 449310.39 89,909,74.rjtV.' 6,789,948.73 • 130.559,478.77 M 399394.36 227,259.173.12 1,131,271352.12 $754,012,379.00 87,151,83631 150,000,000.00 140,107,33631 •841,164.21541 - 290,107,336.31 $1,131,271,552.12 Monetary Circulation. The money in circulation in the United States, on January 1, 1901, including all coined or issued and not in the treasury, was as follows : MONETARY CIRCULATION, JANUARY 1, 1901 Gold coin and bullion . Gold certificates Silver dollars .... Silver certificates Subsidiary silver Treasury notes of 1890 United States notes Currency certificate* National bank notes Total •2,173,251379' Th«'s«' figures show an increase during the year 1900 of $192,853,709; and, on the basis of an estimated population of 77,080,000, indicate a per eapita circulation of $28.19, against $25.73 a year ago. •629,192378 232,787329 76,182,326 422399,403 83,123,463 61330,159 334387,495 1360309 312.188326 74 NECROLOGY. March, 1901 1FlecroIog\>- AMERICAN AND CANADIAN. ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH, head of the well known pork-packing and •dressed meat firm, of Chicago, 111.; born May 16, 1832, at Stockbridge, N. Y.; died in Chicago, 111., Jan. 6. Was educated in the common schools and at Oazenovia <N. Y.) Academy. Went to the mining regions of California, 1852-56. In 1856 he went into the wholesale grocery and commission business at Milwaukee, Wis.; in 1863 joined John Plankinton in a grain transportation business; later entered the grain commission and pork-packing busi- ness started by his brother, Herman O., which developed into the present firm, and which is said to do the largest busi- ness of the kind in the world. Mr. Ar- mour was interested in many other im- portant business enterprises, and was also widely known for his charities, not- flbly the Armour Mission, for which he doubled the bequest of $100,000 left by his brother, Joseph F.; the Armour flats for workingmen and their families; and the Armour Institute of Technology. All of these are in Chicago. BARDSLEY, JOHN, former City Treasurer of Philadelphia. Pa.; born in England, Sept. 5, 1830; died in Philadel- phia. Jan. 4 (see Vol. 1, p. 424). BATOHELDER, BRIG.-GEN. RICH- ARD NAPOLEON, U. S. A., retired; born at Lake Village, N. H., July 27, 1832: died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 4. He entered the volunteer service in 1861 twd rose until bre vetted brigadier-gen- eral. Mar. 13, 1865. After the Civil War he continued in the regular service and became brigadier-general and quarter- master-general, June 20, 1900. RERKMAN, HENRY R., justice of the N. Y. supreme court; born in New York City in 1845; died there Dec. 17, 1900. Graduated from Columbia Col- lege '65. and Columbia Law School '67. Continued in active practice of law until 1894, when he was elected to the bench. BEERS. DR. WILLIAM GEORGE, dentist; born in Montreal, Que.; died there Dec. 20, 1000, aged 57. Educated at Lower Canada College and at Phil- lips's School, Montreal. He began the practice of his profession in Montreal, and founded and for many years edited the first dental journal in Canada. Dr. Beers was most widely known, however, as a writer, speaker, and sportsman. He -was considered the father of the modern game of lacrosse, as he first formulated a set of rules for the game and wrote the first book on it. He organized and cap- tained the first and second lacrosse teams that visited England. He was one of the founders of the Canadian National League in 1893. BRADBURY, JAMES WARE, law- yer, editor, and ex-United States senator; born in York co., Me,, 1803; died at Augusta, Me., Jan. 6. Graduated from Bowdoin College, '25. Was elected to the senate in 1846, and after serving his term declined renomination. BRADY, ALBERT B>, publisher; born at Wapello, Iowa; died, in Rome," Italy, Dec. 23, 15)00, aged 38. Graduated from Knox College, Galesburg, 111., '82, in the same class with S. S. McClure and John S. Phillips, with whom he later combined in founding "McClure's Magazine." Mr. Brady was secretary of the company at. the time of his death. BROGDEN, CURTIS HOOKS, ex- governor of North Carolina; born in Wayne co., N. C, Dec. 6, 1816; died at Coldsboro, N. C.i Jan. 4. DONNELLY, IGNATIUS, author and politician, vice-presidential nominee of the Anti-Fusion wing of the People's party in 1900 (Vol. 10, p. 361); born at Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 3. 1831; died at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. 2. For bio- graphical sketch, see Vol. 10, p. 362. For portrait see Vol. 9, p. 120. FAIROHILD, GEN. HARRISON S.. Civil War veteran; died at Rochester. N. Y., Jan. 25, aged 80. Commanded a brigade in Burnside's 9th Army Corps, and was made brigadier-general for gal- lantry at Antietam. FEE, JOHN G., famous Abolitionist; born in Bracken co., Ky., Sept. 9, 1816; died at Berea, Ky., Jan. 11. Ed- ucated at Augusta (Ky.) College, Miami University (O.), and Lane Theological Seminary. The son of a slave owner, he became an ardent Abolitionist in a slave state. In 1853 he formed a church at Berea, the land being purchased by his friend, Gen. Cassius 'M. Clay. This later developed into Berea College, open to blacks and whites. FRAZAR, EVERETT, China mer- chant and consul-general for the King- dom of Korea in the United States; born at Duxbury, Mass., Oct. 4, 1834; Mied at Orange, N. J., Jan. 3. In 1858 he went to Shanghai, China, and established there the present firm of Frazar & Co., with branches at Nagasaki, Hong-Kong, and Yokohama, one of the few surviving old- NEVIiOLOVY. 75 established American houses still in ac- tive business in China. GRAHAM, BBV. DR. ROBERT, LL. D.. educator and minister; born at Liverpool, Eng., Aug. 14, 1822; died at Pittsburg, Pa., Jan. 2«». Graduated at Bethany College, W. Va., '47. He found- ed Arkansas College at Fa\etteville", Ark., and was its president, 1850-59. He was president of the College of Arts and later of the Bible College of Kentucky University, 1800-92; and president of Hamilton Female College, also at Lex- ington, Ky., 1892-98. GRAY, PROK. ELISIIA, inventor; bon at Barnesville, O., Aug. 2, 1835; died at Newtonville, Mass.. Dec. 31. Fallen ted at Oberlin (O.) College. In 1801 took out his first patent on tele- graphic apparatus. Was the manufac- turer of electrical instruments in Chi- cago. 111., 1809-73. In 1874 went abroad to study acoustics. Iti 1870 he filed an application for a patent on a telephone, the same day as Prof. Alexander Graham Bell. In the subsequent litiga- tion the "priority of invention" was ad- judged by the couits in Prof. Bell's fa- vor. Within a doien years after 1870 Prof. Gray took out nearly fifty patents on details of telepbony. He also invent- ed a great number of telegraphic instru- ments, among others the telautograph, which reproduces handwriting or draw- ings and designs in outline. During the la*t year or so he had been working on a system of submarine signalling. The financial icsults of his labor and genius were to him never very great. HALE, RT. REV. CHARLES REU- BEN, I). D.. LL. D., P. E. coadjutor bishop of (Springfield, in.; born at Lew- iston. Pa., in March, 1N">7: died at Cairo. 111., Dec. 20, 1900. Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, T.S; was ordained a priest in 1802, and was for a time chaplain in the uavy. Moved West in 1800, becoming curate at Davenport, Iowa. Was consecrated coadjutor bishop of Springfield, 111., in 1898. HITCHCOCK, HIRAM, hotel keeper and archaeologist; bom at Chuentoot, N. H.. Aug. 27. 1882; died in New York City Dec 90, 1900. In 1850. in partnership with Alfred B. Darling and Paran Stevens, he established th« Fifth Avenue Hotel. at the corner of Fifth \veiiue and 23rd Street, N'.-w York, n locality then considered on the outskirts of the city. In 1896, owing to ill-health, he went abroad., travelling in Egypt. Syria, Cyprus. Greece, and Italy. He panned extenrive studies nnd rebel in ancient art. Returning in lsTl. be attracted much attention among archaeologists by announcing, in a paper published iu "Harper's Magazine," tie- discoveries of General Di Cesnola iu Cyprus. In 1874 he was made a mem- ber of the British Society of Biblical Archaeology. LAUDER, VERY REV. JOHN STRUTT, M. A., D. C. L., Dean of Ot- tawa. Out.; l>orii at Monte, County West ineath, Ireland, March 21, 1820; died at Liverpool, Eug., Dec. 21, 1900. Removed to Canada in 1849 and graduated B. A. nt Trinity College, Toronto, '57: If. A.. '00; and D. C. L., honorary, '77. Was ordained deacon in 1853 and priest in 1851. Became dean of Ottawa in 1897. LUDLOW, GEORGE CRAIG. Demo- cratic ex-governor of New Jersey and justice of its supreme court since 1895; born nt Milford, N. J., April 0, 1830; died at New Brunswick, N. J.. Dec. 18, 1900. Graduated at Rutgers College, '50; ad- mitted to the bar, 1853. He became ac- tive in politics and was governor, 1881- 84. MONTFORT, DR. R. V. K., surgeon. Civil War veteran, superintendent of public schools of Newburg, N. Y., for fortv years: born at Fishkill Village, N. Y.. 1886; died at Newbnrg, Dec. 29. 1900. Graduated at Albany Medical College, •50. MOUNT, JAMES ATWELL, Repub- lican ex-governor of Indiana: born in Montgomery, Ind.. Mar. 23. 1843; died nt Indianapolis, Jan. 16. BervPo in the Civil War, afterward spent one year at Lebanon Academy. Was state senator, 1888-92, and governor, 1897-1901. MRAK, VERY REV. IGNATIUS, second bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Banlt Ste. Marie and Mar- quette, Mich.;- born in Carniola, Austria. Oct. 10, 1810, died at Marquette, Jan. 2. Was ordained a priest in 1837. Came to America in 1845 at the call of Bishop Baraga to take up missionary work among the Indians in northern Michigan. MFRPHY, REV. THOMAS. Pres- bvterian clergyman: born in County An- trim. Ireland, Feb. 0. 1823; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Dee. 86, I860. Graduated at Princeton. '4"». Was author of "The Presbytery of the Log College," "The Seven Churches of A Ma." and "Pastoral Theology." MVFKS. (APT. L. D., Civil War vet- eran and for a time editor Of the Colum- bus (O.) "Dispatch;" died at Columbus, Jan. 12, aged 62. NFWCOMR. MAJOR SIMON D., Civil War veteran and employee ol the booae of repreeeatatlrea; died in Wash- ington. D. C. Dec. T,. 1900. 76 NECROLOGY. March. l!>oi XIXDE, VERY REV. WILLIAM XAVIER, D. I)., LL. I).. M. E. bishop; born at Cortland, N. Y., June 21, 1882; died in Detroit, Mich., Jan. 3. Gradu- ated at Wesleyan University, Conn.. '."». Became in 1873 professor of practical theology in Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, 111., and in 1879 its president. Was elected a bishop in 1884. OUIMET, HON. JOSEPH AL- PHOXSE, Canadian jurist; born at St. Eustace, Que., 1845: died in Montreal, Que., Dec. 18. PHELPS, REAR-ADMIRAL THOM- AS STOWELL, U. S. X., retired; born at Buckfield, Me., Xov. 2, 1822; died in New York City, Jan. 10. Was appoint- ed to the Naval Academy in 1840; be- came rear-admiral in 1882, retiring in 1884. Served in the Mexican and Civil Wars. POSTLEY, GEX. BROOKE, law- yer and Civil War veteran; born in New York City, Feb., 1815; died there Jan. 4. Educated at King's College (now Columbia University), and admitted to the bar about 1830. Was active in mu- nicipal politics- and in the state militia. REVELS. H. R., famous negro Methodist minister and reeonstruction- ist; died at Aberdeen, Miss.. Jan. 10. In 1870 he was elected to the U. S. Sen- ate from Mississippi, being the first colored man to take a seat in that body. BRIGGS, REV. DR. ELIAS. Pres- byterian missionary; born at Xew Provi- dence, N. J., Nov. 19, 1810; died at Constantinople, Turkey, Jan. 17, aged 90. He translated the Bible into Arme- nian, Bulgarian, and Turkish. SHAW, THOMAS, known as "The Edison of Pennsylvania;" died at Ham- monton, N. J., Jan. 19. Had taken out hundreds of patents covering ninety- one subjects in engineering — among them the mercury steam gauge, noiseless steam exhaust, Verona nut lock washer, dead strike hammer, and Shaw gas tester for testing presence and percent- age of fire damp in coal mines. SILLFMAN, BEX.IAMIX D., called the "Xestor" of the Xew York City bar; born at Newport. R. I., Sept. 14, 1805; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 24. Gradu- ated at Yale in 1820, and was the oldest living graduate of that institution. Was admitted to the bar in 1829. SIMS. JOTTN C, secretary of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company; born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1845; died there Jan. G. SLAUGHTER, GEX. JAMES E., Confederate major-general; died in the ( 'ity of Mexico, Jan. 1 He commanded the Confederate forces in the last fight of the Civil War at Bonas San Jago, Tex., after Lee's surrender. SMITH, SIR FRANK, Canadian senator; born at Richill, County Ar- magh, Ireland, March 13, 1822; died in Toronto, Out., Jan. 17. His family emigrated to Canada in 1832. In 1849 be started in business for himself as a grocer at London, Ont., and in 1867 re- moved to Toronto, where he continued in business until 1891, when he sold out his interest. Was mayor of London in 1866. Wras one of the originators of the Ontario Catholic League formed in 1871. In the same year he was sum- moned to the senate. In July, 1822. he was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council, and was a member of the Con- servative cabinets led successively by Sir John Macdonald, Sir John Abbott, Sir John Thompson, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, and Sir Charles Tupper. On May 24, 1894 he was knighted (Vol. 4. p. 388). For portrait, see Vol. 4, p. 387. TAFT, DR. CHARLES SABIN; born at Lyons, X. Y., 1835; died at Mt. Vernon, X. Y., Dec. 19, 1900. Wit- nessed the assassination of President Lincoln, and was in attendance on him after the fatal shot until the President died. TREXHOLM, WILLIAM LEE, con- troller of the currency in the first Cleve- land administration; born at Charles- Ion, S. C; died in New York City, Jan. 11, aged 65. Served as Confeder- ate colonel during the Civil War. Was U. S. civil service commissioner, 1885-86, and controller of the currency, 1886-89. TYLER, MOSES OOIT, LL. D., L. H. D., professor of American his- tory at Cornell University; born in Gris- wold. Conn., Aug. 2, 1835; died at Ithaca, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1900. Gradu- ated at Yale, '57; studied theology there and at Andover, and became a Congre- gational pastor. Was professor of Eng- lish at the University of Michigan. 1867-81, and since then had filled the chair of American history at Cor- nell. He was editor of the "Chris- tian Union" 1873-74. Was ordained a Protestant Episcopal deacon in 1881 and priest in 1883. Among his published works are a "History of American Literature (1870), a "Manual of English Literature" (1879), a "Life of Patrick Henry" (1888), and n "Lit- erary History of the American Revolu- tion." WEBSTER. NATHAN BURXHAM. educator; born at Unity, X. H., June NBCEOLOQ V. 77 18, 1821; wed at Vinelnnd. N. J.. Drc. MO, Pounded tin- Webster .Mili- tary Institute at Norfolk, Vn.. in 1848, and wav at its li< ad until 1885, WIGGER, BT. BBV. W1NAND MICHAEL. BOMB Catholic bishop of Newark. N. J.; horn in New York City, Dee. '■'. 1811; died in Newark, Jan. 8. Graduated j» t St. Francis Xavier < >i- lega, W. Studied theology at Betoa Hall. Orange, N. J., and at Genoa, Italy, 180 » i ..".. being ordained prleat in 1868. BeeeJM Bishop of Newark in 1NS1. WILLIAMS. PBOF. THOMAS A., botanist, chief of the Division of Agros- tology in tlu- r. s. Department of Agri- culture; born at Weeping Water, Neb.; died in Washington. I). C. Dec. 23, 1888, aged 35. WISE. RICHARD A., congreannan < I ><-m. > from Virginia; horn in Philadel- phia, Pa., 1843; died at Williamsburg, \ 'i.. Dec. 21. Served in the Confed- erate army through the Civil War: after- wards Studied medicine and hecame pro- fessor of physiology and chemistry at William and Mary College. WOLCOTT, ROGER, Republican ex- gOTemor of Massachusetts: horn ill Boston. July 13, 1847: died there Dee. 21, 1000. Graduated from Harvard College, TO, orator of his class. For biographical sketch and portrait see Vol. 10, pp. flfj2, ♦i.".3. WOOD, CLARENCE D.. anaiatant profewor of English at Brown Univer- sity: horn at Northampton, Mass.: com- mitted suicide in Brooklyn. N. \\. Jan. 7, aged 30. Graduated at Amherst, '93. Foreign. ARMSTRONG. LORD WILLIAM GEORGE, inventor; l>orn at Newcnstle- on-Tyne, Eng., Nov. 2* 5. 18*8; died at Rothburr, Northumberland, Eng., Dee. 27, 1900. Studied law for a time. While still a jroung man invented the hydro-electric machine, the hydraulie • lane, and extended the application of the hydraulic system to a variety of ma- chinery. At the Elswick works, near Newcastle, in 183d, he produced the first of the riled guns which have made him famous, and established the principle of making ordnance by shrinking on suc- ceaftirc rings of metal. He was knighted in 1 \" H and raised to the peerage in 1887. BERE8FORD, COL. LOUD WIL- I 1 AM LESLIE DE LA l'OEK. V. C. K 0. I. E., British army officer and sportsman; bora in 1847; died D> 19"00. Educated at Eton and at Bonn. Joined the 9th Lancers in 1H07. Saw much service in India and Africa, where he gained the Victoria Cross. He married the widow of the Duke of Marl- hoVOUgh, formerly Mis. Hainersley of New York, and became one of the most successful owners of racehorses in Eng- lan.l. B I. I* M E N T H A L. LEONARD. COUNT VON. Oldest lield marshal in the Gel man army; born at Schwt -hit on the Oder in 1810; died at Quellendorf, Duchy of Anhalt, Dec. 21, 1900. BKOGLIE, CHARLES JACQUES VICTOR ALBERT, DUC DE. French minister and .statesman: born June 13, 1881; died in Paris, Jan. 19. Eirst at- tracted attention by an 'article on the foreign policy of France, in the "Revue dea Deux Mondcs," when he was 17. Was «>le<ted to the Eranch Academy in 1882. CREIGHTON, RT. REV. MAN- DELL, D. D., Anglican Bishop of Lon- don, Eng.; born in Carlisle, 1843; died in London, Jan. 14. Became Bishop of London in 1898. For biography, see Vol. <;. p. 919. DICKSON. SIR JAMES ROBERT. K. C. M. G., premier of Queensland; born in Glasgow, Scotland, 1882; died at Brisbane, Queensland. Jan. 9. Became premier of Queensland in 1898. At the New Year he had been made minister of defense in the first cabinet of the new Australian Commonwealth. EABER. JOHANN, head of the Faber pencil making company; died at Nuremberg, Germany, Jan. 18, aged 84. EOS PER. VERE, philanthropist; born in Copenhagen, 1819; died at Bel- fast, Ireland, Dec. 21. Was formerly in the British diplomatic service in South Aftica. Had assisted the emigration of nearly 2r>.000 young women from the congested districts of the west of Ire- land, and the building or furnishing of over 2.200 national schools in Ireland. OOURKO, COUNT JOSEPH, Rus- sian held marshal: horn of Lithuanian parents in 1828; died at BchUrOW, Rus- sia. Jan. 29. In 1877 he performed the remarkable military feat of traversing the Balkans in the middle of winter, and occupied Sofia, Philippopolis, and Adrianople. HAWEIS. REV. HUGH REGI- NALD. Anglican divine; born at Eg- ham. Surrey. Eng.. Apr. 3. 1838; died itt London. Jan. 20. Graduated at Tiinity College, Cambridge. 7,0. Be- came incumbent of St. James*! Maryle- b'.ne. London, in 1888, where he re- 78 NECROLOGY. March, 1901 mained until his death. He travelled over 100,000 miles outside of Europe between 1885 and 1895. Was a delegate to the Parliament of Religions at Chi- cago, 111., in 1893. Was author of "My Two Hundred Thousand Miles," "Music and Morals," "Speech in Season," etc., VERDI, Italian Composer. and also memoirs of Garibaldi and the Italian Revolution. HERMITE, CHARLES, French mathematician; born in 1822; died in Paris, Jan. 14. LAMBERT, GENERAL, French leader in the Franco-German war; died in Paris Jan. 11. He was the hero of the incident depicted in Alphonse de Neuville's famous painting, "Les Der- nkres Cartouches" ("The Last Cart- ridges"). ROTHSCHILD, BARON WIL- HELM VON, head of the Frankfort house of the famous banking firm; died at Frankfort, Germany, Jan. 25, aged 73. Was a grandson of Mai er Anselm, founder of the house. SAXE-WEIMAR, GRAND DUKE OF (Charles Alexander); born June 24, 1818; died Jan. 15. SERPA PINTO, MAJOR, Portu- guese politician and African explorer; born Apr. 20, 1840; died in Lisbon, Dec. 28, 1900. Led a scientific expedition across the African continent from An- gola to Pretoria, 1877-79; extended the Portuguese "sphere of influence" from Mozambique to Lake Nyassa, 1881-80. VERDI GIUSEPPE FORTUNINO FRANCESCO, famous composer; born at Roncole, Duchy of Parma, Italy, Oct. 10, 1813; died at Milan, Jan. 27. Re- ceived his musical education at Busseto and Milan, and was organist at Roncole when only ten years of age. Was mem- ber of parliament in 1800, and in 1S7S was elected senator, but never took his seat. His first opera was produced at La Scala, Milan, in 1839; the list of his musical works is a long one, coming down to "Falstaff." in 1893. His best period was 1851-55, within which ap- peared "Rigoletto," "U Trovatore," and "La Traviata." WrMPERIS, EDMUND MORRI- SON; vice-president of the Royal Insti- tute of Painters in Water Colors; born in 1835; died Dec. 25, 1900. HON. BENJAMIN HARRISON, of indiana. Born August 20, 1833. Twenty-Third President of the United States, 1889-1893. Died March 13, 1901. THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW <>K Current History VOL. 11. APRIL, 1901. No. 2. International Hffaire. THE CRISIS IN CHINA. LONG-DRAWN deliberation lead- ing to endless negotiation seems to have been accounted through ages in China as wis- dom in all governmental affairs, and this wisdom has had admirable oppor- tunity as well as full test in the nego- tiation of the month (February) now under review. The delay has been galling to the powers in view of the heavy expense in keeping considerable military forces in a far-off and unde- veloped land, but far more in view of the danger of grave international com- plications arising suddenly out of Rome trivial incident. Yet the powers themselves must share responsibility for delay: they have had different ob- jects in view, or, those of them seek- ing the siune great ends have not agreed as to the most appropriate ways to those ends or as to the ■peed of the movement thereto. With the reasonable desire common to them all for increased commercial oppor- tunities in the huge Eastern empire, there is also ascribed to one or two a large appetite for territory, and to one or two— notably Russia— a diplo- matic purpose to gain such advantage In international politics as might ac- crue to a nation permanently engaged by China in the capacity of guide, philosopher, and friend. Progress of Negotiation. The foreign plenipotentiaries early saw need of some agreement on Im- portant issues among the powers in order to meet the Chinese plenipoten- tiaries with an unbroken front; while the latter, whenever any main point of difference in the ultimate settle- ment has been approached, have taken refuge after the fashion of Oriental diplomacy in a wilderness of talk. In- deed, the protocol to which they had given a hesitating assent (pp. 'J— ID left little function for them except evasion and remonstrance on details. On some occasions their rambling ar- gument and remark were so incessant that the envoys found it necessary to meet separately and communicate the results to them in writing. Only Kjiri Li and Prince Ching had plenipoten- tiary status—the other members of the Chinese commission being mere ad- visers. The agreement by all on both sides to maintain absolute secrecy has prevented a full and officially author ized publication of their proceedings; but the leakage through Journalistic channels and gradually authorized publication have l>een sufficient to in- dicate plainly the main drift. PUNISHMENTS DEBATED. At the first joint session. February 5. the foreign envoys submitted a list of twelve prominent Chinese officials as guilty of outrages against interna- tional law which China should punish with a commensurate severity. To two of the twelve, who it was ascer- tained were already dead, would apply tlie peculiar provision in Chinese law Copyright, 1»1. by Current llitfory Company. 80 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIIHS. April, 1901 for a posthumous penalty, a formal memorial degradation. The list in full contains the names following: Prince Chuang, commander-in-chief of the Boxers, largely responsible for the murder of foreigners. Prince Tuan, father of the imperial heir-apparent; president of the Tsung- li-Yamen; chief instigator of the out- rages and misleader of the government; responsible for the edicts against for- eigners, June 20 — August 16; mainly responsible for massacres in the prov- inces; who, against advice from high mandarins, ordered the troops to attack the legations; who caused execution of members of the Tsung-li-Yamen desir- ous to protect foreigners; recognized as author of the ultimatum of June 19 or- dering the dipp atic corps to leave Peking within twenty-four hours; and who, before expiration of this time, ordered the troops to fire on all foreign- ers found in the streets of Peking; prac- tically author of the assassination of Baron von Ketteler, German minister. Duke Lan, vice-president of police; accessory to crimes against foreigners; the first to open the city gates to the Boxers. Ying-Nien, criminal accomplice of Prince Chuang and Duke Lan. Kang-Yi, (dead); one of the chief of the instigators, counsellors, and official protectors of the Boxers in their work in Peking; preparer of the plan for an- nihilation of foreigners in the provinces. Chao Su-Chiao, member of the grand council, and minister of justice; great . eneourager of the Boxers; urgent in con- tinuing the attacks on the legations. Yu-Hsien; reorganizer of the Boxers; author of the massacres in Shan-si prov- ince; a governor noted for cruelty in his district, and who assassinated with his own hand missionaries and other for- eigners. General Tung Fu-Siang, commander- in-chief of the Chinese army; who with Prince Tuan carried out in Peking the plans against the foreigners; commander of the troops in the attacks on the lega- tions and in the murder of the Japan- ese chancellor. Li Ping-Heng, (deadl; upholder of the Boxers; who influenced the government to use them for extermination of for- eigners. Hsu-Tung, an official of influence with imperial dignitaries, being tutor to the heir-apparent, always most hostile to foreigners and an upholder of the Boxers. Hsu Cheng- Yu, son of the preceding and a similar offender. Chi-Hsin, former grand secretary; an official always most hostile to foreigners; officiating at the Boxers' strange and frantic rites of service. The foreign ministers at a meeting, February G, decided to demand imposi- tion of the death penalty on all in the foregoing list. The question of the death penalty for any official of im- perial blood, had been expected to be one of the two or three chief causes of delay in a final international arrange- ment. It had been expected that the Chinese negotiators would have orders from, the court to protest as long as was possible against the death penalty for any prince of imperial blood. But among the envoys themselves disa- greement might be caused if Prince Tuan were not sentenced to death: some envoys would then feel that the others, less criminal, ought to fare no worse than he. The decision stated above was "to de- mand" death penalty for all the twelve; and as reported by correspondents usu- ally well-informed, it was deemed possi- ble that an earnest and persistent pro- test by the Emperor regarding Prince Tuan and Duke Lan might obtain in those two cases a modification of the "demand" to a lifelong imprisonment or banishment to Turkestan. The exact personality to which edicts from "the court" are to be attributed is conjectured to be that of the Empress- Dowager. There are rumors of favor- able change in her views of reforms. Li Hung-Chang is reported to have said recently that never were her views and those of the Emperor more in accord than now. This must await proof.- The court at this stage seems to have been even more urgent to be a. ared from in- flicting death on General Tung than on Prince Tuan. A secret imperial edict reported to have been put in the hands of the foreign envoys, February 6, pleads especially against a demand for the death of Tung Fu-Siang (p. 2), urging that the turbulent population of the provinces of Shen-si and Kan-su are devoted to him and might rise with vio- lence against the missionaries and Chris- tian natives, an event which the court would greatly deplore. Already his Im- mediate army had been reduced to 5.000 and ordered to a distance from the court THE CIIISIS IX CHIKA. a in order to lessen his power, and with ilir object ultimately of his seven' pun- ishment, which the Emperor would de- ciilc on after Tung's deprivation of bis official rank. Public opinion in general was that Tung with Prince Tuan in dis- tant Kan su would be able to hold out indefinitely against capture. The reports of proposals niul counter- proposals which for many days ap- Hsien, but urged leniency for the others, begging that the court be not placed in I position too difficult. The foreign min- isters have agreed to demand capital sentences for Tuan and Lan, but with the expectation that it will be commuted to exile. They demand the death penalty for the others mentioned in the decree — Yu-Ilsicn. Chi-Hsin, and Hsu Cheng- Yu, the last two being now prisoners of the Japanese at Peking. MUMM von SCHWARZENSTEIN, Successor to the Latk Baron von Keitelhr as German Minister to China. peared in the journals of Europe and America are not here recorded. The following Is part of Minister Conger's report to the State Department con- cerning one of the earliest conferences: "The Chinese plenipotentiaries pre- sented the difficulties in the way of the execution of the three Chinese notables, Prince Tuan, Duke Lan. and General Tung Fu-Siang. They cave assurances of the execution of Chuang and Yn- "Posthumous honors are also de- mantled for the four members of the Tsung-li-Yamen executed last summer." The "posthumous honors." it Is said, will profoundly Impress the Chinese mind, more than fully reinstating in honor the four victim officials who had been put to death because of their enrnest picas in the council In behalf of the legation people and the mission- aries. 82 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 On the general question of the penal- ties, it is credibly reported that more than one of the foreign envoys plainly intimated to the Chinese commission- ers that no course was open to China but to agree to the conditions demand- ed and accept the unpleasant conse- quences; and that if the powers had been animated by vindictive motives they would have ordered their minis- ters to insist from first to last on the satisfy the envoys. It is to be borne in mind that in China no disgrace at- taches to suicide. A report of the same date, perhaps equally credible, but also without public official confirmation, was that the Emperor's message to the designated criminals had been followed by a dispatch from tae court (ascribed by some to the Empress-Dowager) to the same criminals or to some of them, notifying them of the previous dispatch concerning their doom, and suggesting that some pretext was to be availed of — through prolonging the negotiations with Ran MAP SHOWING THE VARIOUS RAILROAD CONCESSIONS IN CHINA. decapitation of both Prince Tuan and Duke Lan. Among reports which have credible seeming but lack definite authority was one, February 12, that Emperor Kwang- Hsu, in a dispatch to Earl Li and Prince Ching, had given an account of his send- ing a choice of methods of suicide to all those for whom the death penalty was persistently demanded by the foreign en- voys, to which account the Emperor added the inquiry whether the Chinese commissioners deemed that this would various confusing questions— for provid- ing mitigation of the sentence. The next day brought a report that three of the officials had declined to choose a method of suicide, whereupon the Em- peror had withdrawn his request there- for. Then the Emperor telegraphed to Prince Ching, that, when he.had agreed to the terms of the joint protocol (p. 8), they required for the guilty officials only "a punishment befitting their crimes;" and he urged that if the worst on the list deserved a disgraceful death, the others should only be banished. This rut: crisis ix cuix.\. plausible report ends with the con- clusive reply of the envoys that even those least guilty deserved death; and as there is no worse punishment, all must suffer the same. AN UNSATISFACTORY EDICT. On February 1G, a new edict was de- livered to the foreign envoys. It sentenced Prince Chuang to com- mit suicide, and Yu-Hsien to be executed — both in the presence of a high government otlicial. The cases of Chi- Ilsin and Hsu Cheng-Yu were to be in- vestigated by Li I lung-Chang and Prince Ching, who were to report to the Emperor before execution. General Tung F.i-Siang was immediately to be degraded from his rank, and later to re- ceive further punishment. Y'ing-Nien and Chao Su-Chiao were already im- prisoned. Two days later the envoys replied that the edict was unsatisfactory, and Insisted on compliance with their orig- inal demands. THK FINAL AGREEMENT. On February 20, however, the foreign envoys agreed to offer a com- promise. They proposed to permit the imperial court to commute the sentences of de- capitation in the cases of Prince Tuan, Duke Lau, and General Tung Fu- Siang, to life imprisonment; and to agree to the following punishments: Prince Chuang to be strangled, Yu- IIsien to lie decapitated, Chao Su-Chiao and Ying-Nien to be permitted to strangle themselves, I hi-Hsin and Hsu Cheng-Yu to l,e boh— d<d in Peking. On February 21 it was announced at Washington that a dispatch from Min- ister Conger stated that the Chinese I>eaee commissioners had informed the foreign envoys that the Emperor had given his assent to their demands and had issued an edict confirmatory thereof. The terms of the edict, though not exactly what the envoys had finally demanded, were judged acceptable, a*< all the lives demanded had been yielded except GSenernl Tung's, concerning whom at present the court was powerless. Privately it was understood that his life is forfeit- ed and will be taken when such action is possible. An Intimidating: Expedition. About the middle of I ebruary, Field Marshal von Waldersee notified the generals in command of the allied armies under his control to prepare all their uvuilable forces for an expe- dition of eighty days' continuance to start in two weeks. His invitation to General Chaffee (not an order), re- ceived February 17, began thus: "Owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the negotiations for peace, and also to circumstances rendering such a course desirable, it will probably be necessary to resume military operations on a large scale, especially toward the west." The foreign envoys inclined to the belief that an announcement woulu soon be made of Si-ngnu-fu, the tem- porary capital, as the destination of the expedition; and that its purpose was to bring pressure to bear on the court to end their dilatory negotiation by agreeing to the terms of the pow- ers. The State Department at Washing- ton had expressed some weeks previ- ously its general disapproval of the frequent military expeditions In a time of professed peace, and had re- duced the American force to dimen- sions appropriate for its share only in protecting foreign residents. General Chaffee, acting on his general instruc- tions (Vol. 10, pp. 430, 51(5, 606, 972K declined Count von Waldersee's Invi- tation, and was immediately notified of the entire approval of his govern- ment. Minister Conger was instruct- ed to inform the other ministers at Peking of the position taken by the United States. Russia also, acting probably for a different reason, for- bade its force to Join. From the Ger- man Foreign Office at Berlin came the report that the proposed expedition was to be limited to the province of Pe-chi-li. but could be extended if it were found necessary to bring pres- sure on the Chinese court for accept- 84 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 ing in due and final form the pro- visions of the joint note to which the court had given its consent. The Brit- ish government was not prompt in its decision concerning the expedition- Lord Lansdowne seeming to disap- prove but to be awaiting more definite information as to its object and its necessity. The general opinion seems to be that the threat of the expedition had brought the Chinese court to an im- mediate acceptance of the terms set forth in the joint note. This is quite headed in Peking, Chi-Hsin, the for- mer grand secretary, and Hsu Cheng- Yu. The two in their official costumes were taken in carts escorted by a company of Japanese infantry to the place of execution, which was guarded by American, German, and Frencn troops. Chi-Hsin was calm; Hsu Cheng-Yu was stupefied with opium. There were thousands of spectators. From Berlin, February 26, came a report (non-official) that the United States, Great Britain, and France are demanding the execution of a dozen SIR T. IT. SANDERSON, Permanent Unbkr-Secretary of the British Foreign Office. probable, though at present unproved. Since the yielding by the Chinese gov- ernment to all the punitive demands of the powers, there has been no re- port of further preparations for the expedition. In the last days of February consid- erable distrust was expressed in Peking in regard to the outcome of the negotiation for indemnities. The First of the Executions. On February 26, two of the notable official criminals were publicly be- prominent Chinamen in the provinces as murderers of missionaries— Ger- many taking no part in this demand, as no German missionaries had been killed. Mr. Conger on Furlough. The favorable close of the first stage in the negotiations for peace was marked by leave of absence* for a number of months variously stated, granted to Mr. Conger at his request. A visit at home had for some time been requisite for his wife and daugh- the cm si -a i\ CHINA. ter, Tor recovery from the terrible nervous strain of the prolonged lega- tion siege. On February 25 he sent his last message to Washington, and left the United States legation in charge of Mr. William Woodville Rockhill, the special United States envoy appointed last July (Vol. 10, p. 610). Mr. Rockbill's position is un- derstood to be not precisely that of minister, but of special commissioner with full power to act in the minis- ter's absence. Mr. Conger holds the unqualified approval of his govern- ment, and has won high repute as a diplomat and as an official who has shown marked administrative and executive capacity, courage, and fidelity in a diplomatic crisis historic for its difficulty, its delicacy, and its peril. General Chronicle. Reports early in February showed great confusion and misery in many parts of northeastern China where the presence of the allied armies has practically nullified the judicial func- tions of local governments, especially in the outlying villages, though this was contrary to the purpose and earn- est effort of at least some of the mili- tary commanders. Blackmail, oppres- sion, and rapine by the Chinese them- selves are reported as rampant; while children and women, terrified by foreign soldiers, were also in fear of prowling bands of Chinese ruffians. Count von Waldersee telegraphed to Berlin, February 11, that In the Ger- man "sphere" five chief places had now been occupied permanently by one company each for protection of the inhabitants from robbery. A num- ber of prominent Chinese have for- mally expressed to General Chaffee thanks for the unfailing considerate- ness shown by him and the United States force under his command. Investigation of charges in some prominent Journals last October that denarii Chaffee's troops were poorly supplied with commissary stores and transportation on the march to Peking, has shown those charges ut- terly without truth. The United States East Asiatic squadron ut Hong-Kong was joined, February 12, by the uew battleship "Kentucky." The total United States Asiatic squadron, March 7, was reported as comprising fifty-four vessels. In the region of Canton piracy has been largely increasing on the waterways — often a dozen outrages being reported from the river in one day. In the middle of February it was announced that officials under Chang Chi-Tuug, viceroy of Han- kow, had tried and decapitated eight Boxer leaders. About February 10 there w re state- ments of friction between the French and Germans. French troops had re- cently been attacked by Chinese regu- lars, and were understood to intend an expedition to take possession of Shan-si province: this, d their proceedings near Pao-ting-fu, where they "nipped an incipient rebellion in the bud," are said to have given great dissatisfaction to Field Marshal von Waldersee, whose staff officer was sent to investigate and found no evidence of the reported trouble. At the beginning of February a fam- ine of fearful proportions was reported in the province of Shen-si, in which the court has been sojourning. Later, the belief was gaining in Peking that the report was a great exaggeration in- tended to prevent the allies from march- ing on Si-ngan-fu. Authentic informa- tion is awaited. The Russian pupers of February 21 report renewal of trouble in southern Manchuria, with arrival of Boxer emis- saries, who have been joined by Chinese forces. A dispatch from New-ChwaTg to the Cologne "Volks-Zeituug" reports un attack by the Chinese military gov- ernor of Mukden u the Russian forces in Kaben-si. with heavy Russian loss. It was reported from Washington. February 21, that at the instance of the United States government the powers had reaffirmed the principle that inter- national assent should be requisite for any further concessions of territory in China to any one power. Rivalry has of late been shown in seeking large con- cessions for foreign settlements, as also for the legations. Sir Robert Hart's View. This high official of the Chinese gov- ernment has receutly expressed in two INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 articles in the "Fortnightly Review" discouraging views and anticipations. For many years of his forty years' residence in China he has been in- spector-general of Chinese customs, and by the vigor and skill of his re- forming administration has brought that great department up to a high degree of probity and efficiency. There is no superior authority on actual con- ditions in China. Sir Robert's testimony as an eye-wit- ness to the frightful abuses, the out- rages of plunder, slaughter, and rape, SIR ROBERT FINLAY, Q. C. Attorney-General of England. which have characterized in different de- grees the soldiery of some European nations in their military occupation of north China, must — as at last appears — be credited. He reports the troops of some of the Christian European nations as fully equalling the Boxers in bru- tality, cruelty, and rapiae. It is hoped, however, that this authoritative witness is not equally authoritative as a prophet; for he sees only an evil pros- pect for foreigners in the continuance of the Chinese government under such con- ditions of plunder and various outrage as the present foreign occupation in- volves in the view of the Chinese people. He sees only two ways out of the em- barrassing situation which has now been created: one way, the partition of the empire with all the perils of interna- tional entanglement; the other way, a sudden spread of Christianity in its pur- est form, a way which would border on the miraculous in view of the recent im- pression on the Chinese mind of plunder and revenge made by some so-called Christian governments and, as Sir Robert adds, by . "some missionaries" who spoiled the Egyptians. Here, note is to be made of the fact that the general testimony of credible witnesses is that no English-speaking or German-speaking soldiers were guilty of brutal or violent crime, except in the case of a very few criminals such as might be found in any community. An Industrial Obstacle. In connection with such forebodings of trouble in the immediate path of a pacific outcome from the present mili- tary occupation, trustworthy observ- ers are calling attention to the menace presented by the changes in recent years in the industrial life of large regions of the empire. Many millions of hard-working Chinese have already lost their scanty living and have pros- pect only of starvation, and many millions more see this doom impend- ing, through a foreign invasion not of troops but of manufactures and labor- saving machinery. The political economist may readily view such changes as but the first hopeful steps on the old empire's upward path; but this wise outlook will not feed the countless Chinamen starving in their hovels today because the product of their clumsy looms has been displaced by better cotton fabrics brought from lands afar or wrought by steam ma- chinery likewise brought and set up on their shores. The slow carriers of goods that formerly thronged the wretched roads see railways rapidly extending, on which rush the roaring fiery demons that not only disturb the earth-dragon, desecrating the tombs and breaking the hallowed rest of the ancestors that are the Chinaman's gods, but that also seem to have come to eat up all his and his children's the cit jam jx cjjjxa. 87 meagre sustenance. With similar feel- iugs of blended fear and hate for all foreigners aud all their doings, the multitudes of boatmen gaze at the swift steam-vessels that have begun to displace their clumsy junks, and that endanger the innumerable house- boats in the CfOWded harbors uud on the lower reaches of the great rivers. It is not at all attempted here to es- timate the effect oa the present pacific effort of this deepening of the aucient dislike for foreigners among the masses of the Chinese people. Here is merely indicated the general purport of recent statements from foreign residents in China of wide repute as profound and practical interpreters of Chinese charac- ter and popular feeling. They testify to a class of facts as an obstacle to im- mediate and permanent peace which must be added to the diplomatic and the military difficulties. They are not un- derstood as intimating that the way of peace cannot be found in spite of these and all other perplexities. Legation Grounds at Peking. Minister Conger, about February 15, reported to the State Department the proposed increase of the grounds of the foreign legations at Peking— a measure which the memorable siege of last summer showed indispensable for security. Following is part of his re- port: "It is proposed to designate the boun- daries of a legation quarter, which shall include all the legations, and then de- mand the right to put thut in a state of defense when necessary, and to prohibit the residence of Chinese there, except by permission of the ministers. If, there- fore, these ideas as to guards, defense, etc., are to be carried out, a larger lega- tion will be an absolute necessity. In fact, it is impossible now to accommo- date the legation and staff in our pres- ent quarters without most inconvenient crowding." For the requisite addition to the United States for the legation and a military guard, he proposes a plot of about the size of the premises now oc- cupied, nnd adjoining those premises on the east. This would be very much smaller than any of the areas already taken into possession for the same purpose by all the European powers, but would suffice for the comparative- ly simple scale which this government nnd people prefer. The other govern- ments have taken possession by right of conquest us far as is known, but the policy of the United States govern- ment would be either to pay private owners for the ground, or to credit the Chinese government for it on the in- demnity account. It is planned to combine all the foreign legation quarters in one forti- fied system with a 12-foot moat and glacis beyond. Each legation also will be fortified and defended by a heavy gun. Artillery on the outer wall will command the Tartar and Imperial cities, and the barracks will accom- modate 2,000 men, and if necessary can hold 5,000 men. Missionary Work in China. The events of the last few months have brought the character and the effects of Christian missions promi- nently into view. The massacres of not less than 200 missionaries, men and women, and of tens of thousands of their native converts— many dying when they could have saved their lives by a denial of faith in Christ- have been accepted mournfully yet hopefully by the general Church as au imperishable enrichment of its his- toric record of saints and martyrs be- ginning with the apostles and witli Christ Himself (Vol. 10, pp. 015. 707. 787, 909; Vol. 11, p. 1). Far different, however, has been the view expressed by a considerable portion— thougli Brack less than a majority— of the well-informed and thoughtful Euro- pean and American public. Some of these have set forth their view of mis- sionary effort as a doubtless well- meant but foolish and fruitless waste; others of them have declared it a reprehensible fanaticism for educated men from civilized lands to cross ten thousand miles of sea in order to dis- turb with strange doctrines and pre- cepts the foundations of a placid social 86 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIBS. April. 190 life that has contentedly watched thirty centuries waste and pass. The latter class of critics were quick to trace to missionary intrusion above all other causes the furious convulsion that for mouths made northeastern China a scene of horror, and they have expressed the hope that such dis- mal result might bring an end of such misapplied zeal. Nevertheless, the summons is now heard through all Christian lands, Protestant or Roman Catholic, for a great and immediate increase of mis- sion work in China. The theory is that the more furious the evil out- break the more desperate is the need of such work. Already the mission- aries that were driven out alive are returning to re-gather their scattered flocks; large funds are being con- tributed; and new volunteers, men and women, are offering themselves for the work. This, whether counted wise or unwise, is now as it has been through nineteen hundred years the sure result of such outbreaks. It is declared to be the natural result, un- avoidable until the Church ceases to exist on earth; for only as a purely missionary enterprise did the Church begin in this world, and when it finally ceases from its missions it will cease to live. Very noticeable has been a readiness to credit any accusation against mis- sionaries, Roman Catholic or Protest- ant. This had a curious illustration in a misfortune which in February be- fell a genial American humorist— conspicuously careful of others' rights in matters financial— who made him- self an object for compassion by in- stantly lending his credit to a news- paper dispatch by cable, which, by merely dropping a hyphen, represented a missionary, many years in the ser- vice of the American Board in China, as extorting money from several vil- lages in which church property had been destroyed and native converts slain. The dispatch represented him as "hav- ing collected 13 times the actual losses, using (the money) for propagating the gospel;" and on this showing, the man 12,000 miles away was pilloried with delicious humor in a magazine article. The facts as later revealed — for which the genial humorist, however, could not wait, though requested— were that the missionary had collected only one-third (1-3) of the amount of the losses inflict- ed on the widows and orphans of the converts who were slain — on which par- tial indemnity they were now supported; and that he had collected and paid over all the damages due to the Chinese Christians still living, and all with the approval and aid of the authorities of the villages who had been transiently terrorized by the fury of the Boxer up- rising. He had simply availed himself of a common Chinese custom, fearing that the sufferers might starve while waiting for an indemnity by governmen- tal action. He was not suspected l>y the "heathen Chinese," among whom he had lived and labored twenty-three years. A question much discussed has been whether missions were the cause of the Chinese outbreak. Consul-General Goodnow emphatically denies as ab- surd the statement that they were the cause in any important degree. The answer of many of those qualified to judge appears to class the mission work as one cause among various causes: only a very few still class it as the chief cause. Attention, how- ever, has been called to the peculiar privilege which in the last few years has been granted to many Roman Catholic missionaries in China, of act- ing in their respective villages some- what in the capacity of local magis- trates as regards the defense of their converts from persecution or from in- justice against which the mandarins would give such sufferers no protec- tion. It has been alleged that the con- verts sometimes abused this peculiar privilege to the detriment of their neighbors. This charge, even though it were false, is one that would naturally be made, and would excite a not unreasonable dislike* for all foreign control or Interference, in which dislike a share would be given also to Protestants, though they never have used or sought^ such a magis- THE in t Eli WAS. terlal privilege. And it is to be re- membered to the credit of the Itoinan < a i holies that in China they have shown great zeal and had great suc- i«'ss, having far surpassea the Pro- testants in the extent of their estab- lishments and the number of their mission workers. Therefore any In- trusive zeal on their part would -not fail to make a wide impression. MISSIONARIES INVITED TO RETURN. Frince Ching, January 24, assured a committee of missionaries that there was no intention or desire on the part of the Chinese government to place any restriction on Christian missions, and that the government itself never had in the past any objections to the missionaries or to their methods. This the prince also recounted the next day to Minister Conger, and spoke of the missionaries' work as often beneficial to the country. The governor of Shan-tung province has suggested the return of the missionaries to their stations, promising full protection. MISSIONARY VIEW OF THE PEACE TERMS. The missionaries in China of all de- nominations are reported as regretting that among the terms of peace pro- posed by the powers (pp. 10, 11) was not included some direct recognition of the rights of Chinese Christians to protection from outrage in persons and in property. In a meeting at Peking, with no suggestion of any re- ligious propagandise whatever, the missionaries publicly expressed their disappointment that the peace pro- tocol, while exacting in regard to vari- ous advantages to be gained or pre- served by the powers, and the indem- nities for their own citizens, had given little consideration to measures for the future welfare of China itself. The civilized world had failed to use a most fitting occasion in the interest of peace to advise and benefit China by even so little as a word o* regret for the frightful slaughter, sufferings, and Impoverishment of many tens of thousands of native Christians. The missionaries in that meeting could look back to another meeting, in company for weeks with the be- sieged ministers of the powers and their families, whose legation defenses were devised by an American mission- ary who had engineering skill, and were in part constructed with the aid of the hundreds of Chinese converts who had found refuge there. Minister Conger's testimony (Vol. 10, p. 699). which many witnesses have publicly and in large detail confirmed, is that without the missionaries it would have been Impossible to maintain the historic defense. THE BOER WAR. On the Wide Field. Through the earlier part of Febru- ary the contest in South Africa was a continuance of that of several weeks preceding. Of the whole active force of British soldiers usually estimated at nearly 220,000, all except about 20,000 were busied not so much in fighting as in guarding the hundreds of miles of railway communication. The Boer bands, frequently of several hundred men, sometimes supposedly of two or three thousand, ranged widely over the country, suddenly ap- pearing and disappearing on their hardy little horses, always ready to destroy a railway bridge, ambush a valuable military convoy, or surprise in a night attack some post held by a small garrison. The total Boer force was estimated at 18,000 or 19 000. The British necessity of protecting towns and detached posts has through weeks past reduced their force actively avail- able. The region more or less directly Included in Lord Kitchener's plan of campaign covers more than 450,000 square miles, an area greater than that of France and Germany com- bined, having a north and south ex- tent of 1,000 miles, and a breadth of 200 to 400 miles— a region in most 90 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 parts sparsely Inhabited, and excel- lently adapted to the burghers' style of warfare. Kitchener's force avail- able at any one point can scarcely have been larger than the total with which Lord Roberts entered Bloem- fontein— 27,000 men and 7,600 horses, or than his total at Pretoria— 24,000 men and 6,000 horses. Camps for the Veldt Folk. The guerilla phase into which the war has degenerated had compelled an entire change in the British plan. A regular military campaign would be futile against an enemy whose army had finally been broken into two or three bands of considerable size which, with a few smaller ones, all consisting only of mounted men not in uniform, were scouring the country in all directions, constantly finding op- portunities for great damage. The Boer bands needed no army train of provisions: they could pick up their supplies and fresh horses in any little village or in the scattered farm houses far apart on the veldt. To meet this style of irregular war- fare which threatened confusion with- out end— also to liberate his troops for active pursuit of the Boer forces— Greneral Kitchener has been gathering the scattered Boer population from some thinly settled regions into gar- risoned posts, into which the British troops also have driven all horses and cattle. The people who are brought in to these posts are housed and fed at British expense, being largely refugees who have made submission, and whom the British are bound to pro- tect from the vengeance which the Boer generals have threatened against those whom they deem traitors to their country. The effect is equivalent to capturing an enemy's supply train. The Boer chieftains thus are now missing their accustomed commis- sariat and relays of horses in the east- ern and western Transvaal and In the northern part of the Orange River Colony. The dwellers in these camps were reported, February 25, as num- bering about 15,000. Their administra- tion is in the hands of civilians. Opposite Judgments. The antagonist judgments pro- nounced early in this contest as to which was the side of right have as yet shown little modification. In the United States the same sympathies as before are evident on one or the other side, and the same arguments are still advanced (Vol. 10, pp. 25—27). The fervor of the Boer advocates, however, on both sides of the Atlantic, has in- creased in view of the slow progress of the British in either subjugation or pacification since the only formidable armies of the burghers were broken up and the governments of the two republics were disorganized. The Question of Success. Some prominent European journals, especially in Holland, Germany, and France, have shown some hope of ultimate Boer success through an ex- pected exhaustion of the British mili- tary resources available to meet the harassing modes of conflict which the Boers are declared able to prolong in- definitely. Not a few papers in the United States have been showing the same expectation, in effect, that even though Lord Kitchener may for many months keep up the fight and make occasional gains, the English and Scotch taxpayers will soon be heard demanding an end of such enormous and fruitless expenditure— the total British expenditure in the war being stated at more than £130,000,000. But though the Boers have in recent weeks succeeded in greatly annoying and mortifying their foe, it is now evident that the present style of war- fare must soon wear itself out. Their truest friends are now hoping that they will give their attention speedily to securing the best terms of peace. Their only conceivable Help would be through some scarcely conceivable in- tervention. THE BOEH WAR. HER MAJESTY QUEEN ALEXANDRA OF ENGLAND, With her Grandchildren, the Ladies Duff, Daughters of the Duke of Fife. The elder of these children was cut out of the direct limb of succession to the throne by the birth of the little Prince Edward of York, eldest child or the Duke of York. 92 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. April, 1901 It is to be noted also that the two Boer peoples, never having had a sea- port of their own, are now completely shut in from commercial access. Without a supply of various war ma- terial, war cannot long persist. More- over, Mr. Kruger's government is no longer collecting from the foreign owners and operators of the rich mines the heavy taxes which former- ly poured wealth into the public chest. Indeed, the two governments them- selves have ceased to be operative, so far as is known to the world. The Question of Intervention. While much of the Boer advocacy in America and in Europe is to be ascribed to a generous sympathy with the weaker side in a fight and to ad- miration for a brave and tenacious struggle for national independence, much of it, especially in Europe, is evidently due to a desire to see Eng- lish pride humbled and England's am- bition for international leadership and for commercial pre-eminence on all seas countervailed. This desire exists and has long existed, and has ex- pressed itself without qualification during the whole South African con- flict. It is known also, however, that this popular feeling has not had the slightest effect on the action or the at- titude of any of the great powers. The governments have seen strong reasons for refusing to bring from Af- rica a firebrand to kindle a general European war. It has become fully evident that intervention would be such a; firerrand, even though it were to appear first in the guise of an in- sistent' demand on Great Britain to ac- cept a mediation. A mediation whose proposal is not joined in by both par- ties in dispute is in reality an inter- vention, and, if persisted in, means war for all outside parties that thus persist. At the beginning the powers could not have failed to note that on twenty-four hours' notice — that notice a threat from the little South African republics— war had been opened on Great Britain with immediate inva- sion of her territory and capture of her unprepared towns; and the powers could not but see that whether Brit- ain's cause were just or unjust such a case was not in the least propitious for mediation. It Is no more propi- tious to-day. Military Movements. GENERAL BRITISH PLANS. At the beg'nning of February, four general British movements were in progress. One was near the eastern boundary of the Transvaal under General French, to disperse Botha's main force, which had threatened the communication to Lourenco Marques. The second, 300 miles away, was a small operation under General Cun- ningham against Delarey's 2,000 men in the southwestern part of the Trans- vaal. The third was an operation combining seven columns under Gen- erals Charles Knox, Bruce Hamilton, and Maxwell, Colonels W. L. White and Pilcher, and Major Crowe. They moved first southward, keeping in touch with DeWet's rearguard, aim- ing to drive him upon the Britisii corps at the Orange river. This con- centration the Boers evaded by divid- ing ani swinging westward. The fourth movement was for clearing Cape Colony, and was not as early de- veloped as the others. With these extended movements in view the War Oflice in London decided on a further reinforcement of 30,000 mounted troops. VARIOUS EVENTS. About February 1 a British outpost of 200 men at Modderfontein, about fifty miles southwest of Pretoria, was sud- denly attacked and captured in a pitch dark night during heavy rain, by about 1,400 Boers. The captured men were subsequently released. The British killed and wounded numbered twenty- eight. , In the southeast of the Transvaal, British columns February 5 were driv- ing eastward a force estimated at 7,000 under General Botha. The British at- tacked and occupied Ermelo. Fifty Boers surrendered. An unofficial report 77/ a: no hi: w.iii. 93 states the Boer loss at forty killed and 200 prisoners. About 800 wagons with families and very large quantities of stock, passed eastward. The Boers took with them a peace envoy sentenced to death. All accounts show the Boers ex- ceedingly bitter. Botha on February 0 Bade a night attack with 2,000 men on a British force at Bothwell, and after severe fighting was repulsed, losing one general and two field-cornets killed, one general severely wounded, and leaving on the field twenty dead and many wounded. The British casualties were twenty-four killed, fifty-three wounded. At Petrusburg, February 7, a British column destroyed Boer supplies and without casualty brought in 3,500 horses and cattle. Lord Methuen, east of Vry- burg, near the western boundary of the Transvaal, reported on February 7 that he had scattered the Boer force there, capturing 200 cattle. About 400 miles to the east, General French captured, about February 11, sixty-five wagons and carts and forty-five prisoners; one of his men was wounded. His columns were converging, forcing the enemy toward the southeastern corner of the Transvaal. On February 21 Lord Methuen's force reached Klerksdorp, having cleared the Boers out of the southwestern part of the Transvaal. The only severe fighting was in driving 1,400 Boers under two generals out of a strong position. On the same day a long and violent procla- mation "to all men" from Steyn and De Wet was made public, charging every kind of outrageous violence on the Brit- ish forces, declaring the Boers innocent of such offenses, and announcing that the war would go on. From Lydenburg was reported an address to the burghers by Acting-President Schalkburger. tell- ing them that their cause was hopeless and a prolongation of fighting quite fu- tile. While he would not take it on him- self to advocate surrender, he would siiy that if surrender was inevitable it would better be not by individuals but as a nation. From the southeastern Transvaal, General French reported, February 22, that his columns moving eastward were driving Botha's force to the number of four or five thousand in scattered and disorganized parties. French added that heavy rains were hindering him in the pursuit; and on February 25 it was re- ported at Cape Town that Botha with 2,000 of his men had made their way northward. Up to February 25, French ■Ad raptured three guns, a large quan- tity of war material, great droves of Vol. 11— T. cattle and horses, and 0,800 sheep; also 300 Boers had surrendered. From the most trustworthy reports. It is gathered that in the Cape Colony, though the Dutch farmers are submit- ting to the provisions of martial law mi. I are bringing in horses and