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*'

THE

Cyclopedic Review

OF

CURRENT HISTORY

VOL. ii I90I

Illustrated

BOSTON, MASS.

CURRENT HISTORY COMPANY.

1902.

Copyright, 1901, 1902

BY

CURRENT HISTORY COMPANY.

3%

INDEX.

JANUARY, 1901— DECEMBER, 1901

For Errata, ace last page of this index.

Page

Abyssinia. See Africa.

Accounts, Public.

Monetary circulation 73, 352

Public debt 72, 352

Yearly balance sheet 350

The national treasury 606

Cost of government 297

Aeronautics. See Science.

Aerial navigation. See Science.

Afghanistan. See Asia.

Africa, Affairs in. See also South Afri- can war.

Abyssinia. British in..' 254

Abyssinia, Agricultural pursuits in 689

Arabi Pasha. Pardon of 312

Assouan, Dam of 132

Congo Free State 749

Central Africa, Anglo-German spheres

in 255

Egypt, Promising field for gold-seek- ers *. 689

Kuropean influences In 465-469

Kongo, Annexation of the, by Belgium 253

Liberia, New president of 66

Mad Mullah, Repulse of the 377

Mahdl. A new 193

Miscellaneous 377

Moroccan embassy 377

Morocco question 65

Nigeria, British in 254

Nile under control. 132

Railways in Africa, some facts re- specting them 689

Railway, German East African 193

Rhodesia, Steady advance in civiliza- tion 625

Somaliland 254

Soudan. The French in the 312

I 'panda. Progress on railway In 568

Uganda, Report of special commis- sioner 567

Upper Guinea opened for traffic 689

West Africa 255

Agrarian troubles. See Italy.

Agriculture: Report of the Secretary of Agricul- ture 659

Agriculture in the Eastern States 659

Aguinaldo 165, 228

Alabama:

Negro conference 115

New constitution. The 233, 487. 549. 667

Restriction of citizen franchise 423

Suffrage and new constitution 357

Alaska:

Aleuts dying out 602

Boundary question, The 601

Cape Nome, Why? 601

Cape Nome, Winter prospects at 601

Coal mining 668

Destitution at Cape Nome 550

Government, A territorial 726

Population 171

Ravages of pestilence 550

Alfred, millenary celebration 662

Allen. Frederick Innes 236

America. Buddist discovery of 444

Anglican controversy 70

Antarctic expeditions. See Science.

Arabi Pasha, Pardon of 312

A rl>it ration. See also Reciprocity and Treaties.

The Court of arbitration 9*

Arbitration proposed in China 333

Png*

Arbitration.— Continued. Reports of mediation, arbitration, etc. 336

Arbitration appeal by the Boers 588

Kruger on arbitration 650

Arbitration between Britain and

France 473

National board of arbitration 73n

Discussion at the Pan-American Con- gress, on arbitration ':::

Arbitration of the "Pious Fraud"

claim 737

Compulsory arbitration 748

Argentine Republic, The.

Buenos Ayres riots 368. 442

Boundary question 682, 742

Archaeology. See Art.

Arctic expeditions. See Science.

Armenian troubles:

American claims paid 408

Revolutionists at Mush and Sassoun.. 566

Arizona:

Forest Reserve 41

Army and Navy:

Army. Cost of 11"

Army, Cost of transports 662

Canteen, The 357, 598

Harbor defense and river and harbor

improvements 598

Hazing abolished 110

Hazing at West Point 88

Hazing defined 357

Naval Militia, Official authority of.... 483

Naval service. Needs of the 662

Navy, Strength of the 59H

Peace footing of army 292

Pension office statistics 417

Promotion for merit 6*j

Puget Sound navy yard w»

Rear-Admiral Evans reprimanded 482

Reorganization of the militia 661

Sampson-Morgan controversy ■■■■ 110

Schley court of inquiry. 417. 480. 547. o99. 727

Ships building <1»

Spanish comments 4"1

Spanish War. Prize monies and boun-

ties won in • •*

Submarine topedo boat. Test of 663

War pensioners *J

West Point, Discipline at 58

West Pointers outranked »J

West Point insubordination 293

Art and Archaeology:

Abbey's Holy Grail..: «J

American Woman In Crete, An mi

Ancient fresco discovered 508

Basilica Aemilla. The ""••"IS

Buddhist discovery of America. The. 4

Crete. Work In ■ 082

Egyptian exploration work «»

Elgin collection. The J*

Gainsborough. The lost W

Fields of investigation &«{

Greek statues recovered lj*

Has Ophir been found? »i"

In Central Asia — • |»i]

Miscellaneous 69Z- '**

Oldest Gospel papyrus J*»

Oldest mummy. The wj

Velasquez In Boston. A *•

tehngin exhibition. The

Asia. Affairs In. Afghanistan: ^

Ameer. Death of the • ••• JJJ

Ameer, the new 6». '*'

IV.

INDEX.

rage

Asia, Affairs In. -Continued. Australia: 312

comTonw4kVth;Fiag'of-the::::::::::: 623

Commonwealth inaugurated w

Compulsory arbitration <«

Federation elections. «»

Federation, History o, the... m

Federal ministry, The first M

Federal Parliament opened *u

Government, New seat of ^

Shipping •••• »oq' 688

Tariff question, The W*. *»

New Guinea •.■••• 74a

Population and immigration......... <«

China: see also China. The crisis and situation in. fi8S

Famine in Si-Ngan «*

Great Yangtse floods...... ^

Li Hung Chang Death of wi

Manchuria, Trade with asm

Oriental trade, Decline of asm

Reform, Progress in

India:

Ceylon census, The

Favorable financial reports ™*

New province created.... Jj"

Population, Depletion of asm

Page

566 504

376

440

621

567 561 132

Japan: RoS

American imports S

Assassin of Toru punished BW

Economical stringency *«

Exports to... *

General development..... ?«2

Great religious awakening 001

Imperial diet opened............ ••••••• <*<

Marquis Ito and financial troubles.. 622

Miscellaneous '*!

Perry memorial, The |>"°

Political crisis jjai

Prof. Muller's library g<b

Royal birth

The new cabinet

Korea :

Quelpart, Massacre at Siam: 747

Siam and France «*'

New Zealand: ...

Commission on federation, Report of M4

Government of New Zealand 748

Persia:

Shah Plot against the

Thibet: Novel method of communication —

Asphalt troubles 50, 183, 305

Assouan, Dam of

Astronomy. See Science.

Athletics. . __

Strength record broken i<o

Australia. See Asia.

Austria-Hungary. See Europe.

Baldwin-Ziegler expedition. See Science.

Base-ball. See Sport.

Beet-sugar industry. "U, isu

Belgium. See Europe.

Bismarck, Statue of »'*

Boer war. See South African war.

Bolivia: ra 24s

Chilean claims w, *»

Bond, Rev. Wm. Bennett ^

Books. See Literature.

Botha, Louis ao<

Brazil: _. 741

Coming election, The '«

Foreign colonization ^b»

Guiana Boundary £*«

Labor : 7il

Monarchical movement '**

Monarchist plots joa

Political outlook.... £11

Trade with United States -41

Bresci, Suicide of *™

Bubonic plague

Business and Industry merce. Bank exchanges

729 354 729 355

Business and Industry.— Continued.

Bonds in 1901

Boots and shoes

Clearing house exchanges.... Combinations

Cotton V7w"*«X.VA; wn

Industrial progress of the South 3W

Exports *J

Fisheries J?

Failures

Gold production' of the United States. 731

Iron industry •■■ *2

Iron and steel 45- *»

Great steel combine "r

Money in circulation «|*j

Railroads 355

Stocks ' 7o0

Trade with China • ••• ■•••■'"£' '™

United States steel corporation s earn- ings •

Wheat and corn

Wool ,

Wool and Woollens i™

Petroleum fields • • " 18n

Beet sugar industry w, i»u

Mining matters. • • • ••••■ Vfi'-.iyi

Economic independence of the United States 6W

Cables: .. 4oo G67

Pacific Cable, The 44, 4<5», mw

California: 214

Bubonic plague *"

Canada: 17g

Alien labor ,«,/.

Australian trade.

729 864

729

Beet-Sugar industry, The....... 120,180

Boer war, More troops for tb£. ........ b<4

British Columbia, Chinese labor at.... 55b

British Columbia, A railway crisis at. 242 British Columbia, Third party at...... 556

British policy ,75

Budget, The •• ■-rr" 556

Cabinet Changes, Dominion ••••• o»

Cabinet Changes, Provincial •••55S5oa

Canada', Conclrning the annexation of 428

Canada, Unexplored.. ™±

Canada's foreign trade ?"

Census circulars 491

Census returns :.•••■"„;," 241

Church and cremation, Tne «

Closer imperial union. ,.

Conservative policy, The •••• "

Cook charges, The. 'm

Coronation oath, Tne ..„.

Cremation in Quebec. 673

Court of appeals question °i*

Crow's Nest question ti„

Crow's Nest railway ^"isi" 241

Delpit marriage case *>. 1*1. g

Dhoukhobortsi, The — *°g

Disasters — •• **««,*«" 175 237

Dominion parliament, The. ••" •;:■•££: *" Duke and Duchess of Cornwall, ue ^

See also Com-

234

352

Duke'ofcornwa'lV and York,- Visit of- 554

Durocher-Degre marriage case 303

Exports, Natural gas •— 732

Fiscal year, The • ^

Fisheries ■■■; 430

Franco Canadian trade..

French Canadian loyalty ^

French line subsidy 732

General prosperity...... ••••• " 302

Georgian Bay canal scheme ^g

Growth of the West 428

Imports and exports 1?9

Improved highways 734

Industries •••• "" 45

Iron industry, The ^

Judges, Three new. • ; 675

Klondike, Trouble in tne &55

Labor unions..... "119 180

Land grants to troops 179

Law reforms. 299

Lead bounties. The 176

Liberal policy. The

INDEX.

Page

Canada.— Continued.

Manitoba, Prohibition at 672

Manitoba, The schools at 555

Manitoba railways 120, 182, 238. 299

Manitoba, The wheat crop 430, 493

Manltoulin railway. The 239

Metropolitan, A new 243

Miscellaneous

243, 303. 366. 431. 494. 556, 609. 676, 734

Monument to Laura Secord 366

New conservative leader 117

New Ontario, Opening of 238

New Ontario, Resources of 180

Nova Scotia elections 555

Nova Scotia legislature 242

Nova Scotia Liberals 674

Ontario assembly 179. 238

Ontario elections 555

Ontario, Mines at 431

Ontario legislature 119

Ontario liberal platform 365

Ontario, Temperance question at 430

Pacific Cable, The 44, 428

Parliament, Ninth opened 118

Pensions, Military 238

Personal notes 47, 122. 243, 431, 494

Plains of Abraham 301

Population, Growth of 733

Prince Edward's Island subsidy 301

Privy Council scheme, Failure of 428

Prohibition law void 121

Public finances, The 44

Quebec, Carnegie offers library 494

Quebec finances 494

Queen's death, The 43

Railway commission 119

Reciprocity 608, 673

Redmond in Canada 675

Roads 120

Royal mint, The 300

Salmon fisheries trouble. The 430

Session ended. The 299

Sessional indemnity 299

St. Lawrence canals 122

Steel rail contract 238

Telegraphs, State-owned 365

Toronto University, Aid to 180

Trade with the empire 429

Transatlantic line, Proposed fast 493

Victoria day 238

Yukon royalty. The 179

Yukon telegraph completed 609

Canteen. See Temperance and Army and Navy.

Cape Colony. See South African War.

Carllsts 130

Canal*:

Panama canal company's offer 246

Interoceanlc canals: new treaty

drafted .".244

Chicago drainage canal 41

St. Lawrence canals 122

Trans-Isthmian canals 125, 182. 597, 660

Interoceanlc canal: treaty denounced. 614

Nicaragua canal 125

Carnegie, Andrew 174, 374, 494, 754

"Celtic." The 250. 490

Census:

Samoa: population statistics 227

Canada: census circulars 240

Congressional reapportionment under

census of 1900 86

Centre of population 72

Comparative populations In Europe — 283

Density of population 298

Census returns: Great Britain 308

Australia, Census of 312

Ttaly. Increase In population 251

Nova Scotia revenue 242

Mexican population 124

Total Indian population 658

Population of Louisiana territory 668

Permanent census bureau 606

French census 620

Canadian census returns 491

Ceylon census 504

Pace

Census.— Continued.

Population of Alaska 171

Population of German Empire received

through the Stare Department 18»

Austria-Hungary: Increase In popula- tion i»i

India: Depletion of population 192

Agricultural population of the South.. 196

Population of the earth I9fi

Population of the United States 607

Canada, Growth of population

Australian census of 1901

Ceylon 504

Chaffee, General Adna R

Chile:

Chilean Claims on Bolivia

Chile and the Argentine Republic. 682. 742

Claims Settled (United States) 369

Pan-American congress 432. 561

President, The new 369. 432

China. See Asia. Also China. The Crisis in.

China. The Crisis and Situation in.

Movements of the Chinese 1-4

Military exoeditlons of the allies

Russia in Manchuria

7, 148-151. 392-3. 580. M6. 714

Progress of negotiations 8-11. 79-83

An intimidating expedition 83

The first of the executions 84

Mr. Conger on furlough 84

Sir Robert Hart's view 85

An Industrial obstacle 86

Legation grounds at Peking 87

Missions 87-89. 521-4

International reform needed 141. 142

Military affairs 14.1. 213. 214. 327. 455

The Tien-tsin episode 144

Punishments 145

Indemnities

146, 214. 215, 270-272. 329-333. 391-J92

Losses to American trade 147

The general situation

85. 151. 451, 452. 513. 514. 641. 644. 711

A few personalities 152

Deep suspicion of Russia 207. 306

The question of partition 206-211

A sign of possible reform 11

Various disturbances 114

The question of evacuation 214

Questions of reform 217. 517. 518. 576

A Chinese island conceded H

Scruples a hindrance 16*

North China's woful plight 166

A point of blame 1*

The Shan-sl expedition 166

Outrages by the troops 167

The military occupation 267-269

Allied troops compared 170

An experiment fortunately end«<1 328

British and German Interests 833

Tone of Russian diplomacy 80

Loot and destruction 831

A threat of revolt 814

Achievements by the powers 881

The empress and the Boxers 810

The immediate prospect 89>>

Boxerlsm 391.45

Reforms 81

Preparing for the court •*

The suspended examinations Ho

Chinese delay 453. 484

Chinese protective measures 666

Manchuria 456. 457

The peace proton il

Expiatory embassies

Outlook for trade 5**

<;. rman-Ameriean disput' "5

The court returning • »y

Abuses by foreigners »T7

The final protocol — 577

Foreign trade -- i'"£2

Emperor and court 578. Vn

Gains and losses of the powers 64»

The United States In Chinas Crisis..

Miscellaneous 884. 89«. 457. 514. 580-681

VI.

INDEX.

Page

Chinese, Exclusion of the 362, 489, 666

Christian Endeavor, see Religion. Christian Science, see Religion.

Civil service, The .' 731

Coal supply of the world 249

Colombia:

Alleged invasion of Venezuela 497

Attitude o# the United States 497

Colombia- Venezuela imbroglio. .495, 680, 739

Revolutions 247. 433, 496, 614,739

Colonial problem, American; see also the names of the various colonies.

Who are citizens? 21

Constitutional interpretation 284

Commerce. See also Business and In- dustry.

Report of Uganda commissioner 567

Australian shipping 624

Trade with Manchuria 192

Decline of Oriental trade 192

Exports to Japan 440

Commercial situation in Germany 563

Rumored tariff changes in England... 186

Imports and exports (U. S.) 71, 352

American tariff war with Russia... 97, 407

German tariff, The 18, 685

Colonial problem: Who are citizens?.. 21

Proposed new German tariff 437

Proposed Brazilian tariff, Failure of.. 432

Canadian tariff 175

Australian tariff contention 623, 688

Austria-Hungary tariff declarations... 620

Tariff on coffee , 475

United States tariff issues 479

American attitude towards proposed

German tariff 502

Tariff discussion 685

Coal exports 552

Export of steel and iron 361

Latin-American commerce 125

Losses to American trade 147

Congress, The fifty-sixth and fifty- seventh. Agriculture, Report of the Secretary

of 659

Amendments adopted 107

Appropriations 109

Army reorganization bill 32

Assemblage and President's Message.. 719 Bills before the fifty-seventh Con- gress 721, 722

Burleigh bill 37

Congressional reapportionment 36

Cuba and the Philippines 106

Interior, Department of the 658

Legislation, Other items of 110

River and harbor bill 109

Shipping subsidy bill 34

Shipping subsidy bill, A new 722

Shipping subsidy bill. Failure of 119

War taxes reduced 109

Conger, Edwin Hunt 152

Consular service 605

Consumption. See Science.

Copyright, International congress 507

Corea, See Korea.

Coronation oath 118,127

Coronation of Edward VII, see Great Britain.

Cremation 181, 241

Crete and Greece : .161

Crete, An American woman in 571

Crimes, Notable 40, 41. 115

Crow's Nest question, see Canada. Cuba:

Cuban extradition 24

Cuban constitution 25. 101. 162

The Cardenas strike 26

Cuban war claims 27

Yellow fever controlled 162, 347. 410, 594

Piatt amendment 223. 347

Visit of the commission 223

Opinions of the press 225

Emigration to Africa 225

A journal suppressed 225

Constitutional convention 287

Page Cuba.— Continued.

War could have been avoided 409

U. S. naval and military stations 409

Sugar production 410

Long voyage of dry dock 410

Annexation : 474, 593, 656

Negro immigration 474

War claims 594

The presidency canvass and the elec- tions 474, 594, 655, 722

Cuba's petition to Congress 723

Currency. See Monetary.

Czolgosz, Execution of 605

Danish West Indies 50, 679, 738

Delpit marriage case. See Canada. Denmark. See Europe.

Diplomatic service 652

Disasters:

Explosion at Pittsburgh 727

Fire and Water 138, 195, 320, 446, 509. 632

Great Storms 195, 260, 446, 509, 572, 632

Railroad Accidents 321, 508, 744

Shipwreck 137, 138, 508, 572, 632

Disease. See Science.

Divorce, Invalid decrees 259

Donkhobors, The 182, 734

Drama. See Music and Ditlma.

Durocher-Degre marriage, case 303

Dual alliance 20

Duke of Cornwall 554

Earth, Age of the 135

Eclipses, Solar 313

Ecuador:

Opening of Ecuador by railways 617

Education:

Academic freedom of speech 70, 136

"Carnegie Institution," The 754

College and business v 316

Educational appointments 317

Gifts and endowments 381

Gift, Mrs. Standford's 754

Hesperia, Movement, The 257

Johns Hopkins, New' president of 382

Miscellaneous 382

National Education Association 444

Progress in thirty years 691

South, Needs of the 69

Two criticisms 381

University, A national 443

University of Chicago, Prominence of. 571

Yale's bi-centennial 630

Edward VII, see Great Britain. Electricity. See Science.

Elgin collection, The 196

Engines, American 372

England. See Europe. Episcopal canons and ritual. See Re- ligion. Europe, Affairs in. See also European diplomacy. Austria-Hungary : Archduchess Elizabeth, Betrothal of. 620

Election. The 128

Mexican relations renewed 251

Miscellaneous 310

Population, Increase in 190

Railway schemes 251

Reichsrath, The new 128,620

Tariff declarations 620

Belgium:

Compulsory voting 565

Heir to the throne, An 687

Kongo, Deferred annexation of^ 253

Denmark:

Cabinet. A new 43<t

Liberal victory. The 56G

France:

An enormous budget 809

Amnesty bill passed 61

Associations bill 61. 374

Associations bill passed 189

Automobile race 37".

Census, The 620

Departure of religious orders 503

Enormous deficit 619

Excitement in Chamber 375

INDEX.

Page Europe, Affairs in.

Frauce.— Continued.

Financial question, The 686

French Academy. The 309

Important conversion 190

Ministry, The longest 619

Mining troubles 619

Miscellaneous 310, 438

Revenue deficit 437

Royalist trial 375

Slam and France 747

The Marseilles strike 189

The Naval Budget for 1902 438

Warships break down 503

Germany:

Bad times 685

Bavarian regent honored 18*

Bismarck statue, Unveiling of 374

Cause of depression 564

Commercial situations 563

Count Von Waldersee's return 503

Deficit in bread stuffs 374

•Duelling, Condemnation of 620

Emperor, Assault on 187

Emperor's speeches, The 188

Empire, Population of 189

Empress Frederick, Death of 436

Empress Frederick, Will of 503

Financial crisis 502

Marriage to Seckendorff denied 503

Ministry, A new 309

Personal and miscellaneous 685

Physician's strike, A 309

Proposed new. tariff 437, 502

Russian bi-centenary 60

Prussian ministerial crisis 308

Tariff discussion 685

Von Ketteler's remains, Interment of 503 United States, Trade with 502

Great Britain and Ireland:

Accession, Proclamation of 56

Alfred Millenary celebration, The.... 562

Andover by-election 500

A 1300,000,000 loan 248

Britain's condition 683

British navy— an American opinion.. 744

Budget proposals 247

Carnegie's gift 374

Cecil Rhodes letters, The 500

Census returns 303

Coronation, Preparations for 370

Decrease of British trade 618

Earl Russell, Trial of 435, 371

Edward VII, King, Accession of 54

Edward VII, King, Biography of 59

Engines, American 372

German royalties honored 59

Great unionist meeting 435

Heir-Apparent's tour. End of 618

Income tax increased 24S

Irish question •.. 618

Irish representation 499

King's address 55

King's oath 127

King opens parliament 125

King's Visit to Empress Frederick.. 127

Launch of the "Celtic" 250

Leyland Line, Sale of 250

Liberal truce, The 434

Liberals, Division of the 369

London and globe failure 80

Lord Roberts, Grant for 434

Lord Rosebery's position 434

Lord Rosebery speaks*. 74.1

"Maine," Gift of the 373

Miners decide against strike 307

Ministry stands firm 249

Miscellaneous.. 128. 187. 308, 374. 436. 501, 744

National debts 250

Naval manoeuvers 500

Naval progress 372

Navy, Increase In 18''

N'i therlands railway question 600

New Bishop of London 187

N'.w Year's honors 59

Parliamentary proceedings

126, 185. 306. 434

VII. Page

Europe, Affairs In.

Ureal Britain and Ireland.— Continued.

Personal and miscellaneous 619,684

Proposed army reform 185

Queen Victoria. Death of 43. 52, 56. 58

Revised coronation oath 871

Royal colonial tour 186

Royal title, Change of 871

Royal title. The new 618

Rumored tariff changes 186

Scotland, Carnegie's gift to 808

Session, The* end of.i 499

Speech, Mr. Asquith's 870

St. Paul's, Danger to 501

Steam power. Turbine 373

Sugar and coal tax 24S

Trade's Union congress 562

World's coal supply 243

Greece: Riot In Athens 687

Holland:

Accident insurance 191

Clerical victory 439

Draining Zuyder Zee, Bill for 565

Ministry, The new 439

Parliament, Queen opens 565

Queen's illness, The 687

Queen's wedding, The 130

Italy:

Agrarian troubles 4»

Bresci, Suicide of 310

Cabinet crisis 128

Closing of the holy door 62

Humbert's death, Anniversary of.... 43»

Miscellaneous O"

Naples, Triumph In *

Population, Increase In 251

Queen and politics. The 686

Royal Princess. Birth of 51

Tax reform, Proposed 250

Portugal: , . _,,

Religious associations secularised — »3

Prussift * Polish question, The "'**

Russia: ..,,

Campaign against Tolstoi 6Z1

Failure of crops JJJ-J

Famine again threatened 12

Famine, Seriousness of "J*

Famine threatening jW

Finland. Rebuff of <**

Imperial birth ™»

Labor troubles ■""

Liquor monopoly. The **»

Mr. Kennan, Expulsion of *»

Naval budget. The «*

Pan-Slavism. Decree against i»

Personal and miscellaneous ww

Railway development J[»

Recent disturbances. The »"»

Russia In the Balkans <•

Siberian railway completed «»

Student riots IW

Servla: ~ ... # i*i

Ex-King Milan, Death of

Royal scandal, A

Spain:

Cabinet. A new

Religious riot

Royal wedding. The Jg

Serious disturbances **»

Turk*? v "

Armenian disturbances... 5«

C. rman Influence in Turkey «J

Zionist movement. The ■•■■••■■■•■■•■••: 3U European Diplomacy and the BUttatlon.

Anglophobia lessening 19. l». <»

The dual alliance -

Holland and Portugal ii"im! m

Anglo-German relations 9«. w. *£

Tariff war with Ruasli *•

The harbor of OibralUT. |»

Italy and th. nrelhuml ,{

Crete and Greece ... ■•• JH

Fallacious Blgns of troubi.

Britain's increased strength r-"

Franco-Russian alllanee "■■

no

13-1

VIII.

INDEX.

Page European Diplomacy and the Situation.— Con- tinued.

The Toulon festivities 280

The Poles in Prussia 281

Foreign mails in Turkey 282

Anti- American coalition 282

Comparative populations 283

England's separateness 340

Anti-clerical agitation 342

Mediterranean complications 343

The British navy 344

Pan-American union ! 344

A Polish aspiration 343

Russia a problem 345

Italy's foreign policy 346

German enterprise in Turkey 347

British strength in the Mediterranean. 401

Anglo-French relations 403

The German position 404

The Albanian disturbance 404

Cretan affairs 40o

Turkish troubles 406, 717

Franco-Turkish rupture

469, 471, 532, 591, 652

Visits by the czar 532

A brigand outrage: Miss Stone's case..

533, 592, 653, 716

Groupings of the powers 589

A protest from Italy 717

Russia and Japan 718

Germany, Japan, and Korea 718

Exports. See Commerce. Famines:

Shan-si, Famine In 217,581

Russian and Siberian famine threat- ened 129, 504

Seriousness of Russia's Famine 564

Famine in Chinese provinces 581

Famine in Si-Ngan 688

Finland 564

Florida:

Oil Discovery 358

Football. See Sport.

Forests and the printing press 553

France. See Europe.

Frederick, The Empress 127, 436, 503

French shore treaty, see Newfoundland. "Fulton," The submarine torpedo boat.. 663

Game laws ^_553

Georgia:

To suppress arnarchism. .' 668

Georgian Bay canal scheme 302

Germany. See Europe.

Gibraltar 159

Gorky, Maxim 693

Great Britain. See Europe. Guam:

Insubordination of the troops 348, 412

Hawaii:

Politics in Hawaii 27

The legislature 164

Leper home rule 165

Chinese laborers 411

Chinese migration from the United

States 476

The labor question 596

Shore defenses of Honolulu 657

Queen Liliuokalanl's request 657

Social equality 657

Hay, Secretary John 699

Hay-Pauncefote treaty. See Treaties.

Hay, Death of ex-consul A. S 701

Hazing at West Point. See West Point.

Holland. See Europe.

Humbert's (King) death, anniversary of 438

Hunt, Governor W. H 411

Hydrogen solidified. See Science. Illinois:

Building activities 72G

Chicago drainage canal 41

Chicago a seaport 234

Servant Girls' Union 423

Illustrations. See Portraits, Maps, Views.

Immigration 671, 756

Imperialism. See Politics, U. S. ; Colonial

Page

India. See Asia.

Indiana: President's Message in schools 726

Index to periodical literature

197, 260, 321, 384, 446, 572, 633, 694, 757 Problem; Great Britain.

Imports. See Commerce.

Inventions. See Science.

Ireland. See Europe.

Irrigation works 731

Iron industry. See Business and Industry.

Italy. See Europe.

Ito, Marquis 604, 622

Japan. See Asia.

Kansas:

Mrs. Nation's crusade 41, 115, 172

Mrs. Nation's crusade, Sequel of 234

Kennan, Expulsion of Mr 439

Kentucky: Court of appeals 1«3

Ketteler, Von 503

Knox, Attorney-general 235

Koch question, The. See Science.

Kongo. See Africa.

Korea. See Asia.

Krueger 17

Labor Interests:

Albanv tramway strike 294

Chicago building trades 113

The Cardenas strike 26

Eight hour movement, The 112

Great steel combine 113

Great strike averted 232

Labor unions in Canada 555

Labor unions, Strength of 600

Miners, The anthracite I/O

National board of arbitration, A 730

Railroad consolidation 114

Scranton strike, The 40

Steel-Makers' strike 420

Steel- Workers' strike 483, 548

Strike of machinists 293

"Sun" boycott, The 113

Trade Union and Porto Rico 112

Lance boats, German. See Science.

Legal decisions:

Illegal discrimination *?»

Invalid divorce decrees ?»9

The reign of law 361

Leyland line, Sale of the 250

Leo XIII. See Religion.

Leprosy in the United States 427

Liberia. See Africa.

Li Hung Chang, Sketch of life of........ 637

Lincoln's remains, Final entombment of 553

Literature: „

Book production • w

Gorky, Maxim, A new Russian nov-

ej jst • • *>9<J

International copyright congress 507

International publishers' congress 572

"Literature" of 1901

Miscellaneous

Vogue of fiction, Ihe

Longevity

Loomis, Minister

Louisiana: • .„„

Explosion on British Transport......... 489

Lynching • 40- 115> ™

Mad, Mullah, Repulse of *"

Mahdi, A new .— •;•••* O^'' iyi

Mails, British, oriental, via San Fran-

Cisco ,i„

"Maine," Gift of the.... -■••■; 3(iJ

Manchuria. See Asia, China, Russia.

Arctic expedition projected 380

Boundary arranged between Nicara- gua and Costa Rica '"J

Canadian canals.............. •• lii

Centre of population, Western move-

ment of • ""J

China, Railroad concessions in w

China. Eastern ■•••/, ••••580, 64a

Danish West Indies, Location of oo

De Wet, Advance of "

756 631

7r.fi

247

Page Maps.— Continued. Diagram of proposed tunnel In New

York 727

French Islands of St. Pierre and Ml-

quelon. Location of 48

Gibraltar Bay 159

Gibraltar. Plan of 159

Great Lakes and ports 300

Honolulu. ProDosed fortifications at... 657 Maps showing location affected by

strike 485

Map showing location of two canal

routes (Nicaragua and Panama) 660

Monastic holdings in France 438

Nicaragua canal 124

Nicaragua Canal, Ocean affected by.. 661 Northwest Africa, Strategic points In.. 65

Oklahoma 424

Panama Canal route 660

Philippine Islands 544

Puget Sound navy yard, Plan of 664

Railroad, Crow's Nest coal field 178

Railroad, Newfoundland 123

Solar eclipse, May, 1901 311

South America, Portion of 560

South America, War region 496

South Africa 525

South Africa. British and Boer occu- pations 460

United States, with relative areas of

European countries T 707

Venezuela, Asphalt region 184

Victoria, B.C., showing naval station at

Esquimau 60S

Marconi, Signor 750

Massachusetts:

Boston subway bill vetoed 358

Woman Suffrage, Opposition to 234

McCormick. Minister R. S 236

McKlnley, President.

Second Inauguration 105

Assassination 535

Monument 671, 731

Mealey, Case of Mr 613,679

Medicine. See Science. Mexico:

American coaling stations 244

American imprisoned 613

Anti-clerical movement 613

Austrian relations renewed 495

Free Zone, Abolition of the 678

Mr. Mealy, The case of 679

Pan American congress

243, 304. 557. 612. 677. 735 "Pious Fund" claim. Arbitration of.... 737

Population 124

Tehuahtepec railway 678

Trade with Mexico 679

Milan, Death of the ex-king of 131

Milner, Lord 276

Minnesota:

Primary nomination law 235

Missions 87

Missouri:

Louisiana purchase exposition. The 668

Monetary Matters; see also Accounts, Public:

Province of Quebec, Surplus In 494

Financial crisis, Germany 602

India: Favorable financial report 504

South African compensation claims 587

National treasury statistics 606

Appropriation for St. Louis Exposition HO

Failures 355

1 "inbinatlons 355

Claims settled with Chile 869

Business and revenue 658

Bonds in 1901 739

< '1. a ring house exchanges 729

Money in circulation 729

United States gold production 731

Canada, Fiscal year in 732

Public Finances 44

Public accounts 72. 350

if government 297

American claims paid 408

'ii office statistic* 417

INDEX. IX.

Pat*

Monetary Matters.— Continued. Appropriations of the Ifltfe congress... 109 Appropriations <>n account of Indiana. (58

Cnst of the army

Chinese Indemnity 146, 215. 271. 393

Deficit in France «u

Fiscal year in Canada 175.364

France. Naval expenditure for 43*

France, Revenue deficit in 437

French Budget 309

Great Britain and Ireland, Budget

proposals 347

National banks (31

National debts. British 250

Pan-American exposition finances 663

Prize monies and bounties won in the

Spanish War (64

Purchase of Louisiana territory 068

Russian finances 621

War claims 594

War taxes reduced 1<W

Monroe doctrine 305

Moon, The. See Science.

Morocco. See Africa.

Mormontsm: Joseph F. Smith elected president of the Mormon Church 630

Mosquito extermination. See 8cl<nc.

Muller's (Max) library 37(

Mummy, The oldest 137

Music and Drama: "Manru" 317

Nation. Mrs 41. 115. 172

Navy, see Army and Navy.

Nebraska: Anti-trust law unconstitutional (02

Necrology:

Adams. Prof. Herbert B 447

Agnew, Sir James 698

Alba. Duke of (37

Alexander. Rev. Robert 138

Allan, Andrew 385

Allan, Hon. George Wm 447

Almon. Dr. Wm. Johnston 138

Anderson. Gen. George T 363

Argyl. Gen. James 759

Armour, Phillip Danforth U

Armstrong, George W 385

Armstrong, Lord Wm. George 7?

Arran, Earl of 30

Ascension, Mother 333

Audran, Edmond 51

Babcock. Rev. Dr. Maltbie Davenport. 323

Backus. Rev. Dr. Brady Elcctus 509

Bancroft. Rev. C. F. P 674

Baratierl, Gen. Oreste 611

Barbeau, Edmond Jullen 809

Bardsley. John 7<

Batchelder. Brig. -Gen. Richard Na- poleon "*

Beach, Wm. Wither Bramston 611

Beamish. Henry Hamilton. C. B 449

Beekman. Henry R J*

Beers. Dr. Wm. George "4

H.lknap. Charles. I*. S. N 386

Belknap. Major Hugh •»

Benolt. Pierre 303

Beresford. Col. Lord Wm. lister De

La Poer. V.C.. K. r . l ■ J

it. Sir Walter 318

Hfcdormann, Charles 30

Bishop. Archibald 3»

Bishop. Dr. Joel Prentiss •*

Bismarck. Count Wm 33;

Blumenthal. Leonard. Count Von «

Boutelle, Charles Addison 33

Boyle, Sir Courtenay. K. C. B 338

Boyle, Patrick »09

let. <'harl<s 33f

Bradbury. James Ware

Brady. Albert B J

BrlKKs. Rev. Dr. Ellas... J

Bright. Rev. Wm.. D.D •■• »»1

Brogden. Curtis Hooka.... *

Broglle. Charles Jacques Victor Al-

t. Due De J?

Broslus, Marriott •w

INDEX.

Page Necrology.— Continued.

Browne, Sir Samuel James 202

Brozik, Wenceslas 264

Bryce, Major Joseph Smith 263

Buchanan, Robert 388

Bulmer, John T 138

Bunce, Rear Admiral Francis M ''35

Burgess, Right Rev. Alexander 635

Burr, Franklin L 138

Burroughs, Rev. Dr. George Stockton. 633

Burton, Sir George 509

Busiel, Charles A 510

Butterneld, General Daniel 448

Campoamor, Don Ramon De 140

Cannon, George.Q 263

Casablanca, Gen. Manuel 388

Cazin, Jean Charles 202

Channing, William Ellery 759

Channing, Wm. F 200

Charland, The Hon. Judge Alfred Na- poleon 510

Charlesworth, Capt. F. C 323

Cheney, Person C 385

Clark, Charles P 200

Clarke, Thomas Curtis 385

Commerell, Sir John Edmund, V. C... 326

Cook, Rev. Joseph 386

Creighton, Rt. Rev. Mandell, D.D 77

Crispi, Francesco 511

Croly, Mrs. (Jennie June) 759

Crozier, Major L. N. F 138

Daly, Major W. H 386

Davin, Nicholas Flood 635

Dawson, George Mercer, C. M. G.,

LL.D 200

Dean, Hon. Sidney 635

Dickson, Sir James Robert, K. C. M. G. 77

Donahoe, Patrick...... 200

Donnelly, Ignatius 74

Dorr, Dr. Samuel G 263

D'Oyle Carte 264

Duffleld, Rev. Dr. John Thomas 263

Dunglison, Dr. Richard James 200

Eames, Hon. Benjamin Tucker 635

Edwards, Wm. Johnson 323

Elliott, Wm. H 323

Errazuriz, Don Federico 448

Estabrook, Charles 138

Evarts, Wm. Maxwell 138

Faber , Johann 77

Falrchild, Gen. Harrison S 74

Fairbanks, Mrs. Mary E 323

Farrel, John Henry 139

Fee, John G 74

Feeny, Dr. John L 323

Fiske, John 448

Ford, E. Onslow 760

Foshay, Nelson Gray 381

Foster, "Vere 77

Frazar, Everett 74

Fukuzawa, Yukichi 140

Fulton, Rev. Dr. Justin Dewey 263

Gage, Mrs. Cornelia Lansing 323

Gait, Sir Thomas , 386

Gardner, Gen. Wm. Montgomery 386

Gilbert, Sir Joseph Henry 760

Gilion, Dr. Albert Leary 696

Gill, Judge Charles Ignace 574

Gleason, Patrick Jerome 323

Goethals, R. C. Archbishop...... 449

Goodenough, Prof. Myron M 38G

Gourko, Count Joseph 77

Graham, Rev. Dr. Robert, LL.D 73

Gramme, Zenobe T 140

Gray, Prof. Elisha \ 75

Gray, Rev. Wm. C, D.D 571

Greenaway. Kate 698

Gregory, Hon. William 798

Gregory, Isaac M 200

Hale, Rt. Rev. Charles Reuben, D.D.,

LL.D., P. E 75

Haliburton, Robert Grant. Q. C 20f)

Hammond. Miss Jane Nye 635

Hardin, George A 263

Hardy, Arthur Sturgis 386

I farrison, Benjamin 20o

Harrison, Hon. Henry B 636

Page Necrology.— Continued,

Hatch, John Porter 263

Hatzfeldt, Wildenburg, Count Von 698

Haweis, Rev. Hugh Reginald 77

Hay, Adelbert Stone 386

Haynes, Tilly 510

Hazen, Abraham D 759

Hellmuth, Rt. Rev. Isaac 323

Henschel. Mrs. L. B 693

Henri, Phillippe Marie, Prince of Or- leans 512

Henry, Rev. Dr. Benjamin C 386

Hermite, Charles 78

Heme, James A 386

Hertzog, Prof. J. B 574

Hinton, Col. R. J 759

Hitchcock, Rev. Dr. E. W 574

Hitchcock, Hiram 75

Hoffmann, Gen. Edward M 323

Hohenlohe - Schillingfurst, Chlodwig

Carl Victor, Prince Von 449

Hood, Lord of Avalon 698

Hoshi, Toru 388

Hoskins, Sir Anthony Miley 388

Howard, Major A. L 139

Howgate, Capt. Henry W 386

Howlan, Hon. George Wm 323

Howland, Weston 324

Huddart, James 202

Huidekoper^Dr. Rush S 759

Hurdman, Wm. H 139

Irwin, CaDt. I. S 139

James, Col. Edward C 201

Jasper, Rev. John 201

Jones, Venerable Thomas Bedford 386

Joos, Very Rev. Monsignor Edwin 324

Kellogg, Rev. Elijah 201

Kimber, Rene Edward 510

King, Clarence 759

King, Hon. George E 324

Kraus, Adolph Robert 697

Kruger, Mrs. Paul 449

Kyle, James Henderson 448

Ladue, Joseph 387

Lafiin, Gen. Byron 387

Lambert, Gen 78

Lauder, Very Rev. John Stutt, M. A.,

D.C. L 75

Law, Hon. William 697

Leary, Caot. Richard P 759

Le Brun, Napoleon 448

Le Conte, Joseph 448

Lewis, Most Rev. John Travers 324

Littlejohn, The Rt. Rev. Abram New- kirk 510

Lonergan, Thomas E 697

Lonnen, E. J 636

Luby, Thomas Clarke 760

Ludlow, Brig.-Gen. Wm 510

Ludlow, George Craig 75

Lushlngton, Sir Franklin 698

Lyman, Henry Harrison 324

MacCormack, Sir William 760

Mackay, Rev. Dr. G. L 324

Magee, Christopher Lyman 201

Mapleson, Col. J. Henry 698

Muhlenberg, Rev. Dr. Frederick Au- gustus „ 201

Marling, Rev. Dr. Francis Henry 139

Martin, T. Henry 697

Matthiessen, Frederick 0 201

Mayo-Smith, Richmond 697

McColl, Rev. Dr. Angus 201

McAdam, David 759

McClurg, Gen. Alexander Caldwell 263

McElrath, Percy 387

McKindsey, George Crawford 139

McKinstry, Judge E. W 636

McKinley, Wm 573

McLean, John W 324

McLeod, Rev. John 201

McMahon, Monsignor James

Meehan, Thomas 697

Mietzke, George A 697

Mi< hie, Col. Peter Smith 13J

Milan, Ex-King of Servia 140

Miner. Col. James G 324

Page

Necrology.— Continued. Mltkiewicz, Count Eugene Stanislaus

De 324

Monkhou8e, Cosmo 449

Muiitfort. Dr. R. V. K 75

Moran. Edward 387

Moreau. Rt. Rev. Louis Z 324

Moreno. Caesar Celso 201

Morgall, Senor Francisco 698

Mount. James Atwell 75

Mrak, Very Rev. Ignatius 75

Murphy, Rev. Thomas 7>

Murphy. Gen. Patrick W 636

Murphy, Rev. Monseigneur 636

Murat. Gen. Prince Joachim Napoleon 636

Mustek. Col. John Roy 263

Myers, Capt. L. D 75

Myoshi. Read-Admiral 140

Nakajlma, Baroness w.. 388

Neumann, Newman 449

Nevln, Ethelbert 139

Newcomb, Major Simon D 75

Newell, Dr. Wm. Augustus 510

Ninde, Very Rev. Wm. Xavier, D.D..

LL.D., M.E 76

Noble. Col. John C 760

Nordenskjold. Baron Adolf Erik 512

Nugent, Gen. Robert. U. S. A 387

O'Brien, Rev. Michael 697

Ormerod. Eleanor A 44H

Osborn, Edwin Curtis 387

Osborn. Luther W 697

Osier, Brltton Bath, K. C 13^

Oulmet, Hon. Joseph Alphonse 76

Paquet, Hon. Arthur 201

Parker. Rev. E. W 387

Parsell. Henry Van Arsdale 324

Paton, Sir Joseph Noel 7M)

Paul. Judge John N. S 636

Perry, John T 697

Pflueger, Carl 325

Phelps, Rear-Admiral Thomas Stowell.

U. S. N 7fi

Phillips, Judge Jesse J 139

Platti, Carlo Alfredo 450

Pierce. Gilbert Ashville 139

Pingree. Hazen S 387

Pillsbury, Hon. John Sargent 63*1

Pook. Samuel Hartt 201

Postley. Gen. Brooke 7o

Porter, Gen. Fltz-John 3?5

Porter. Wilbur F 325

Prado, Mariano Ignacio 326

Prentiss, Gen. B. M 14"

Pretorius. Marthlnus Wessels 326

Price, Hiram 325

Ransom, Col. Chauncey M 697

Redhead. Richard 326

Reed, Roland Lewis 201

Reid. James Douglas 26"!

Revels. H. R 76

Rogers, John B 760

Roper, Jesse Mims 201

Ross, Hon. John Jones 325

Rosse. Dr. Irving Collins 325

Rothschild. Baron Wilhelm Von 78

Rothwell, Richard Pennefather 264

Rouleau, Judge Charles Barromee 510

Rounds. Charles C. PhD 697

Rowland. Prof. Henry Augustus, LL.D. 261

Rowse, Samuel W • 325

Ruggles, Gen. James M 140

Russell. B. B 698

Russell, Michael 326

Safford, Prof. Truman Henry 387

Salaman. Charles Kensington 38S

Salisbury. Edward Elbrldge 14"'

Sanford. Capt. Joseph Perry <60

Saunders. Sir Edwin. P. R. S. E 202

Saxe-Weimar. Grand Duke of 78

Scadding. Rev. Dr. Henry 32.'

Srhott. Prof. Charles A M"

Serpa Pinto. Major 7»

Sewell. Hon. William J 760

Shaw. Col. Albert Duane 14"

Shaw. Thomas . :fi

Sherwood. Dr. Sidney

INDEX. XI.

Page

Necrology— Continued.

8111. John Mahelm Berry 264

Sllllman. Benjamin D

Silvester, Paul Armand M

Sims. John C 7>;

Slaughter, Gen. James E 7ft

Smith, Capt. Wm. H.. F. R. O. 8 225

Smith, George Murray 264

Smith, Sir Frank 7ti

Snow, Lorenzo CM

Sprague, Horatio J -. 449

Spier. Wm. Edward 225

Stalner, Sir John 264

Stephan. Mgr. Joseph A 674

Stephens. James 202

Stillman. W. J 449

Stodard, Lorlmer 510

Stokes. Edward 8 636

Strecker, Herman 760

Stubbs, Rt. Rev. Wm.. D.D 264

Sullivan, Rt. Rev. John T JOl

Sunderland, Rev. Dr. Byron 387

Sweeney, Rt. Rev. John £Jl

Sweetman, Dr. Leslie 760

Swlnton, John 760

Szllagyl, M. Deslder 450

Taft, Dr. Charles Sabln 76

Tait, Peter Guthrie 450

Tanner, Dr. C. K. D 2*4

Tanner. John Riley 326

Taylor, James E 387

Taylor, Gen. Thomas H 264

Thomas. John R 511

Thompson, Hon. David P 760

Thompson, Maurice 146

Tojetti. Virgillo 202

Trafton. Rev. Mark 202

Trenholm, Wm. Lee 76

Tuttle. Dr. H. H 6S6

Tyler. Moses Colt. LL.D.. L.H.D 7«

Uhl, Edwin F 325

Verdi, Gulseppe Fortunlno Francesco. 78

Verreau, Rev. Abbe 325

Vicuna. Don Carlos Moria 51

Vierllng, George 388

Vllleneuve, J. 0 388

Von Rltter Carl 202

Walte, Hon. Davis H 698

Walker. Aldace F 264

Wallace. Gen. Wm. H 202

Walsh, Very Rev. Thomas E 140

Walker, Gen. James A 636

Wantage, Baron 888

Waterman. Lewis E fis

Watkln. Sir Edward Wm. Bart 264

Webster. Nathan Burnham JJ

Westcott. Brooke Foss 450

White, Rev. Wm. J 888

White. Stephen Mallory 140

Whiting. Dr. Henry Clay 14"

Whitman. W. E. S 571

Whipple. Bishop Henry B 674

Whittle, Major Daniel W 202

Wigger. Rt. Rev. Wlnand Michael

Williams. Alonzo Mj

Williams. Gen. Robert. U. 8. A 511

Williams. Prof. Thomas A 77

Willson. Thomas Edgar 202

Wilson, Brig. -Gen. Thomas. lT. 8. A... 3*>

Wimperls. Edmund Morrison '<*

Wise. Commander Fred M.. U. 8. N... all

Wise. Richard A jj

Wolcott . Roger

Wood. Clarence D «•

Woods. Eliza 4 g

Yonge, Charlotte Mary 80

Youmans. Wm. Jay *■

Young. Lemuel R **•

Young. Mrs. Zlna D s"

N'i wfoundland:

Confederation, Admission to the 611

crisis. An imminent 610

Financial matters

- 1 development ••■• **•

French shore 47. 123. 664J. 7*

rnpr. A n< v. *■

Island railway syst.m 1-i

XII.

INDEX.

Page

Newfoundland.— Continued.

Naval station 304, 495

Railroad question, The 304. 367, 431, 557

System of wireless telegraphy pro- posed 494

St. Johns 557

Wrecks 367, 432, 494

New Mexico: Demand for statehood, A 669

Newspaper of the future 43

New York: Alleged collusion of police with crimi- nals 488

Carnegie's gift to New York City 423

Common law marriages 235

Defrauding of the custom house 487

Hand-writing experts excluded 116

Molineux, A new trial 602

Pan- American exposition 295

Pan-American exposition finances 669

Railroad tunnel 726

New Zealand. See Asia.

Nigeria. See Africa.

Nile. See Africa.

Nobel prizes 753

Northern Pacific railroad, see Railways.

Oceanlca, See Asia.

Ohio: Mfl

Anti-Lynching Law 296

Okapl, The. See Science.

Oklahoma:

Governor Jenkins removed 669

Government land lottery 424

Ophir, has it been found? 570

Orient, Affairs in the; see China (Crisis, etc.) and also Asia.

Panama Canal. See Canals.

Pan-American Congress, see Mexico and Chile.

Pan-American Exposition

236, 295, 426, 552, 603, 669

Papacy, The 71

Papyrus, Oldest Gospel 136

Peary, Lieutenant. See Science.

Pennsylvania:

Philadelphia franchises 358

Explosion in furnaces 727

Pensions in the U. S. :

Pension office statistics ,.. 417

Military pensions in Canada 238

War pensioners 483

Perry memorial, The 503

Persia, see Asia.

Persian Gulf question 530

Peru:

Chilean claims 50

Increase In trade 617

Pan- American congress 561

Political affairs 433, 195

Philippines, The:

Military operations 28, 105, 165, 643, 725

Leprosy 29, 231

Contract labor 29

Filipinos petition Congress 30

Liquor traffic 31

Filipino federal party 102

League of peace 102

Natives submitting 102

Civil rule 104, 349

Aiding the insurgents 104

Terms of submission 105

Cuba and the Philippines 106

Capture of Aguinaldo 165

Punishment of rebels 167

Pacification 30, 167, 229, 350

Commissary frauds 169, 230, 290

Public education 169, 290

General Funston's exploit 227

Aguinaldo's manifesto 228

Insurgent losses 230

Municipal and provincial governments. 230

Secret societies 231

Vice in Manila 291

The Sulu archipelago 291

Judges of the supreme court 349

Strength of the army 350

Pago Philippines, The.— Continued.

Government of Manila 412

Surrender of General Bellarmino 413

Generals Otis and MacArthur at vari- ance 413

Return to military rule 413

Natives applaud American rule 414

Spanish and English in the courts 414

The normal school 415

General MacArthur's report 477

Insurgency lingers 477

The commercial situation 478

Teachers for the Filipinos 478

Quiet in Mindanao 542

Missions 542, 658

The friars r>43, 657

Prosperity of Pampanga province 543

The Katipunan 544

Acts of war not punishable 545

TheTtfcKinley Islands 540

Military and civil powers clash 596

Samar 597

Insurgent fort captured 658

Business and revenue 658

Gold and silver coin 724

Supreme court decisions 724

Polar exploration. See Science.

Polish discontent 281, 345, 744

Politics, United States:

Advice from democratic leaders 31, 170

Bryanism, Rupudiation of 479

Bryan's future 31

Expansion in the "South 547

Negro disfranchisement 479

Negro suffrage and the insular de- cision 416

New third party 356

Ohio democratic convention 416

President McKinley's reciprocity views 544

Presidential third term 356

Sign of change in the South 231

South Carolina senators, The 291

Tariff issue, The 479

Polygamy: Bill vetoed In Utah 173

Population. See Census.

Porto Rico:

Distress in Porto Rico 27

Porto Rican labor. 27

Serious rioting 163

Hollander revenue law 163

Prosperity 226, 411

Emigration 163, 227

Taxation 289

Free trade with the United States 348

A new governor named 411

Tariff matters 475

No national banks 475

Tobacco trade ■ 476

A Carnegie library for San Juan 595

Conditions existing 656, 723

Conference with President Roosevelt.. 656

Portraits:

Albert, Prince 54

Alexandra, Queen 57, 91

Aosta, Duke of 438

Apponyi, Count Albert de 147

Asquith, Rt. Hon. Herbert H 370

Asser, T. C. M., LL.D 341

Bacon, Hon. Augustus 0 108

Baldwin, Evelyn ^ 375

Baudin. M. Pierre 470

Bartoco, Rt. Hon. Edmund, P. C,

K. C 64

Battenberg, Princess Beatrice of 161

Belknap, George E HI

Bell, Alexander Graham 134

Bell, Robert, LL.D.. M.D., F. R. S. C. 239

Benham, Admiral A. K 607

Bishop Whipple 574

Blaine, Late Hon. James G 245

Bond, Most Rev. Wm. Bennett, D.D.,

LL.D 242

Borden, Robert Laird, K. C, M. P 118

Botha, Louis 220

Boyd, Sir John A.. K. C, M. G till

Brodeur, Hon. Louis P J19

Page Portraits.— Continued.

Brown, Hon. Henry B opp. page 266

Bruchesl. Most Rev. Paul 303

Butler, Hon. Marlon 35

Calllaux, M 47::

mpbell. Prof. W. W C7

Carlisle. Hon. John G 24

Carnegie, Andrew 173

Castro, President 614

( handler, Hon. Wm. E 2>?

Charlton. John, M. P 365

I 'hlna, Prince Ching of 391

China. Prince Chun and Suite 515

Chowfa Maha Vajlravudh 712

Christian, King of Denmark 708

Chula, Longkorn. First 713

Clarke, Sir Sydenham 591

Cleveland, Ex-President 171

Colvllle, MaJ.-Gen. Sir Henry 10

Constans, M 471

Cork. The Late Rev. Joseph, D.D. .'.... 385

crlspl. The Late Francesco 512

Dawes, Charles G 412

De Lauessan, M 279

Delcasse, M 209

De Stael, Baron Georges 213

Deuntzer, Prof. J. H 653

De Wet, Gen. Christian 155

De Wltte, M 98

Diaz, President D. Porfirio 600

Dillon. John 96

Dournovo, M 190

Duff, Ladles 91. 307

Durand, Sir H. Mortimer 160

Edward VII. King opp. page 1

Emerson. Hon. George H 367

Evarts, Hon. Wm. M 139

Ferdinand. Prince of Bulgaria 677

Fielding, Hon. W. S 17ti

Fife, Duchess of 307

Fife, Duke of 307

Flnlay, Sir Robert, Q. C 86

Fisher, Sydney A 4*3

Fisher, Vice-Admiral Sir John A 342

Fiske, The Late Joha 448

Frechette, Louis, C. M. G., LL.D 302

Frederick, The Late Dowager Empress

of Germany opp. 389

Frederick. Crown Prince of Denmark. 70'.*

French, Maj.-Gen 9?

Frlck, Henry Clay 113

Fry, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward, K. C 32S

Fournier, Vice- Admiral 279

Fuller, Hon. Melville W 99

Funstan, Brig. -Gen. Frederick, U.S.A. 166

Goluchowsky, Count 336

Gorky, Maxim 693

Green, James M 316

Griggs, Hon. John W 22

Hadley, President, of Yale University.. 695

Halsbury, Rt. Hon. Lord, P. C 435

Hamid II, Abdul 282

Hanbury, Rt. Hon. R. W 274

Hanna, Senator M. A 35

Harrison, Hon. Benjamin opp. page 79

Hay, John opp. page 699

Hays, Charles M 46

Helene, Queen of Italy 683

Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael 248

Howard. Sir Henry, K. C. B 143

Howlson. Rear- Admiral, Henry L 480

Hunt. Gov. Wm. II 539

Ingram. The Rt. Rev. Arthur F. \V... 517

Jette, Sir Louis. K. C. M. G 611

Johnson. Hon. Tom L 643

Kang Yu Wei 646

Khan. Habibullah 622

Knox, Hon. Philander C 285

I.amsdorff. Count 151

L'indsdowne. Rt. Hon.. the Marquis of. 621

Leopold, King of Belgium 589

LI HmiK Chang opp. p. 6a<

Llmantour, Jose Yves 677

Lindsey, Hon. Wm 33

Llorente, s. nor P. G 221

Sir J. Norman. K. C. B 134

LoomlO, H«>n. Francis B 61

INDEX. XIII.

Pag* Portrait*.— Continued.

Lotter, Commandant EM

Lount. Hon. William 160

Low, Hon. Beth opp. p. 575

Marconi, Slgnor Gugllelmo 750

Maria Henrlette, Queen of Belgium.... 560

Martlnelll. His Eminence, Cardinal 26*

McKenzle, Wm 06

McKinl.y. Wm 637

McLaurin, Hon. John L 361

McMillan. Hon. Daniel Hunter 121

Menelik. Negus 177

Meyer, Hon. George von L 61

Milburn, Hon John G 266

Miles, Lleut.-Cen. Nelson A opp. p. 141

Mills, Hon. David 6M

Morgan, J. Plerpont 114.641

Morln, Vlce-Admlral 260

Morocco, Mulai Abd-KI-Azz. Sultan of. 467

Moule, Rev. H. C. Glyn 628

Mulock, Hon. Wm.. M.A 264

Munir. Bey 6W

Nation, Mrs. Carrie 172

Norfolk. Duke of 78

O'Brien. Wm.. M. P 250

O'Conner, T. P 166

Orleans, The Late Henri, Prince of — 512

Pattl, Madame Adelina 273

Pauncefote. 8ir Julian 663

Payne, Henry C 724

Persia, Mozaffer-Ed-Din. Shah of 464

Piatt. Hon. Orville H 226

Pobiedonostzeff, M 100

Pottler, Admiral 143

Power, Hon. L. G 963

Prince Hohenlohe *b9

Prinetti, Slgnor 277

Reeve, George Bell 46

Reld. R. G 46

Remsen, Dr. Ira opp. p. 227

Rhelnbaben, Baron V 453

Rlchthofen, Baron von •

Rldgely. William Barrett 667

Riesco, Don Jermaln 433

Robertson. Major Edgar B 464

Rockhill. Wm. Woodville 366

Rosebery, Lord 703

Roosevelt. Theodore opp. p. 513

Ross. The Late Hon. J. J 324

Rublnl, Slgnor 161

Russia, Czar of 633

Said Pasha 704

Salisbury, Marquis of opp. p 261

Sanderson, Sir T H 84

Santos-Dumont, M 626

Schley. Rear-Acmlral. Wlnfleld Scott.

opp. p. 461

Schonborn, Count Frederic 271

Schwab. Charles M 4*

Schwarzenstein, Mumm von 61

Scott. Sir Charles Stewart 3W

Selborne. Earl of **

Shaffer. Theodore J «1

Shaw. Leslie M J=

Sienklewicz, Henry <*

Spooner, Hon. John C J*

Stanley. Preston, Lord of 366

Stone. Ellen M g»

Szllagyl. D. De «

Taft. Judge Wm. H lg

Teller, Hon. Henry M J

Tillman. Hon. Benjamin R »

Urlbe-Urlbe. General Jf6

Vaughan. His Eminence Cardinal 164

Verestchagin. Vasslll 7»

Verdi '

Victor Emmanuel. III. King of Italy.. 343 Victoria, Queen ■»

Vlrehow. Prof ,•••• «»

Von Otter. Admiral Frederick \\ 11-

helm «2

Voyron. General "25

Waldeck-Rosseau. Pierre-Mat;

Walron.l. Sir U •••• f»

War.l. Col K. W. I' . K C B »»

wick. Com. • ••• un Washington. BookOT T ■*

XIV.

INDEX. Page

Portraits.— Continued.

Westlake, John. K. C, LL.D 216

Wilhelmina, Queen 520

Woolsey, Dr. Theodore Salisbury 228

Wu Ting-Fang 453

York, Duchess of 20, 523

York, Duke of 20, 523

Yuan-Shi Kai 642

Zanardelli, Signor 346

Ziegler, Wm 379

Portugal. See Europe.

Postal development 605

Postal paper. Fraud on 175

Postal rule, New 426

Post, Parcels 359

Presbyterian Assembly. See Religion. Prohibition. See Temperance.

Publishers' International Congress 572

Quelpart massacre 440

Race conflicts and questions:

Social equality of races 657

Negro disfranchisement 479

Negro immigration 474

R3.ilW3,YS *

In German East Africa 193

Progress in Uganda 568

Railway Schemes in Austria 251

Netherlands Railway Question 500

Railway Development in Russia 375

Northern Pacific stock corner 296

Northern Pacific strife, Settlement of. 425

Railroad consolidation i. 42, 114

Railway commission 119

Railwav bargain (Manitoba) 120

Reciprocity 18, 99, 409, 472, 608, 664, 678

Religion:

American revision, The 569

Anglican ritual 195

Anglican ritual crisis 70

Awakening in Japan 567

Bible, A new version of the 445

Cardinal, The new 258

Christian Endeavor memorial 71

Christian Science, Beliefs of 383

Conventions 445

Conventions, Notable 628

Episcopal canons, Revision of 383

Islam, The spread of 445

Liberal Catholicism 195

Miscellaneous 320, 383, 570

Non-Conformist federation 259

Pope Lee XIII on socialism 137

Protestant Episcopal ritual 258

Presbyterian assembly, The 319

Religions of the world 196

Sundav observance 691

Tendencies 628

The temporal power 71

Y. M. C. Association 569

Y. M. C. A. Jubilee 382

Revision, Bible. See Religion.

Rhodes letters 500

Rhodesia. See Africa.

Riesco, Jerman 432

Roberts, Lord, Grant for 434

Roosevelt, President 538

Rosebery, Lord 434, 743

Russell, Earl 371, 435

Russia. See Europe.

St. Paul's, Danger to 501

Samoa: \

New laws asked for V . . 28

Schools in Tutuila 28

Population statistics 227

Charges against Governor Tilley 596

Samson-Morgan controversy 110

Santos-Dumont's air-ship. See Science.

Satow, Sir Ernest M 153

Schley court of inquiry. See Army and

Navy. Science and Invention: Astronomy:

Age of the earth 135

Invisible spectrum. The 255

Moon. and the Weather 313

New star in Perseus 133,752

Snow on the moon 313

Pag*

Science and Invention. Astronomy.— Continued.

Solar eclipse 313

Stellar heat 313

Sun's flight, The 134

Total solar eclipse 255

Yerkes reflector and Lick telescope. 752 Medicine and Surgery:

Anti-Pneumonic Serum 69

Caldas yellow fever serum 507

Cancer, The cause of 313

Consumption cures 69

Cure for deformity 69

Koch question, The 507

Diseases and therapeutics 752

Oxygen and consumption 193

Tuberculosis conference. The 441

Yellow fever not contagious 193

Polar explorations:

Antarctic expedition 506

Arctic expedition 379

Arctic exploration 68

Baldwin-Ziegler expedition 503, 568

Peary, Lieut 569

Test of open current theory 506

Artificial wood seasoning 256

Berliner patent decision 135

Criminal anthropology 627

Electricity and muscular action 751

Electricity as a weather factor 505

Exterminating of mosquitoes 443, 507

Gardner automatic signals 315

German lance boats 441

Hydrogen solidified.... 378

Light without wires 68

Long distance telephony 66

Meeting of the American Association 568

Miscellaneous 194. 315. 380, 443, 690

Murray page-printing telegraph 377

New animal, A (Okapi) 315

New chemical element 37s

New Edison storage battery 256, 314

New species of giraffe 507

New psychology 627

Nobel prizes, Award of 625

Pictures by telegraph ...256,442

Printing without ink 135

Santos-Dumont airship. The 441, 506

Santos-Dumont wins Deutsch prize... 626

Sprinkling roads with oil 569

Sun motor, A 194

Submarine telephony 750

Virchow, Honor to 626

Wireless telegraphy

135, 194, 378, 443, 505. 690, 750

World's magnetic survey 690

Scotland. See Great Britain. Servla. See Europe.

Slavism, Pan, decreed against 129

Smallpox:

Fear in Canada 676

Smallpox 735, 752

Smallpox in London 744

Socialism, Pope Leo XIII on 137

Sociology :

Mr. Schwab's testimony 318

Some additional dangers 313

Trusts, Mr. Bryan on 318

Trusts, The pros, and cons, of 257

Somaliland. See Africa. Soudan, The. See Africa.

South, Needs of the 69

South African War:

Afrikander congress 15

Attrition, A constant 273

Attrition, A slow 703

Barbarous warfare » — 276

Battle, A real 275

Blockhouse system, The 647, 703

Boer atrocities, Alleged 398, 462

Boer concessions 337

Boer forces 702

Boer forces concentrating 335

Boer emissary, A 710

Boer and British losses 275, 527

Boer forces and losses 397

Boer repulses 527

INDEX.

Page South Af lean War.— Continued.

Boer successes 520

Brakenlaagte fight 646

British Intentions. The 15

British losses. The total 704

British outrages 91

Burghers' peace committee 16

Campaign, Plan for a new 397

Camps, concentration 339, 529. 648, 706

Camps for the Veldt folk 90

Camps. Detention 400

Camps, Refugee 274

Cape Colony 13. 401. 462. 525

Concealment, A systematic 335

Conflict continued 459

Contradictory statements 707

Criticisms 461

Criticisms. An era of 219

De Wet, The chase of 13

De Wet, The fall of 15

De Wet's incursion 93

Dutch uprising possible 12

Earl Roberts, The return of 18

English feeling 527

English mood, The 273

English pride wounded 220

English Pro-Boer repulsed 710

Fights in Zululand 584

Fighting still continues 154

Fighting In the Transvaal 585

Futile peace negotiation , 154

General British plans 92

General military view 335

General situation 581, 702

General view 153, 221. 459

Intervention, A glance at 337

Intervention, A question of 92

Kruger in Europe 17

Lord Kitchener's proclamation 461

Lord Milner of Cape Town 276

Losses in three wars 528

Martial law in Cape Colony 585

Military affairs

92. 222, 275, 397, 525, 584. 647. 648

Military record 7" I

Miscellaneous 222, 401, 529,650

Natal advancing 528

Official Statement •. 155, 708

On the wide field 89

Opposite judgments 90

Parallel, A 702

Parallel, Another 702

Policy, The government's 459

Predictions few 459

Present aspect 710

Pro-Boers In England 339

Prospect, The 583

Public awakenment 219

Remedial action 709

Report of buildings burned 275

Reports of mediation, arbitration, etc. 336

Statements In debate 459

Steyn's narrow escape 398

Success. A question of 90

Surrender. The hindrance to 527

Transvaal mines. Tax on *. 338

Utterances In various lands 707

Various conflicts 13

Various events 92

War. A new type of 459

War. A peculiar 626

War, A stimulus 220

War in parliament 95

South Carolina:

Prison pens 173

Slavery revived 116

Charleston exposition. The 727

Spain. See Europe.

Spectrum. The invisible 255

Sport :

American cup 233, 294, 422, 486, 560

Athletic contest 651

"Canada's Cup" won back 487

Carelessness among huntsmen 670

Columbia, The defender of America's

cup 486

Cresceus lowers his own record 487

XV.

8port.— Continued.

Football contests , M9

Football, Move against , 970

Intercollegiate boat races 422

International bicycle race Tjo

Miscellaneous 296, 423

Olympian games, The .' 971

Palma trophy 551

Prize fighting .' 970

Shamrock, The arrival of 486

Trotting record broken 423

Standard Oil Company's dividends 490

Statistics, Important: Agricultural population of the South... 116

Book production 199

Centre of population 72

Consumption of liquors 756

Immigration 75$

Imports and exports 71

Longevity 754

National treasury. The 804

Population 607

Religions of the World 19«

Sugar consumed in this country 606

Stone, Miss Ellen. See European di- plomacy, &c. Strikes. See Labor interests. Subsidies:

Ship subsidy bill 24.16

Prince Edward Island subsidy 101

French line subsidy 901

Ship subsidies. Failure of 109

Suffrage, Woman:

Illinois, Woman suffrage In 235, 298

Massachusetts. Woman suffrage In 234

Surgery. See 8cience. Tariff questions. See Commerce. Telegraph companies and public Jour- nals, Legal decision affecting 259

Telegraphy. See 8cience. Telephony. See Selene*-. Temperance reform:

Mrs. Nation's Crusade 41. 115. 172

Ontario, Temperance question In 430

Nation raids. Sequel of 224

Liquor Traffic at Manila 31

Prohibition law void : 121

Prohibition in Manitoba «7?

Consumption of liquors 751

( ianteen 367. 618

Texas:

Homestead laws 489

Petroleum fields W

Richness of oil fields 2W

Thibet. See Asia.

Toru. Assassin of. punished 587

Trade. See Commerce. Trans-Isthmian Canal. See Canals. Treaties. See also Reciprocity and Ar- bitration.

Arbitration «J

Abrogation of treaties 471

Morocco negotiation 474

Interoceanlc canals: new treaty

drafted **

Revision of the Geneva treaty 40S

Russia-Manchuria Compact 148. 590

The Hay-Pauncefote treaty 125. 182.999

Treaty rights Involved 457

Interoceanlc canal: treaty denounced. 614

Futile peace negotiations .... 154

Peace protocol 514. »77

Trusts:

Mr. Bryan on trusts «

The pros, and cons, of trusta »

A salmon trust ••

Tuberculosis. Se.

Turbine steam power **•

Turkey. See Europe. Uganda. See Africa. Utah: ,_

Polygamy bill vetoed '•*

Venezuela: ., .._ __,

Asphalt <ll*pute 50. 183. 305. Wl

Castro an<l Venezuela *»*

Castro's arbitrary eond ik t J^

Castro, Movement against «*»

XVI.

INDEX.

Page

Venezuela —Continued.

Colombia and Venezuela 558, 680, 730

French claim, A 741

Friars In Colombia 559

Germany's claim 740

Illiteracy 369

Loomts, Minister 183, 247,305

Minister of War, Resignation of 433

Miscellaneous 617

Munroe doctrine. The 305

Panama, Isthmus of 559

Revolutions 51, 433

War, Prospect of 559

Uribe Uribe interviewed 616

Verestchagin, Vassili 754

Victoria, Queen. See Great Britain.

Views *

Australia, Flag of 623

Berlin, Reichstag 188

Berlin, Unter deu Linden and Imperial

Palace 278

Boat, New portable 442

British museum 533

Buda-Pesth, Hungarian Parliament

Houses 189

Christianla, Norway Parliament Houses 456

Colon, View in front street 681

Columbia college. The new library 719

Constantinople and Bosporus.." 281

Edinburgh University 372

"Fulton," Submarine torpedo boat 663

Halifax 554

Honolulu, Executive Building 164

Lance-boats 442

London, Beaconsfield's statue 340

London, Government offices 145

London, Parliament Buildings 95

Madrid, Royal Palace 131

Malta, Fortress of 158

Melbourne Exhibition building 63

Melbourne, Parliament House 252

Metropolitan museum, new east wing. 728

Mexico, City of 736

Mexico, National palace 579

Modern Athens 651

Moscow, Showing the Kremlin 191

Moscow, Iversky gate, The 641

Nome, Main street of 655

Osborne House 126

Newfoundland, Cabot tower, Signal Hill 751

Page Views.— Continued.

Pan-American Exposition grounds 427

Peking— The gate of heaven 705

Prince Edward Island Government '

Buildings 429

- Progress of the world's evangeliza- tion 691

"Retvizan," Russian battleship 586

Sandringham Hall 60

Scotland, Bank of 249

South Carolina exposition, machinery

buildings 723

St. James Palace 55

St. John, N. B., Custom house at 733

St. Paul's Cathedral 501

Statue of King Alfred 565

Sultan, Palace of 406

The Hague, Palace of Justice 473

Tower of London 19

Vienna, Palace of Justice 251

Vladivostok 330

Washington, Capitol 106, 701

Washington, State, Navy and War De- partments 26

Washington, U. S. Postoffice...' 476

Winchester Cathedral 563

Windsor Castle 59

Winnipeg, Parliament Buildings of

Manitoba 45

Yale university, library buildings 593

Yerkes reflecting telescope 752

Waldersee, Count von 503

Washington, Booker T 603

Wilhelmina, Queen. See Holland.

Winnington-Ingram, Bishop of London.. 187

Wireless telegraphy. See Science.

Woman suffrage 234, 298

West Point 38, 293, 357

Yacht Races, see Sport.

Yellow fever: Santiago de las Vegas, yellow fever In. 410

Lessened in Cuba by sanitation 347

Fever controlled in Havana 162, 594

Yellow fever not contagious 193

Yellow fever serum 507

Y. M .C. Association. See Religion.

Zionism: Turkey, Zionist movement in 311

Y. W. C. Association. See Religion.

Zuyder Zee, Draining of the 565

ERRATA.

P. 1, col. 2, eighth line from bottom, for "Shan-se" read "Shan-sl."

P. 10., col, 1, eighth line from bottom, after "summary of" read "the preliminary peace

agreement." In second col., ninth line from top, spell "Ketteler." P. 50, col. 2, for "province of Tacna" read "province of Atacama." For "Peru in 1890"

read "Peru in 1898." P. 51, col. 2, for "Perazo" read "Peraza." P. 110, col. 1, in title for "gems" read "items." P. 184, col. 1, for "Diaz" read "Baiz." • \ P. 223, col. 2, eighteenth line from top, read "on which."

P. 258, col. 2, eighteenth line, for "Englishman" read "Hollander, or Fleming." P. 283, col. 1, sixteenth line, read "in 1900." P. 304, col. 2, omit two lines beginning "compiled by." P. 320, col. 1, twenty-sixth line, read "Dr. Minton." P. 388, col 1, eighteenth line, read "August 14, 1836."

P. 450, col. 2, under the cut read "The late Prince Hohenlohe, ex-chancellor," &c. P. 516, col. 1, thirtieth line, for "idemnity" read "indemnity." P. 542, col. 2, last line but one, for "is" read "in." P. 548, col. 2, thirty-sixth line from top, for"finlsh" read furnish." P. 574, col. 1, twenty-fourth line from top, for "Bryant" read "Bryan." P. 578, col. 1, twenty-first line, for "yards" read "years."

P. 579, col. 2. sixth line, read "about 150 miles from S'Ngan and 550 miles from, &c. P. 584, col. 2, third line from the last, read "gone stale." P. 590, col. 1, eighth line from top, for "law" read "land." In col. 2, fourteenth line, for

"part" read "port." In twenty-seventh line, for "giving" read "getting." P. 591, col. 1, twenty-seventh line, for "border" read "hordes." P 592, col 1, last line but one. for "Newark" read "New York." P. 614, col. 1, lines 37 and 38, for "protool" read "protocol." P. 651, col. 1, fifth line from the bottom, for "He adds." read "It is added." P. 731, last column of table, for "11" substitute a dash. •

P. 742, first column, twenty-sixth line from bottom, for 628 read 682.

\

HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII.

Born November 9, 1841. Succeeded to the British Throne on the Death of Queen Victoria, January 22, 1901.

THE CYCLOPEDIC REVIEW

OK

Current History.

VOL. 11.

MARCH, 1901.

No. 1.

International Hffaire-

THE CRISIS IN CHINA.

IN the weeks now under review, from the earlier part of Decern- ber through January, official re- ports trom China have been oc- cupied with the negotiation for peace whose main result was anxiously awaited in all civilized lands. Aside from this, reports have dealt largely with local and minor events, such as the rebellious risings in various prov- inces, the frequent expeditions, puni- tive or explorative, of the foreign forces, and with the many prelimina- ries to the final negotiation. Evidently the governments, not being fully in ac- cord in their ultimate designs— some of them not having reached a definite decision— saw reason for keeping each its own counsel as to some details: too early and explicit utterances might preclude some coveted national gain, or by creating division might em- bolden China to resist. The fear of creating division is set forth by "The Times," London, as preventing any very material addition to the public information from the official dis- patches or the utterances of the gov- ernment leaders in parliament:

"Lord Salisbury in the house of lords and Lord Cranborue in the house of eonv nions have practically coniined them- selves, so far as the most interesting part of the Chinese problem is concerned, to statements that the concert of Europe exists, and that therefore they can tell ns nothing that we want to know."

Therefore, the mass of new<< from China may here be left unnoticed as

l*>ssibly only rumor or conjectn-e; while selected Items of interest or im- |H)rtance not officially authenticated appear with some such cautionary phrase as "It is reported," or "a dis- patch announces."

Movements of the Chinese.

It was announced at the beginning of December that the native Chris- tians were returning to their former towns in Canton province under escort of French and Chinese troops, and that official proclamations were posted in the villages warning against further outrages. The Chinese authorities had been threatened by the French with severe penalty in case of further trouble.

At Shanghai the Chinese officials were busily improving the defenses and sending munitions of war to the Kiang-Yin forts, in alarm at reiw>rts of an Intended expedi- tion of the allied forces Into the Yang-tse valley. At Tlent Tsin. the United States consul reported In- creased activity of the Boxers In the • vicinity.

MASSACRE OF MISSIONARIES IN SHAN 81.

In the province of Shan-ae the massacres of last June have been re- newed, according to dispatches In the Cologne "Volks Zeitung." The gov- ernor having invited to his bouse on promises of better protection a Roman Catholic bishop, his coadjutor, and four European priests, ordered their

Copyright. 1901, by Current HIKorr Company.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.

March, 1901

bands tied, then poniarded them. Af- terward he went with soldiers to the bishop's residence and seized six Mar- seilles sisters, promising them great rewards if they would renounce Chris- tianity. Upon their unanimous refusal the governor poniarded them. There were killed also several Chinese priests, thirty Chinese sisters, fifteen seminarists, and 200 orphans.

VARIOUS CHINESE DOINGS.

The Chinese ministers at Berlin showed to the officials at the Foreign Office a telegram from Li Hung-Chang announcing that the new governor of Shan-si had publicly executed more than eighty rebel leaders and was using the utmost severity in suppress- ing the Boxers and protecting the mis- sionaries.

Captains Wingate and Ryder, re- turning from the expedition to Kal- gan, December 6, brought reports that twelve Swedish and Norwegian mis- sionaries, and many native Christians, had been massacred at Kwei-hua- cheng by order of the Taotai ; and that stations west of the Belgian mission station were still besieged by Boxers, and by Chinese troops under orders from the authorities.

The city of Hong-Kong was placard- ed on December 13 with appeals to the secret societies and the people to rise unitedly during January and drive out all foreigners. There, and at other points not far from the coast, whence come alarming predictions of a bloody rising in the spring, little credence is given them by persons well informed; though there is ground for apprehen- sion regarding many mission and trad- ing stations in the interior. The Rus- sian officers do not expect any serious military movement by the Chinese during the winter, though local dis- turbances at many places may be ex- pected.

GENERAL TUNG FUH-SIAXG.

The foregoing brief record of Chinese doings is one mostly of local disturb-

ance and massacre with little bearing on any great and final issue except as it sets in clear light some national peculiarities with which the diplomacy of the West must now deal. The well- known Chinese genius for delay and for making use of delays has been fully in evidence through recent months. As to military science, China has thus far shown little worthy of the name. It is possible, however, that one soldier may yet have to be dealt with in a combined military and political capacity, a soldier reputed to combine types of Chinese and un- Chinese.

Dispatches of the middle of December, non-official yet with some aspect of prob- ability, declared that General Tung, who had been commander of the forces in and around Si-Ngan-fu, was practically in control of the court, overawing the Empress-Dowager, and in a position to decide the government's acceptance or refusal of the terms finally agreed on by the allies. In partial agreement with this dispatch is the report that the Chi- nese minister at Berlin said, December 1, that Prince Tuan and General Tung were, de facto, in control of the court. On the other hand, a report only a week earlier expressed the warm approval by the envoys of the removal of General Tung from command of the forces sur- rounding the court — a practical banish- ment.

Unfortunately Tung's anti-foreign ac- tivity, achieving the only success — tran- sient and utterly fruitless — against the allies, gives reason to a suspicion of his course whether as dictator or as outright rebel.

General Tung Fuh-Siang— regarded as far the most capable and resourceful of the Chinese generals — is not a Chinaman, nor a Manchu: he is of Mohammedan stock and was born in Central Asia. He served as brigadier-general in Kashgaria, but became conspicuous by his success in subduing the Tun-Gan rebellion in the province of Kiang-su.

Shanghai reports of January 6 and 7 'somewhat questionable) state that Gen- eral Tung's 14,000 troops have mutinied at Ku-Yuen-chou in the province of Kan- su; and that the Empress-Dowager has ordered General Feng Tsc-Tsai's army from the province of Yun-nan to suppress the rebellion. Feng's army consists of 15,000 men armed with modern weapons. Evidently the military situation, espe- cially the relation between the army and

TEE CRISIS IN <Ill\.\.

the court must :ii present I ittsMered

uncertain.

MASSACRE OF BBPOBMEBfl A dispatch from Vancouver, B. C, on December u~>, r.xx), reporti ■ t»-rri bie massacre of the Reform forces in tin' rang-tae valley in Central Chinu, and tin* beheading of twenty-seven of tin' loaders, followers of the reformer, Kang ftQ-Wel (Vol. 10, p. 882).

The report is that some reform leaden with a badly armed rabble of 12,000 vil- lagers entered the town in which resided th<> governor of the district, who \v:is hdleved to be friendly to reform and who had at command 5,000 disciplined and well-armed troops. The villagers were persuaded to leave at the city gates all arms except their revolvers, while the loaders wire invited to an audience at the governor's palace, which was delayed for a day while other leader* were sent for. During the audience a disagreement arose, and by the treacherous governor's orders the leaders were seized, dragged into the courtyard, and beheaded. Mean- while, in obedience to a secret order, the imperial troops suddenly fell upon the rabble of reformers, who bravely fought their way out, but left 1,500 dead.

A REFORMER'S ADVICE. Minister Conger and the other foreign envoys, December 7. received 8 letter signed by the Cantonese re farmer, Kang Yu-Wei, who was for merly an adviser of Emperor Kwang Su, and always favorable to foreign- ers.

He attributes the great calamities thai have befallen China- to the Dowager Empress and her advisers. Prince Tuan, Prince Ching, Yung-Su, Yang-Yi, Ohao Slut-Cliiao, Muang Eta, Moyn Kueit, and Ilriong. He expresses thankfulness that the foreigners were enabled to hold out in the Peking legations, and then asks to offer suggestions which "will in- sure just punishment of the real culprits, satisfaction to the different countries, and a permanent settlement of the Inter- national relations of China." He nrges:

1. That the Empress and her advisers should not be allowed to negotiate the

peace.

2. That the Emperor, a friend of for- eisners, should be restored.

8. That all reactionary officials should be arrested, and that a careful watch should be kept over the so-called friend- ly viceroys in the south.

He contends that unless Yung-Sn. Prince Tuan, and the other guilty olfl- • i.ils an -evenly dealt with they will continue to assert that foreign nations are powerless against China.

"The foreigners should Sot rely ,>n the viceroys. They *( ml men. money, and armaments to the Empress and bit bar obedient servants. Should the Emperor be restore.!, the empire would rejoice. The Emperor*! psrtj consists of the most enlightened men, who are friendly to foreigners and desire to Incorporate Western civilization ami culture In an ancient country.''

For this task he avers that he was un- pointed by the Emperor in a secret edict of 1S08. when be appealed to the foreign powers on behalf of the Emperor— "an appeal which, had they listened, would probably have prevented what has hap pened."

THE IMPERIAL COUBT.

It was announced at Peking, Decem- ber 1, that Earl LI bad been informed by a dispatch from Si-Ngan-fu that the court had resolved to behead or other- wise kill Vu-IIsien. former governor of Bhan-sl, who was guilty of massa- cring about fifty missionaries whom lie had invited to accept bis protection. Members of Li's staff siti.i that the Emperor would probably send Yu- llsien a silk cord the usual autbori tative Intimation to a criminal of rank that be must bang himself. A re|K>rt to the foreign' office at Paris, from Shanghai, January :s. reported his exe- cution. December 19, by order of the Dowager-Empress

KWANO-8U A CHRISTIAN CONVEB1

In the session of the Reichstag in Berlin, December 18, Dr. Stoecker. former court chaplain, speaking of the situation In China, said that be bad received private letters asserting that the Empress-Dowager's antagonism to Kwang-Su was dm- to the fact that the Emperor bad actually become a Chris- tian, having been converted by the In- fluence of British and American mis- sionary books that had been brought to his attention. When the session had closed. Dr. 8toecker In an Inter- view gave a number of corroborative details.

INTERNA TIONAL A FF. 1 Hi 8.

March. 1901

'His informant is presumed to hare been his intimate friend, Field Marshal von Waldersee. It is of course possible for Christian people to be too eager in accepting such a gratifying conclusion. All that has been certainly known is, that in the period of Kwang-Su's full activity as Emperor he was an earnest student of the Christian Scriptures and other books procured through missionary agency, and that he issued edicts for educational and other reforms which in- dicated a purpose to make available for his people some of the public and social benefits which he deemed might be gained from a partially applied Chris- tianity. This violation of precedent — precedent being a large part of Chinese religion — would shock the narrow and ignorant mind of the Empress-Dowager as evidence of his conversion to a strange and abhorrent faith, which would nat- urally lead her to frame some legal de- vice for delivering China from his rule as Emperor. Dr. Stoecker's evidence, if made public, would be of great interest.

RUMOR OF A NEW EMPEROR.

A Shanghai report (dubious) in Lon- don states "that while the court was at Tai-Yuen-fu on the journey to Si- Ngan-fu, the Empress-Dowager se- cretly appointed a new Emperor with the title Tung-Su. He is a fifteen- year-old boy, who was taken to Si- Ngan-fu in the imperial yellow chair. Emperor Kwang-Su has notified the reform party that he is returning to the capital and will need their assist- ance."

PLIGHT OF THE COURT.

The movements of the Chinese court immediately after the capture of Pe- king at the middle of August (Vol. 10, pp. 698-700) were for a time unknown. Afterward it was ascertained that they had escaped in disguise and in panic from the palace, and (as is re- ported) a few hours later from the city, with an armed guard of a hun- dred eunuchs, who, to prevent delay at the gates by the fleeing throngs of Chinese, fired several volleys into the crowd and opened a passage. They were in rude carts, were without pro- visions, and so scantily supplied with clothing that at nightfall the Empress- Dowager, shivering with cold, begged

a supply of garments from the magis- trate of a small town where they made a stop. Thence, with several so- journs on the route, they made their toilsome way about 000 miles into western China to Si-Ngan-fu, the ancient capital of the empire, in the valley of the Wel-ho, there walled with precipitous mountains. This metropolis, founded more than 1,000 years before Christ, repeatedly be« sieged, destroyed, and rebuilt, a point of conversance of the great trade routes between China and Central Asia, has always had great commer- cial and military importance. Its walls, strong and high, are about eight miles in circuit, and its population is reported to be about one million.

EMPEROR'S BROTHER IN PEKING.

Prince Chun, younger brother of the Emperor, at an interview in Peking about January 10, said that though he did not officially represent his brother, he knew his sentiment favoring a re- turn to Peking as shown in a recent letter.

The prince, a youth of 17, made a favorable impression. He set forth the Chinese objection to the permanence of the foreign legation guard, regarding it unnecessary. He spoke of the Boxer moyement as a natural result of patriotic feeling under continued provocation: its purport was China for the Chinese. For years the nations had demanded and ob- tained by treaties trading privileges, which they continually aimed to extend by forcing on China undesirable treaties with threats of seizing the choicest parts of the country, making a slight riot an occasion for gaining large territorial eon- cessions. The prince declared that the people, though the most peaceable on earth, are liable, as are all Oriental na- tions, to periodical excitements; and that they had gradually been wrought up by seizure of important territory at Kiao- Chau, Port Arthur, Wei-Hai-Wei, and elsewhere, and by the grant from their rulers of the official prerogatives de- manded by Roman Catholic missionaries: yet they had misbehaved no worse than the French in their famous revolution, and the recent trouble was not likely to recur for centuries. He declared his belief that the Emperor is the friend of the foreigners who do not seek to dis-

////. CRISIS IS CHIXA.

member the empire. His most enlight- ening utterance — though not reaching far into the durk— concerned the power of the Umperor and tin Bmprcss Dowagwr

respectively: bo said it was a mistake to attribute to the Kinprcss-Howagcr an un- limited power, though she naturally has such induenee with the youthful Kin- perof as the Chinese always concede to their senior relatives and show by their worship of ancestors.

Military Expeditions of the Allies.

The military movements of the al- lies, though frequent in various direc- tions, have not been on a large seale and cannot be ranked as constituting a definite campaign. Usually they have been successful in achieving some local and limited purpose of quelling threatened outbreaks of Box- ers and other gangs of murderers or plunderers emboldened by the mani- fest imbecility or the secret connivance of the government. These expeditions are reported to have brought protec- tion to groups of foreigners and to lit- tle companies of native Christians who had escaped the massacres of last summer. The special work assigned them was to prevent the numerous bands of Chinese fighting men, driven and Mattered by the victorious inarch of the allies, from gradually regather- ing as a united force. Thus evidence was to be given to both the imperial government and the populace that the foreign powers were holding tirm con- trol of the capital and the whole sur- rounding region, and would insist on such outcome of the negotiations now being entered on as should fully en- sure the concessions demanded by them in the interest of peace and of the permanent recognition of interna- tional rights.

While this desirable purpose has doubtless been to some extent served by the many expeditions of the foreign troops, there is much disagreeable evidence as to the proceedings of some of them; though among these —let It be noted— are scarcely if at all included those of Japan, the United States, and Great Britain. It has been

much remarked i>y observen la iv

king. that, while then- teemed f.-w

occasions i<»r expeditions by the troopa of these three powers, the lermaa

end French commanders found fre- quent causes for them.

From many pens of correspondents

Of European and American Journals

have flowed detailed accounts of much looting of villages, with furious ravage and in many cases with violations «>f women and promiscuous slaughter even of little children, especially by the French ami Russian soldiery, it is vain to plead in excuse the fury of moral and even physical abhorrence roused to frenzy by the cold demoniac cruelty of the Chinese toward their multitude of helpless victims: such ex- cuse itself would be immoral, and has indeed been scarcely seen in print, as if it were felt that a Christian civilisation could not afford thus to unclvlllse it- self. Defense, however, in the form of a direct denial and disproval in whole or in large part, is looked for ami is awaited with some disquiet, If one may Judge from the tone of leading Jour- nals — some authoritative evidence that the occasional doings of such criminals as may lie found in an army as in every other large group of hu- man beings, have been mistaken for the customary doings of the army. Nearly all accounts praise without stint the behavior and discipline of the soldiers of Japan, and in good measure, of those of this country and Britain. A dispatch from Peking. I »■• cember 7, stated that Li Hung-Chang

had informed General Chaffee that he

and all the people of the province of re-chili are extremely gratified at the

behavior of the American tr<> >\>- toward the Chinese. Inasmuch as orders from Washington had distinctly designated General Chaffee's trtM)p« aa guards for the legations there was some surprise at the press itpuru that American troops ha'd gone out In co- operation with I German ex|M*dltlon- ary force which had been charged with extensive looting. General Chaf-

8

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.

March, 1901

fee's cable dispatch of January 2 cleared away ali such suspicion. His movement had been simply to verify a report of the murder of many na- tive Christians, and if the report were found true, to secure arrest of the guilty parties. His troops had at no time taken part in offensive opera- tions.

It was announced in Paris, Decem- ber 18, that the government had de- cided that all objects, unless material of war, which had been seized or

iuse regulars, commanded by two gen- erals, in wild flight from the province of Pe-chi-li to Shan-si. The Chinese evaded fighting, and their baggage was captured.

In the latter part of December there were reports of irritation caused by the activity of the Grerman troops in districts assigned to British protec- tion. It is not strange that, from causes great or petty, discord should arise between troops of half a dozen nationalities operating in districts

BARON VON R1CHTHOFEN,

The New German Foreign Minister, Formerly Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs.

should be seized by the French expe- ditionary force in China should be re- stored, whether belonging to the Chi- nese government or to private indi- viduals.

Early in December Count von Wal- dersee reported the hoisting of the German flag at the Ming Imperial tombs, and the punishing of natives in the neighborhood for murder of Christians. His dispatch reports nlso the success of the expedition to Kal- gan, about 120 miles northwest from Peking, driving several thousand Chi-

whose assigned boundaries are neces- sarily somewhat indeterminate. The reports that fill the air in China, as they fill the columns of journals in several countries, tend to international friction, even though not credited in official quarters. An illustration is the following from a reputable London paper, Decern bev 20:

"It is reported that five days ago the German troops visited Lung-ching and shot sixty imperial troops who were en- gaged in suppressing Boxers, and also killed thirty other Chinese, including three convert*. They took 200 prisoners.

THE CRISIS I\ CHINA,

including thirty natives attached to the Anglican mission. In consequence of an appeal from the magistrates, however, the prisoners were liberated in return for the payment of 20,000 taels. -This puni- tive expedition was in defiance of the un- derstanding that no such measures should be taken pending the negotiations. The Germans are said to haw looted the place."

With this interesting report may be compared a statement that lias had corresponding publicity, which is from the German commander relative to the doings of the same period:

Count von Waldersec's dispatch, dated at Peking, December 19, mentions an encounter with a force of Boxers at Yung-Ling, December 14, of whom fif- teen were killed; and the flight of 1,000 Chinese regulars to the mountains on the approach of the Germans.

These two reports, differing as to facts, also belong to a different order of literature.

On January 3 was credibly re ported the return to Tien-Tain of u German expedition to Lien-Cheng-Hsu which bad captured forty-three Krnpp guns and destroyed J,(mh> rides and great quantities of ammunition. A German column stormed a fortress about forty-two miles northeast of Po- king, the headquarters of newly organ- ized bands of Boxers numbering about 1.000. What may have been the same but appears another battle, was re ported about the same time: the Ger- main attacked a fortified village northeast of Peking, and captured it, losing three killed and four wounded: Chinese loss, 200 killed, 300 wounded. The Russian troops, except a limited force detained as legation and railway guards, were reported on January 14 as evacuating the province of Pe-ehi- li and entraining for Manchuria.

Russia in Manchuria.

That Russia is now in practical con- trol in the great northeastern portion of what Is known as the empire of China— the region between Biberia and Korea, and that where Russia is. there she holds, pro two statements

which since 1898 present no novelty (Vol. 8. p. 40; Vol. 9, p. 784; Vol. 10. p. 7!)8>. Dispatches from Peking. De- cember 31, show, not the secret treaty which repeatedly has been rumored for a i -ess ion by China of He- Lung Tsian, known as Manchuria, but an open Russo-Chinese agreement for the Russian military occupation of Fung tien, the southern and most important province of Manchuria, and for early resumption of Chinese civil admlnls trntion under a Russian protectorate.

The agreement is credibly reported as signed by representatives respectively of the Tartar general commanding at Muk- den, the old Manchu capital, and of the Russian commander-in-chief. Similar agreements in reference to the two other provinces will necessarily follow, where- upon Manchuria will become a Russian protectorate — the Russian political resi- dent at Mukden having general powers of control similar to those of the Russian resident at Bokhara or of the British residents in the native states of India. The Tartar general must disarm ami dis- band the Chinese soldiery, <1< livering to tho Russian military officials all muni- tions of war in ih< arsenals. All forts. defenses, and powder magazines not oc- cupied <>r required by the Russians must be dismantled in the presence of Russian officials.

This now possession is of great im- portance to Russia for her railway and commercial development in Biberia, and for her military control on the Yellow Sea and the north Pacific coast, to which Manchuria opens her best approach, It gives her the true Inland base for her great new port and naval station at Port Arthur. This new advance has little relation to her trade with China, in which. figuring chiefly as a purchaser, Russia has an Interest of no Importance com- pared with that of other great na- tions; but it marks the century's end with one great step onward in her tor

ritorinl advance— the lust preceding

step having been the annexation to Siberia of what had been for years the adjoining province in China. Prince Uktomsky. special Russian nsrent at Peking, is credited with this recent Step bV which Russia restores and en-

8

IXTEBXA T10NAL AFFAIRS.

March, 1901

sures under her military occupation tranquillity in a great district in which China had granted Russia two years previously the right to build railways and to guard them with the requisite military force, but which China in her last summer's craze had ravaged in her vain effort to reconquer eastern Siberia. In this step Russia violates no treaty, nor even the well-under- stood engagement by all the powers that none of them should take occa- sion from China's outbreak to seize or annex territory, and so to open the empire to general partition. Russia has not annexed Manchuria: Chinese civil and local government remains there. Russia has merely, as is her standing custom, availed herself of two opportunities within three years for instituting a natural process by which Manchuria will in due season gravitate to inclusion in her vast mass. It illustrates the policy of the colossal Northern power— not to force issues irrespective of the tidal current of events, but to watch and to wait while constantly preparing for a move- ment at the instant when the tide shall serve (Vol. 10, p. 996),

None of the governments has made public its surprise at Russia's proceed- ing in Manchuria: probably, while several of them are disgusted, none is surprised. It is not known that any of them purpose any protest. Indeed, this advance takes a form which ad- mits the Russian plea that it merely develops the concession made by China at the end of the Japanese war.

When China in her insanity last sum- mer suddenly sent her wild troops into and across Manchuria, making a path marked by destruction of Russian prop- erty and life as far as to the Russian boundary along the A moor, and then crossed that river invading Siberia. Russia availed herself to the full of her Manchurian treaty rights, sending great armies, retaking her railway property, and, for the requisite protection against recurrence of such a sudden craze, as- sumed military possession and control of lnrge areas along the railways, naturally including the chief towns— much of norrhern Manchuria, being sparsely pop-

ulated. This is the military possession and control which the recent agreement between China and Russia develops, or- ganizes, and continues indefinitely. It might be difficult for any of the powers to show precisely where, in terms, this movement violates the agreement by them all not to use their armed entrance into China for annexation of territory: Russia now makes no "annexation," though that may be prophesied as the ultimate result. Moreover, in the whole dealing with Manchuria the allied powers had no part: Russia was alone.

The whole spirit and effect of this Russian advance bears distinctly against the recent international agree- ment formed at the instance of the United States, in which Russia joined with all the great powers in establish- ing the "open door" for China (Vol. 9, p. 834). Her really decisive step into Manchuria, however, preceded her "open door" agreement. Against her latest step there is much protest in the press of Britain and this country, but no government has made any sign of interference. It is reported on at least respectable authority that in Berlin the chancellor of the empire has given the Russian ambassador repeated as- surances that Germany considers Man- churia as lying outside of Germany's interest or commercial sphere, and that the recent Anglo-German agree- ment in no wise touches it

Progress of Negotiations.

Dispatches in London, November 29, reported the Russian minister at Peking as intimating to the Chinese envoys Russia's purpose to insist on amending the- terms of the death pen- alty clause in the joint note of the powers so that, either, the guilty should be punished by the Chinese in the manner acceptable to the powers, or that the terms should not be irre- vocable, as had been agreed, but might be modified by negotiations.

On December 4, the ministers agreed to amendments proposed by the United States minister in the joint note— chang- ing the term "death penalty" for the guilty officials to "the most severe pun- ishment befitting their crimes," and

THE CRISIS IN CHINA.

changing the term "irrevocable" as ap- plied to the conditions, to "absolutely in- dispensable." Also, the names (twelve) of the guilty are not specified, the provi- sion being only that those princes and officials must be punished whom the Chi- nese government has recognized as guilty and who have received nominal punishment by imperial edicts, with the addition of others to be designated here- after by the ministers.

This abatement of the proposed de- mands the correspondent of "The Times" (London) ascribes originally to Japan, whence being communicated to Washington It was found to coin- cide with the President's views, and was duly presented by the United States minister. Yet, all softening of the terms to uieet the approval of the Chinese is by them ascribed to the Russians.

On December 11, it was announced that the ministers had finally agreed on the terms of the collective note.

JOINT NOTE PRESENTED AND AC- CEPTED.

On December 20 the ministers at Peking signed the collective note, ex- cept that Mr. Conger delayed for two days, under orders from Washington relative to one point, that of the in- demnities. The United States and Russia, it is stated (though not of- ficially) favored referring the whole indemnity question to the new court of arbitration at The Hague: the other powers would commit it to the peace plenipotentiaries. With Mr. Conger's signature he appended an explanation of the position of the United States government on the debated point, but entered no protest. On December 24, in a meeting of the ministers, the joint note was handed to Prince Ching. who forwarded it to the Emperor. Li Hung-Chang was ill, and sent apology for his absence.

Dispatches from Peking, December 29 and 30. reported the acceptance by the Chinese government of all the con- ditions of the collective note, and that a formal edict of acceptance was be- ing sent by an envoy, who would also ask that negotiations for a definite

settlement should begin forthwith, and that military operations, includ- ing punitive expeditions, should cease. While this edict, like all that pro- ceeded from the court, is ascribed to "the Emperor," it Is not known whether this is more than a figure of speech.

Outside of official or fully authenti- cated statement, yet sufficiently credi- ble, is the report in a Peking telegram to New York that the Chinese pleni- potentiaries who had accepted the terms of the collective note were much surprised at the imperial edict to agree to its terms and to append their sig- natures with the imperial seal. The report was, further, that the Em- peror's instructions were to agree fully to the note; and then to endeavor to get the best terms, particularly as re- gards limiting as much as possible the number of foreign legation guards and of military posts along the railway to Peking, and as regards disarming in- stead of destroy Ing the forts between Taku and Peking. One correspondent claims to give the exact words of the imperial edict:

"We have duly perused the telegram of Prince Ching and Li Hung-Chang, and it behooves us to agree to the whole twelve articles. But our commissioners shall devise a plan to discuss details of sections complacently with the ministers."

At this hopeful stage a serious de- lay was suddenly threatened, as ap- pears in general from the accounts, which differ in some unimportant de- tails. On January 5, Viceroy Chang Chih-Tung telegraphed to the Chinese envoys in Peking, strenuously urging delay in their final signature of the note till modification had been ob- tained of Sections 5, 7, 8, 9 (see below), with the expunging of the sentences in the preamble attributing to the im- perial court the attacks on the lega- tions. He added that he had tele- graphed an urgent warning to the Em- I>eror and the Empress-Dowager not to return to Peking because of the danger to them from the clauses ob- jected to. An imperial decree soon ar-

10

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.

March, 1901

rived showing similar alarm and for- bidding the envoys to affix their sig- nature till the clauses had been modi- fied. The envoys replied that the warning order had come too late, and that it was impossible now to recall the decisive assent which by imperial sanction they had already given. It is said that Li Hung-Chang took an unflinching lead in this entirely reasonable though not very Chinese decision— replying to the suggestion that his government might refuse to ratify the treaty after he had signed it:

"The consequences would be with them and not with us. We have fulfilled our duty. We have warned our Emperor in our telegram yesterday that we should never again be offered such easy terms, and that hostilities would no doubt be resumed if the first edict were with- drawn."

Further delay is said to have been occasioned by the difficulty which the envoys had in procuring the imperial seal, which was requisite to give au- thority to their signature, and which had been left in the Emperor's private apartments in the Forbidden City. On January IT Minister Conger re- ported to Washington that the Chi- nese had duly signed, sealed, and de- livered the peace protocol, thus intro- ducing the era of negotiations for a final treaty.

The note which accompanied the de- livery of this ngreennnt by the Chi- nese plenipotentiaries reiterated the Chinese objections to portions of it; and it added to them a request for the immediate return of the govern- ment buildings, and for total cessation of military expeditions; also a desire for a definition of the limits of the legations, and a desire for removal of foreign troops as soon as possible. Following is a summary of its pream- ble and its twelve sections.

Sections 5, 7, 8, and 9, were those in which modifications were urged by the belated and disregarded imperial edict. A reported prediction by Earl Li is, that "Sections 1, 2, 3. 4, and 10 will present no difficulties. But dis-

cussion will take place over the other articles"— "rather to elucidate than to alter the original text."

SUMMARY OF THE PEACE PROTOCOL.

The preamble condemns the recent out- rages in China as crimes against the law of nations, civilization, and humanity. It recounts the chief of them — the assas- sination of Baron von Kettler by sol- diers of the regular army obeying orders of their officers; the siege of the legations by Boxers and imperial soldiers under orders from the court. It denounces the treachery of the government in declaring through its representatives abroad that it was protecting the legations while it was actually besieging them. It charges on imperial troops the murder of the Jap- anese chancellor, Sugiyama.aud on troops and Boxers the torture and assassination of foreigners in the capital and in many provinces, with the desecration of foreign cemeteries and the remains of the dead. It declares that the allied powers, having been compelled to come from far and t<> fitrht their way to Peking to end such horrors, now consent to accede to China's petition for peace on the following (irrevocable) conditions, considered abso- lutely indispensable in reparation for the crimes committed and for prevention of their recurrence: —

1. An imperial prince, heading an ex- traordinary embassy, is to convey to Berlin an expression of the Emperor's re- gret for the assassination of Baron von Ketteler; and a memorial monument is to be erected on the site of the murder, with an inscription, in Latin. German, and Chinese, expressing the regret of the Emperor and of the government.

2. The most severe punishment befit- ting their crimes is to be inflicted on the personages designated in the imperial de- cree of December 21 (whose names — not mentioned — are Princes Tuan and Chuanc: and two other princes, Duke Lan, Chao Shu-chiao, Yang-yi, Ying- hien), also others whom the foreign min- isters shall hereafter designate. Official examinations are to be suspended for five years in those cities where foreigners have been assassinated or cruelly treated.

?,. Honorable reparation is to be made to Japan for the murder of Chancellor Sugiyama.

4. Expiatory monuments are to be erected in all foreign cemeteries where tombs have been desecrated.

5. The import of arms or material used exclusively in making arms and am- munition is to be prohibited, under con- ditions to be communicated by the powers.

rut: i 7.7.w.s in uhina.

li

G. An equitable indemnity is in be paid to st ties, and individuals,

also to Chinese who have suffered injury because of their employment by foreign- ers. China is to adopt financial measures acceptable to the powers to guarantee pnyment of the aforesaid indemnities, and t<> provide security foe the loans.

7. The powers are to have authority to maintain permanent legation guards,

and to plaee the legation quarter in a state of defense; and permission for Chi- nese to reside in this quarter is to be withdrawn.

8. The Taku forts and those which might interfere with free communication between Peking and the sea are to he razpd.

9. There is to be foreign military oc- cupation of points to be indicated by Sgm ment among the powers as neces- sary to ensure free communication between Peking and the sea.

10. Imperial edicts are to be posted during two years in all distriet cities threatening death to any person joining an anti-foreign society, and enumerating the punishments inflicted by China upon the guilty ringleaders of the recent out- rages. An imperial ediet is to be pro- mulgated ordering viceroys, governors, and local officials to be held responsible for anti-foreign outbreaks or violations of treaties within their jurisdiction- failure to suppress or immediately pun- ish same being visited by immediate removal of the officials responsible, who are never again to hold office or receive distinction.

11. China is to be under obligation to negotiate with the foreign governments regarding conditions deemed suitable b) them ftp trade and shipping regulations and for all matters affecting mercantile transactions, with a view to tacilitate the

latter.

r_\ The Foreign Office is to be re- formed; and the com t ceremonial for reception of foreign ministers is to be modified in the sense to be indicated l>\ tin- powers.

Until china complies with the foregoing

conditions, the powers can hold out no expectation of a limit of time for re- moval of the foreign troops now occupy- ing Peking and the province-.

The provision with which Section 2 closes is regarded by persons a. qunlnted with Chinese customs as one whose wtdeuess of application will

make it the severest penalty that could be inflicted on all classes of Chinamen. Tin- chief ambition of Chinamen is to gain a place in the office-holding class.

and this can be obtained only by those who successfully pass the official ex- aminations In the Chinese classical literature. The laws require every candidate to pass these examinations at the place of his birth. Thus, for live years, till persons born at any of the multitude of places. Including great cities, where any of the outrages occurred, are shut out from almost the sole object of a Chinaman's ambi- tion. This provision has value also as striking at the higher classes.

SECOND STAGE OK PEACE NEGOTIA- TIONS.

A great effort is expected on the part of the Chinese to prolong the negotia- tions on the final treaty in the hopes of evading some of the concessions specified in the protocol. The debate now opening is tangled with many complications, of which the reaction- ary party headed by the Euipress- Dowager and including the two power- ful viceroys of the Yang-tse provinces, with Yung-Lu and a strong l>ody of mandarine, will doubtless seek to avail themselves. They may add a new difficulty to the situation by In- ducing the government to refuse or to delay to return to Peking. As for the poweia, they have yet to decide on the amount of the indemnities, on the ap- I»ortionmeiit of them, and on schemes to collect and pay them, on providing t<»r an international financial control, and on a general recasting of all the commercial treaties in accord with the new era. The Chinese obstruc- tionists are doubtless expecting dis- cord among the powers on the ques- tion of a continuance of the foreign forces in China. A proposal to refer all or any part of the case to The Hague tribunal Is beset with the danger of breaking the concert of the powers, inasmuch as that would be its effect unless all the powers agreed (with China) to such reference.

LI Hung-Chang and Prince Chlng have, on their request, procured the appointment of two high officials.

12

INTERNA HON A L 1 1 F FAIRS.

March. 1901

Sbeng, the taotai (mayor) of Shang- hai, and Chou-Fu, former Chinese minister to Korea, to aid in the nego- tiations. There are reports that Earl Li is again dangerously ill.

The request of Prince Ching and Earl Li for transfer of the Forbidden City to the Chinese in order to pre- pare for the Emperor's return, was referred by the generals to the minis- ters. They replied that they saw no reason to alter their previous deter- mination that before any concessions could be granted, the Chinese govern- ment must show deeds proving their desire to comply with the demands of the protocol. Military arrangements would depend on the promptitude with which China executes her en- gagements.

THE BOER WAR.

The end of the first week in Decem- ber presented a continuance of the scene of preceding weeks— sudden dashes by bands of Boers on isolated posts, surprising the small garrisons and occasionally capturing cattle and military supplies. Such prisoners as were taken— no large number except in two or three instances— the Boers usually found it necessary to release after a few days, as they could not spare food for them or lacked the men requisite to guard them. Delarey was operating far to the north in the Vaal River Colony westward from Pretoria. At the south, De Wet, the dashing guerilla chief, was appearing and vanishing in the region of the Orange river, making occasional captures on a small scale, but chiefly causing dis- comfort by menacing an invasion of Cape Colony. This menace excited alarm in the towns of the north; and precautions of various kinds were taken even as far southward as Cape Town— the fear at that time being not so much the fighting which De Wet's roving bands might do, as what might be the effect of his bold movement in inspiriting to insurrection the large

Dutch element in many parts of the colony. Lieutenant-General Lord Kitchener, who as acting general in South Africa had succeeded Field Marshal Earl Roberts as commander- in-chief, showed no apprehension of this kind, though the columns of several English papers were tremu- lous with alarm. Either he felt as- sured that the Cape Dutch would not rise, or he knew of adequate pro- visions already made for quelling such a rising.

A Possible Dutch Uprising.

The workings of the Boer mind, as recent events have shown, are not to be predicted according to standards customary in modern Europe; where- fore it must suffice here to say that, among those most conversant with present conditions in Cape Colony the expectation of a Dutch rising did not long prevail. The reasons for this judgment may be stated as follows. The British rule in Cape Colony, if ever deemed oppressive, is no longer deemed so even by those elements of the population whose radical sympa- thies are with the Boers, inasmuch as English laws in that colony have long upheld and guaranteed a liberty and a political equality which the burghers in the Transvaal steadily refused to other civilized inhabitants— even clos- ing all negotiations to that end with a sudden ultimatum threatening to open war with Britain at the end of twenty-four hours. While their friends in Cape Colony are to be respected in their natural sympathy with them, they cannot be expected to follow ihem into a war which at this stage <ould bring only destruction of their property and homes with no possible help to their burgher friends in the two northern colonies. England has now pledged herself to the world to carry the war through with the whole power of the empire. And it has now become abundantly evident that no nation on earth will intervene. Yet it must be granted as possible that war

i m: UoEJt WAR.

K!

which began contrary to wise predic tions iiuiy also violate predictions by attending to the Cape. For. war is

:i tin-.

The Chase of DeWet.

The elusive De Wet was vigorously pursued, with efforts to cheek his en- trance into Cape Colony or to cut off his retreat. While this soon com- pelled him with his 2,500 or .'{,(HH) men to turn hack from his attempt at in- vasion, it failed to capture him in his rapid turnings and douhlings on his own track for several days amid the numerous passes in the rough country around the Caledon river and in his subsequent retreat northeastward. Failing in his attack on Commassie hridge he was compelled to almndon 500 horses and many carts. On De- cemher 12 General Knox was chasing him In a running fight toward Thaba Nchu, capturing a Krupp gun and fifteen wagoi.s with ammunition and stores. At V\\s point it appears that the Boer cni«f made his escape north- ward. His attempt cost him three guns, about fifty killed, and a large amount of ammunition.

Various Conflicts.

The Boers, in the remoter north. 3,000 to 5,000, under Delarey and others, gained a decided success, De- cember 18, at Noottgedachl on the Magaliesberg range southwest of Pre- toria, where they attacked General Clements, whose inferior force was compelled t<> retire. The British lost fourteen killed and 57:5 missing (wounded and prisoiiersi. also I con siderable amount of transport. The Boers reported their loss in killed as very heavy: later statements showed it as exceeding the British loss in killed. Two days afterward. ::15 sf the British prisoners came into camp. baTing I n released. The Boers cap- tured no trims or ammunition. A few days later. December P.t .1.1. tieiieral Clements and General French drove

the enemy from all that region in a scries of attacks in which the reported losses were British, tWO killed, four- teen wounded; Boers, twenty killed, and total loss 180. On December i<» the Boers attacked

Vryheid. and were repulsed with loss of about ion killed and wounded: British loss, six killed, nineteen wound- ed, thirty missing. Three days later, in the same region, the Boers suffered a heavy loss in men and supplies. De- cember 13, Lord Methuen attacked and captured the Boer position at Ottos hoop, taking fifteen wagons, 15,000 rounds of ammunition. 1,400 cattle, and 2.000 sheep. (See map. Vol. 10, p. 323.)

CAPE COLONY INVADED.

Lord Kitchener, December 22. re- ported an invasion of Cape Colony by two bands Of Boers— 500 to 800 cross- ing Oraug*1 river at Rhenoster Hoek. and another party westward. In a few days both forces were headed off and broken into small bands. There was no movement of the Cape Colony Dutch to join or to aid them. They captured several small posts, tore up railways, looted many farms, and dis- gusted the Dutch farmers and even the members of the Afrikander Bond, who judged them to be mere marau- ders. Martial law was declared in all the disturbed districts. Bands of Boers were roving also through the northwestern portions of Gape Colony near the border, around Vryburg: and for several days no mails reached Kimberley. A very valuable British convoy of twenty-six wagons with va- rious military supplies, which left Vryburg, was captured. December 23— a heavy loss for the British. Lord Kitchener, however, seems not to have permitted these annoying and rambling invasions to disarrange or change his general plan of cam- paign. The arrival of considerable British reinforcements was reported; and on .lanuary 28, Kitchener was said to be disposing large forces in a

14

INTERNA T10NAL AFFAIRS.

March. i:hm

semicircle, the columns moving simul- taneously to inclose the hostile forces, whose southward movement was gen- erally, but perhaps prematurely, con- sidered as checked. Early in Janu- ary, 6,500 South African irregulars had been reported as recruited in the pre- ceding eight weeks; and on January 3 an enrollment of volunteers for de-

to the south having been frustrated. On December 29, the strong British posi- tion at Helvetia in the northeastern part of the Transvaal was surprised in a night attack, and lost eleven killed, twenty- two wounded. A British reinforce- ment reoccupied the post the next day, and the 200 prisoners were released five or six days afterward. On the night of January 7 there was a heavy attack sim- ultaneously on all British posts along a

MAP OF DeWET'S ADVANCE.

fense of the colony was started enthu- siastically.

On December 13, a detached party, mostly raw recruits, of Brabant's Horse, in fighting a superior force near Zastron, Orange River Colony, lost four killed, sixteen wounded and 120 prisoners— the latter, however, reported as released not long afterward. On December 28, General De Wet was reported at Sene- kal, his attempt again to break through

line of many miles on the railway from Fretoria to Lourenco Marques. After se- vere fighting, with losses probably nearly equal on both sides, the Boers were driven off at 3:40 A. M., leaving more dead on the field than the British loss m killed. ,

In the closing days of January, there were active operations against companies of Boers by General French in the Transvaal, and by General Knox in the Orange River Colony, against De Wet—

run Hutu 1 1. iv.'.

15

the Boers retiring. The damage recently done by them to mines and machinery in the Rand was estimated at $1,500,000.

Iu this general view of the military situation through January, many minor conflicts and movements arc not chronicled, and of those here noted scarcely any. even of those really grievous to the' English, had any bear- • ing on the result. The scene generally presented is flrst a series of harassing guerilla attacks aimed at the surprise or capture of small Isolated posts or detachments. These were attacked by roving bands led by daring and resourceful men who. where no armed force Is encountered, derail engines, destroy railway culverts and bridges, plunder trains, and loot farms and vil- lages whose people are not upholders of the Boer claims. Later, by reason of the development of General Kitch- ener's plans in certain districts for concentrating and feeding in greal ramps the sparse i>opulation, and for massing troops to control the more Important lines of communication, the Boon except the scattering and half- organized hands that by latest ac- counts are roaming somewhat aim- lessly iu the less populated regions have done some good lighting in at- tacks on fortified posts at the north. There is no sign thus far of any dis- arrangement of Kitchener's general plan: meanwhile the mounted force which he so greatly needs has been steadily In preparation to take Its place in the campaign.

The Fall of DeWet.

This active and able warrior, who has evaded either capture or defeat, and whose daring and resource have given him renown, has had a fall, in- asmuch as he has given the English nation a shock of disappointment sur- passing that occasioned by his success- fid raids. Ferhaps there Is no other people so prompt as the English to recognize and to admire intrepidity and tenacity in a man who is fight- ing them fairly; so for many weeks v..t. 11-2.

the Englishman of average standing has been applauding De Wet: had that slippery Boer been caught and brought to London he might have been made the victim of a popular ovation. But he is no longer their hero, having broken the rules of the

grant game of war, and Indeed shown himself a savage, to be hanged if caught. If credible accounts are true, including General Kitchener's dis- patches, three regularly appointed agents of the Burghers' Central Peace Committee who came to a Boer laager near Lindley, January lb, with appeals for ending the fighting, were by ids orders severely flogged, and one of them, named Morgan I>aal. a subject of Queen Victoria, after being flogged," was shot. Another pence envoy. Wessels. was by De Wet's orders shot at Klipfontein, January 28

The Afrikander Congress.

This convention of men and women. I torn (or resident) in South Africa of European descent, favoring an inde- pendent nationality under Dutch or Boer rule (Vol. 9, p. 802), met in Wor- cester, Cape Colony. December 8.

It adopted resolutions demanding ter- mination of the war, and "the retention by the republics of their Independence;" pledging "labor in a constitutional way" for these objects; and condemning "the policy and the attitude" of the British governor and high commissioner, Sir Al- fred Milner. A deputation conveyed their resolutions to the governor, who promised to send them to the home gov- ernment with an expression of his em- phatic dissent. This indicates the lib- city which obtains under English laws in South Africa.

After a few days the municipalities throughout Cape Colony were heard from, repudiating the ct nsure passed on Sir Alfred Milner.

The British Intentions.

Noticeable as tending toward pacifi- cation was Mr. Chamberlain's state- ment in parliament, December 7, as to the government's proposals for the South African colonies. This state-

16

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.

March, 1901

inent was in response to Lord Rose- bery's severe criticism of the methods of the government, and Lord Kimber- ley's demand for a definite pronounce- ment of policy. The plan outlined by the colonial secretary showed an un- expected moderation and liberality, and appears to have been cordially welcomed in parliament by even the Opposition members and by the people.

A disclaimer of vindictiveness against the men in arms, he said, was to be made known by issue of proclamations in Eng- lish and in Dutch. The government's object was — first, to end the guerilla war: then, immediately to institute a crown

MAJ.-GEN. SIR HENRY COLVILLE,

Formerly Commanding the First (Guards) Bri- gade in the British South African Field Force.

government; and ultimately to make the colonies self-governing. Regarding the proposed plan for a civil government, he declared that as soon as possible munici- palities with all municipal privileges would be created at such places as Pre- toria, Floemfontein, and Johannesburg. As far as practicable, Afrikanders would be made officials, and for every man, Roer or Britain, laws and privileges should be equal.

Though this official announcement was not in terms a peace proposal, it was of peaceful tendency as contra- dicting the inflammatory declarations reported to have been widely circu- lated in South Africa by the Boer leaders, that the establishing of Brit- ish authority would bring to all who had upheld the burghers in their re-

sistance— or at least to the hundreds of their leaders— imprisonment or ban- ishment, with confiscation of homes and property ; while the whole country would be subjected to degrading tyr- anny which would crush out all civil rights anc1 liberties.

Burghers' Peace Committee.

About December 15 several promi- nent burghers in the Pretoria district, including a number of former mem- bers of the Transvaal Volksraad, formed a peace committee which re- solved to attempt an opening of ne- gotiations. At their suggestion Lord Kitchener addressed a meeting of this committee, December 21, and showed a temperateness and a spirit of con- ciliation which had never before in South Africa or in the campaign in Egypt been supposed to have place in his character.

He enlarged on Mr. Chamberlain's statements in parliament, declaring that while these showed the impossibility that the Boer government should ever be re- established, they clearly showed a pur- pose to avoid oppressing the burghers, and a plan to form in South Africa a government in which the burghers them- selves would have a prominent share, en- suring not only the rights of property and full civil liberty, but also preserva- tion of the ancient laws and customs of the country. He declared that the two Boer governments having been dis- integrated in the war which they began, the continuance of the present struggle was inhuman, being utterly hopeless. There was no longer the excuse that it might bring intervention: the powers had definitely refused Mr. Kruger's request for that. The burghers had made a strong fight, but they had been over- powered, and it would be no dishonor to the leaders to recognize that fact. Hosts of Boer prisoners were waiting to be restored to their families. He said" that in case of submission no one who had fought fairly should be banished from the country; moreover, all such, including the leaders, would receive the consideration due their rank. Lord Kitchener declared his Avish to finish the war by the most humane means possible, and promised that if he should be com- pelled to abandon conciliatory for harsher measures the committee should have notice from him.

I Hi: BOER WAR.

17

The Central Pence Committee at Kiouiistiiil. ns repotted January 8, nd- dreeeed to '.hv i>eople of Cai>e Colony au open letter— called forth probably by apprehension of the Influence of the Afrikander congress at Worcester —stating that the time has come for the people of the Orange Ulver Colony to make every effort to save their country from further destruction. Portion? of the document are the fol- lowing:—

"The country is literally one vast wil- derness. The farmers are obliged to go to the towns for protection, and huge refugee camps have been formed by the British for them and their families. These people have lost everything, and ruin and starvation stare them in the face. All this misery is caused by a •small and obstinate minority, who will not how to the inevitable and who make the majority suffer. Any encouragement to the men still on commando to continue the hoi>ele8s struggle can only injure us' and causes us further misery. We have done our best and fought to get Africa under one flag, and we have lost. Let there be no mistake about this. England has sp*»nt millions and sacrificed thou- sands of lives, and no reasonable being can believe for one moment that she M ill now give up the fruits of her vic- tory. . . . England has definitely an- nounced that she will not restore the in- dependence of the two republics. Let us, in the interests of lasting peace in South Africa, accept this announcement as final, and let us work for conciliation on that basis.

"From the speeches made in the Brit- ish parliament and by Sir A. Milner and Lord Kitchener, we have learnt that the way in which the British government is willing to settle matters is not ungen- erous or humiliating to us."

After naming "Mr. Steyn and Gen- eral De Wet" as "the only obstacles to peace." the appeal proceeds:

"We ask you to believe us when we say that Mr. Kruger and the late Trans- vaal government have been willing twice already to accept British terms; but Mr. Steyn refused to have anything to do with surrender. He continued the war and encouraged the burghers in the hope that we should get European assistance. . . . We appeal to you to help us make an end to this unhappy state of affairs* which is plunging everybody into pov- erty and despair."

The committee Issuing this letter In- cludes W. D. De Wet. late assistant

chief commandant, three Volksraad members, and tw.> justices of the pence.

Mr. Kruger in Europe.

The German Emperor's refusal to receive Mr. Kruger (Vol. 10, p. 080) was recognized by the 3ermun jour- nals of the Liberal party as a political necessity. The Conservative. Agrari- an, and Anti-Semitic journals showed dissatisfaction, deeming the refusal likely to strengthen the suspicion that Germany has no longer a free hand as against England. The "Berliner Tageblatt" expressed fear lest Ger- many, "by following too closely in the wake of England, would again arouse the suspicion of the powers regarding the Anglo-German Yang-tse agree- ment."

On Mr. Kruger's journey from the Netherlands frontier, immense crowds gathered at all the stations, the burgomasters made speeches, and the children sang. In several of his re- plies, he pictured the Transvaal as a little child whom a bad man wished to kill. He arrived at The Hague, De- cember G, and, after a greeting at the railway station by the town officials and a choir of GOO singing men and girls, was welcomed by the burgo- master and others with speeches eu- logizing his statesmanship, one of which strongly condemned England's "tyranny and injustice." In accord- ance with votes In both chambers of the States-Greneral, the two presidents sent him letters of welcome — the presi- dent of the lower house merely ex- pressing sympathy; the president of the senate expressing approval of his "noble purpose" to end the unjust war barbarously forced on him, and hoping for the Independence of the two re- publics. Three days afterward It was announced as to the latter epistle that the government had instructed the Dutch minister in London to disavow all responsibility for it

On December 8, Queen Wilhe^lna received Mr. Kruger In audience at

18

1NTEMNA TWXAL AFFAWS.

March, laol

the palace. On the 11th he received from the Dutch government in an in- terview its definite refusal to take the initiative in behalf of the arbitration which he had demanded between the Transvaal and Great Britain— the ground taken being that the initiative belonged to the great powers. At the palace, December 14, the Queen en- tertained him at a private dinner.

After a visit to Amsterdam, Decem- ber 19, where be was received by the municipal and commercial authorities, and applauded by great crowds, he left The Hague, December 22, for several weeks' stay in Utrecht. There also he was greeted by a great throng.

Return of Earl Roberts.

Field Marshal Roberts, with his wife and daughters, sailed from Cape Town for England, December 11. Immense crowds cheered his departing steamer. In a parting speech he gave an earnest tribute of gratitude to all who bad been working with him, and urged the friendly fusion of the Dutch and Eng- lish races in South Africa, who, he said, should try to forgive and forget all that tends to bitterness of feeling.

Landing at Southampton, Jan. 3, after a warm official and popular reception, he passed on to London, approaching and entering the metropolis according to a program elaborately arranged both to gratify him with the highest manifesta- tion of regard and honor, and to gratify the greatest possible multitude of people with at least a passing glimpse of one whom a felicitous writer has described as "the most lovable if not the greatest soldier in the national history." To give him the first and a prompt welcome — a "royal" welcome indeed — there met him at Paddington on the station platform, the Prince and Princess of Wales, Princess Victoria of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of York, the Duke of Con- naught, the Duke of Cambridge, and other royalties. The field marshal then passed in a royal carriage provided for him, along a route lined with a force of 14,000 troops and through streets dense- ly packed with continuously cheering crowds, to Buckingham Palace, where he was entertained at luneheo"n with the Prince and Princess of Wales as host and hostess. The Queen on January 2

bestowed on him an earldom, with spe- cial provision for passing of the title to his daughters— his son having been killed early in the war. He was also made a Knight of the Garter.

In the afternoon Earl Roberts visited the War Office, and by 11 o'clock the next morning he had entered dili- gently on the duties of his new office as commander-in-chief of the British army. His brief addresses in the progress of this homecoming and reception showed in a felici- tous simplicity of phrase the generosity and modesty, the constant thoughtful- ness for others, and the moral candor, revealed in the direct force of his mental movement, which have won for "Bobs" the admiration and confidence of his Queen, his countrymen, and his army.

THE RECIPROCITY POLICY. The German Tariff.

The uncertainty continues in regard to Germany's action on the tariff and other matters affecting commercial reciprocity arrangements with this country (Vol. 10, p. 08-1). An im- portant element in the situation is said to be the growing fear in Ger- many lest American manufacturers flood the market in that country, and that unless watch be kept Gterman agricultural interests may in like man- ner be invaded. The Central Bureau for preparation of commercial treaties has addressed a circular to the press regarding recent American successes in obtaining foreign orders— instancing orders from the Dutch colonies for cast- iron piping at twenty-five per cent be- low the German bid, and from Calcutta for locomotives at prices lower, and on terms of delivery better, than the English. It predicts serious Ameri- can competition in China. In a speech in theReiehstag a tew weeks since. the secretary of the imperial treasury took a gloomy view of the economic prospect.

All this tends to swell the#Agrarian outcry and demand. Their demand fully granted, e. g., a grain duty of 00 marks, would render impossible any policy of reciprocity in commercial

EUROPE A \ DU'LUMA* )

19

treaties, and In the view of the "Vossische Zeitnng" would cause a tariff war with the United States and Russia-heavy duties then being laid by the United States on German sugar, and by Russia on German iron. Still the Agrarians assert that the present United States tariff in its ex actions of dnty on German product! jnstiiies them in the reprisals which they propose. Chancellor von Bulow's position relative to the Agrarian pro- gram is not known, though the Con- servative leader in the Reichstag has recently announced that the chancel-

EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY. Anglophobia Lessening.

The year opened with a higher tone in European international relations. The menaces of the last two ye;irs •gainst England— not from France, but from certain powerful cliques of Kronen politicians and army men- have lessened in noise and presum ably also in the force of their popular appeal. The agreement in October be- tween Great Britain and GJermany 'regarding a mutual policy in China"

THE TOWER OF LONDON.

lor is willing to compromise with the Agrarians. There are Increasing signs, however, that the commercial • lasses are growing more united against their demands.

An item amusing to Americana in the pork trade was reported in Janu- ary, one of the Agrarian arguments for exeiusion of American pork from the German market has been that there was reason to suspeet its purity and wholesomeness. The same fear recording Terman pork is shown in Russia's recent official prohibition of iraportinp into that country swine flesh from Germanv.

(Vol. 10. pp. 884, 990) marks a feeling in both nations far more cordial than could have been anticipated from their attitude four years ago. This was strikingly evinced, and to an extraor- dinary degree, by Emperor William's instantly repairing to the Queen on

tin- tkUnga of her approaching death.

and by his whole bearing in England; and by King Edward's warm acknowl- edgment in return, in appointing him field marshal in the British army, and conferrine on his son. the Crown Prince, the blue ribbon of the Order of the Garter. Among the masses of the people the reciprocal regard of the

20

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.

March. 1901

two governments, increasing in very recent years, has been especially mani- fested by the English. For various well-known reasons, not all chargeable

H. R. H. THE DUKE OF YORK,

Heir Apparent to the British Throne.

to Britain's fault, unless her successes also are to be counted among her faults, she has been the '•best-hated" of all the great nations; and, though not of a temper that warms instantly and runs fast and far to persuade an unwilling friendship, she is now find- ing it a luxury to be liked as well as to be watched with doubt from far. The death of the Queen, the most uni- versally honored and trusted sover- eign in modern times, has evidently called into warmer expression the friendliness that recent months had developed between the two cousinly countries. Indeed, it may be found that by this lamented removal into the unseen of the chief upholder of peace in Europe through more than a generation, peace itself becomes more sacred and august.

Complications in Europe arising from South Africa are no longer feared, or, as Mr. Kruger might say, hoped. Only three European powers have interest there. Great Britain, Germany, Portugal; and these inter-

ests are now in close agreement there, as they were not five years ago. Of the complications arising in the Ori* ent, nothing is here to be said except that none are now threatening there, though the equilibrium of the powers is uncertain, as is also the result of the negotiations.

The Dual Alliance.

Relations between France and Rus- sia have been brought unexpectedly into question in the last two months; but there is no reason yet shown to make credible the rumor that the Franco-Russian alliance has been or is soon to be dissolved. The rumor origi- nated in the anti-Republican, anti- Dreyfusard press of France, which, angered by the severe reforms made by General Andre, minister of war, after the shameful revelations in the Dreyfus trial— charged on Andre and on the premier, M. Waldeck-Rousseau. the ruin of the army of France. This anti-Republican cry was taken up by some Russian papers, notably the

H. R. H. THE DUCHESS OF YORK, Formerly Princess May of Teck.

"Xovoye Yremya" of St. Petersburg, Which also developed in plain terms the intimations from the French papers Shore referred to that the French al-

THE COLOMAL PKOliLEM.

21

Han oo bad lost all its former value to Russia, si net- the army bad lost its former unity and discipline. This view seems prevalent in Russian military circles, and some recent ut- terances by officials are quoted as im- plying tbat tbis is tin- view of tbe Ku-.si.-iu government. At present it may be inferred that tbe alliance is not as firm as it was, but scarcely tbat it is immediately to be dissolved. The "Independanee Beige," Brussels, published an announcement from its St. Petersburg correspondent, January 12, tbat the Russian government had ordered the "Novoye Vremya" to cease its attacks on the French gov- ernment and General Andre.

Holland and Portugal.

The tension between the govern- ments of the Netherlands and Por- tugal in the early part of December

seems to have subsided for tbe pres- ent The trouble is said to have origi- nated in the withdrawal by Portugal of the exequatur of the Dutch consul, who was consul also of tbe Trans- vaal, at I«ourenco Marques, because of a British protest against bis aid to tbe Boers. On December 7 it was an- nounced tbat tbe Dutch minister at Lisbon and the Portuguese minister at The Hague had left their wpoctlTe posts, and there was even beard some very wise talk of a war in which tbe Dutch navy would have bad great pre- ponderance of force. At this stage came the very unusual action of tbe British government in quietly order- ing the whole channel squadron to Lisbon— a visit which was made the occasion for a striking expression of friendship between Britain and Portu- gal. The trouble has not drawn at- tention since.

Hffatrs in Hmerica,

THE COLONIAL PROBLEM. Who Are Citizens?

ABGUMBNT was commenced in the United States supreme court at Washington, Decem- ber 17, 1900, upon the case of John EL Coetze, with which is joined the case of Emil J. Pepke. both cases involving the civil rights of inhabitants of territories conquered by tbe United States ami tbe relation Of those territories to the government of the United States (Vol. 10. pp. *4S, fK)3>. Goetze had, under protest, paid duties on merchandise brought from Porto RlOO to New York, and brought suit to recover tbe money so paid on

tbe ground that Porto Rico was not "a foreign country" within the purview of the Tariff act: Porto Rico was at the time within the United States; and to impose a duty on merchandise coin- ing thence was to violate Section 8 of Article I. of the Constitution.

The lawyers for (Joet/.e state the main points of their argument in these four propositions:

1. The people of the United States, in organizing the govern ment of the Dttlted States, have established certain limits never and nowhere to be tran- scended, and that those limits may not be transcended the Constitution is written. Constitutional limitations are the nbicpiitons concomitants of eoostitu- tii'nal power.

22

AFFAIRS IX AMERICA.

March. 1901

2. The Treaty of Paris is not open to the construction that it provides for the governing of Porto Rico without regard to constitutional limitations and as a country foreign to the United States. If it were possible to place that con- struction upon the treaty, the provision would be void as contrary to the Con- stitution: but this would not in any way prevent or affect the accomplishment or the usual results of annexation.

.'». If the Tariff act imposes a duty or tax upon goods brought from Porto Rico to a place elsewhere in the United States after the annexation, the imposi- tion is void as being in conflict with an express provision of the Constitution.

HON. JOHN W. GRIGGS,

of new jersey,

I'nited States Attorney-General.

4. When the Treaty of Paris took ef- fect Porto Rico ceased to be "a foreign country" within the meaning of these words used in the Tariff act of 1897.

Edward C. Perkins, one of the coun- sel for Goetze, maintained that the Constitution is in effect a power of at- torney, arid the question was as to what that power was.

The prosecution of the war in Porto Rico or elsewhere, or the acquisition of territory, were acts that must be brought within the powers of the Con- stitution. The claim of unlimited power in new territories is opposed to our en- tiro theory of constitutional government.

An unbroken line of judicial decisions establishes the doctrine that the prohibi- tory clauses of the Constitution apply in the government of the territory of the United States.

On December 18 and 19 Attorney- General Griggs made an eloquent ar- gument for the government's right to levy duty on imports from Porto Rico and other newly acquired territories.

He held that within the meaning of the Tariff act Porto Rico and the Philip- pines are to be regarded as foreign countries, belonging to, but not forming in a domestic sense a part of the United States. It is not necessary to invest such territory with the full status of an integral part of the Union: discretion to grant or to withhold such status is one of the ordinary and fundamental rights of an independent sovereign state. Nothing in the Constitution or in the principles underlying it denies to the nation a right to exercise fully this usual and common sovereign right.

"The government contends, therefore, that in view of the fact that tariff laws are in rem, there is no principle of jus- tice, much less of constitutional restric- tion, which forbids Congress from tax- ing in this way the merchandise of out- lying possessions of the United States when brought into the ports of the Union; that the limitations of the Con- stitution as to customs, etc, were in- tended to secure equality between the states in the geographical sense, and not to forbid Congress from exercising the ordinary sovereign power of taxation as to the products of other sections of country not included within the geo- graphical boundaries of the states; for which we rely upon the opinion of this court in Knowlton vs. Moore as decisive and conclusive.

"Why should this government be consid- ered to have less freedom of action in this matter than other nations? What clause of the Constitution so compels? Why are we so tied and bound that we are never to secure the fruits of victory, never to acquire an island of the sea, a belt across the isthmus, a station for a naval base, unless at the cost of admit- ting those inhabiting the soil to full rights as citizens of the United States, whether they be cannibals or savages, granting them the glorious potentiality of being a part of the people of the United States? Did our forefathers hamper us like that? If so, this Con- stitution is as misshapen as Richard the Hunchback: 'Sent into this world be-

TEE CULuXlAL PROBLEM.

23

fan his time, scarce half made up. ami that s<> lamely ami unfashionable that nations laugh at us us wo halt by.' "

lu the peroration Mr. Griggs Midi

"I am here in I feeble and huuibh> way to Mipport the executive and legis- lative branches of the government in dealing with these momentous questions. Throughout I have felt a serene confi- dence that nothiug I have advised, noth- ing the government has done, has been without its precedents and forerunners from the most illustrious of our fore- fathers, from Jefferson, Jackson, Madi son, Gallatin, and from the great chief justices of the past; that nothing has been done but tended to the great exal- tation and extension of our country and the improvement of the people coming under our control."

Instead of seeking strict and narrow constructions, he said, the powers of the executive and legislative branches had l>een so construed as to give them a wise and safe discretion, so that the day would be hastened when we might give to these new peoples self-government, and to some of them, perhaps, a place in the galaxy of states.

On December 20 Charles H. Aldrich of Chicago, 111., formerly United Stiites solicitor-general, presented an argument in favor of the doctrine that the rights guaranteed by the Constitu- tion extend to all territory acquired by the United States— that "the Con- stitution follows the Flag."

In his speech he showed the difference between the powers of the British parlia- ment and those of Congress. The parlia- ment is omnipotent, can decree anything that falls within the power of the British people; but the functions and powers of Congress are as strictly lim- ited as aro those of the executive de- partment. The Treaty of Paris trau- seends the Constitution in that it directs the President and Congress to do a thing which is clearly inhibited by the organic law of the United States: under th ■» Constitution it is not at the discretion of the President and Congress to extend the Constitution over the Phil- ippines or to withhold it: it is extended over them by the sole fact of their coming under the dominion of the United States.

To the two cases already mentioned as coming before the court for final adjudication, seven others were added by consent. Another hearing was to be had on January 7. Among the

new eases added was one involving the exaction of duties from importers of merchandise from Hawaii. m An- other was one In which the status of Porto Hico is involved. Karly In I'.hmi the New York and Porto Hico Steam ship Company refused to take pilots on their vessels when entering New York harbor, on the ground that they idled between domestic ports. The Pilots' Association took the ease into court, and in November Judge Brown decided against the pilots (Vol. 10, p. 903). It was now appealed to the supreme court. Final arguments in these cases were heard in court Janu- ary 8, 9, 10, and 11. Attorney-General GSriggs for the government, and John G. Carlisle, ex-secretary of the treas- ury, for the petitioners, made the final pleas January 11. Mr. Griggs, in con- tending for the right of the executive and legislative powers to a certain measure of discretion in extending to the island dependencies or withholding from them all the benefits of the Con- stitution, said:

"There must be, in the nature of things, a time between the <\\.>vt\ of ac- quisition and the assumption by the United States of the full government of acquired territory when the relation be- tween the federal government and tin* acquired territory will be inchoate. In this particular case, when the treaty was ratified and the Hawaiian resolu- tion approved, there were no collection districts, no revenue officers, no provision for turning over the proceeds of the rev- enue to the general treasury, no means of enforcing the criminal laws passed to punish frauds upon the revenue, or any- thing, in fact, to enforce to the slightest extent the rights of the government, or the provisions of the law, which, it is contended nevertheless extended to the new possessions. Neither Porto Bico nor the Philippine Islands were pos- sessed, at the time of their acquisition, of any autonomous government of their own after the Spanish sovereignty was eliminated. They were incapable of levying or collecting taxes for their own support.

"There might be cases of the acquisi- tion of territory which possesses no or- ganized form of government whatsoever, not even of a local or municipal kind. Whether such territory should have any

24

AFFAIRS IS AMERICA.

March. l!«il

local government would depend entirely upon the will of Congress; the contention of the appellants would create the ab- surd necessity of having acts., of Con- gress as to revenue and other matters extended in theory through tracts of country in which they were utterly in- capable of enforcement, all the agencies of government being absent. It could never have been contended that such a condition of theoretical law and practi- cal anarchy should arise.

"We have been so long accustomed to regard the United States according to its old lines that it is almost a wrench to consider that there is now United States territory within the Arctic Circle and in the islands of many seas. This expan-

HON. JOHN G. CARLISLE,

Ex-Secretary of the Treasury.

sion should result in a larger comprehen- sion of the duties and necessities; and the impossibility of enforcing an iron- clad rule of uniformity everywhere should be borne in mind."

Mr. Carlisle's argument dealt espe- cially with the questions involved in the Porto Rico case before the court.

Both direct and indirect taxes, he said, had been levied upon imports into territories as well as into states. Under the contention of the government that territories were not part of the United States, it might be taken that goods could go free from Porto Rico to Alaska, but this was not the case, for the same duties are charged on goods from a ter- ritory going to Porto Rico as from a state. That the tax levied is a local tax

was denied, but it was called a tax for local purposes.

Mr. Carlisle read the parts of the Porto Rican act establishing the rates of duty and disposition of the moneys col- lected, as a basis for his complete argu- ment; and said the court would see that on all goods from the United States to Porto Rico there should be levied 15 per cent of duties on foreign goods, with the internal revenue of Porto Rico add- ed, and that goods from Porto Rico to the United States enter on the payment of 15 per cent of customs, with the in- ternal revenue only added when the goods are of Porto Rican manufacture, while goods from other countries paying the Porto Rican internal revenue may come into this country without other in- ternal revenue tax.

"We insist," he said, "that this is not an import duty. We object to the form under which the government seized our goods and held them on their arrival at Porto Rico until we paid them tribute in the form of a tax. An import is something." he continued, "coming from a foreign country. Porto Rico can- not be a foreign country, for its courts send appeals to this body. This is, therefore, not an import tax, but an ex- port tax upon goods sent out of these states, and there are two .specific prohi- bitions against such export duties." Opinions of the court were read to show that that tribunal had held that no duty might be laid on exports from one state to another as to a foreign country.

Following this, Mr. Carlisle argued that there could be no export duty, and said that there must be fixed some time when Porto Rico ceased to be foreign territory, and even with that point he urged that the tax must be considered unconstitutional. If Congress could levy export duties, he said, there could be as many rates of duty as there are states or territories, for there is no provision for uniformity or export taxation.

Cuban Extradition.

The judgment of the United States supreme court in the Neely case (Vol. 10, p. 1000) was rendered January 14: it was that the order for Neely' s ex- tradition was proper and that no ground existed for his discharge on habeas corpus. In announcing the court's conclusions Justice Harlan said:

"The facts above detailed make it clear that Cuba is foreign territory within the

THE * 0L0S1AL rinniLEM.

25

meaning of the act of June (>, 1900. It cannot lie regarded in any constitutional, legal, or international MM us u part uf

i in* territory of the United states.

While by the uct of April _.'), 1898, de- I'luriug war between this country uud Spain, the President was -lircc'tt'd ami empowered to use our entire luml ami naval forces, as well as the militia of the several states, to such exteut as was necessary to carry the act into effect, that authorization was not for the pur- pose of making Cuha an integral part of the United States, hut for the purpose only of compelling the relinquishment hy Spain of its authority and govern- ment in that island and the withdrawal of its forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. The legislative and executive branches of the government, by the joint resolution of April 20, 1898, expressly disclaimed any purpose of exercising sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over Cuba, 'except for the pacification there- of,' and asserted the determination of the United States, that object being ac- complished, to leave the government and control of Cuba to its own people. All that has been done in relation to Cuba lias had that end in view, ami so far as the court is informed by the public his- tory of the relations of this country with that island nothing has been done inconsistent with the declared object of the war with Spain."

The Cuban Constitution.

Tljis Instrument consists of twenty- six sections: Its provisions are In nearly all respects the same as those of the Constitution of the United States; but there are differences, whether for better or for worse in all cases may be an open question.

The first section merely declares the form of government — republican — the lioundaries of the republic, and its divi- sion into six provinces.

The second defines the terms of citizen- ship and franchise.

The third is a Bill of Rights in twenty- six paragraphs: the original United States Constitution has no provisions of the nature of a bill of rights; the omis- sion was carried by a majority vote, and the first ten amendments were drawn up expressly to make good the omission. Among the rights insured to Cuban citi- zens by this third section, are these:

"No person shall be arrested, except by virtue of a warrant from a competent judge; the writ directing the issuance of

i he warrant of arrest shall be ratified or amended after the accused shall have heeii given a hearing, within seventy- two hours following his imprisonment.

"All persons arrested or in prison without due legal formalities, or in cases not provided for in the constitution ami the laws, shall be placed at liberty at their own request or at that of any citi- zen. The law shall determine the method of prompt action in such cases.

"The expression of thought shall be free, he it either by word of mouth, by writing, by means of the public press, or by any other method whatsoever, without t>eing subject to any prior cen- sorship, and under the responsibility de- termined or specified by the laws."

But provision is made for the suspen- sion of certain of the guarantees men- tioned in the first twenty-two para- graphs, among them the three given above:

"The guarantees mentioned in para- graphs 5, 0, 7, 8, 9. 11. 12, 15, 18, 19 of this section cannot be suspended in any part of the republic except when the safety of the state requires this suspen sion, in case of the invasion of tin- state's territory or grave perturbations of order so as to threaten the public peace."

Paragraph 25 defines the conditions of this suspension of guarantees: and they are further defined in the final para- graph:

"The suspension of said guarantees can only be ordered by means of a law. or by means of a decree of the Presi- dent of the Republic if Congress be not sitting. Ihfc President cannot decree such suspension for more than thirty days, or for an indefinite space of time, without convoking Congress in the same decree, and in every case he must give an account to Congress of the suspen- sion ordered, in order that Congress may resolve what it thinks fit."

Sections VI. and VII. vest the legisla- tive power in two elective bodies, a House of Representatives and a Senate: styled "Congress." Each province elects six senators. The senate is a court for trial of impeachment-: confirms certain appointments to office made by the Pres- ident.

Section VIII. prescribes the qualifica- tions ami powers of representatives.

Section XI. gives to the President a power of veto similar to that possessed by the President of the United States. Among the powers of the President, de- fined in Section XII.. are these:

26

AFFAWS IX AMERICA.

March, 1901

"To suspend the sessions of Congress when, in the matter relating to their suspension, no agreement is possible be- tween the co-legislative bodies.

'•To appoint, with the approval of the senate, the associate justices of the supreme court of justice, diplomatic rep- resentatives and consular agents of the republic, he having the right to make provisional appointments of said repre- sentatives and agents when the senate is not in session and when vacancies oc- cur."

There are provisions regarding the functions of governors of provinces or departments, provincial legislative bod- ies, the administration of municipalities, etc.

as to the payment of those which in ita judgment are legitimate."

The Cardenas Strike.

On the occasion of a strike of steve- dorea and sugar handlers at Cardenas, Cuba, the lirst days of January, Gov- ernor-Greneral Wood, having been ad- vised by the alcalde of the place that the situation was grave, sent this mes- sage in reply:

"Unreasonable demands should not be acceded to. Acts of this kind are a serious menace to the commercial pros- perity of the country. Every effort

STATE, NAVY, AND WAR DEPARTMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Section XXIII. has one paragraph only, viz.:

"The Republic of Cuba does not recog- nize and will not recognize any debts or compromises contracted prior to the promulgation of the Constitution. From the said prohibition are excepted the debts and compromises legitimately con- tracted for in behalf of the revolution, from and after February 24, 1895, by corps commanders of the liberating army until , on which the Constitu- tion by Jimaguayi was promulgated, and those which the revolutionary gov- ernments contracted, either by them- selves or by their legitimate representa- tives in foreign countries, which debts and compromises shall be classified by Congress, and which body shall decide

should be made to suppress demonstra- tions of this nature. If unable to handle the situation, yon will be given the nec- essary assistance. Make every effort to bring in outside labor and to resume business."

The strike extended to all classes of ship laborers and to the men employed in lumber yards and mills. Upon General Wood's message the "Union Newsletter," of New York, an organ of the Printers' Union, remarks:

"This is the second or third time that this has occurred under General Wood, and nothing has been done. There was a superstition extant that America went to Cuba to erect liberty. It was evi-

////•; COLONIAL PROBLEM.

dently for the 'commercial prosperity' hunters ODly. Labor tin' re has qo rights wliicli they are hound to consider. But you can do everything with a sword ex- cept sit on it. '

Cuban War Claims.

Claims of several subjects of the German Bmperor for damages in prop- erty sustained bjf tlit'in in the war with Spain and in the Insurrection before the war, were laid before the State Department at Washington. In- . •ember 24, 11Mm». Shall tlie United States government assume responsi- bility for the losses of these claim- ants'r The State Department decides that it shall not. Other governments bare similar claims to press on behalf of their subjects. But the claims will probably be held in suspense until the independence of the island, or its status whether as an autonomous state or as a territory of the United States, is decided.

Distress in Porto Rico.

Dr. A. D. Williams, an army sur- geon serving in Porto Rico, in a report to the adjutant-general of the Military Department of Porto Rico upon the conditions of the inhabitants of the island, states that hundreds of people are starving and that relief must be afforded immediately.

la the course of a tour of observation he noted first at Las Marias the pres- ence of mis?ry: many were siek in the squalid little town, but there was no medical man. The American school- master there, being asked, Why so much siekness, so many deaths? answered promptly. '"For want of food." A few milts beyond Utuado, Dr. Williams found in a starving condition laboring families that he had known to be indus- trious. At Adjuntas the conditions were appalling. In the hospital were fourteeu patients and three nurses: for mainte- nance the steward received daily one dollar in municipal stamps, exchangeable for about fifty rents. The week before Dr. WUliama'l visit to Adjuntas. the deaths were fifty-two and the births four. The chief physician at Adjuntas defined the prime cause of the high death rate to lie "want of load, chronic star- vation."

Porto Rican Labor.

The labor unions of New York city which are affiliated to the American Federation of Labor were notified, December 28, from the headquarters of the Federation, that steps were to ho taken forthwith to organize" the workingnien of Porto EMco in branch unions. The sum of .$."),(hh» is avail able to cover the expenses of organi/.a t ion. Santiago Iglesias. w bo was a delegate to the Federation's congress at Louisville. Ky., is to accompany the organizing committee to Porto Rico and to assist in their work.

The Federation asserts that workineu in Porto Rico are held subject to an- cient Spanish laws, which forbid union lodge meetings except coder a permit from the police for each meeting. The president of the Federation will, if nec- essary, appeal to Cong-ess to establish the workmen's light to hold meetings.

Politics in Hawaii.

A correspondent of the New York "Tribune," in accounting for the suc- cess of the Hawaiian Democratic party in the last election, gives as one of the factors of that success the scan- dalous disregard of justice and right by the board of commissioners ap- pointed to ascertain the amount of In- demnity to be paid to property owners for losses sustained in the burning of the Chinese quarter of Honolulu in January, 1000 (Vol. 10, pp. 54, 123).

The board as it was constituted, says this correspondent, was strongly ob- noxious. It was argued that members of the building trades, merchants, and other experts competent to determine tin- value of the property destroyed should have been selected, lawyers only having been named. Public feeling ran so high that a mass meeting was called, and tin- appointments ami their manner of selec- tion were strongly condemned. Among other measures, that which at the very beginning shut out many a deserving man from all chance of ever recovering anything was bitterly inveighed against. This was the fee of twenty dollar! re- quired for the mere lodging of a claim, an impossible sum for hundreds to pro- cure who had lost everything they pot MOOOd. One of the most prominent

28

AFFAIBS LV AMERICA.

March, 1901

speakers at this meeting was Cushmau Jones, who was one of the five commis- sioners sent to Washiagton jn 1893, ac- tive in the organization of the provision- al government, in the Constitutional con- vention of 1S94, and the institution of the republic which followed, a public spirit- ed, patriotic man, a supporter of the government, and up to that time a friend of the administration. The meeting rep- resented not the disgruntled office seek- ers and disaffected partisans, but the best men in Honolulu, those interested in educational affairs, bankers, ship- owners, merchants, and the pastors of several of the churches. Their protest was marked by moderation, justice, and intelligence; but it had little effect. The objectionable feature of the board — the membership and plan of action — re- mained, and the President announced his intention of not receding from the position which he had taken.

The party in control of the islands was held responsible for all this, and the vote by which it was ejected from office expressed the dissatisfaction of the white no less than of the native inhabitants.

Samoa.

NEW LAWS ASKED FOR.

Governor TUley made an official visitation of all the districts of Tu- tuila in November, and was every- where received with hearty expres- sions of praise and thanks by the na- tive chiefs and notables. Petitions were presented to the governor, ask- ing for the enactment of certain laws necessary for the wellbeing of the native people.

They asked, first, for a law to tax the natives for the expenses of the local government; second, for a law to abol- ish the native custom of making costly gifts to the attendants at marriage fes- tivities and at funerals; third, for a law to prohibit the inhabitants of a whole village or district from making "malaga" (a journey) and billeting them- selves on the towDS or districts for an indefinite stay.

SCHOOLS IN TUTUILA.

Complaint having been made that no efforts were making to afford schooling to the natives of the Samoan islands which are under American

control, an inquiry was addressed by the secretary of war to the governor, Commander Tilley. He made a report to the secretary, December 25, 1900, which was published at Washington January 10.

All of Samoa, Commander Tilley af- firms, is now practically Christianized, through the labors of missionaries of the liondon Missionary Society. The Samo- ans have the Bible in their native tongue, also a hymn book in Samoan. The same society maintains a college at Malua, in the island of Upolu, to pro- vide native pastors and teachers: here about 200 young men are in constant at- tendance: the pupils are taught handi- crafts as well as the ordinary scholastic branches. Under American auspices there is a school for boys (about 100 at- tending) at Manua; there is a girls' school at Afao in Tutuila, pupils 100; for this school a large new building, to cost $1 0,000, is in process of construc- tion. Local inferior schools are spring- in? up in all the villages. There is a Catholic school for girls, with but few pupils. Nine young Americans, Mor- mons, are teachers of English in the island of Tutuila. Commander Tilley is of the opinion that the children to be educated must be separated from the mass of the natives, and taught by ex- ample as well as by precept the ways of civilized man: such has ever been the policy of the missionaries, and experience demonstrates the wisdom of it.

The Philippines.

THE CAMPAIGN. Advices from Manila, December 22, reported the capture of Bautista, chief of the Catipunan Society, in north- eastern Luzon, by a detachment of the 10th Infantry. About the same date a detachment of the 49th Infantry at- tacked a barrio on the Cagayan river and drove out the insurgents, of whom they killed many: 1000 rounds of am- munition were captured. Reports from Iloilo stated that the islands of Panay and Cebu were being rapidly cleared of the enemy: soon there would be no resistance save by la- drones. The campaign in •Panay was carried on by the 20th Infantry, and that in Cebu by the 44th. The rebel forces throughout Luzon were at this time reported to be greatly thinned

THE COLOXIAL PISnlU.KM.

29

and scattered: supplies of ammunition were failing them, and many insur- gents were making submission daily.

A lieutenant and sixty men of the Ninth Cavalry, Decemlwr 1'.'. attacked a large force of insurgents near Guiii" batan, province of Albay; forty-live in- SUIgestl were killed and mauy wounded: tbe Americans had one man, a sergeant, wounded. Advices from the island of Leyte, received December 24, told of con- siderable turmoil still persisting on the west coast; while on the east coast all was quiet, the insurgent leaders having retired to the mountains. On the west coast, near Ilongas, Lieutenant Frank K. Lynch and three men of the 44th Volun- teer Infantry were wounded.

As a result of scouting through- out Luzon, many reports of cap- ture of iusurgents were received in Manila toward the end of December. A detachment of the Fourth Infantry cap- tured fifty insurgents in the province of Cavite. General Wheaton captured Gre- morio'8 camp near San Antonio. General Funston reported the killing of five in- surgents and capture of many more near Gaysau. About twelve insurgents were killed and eight wounded near Moriones. Captain Mendoza and thirty men of San- dieo's command surrendered at Aliaja. In the Camarines district twelve insur- gents were killed by detachments of the 11 th and 9th Cavalry. In the early days of January insurgents entered Gapan and San Isidro, in General Funston's dis- trict, and burned some twenty houses. January 9. Lieutenant Steele, with ten men of the 43d Infantry and seven native soldiers, had a sharp engagement with a large force of insurgents at Tenaguna. island of Leyte, and killed over 100 or them; American loss, one man killed. January 12, General Grant, operating in the southern end of Luzon, reported that district as "now fairly pacified," except the locality south of Buloc mountain; the whole province of Fampanga was ready for civil government. January 25, thirty men of General Funston's com- mand killed five insurgents near San Isidro; later the same detachment en- gaged thirty insurgents under Tagunton. a noted leader, and Tagunton was killed in trying to escape. Instances of the submission of insurgents were reported from Manila, January 22, viz., at Vigan. over 1,000 of them took the oath of alle- giance, and at Malahon about 400.

January 7, Governor-General Ifac- Arthur issued an order for deportation Of Generals Riearte. del Pilar. IIiz«>n. Llanera, and Santos to the island of Guam; also of nine lower officers of the

Filipino army and eight civilians, among these Trias, Tecson, and Mubiui. Gen- eral Delgado, commander of the Iloilo province. Fa nay, surrendered January 11. with twenty-one men, fourteen rifles. About the snnie date fifty-three armed bolomen surrendered at Kcnguct, and sixteen of Geronimo's men were cap- tured.

A telegram from Iloilo in the island of Panay, dated January 20. reported the submission of 50,000 Filipinos in that province. Some time before this, 2,180 Katipunuus at Santa Maria renounced their connection with the insurrection and swore allegiance to the United States government. The oath was administered by the Cura in the parish church, and the ceremony was followed by the Te Deum and benediction.

MBPBOBY.

Appended to Governor MacArt bur's official review of the civil affairs of the Fbillppiues for tbe last fiscal year is a report by Major Guy L. Edie on the history of leprosy in the islands.

Major Edie accepts the estimates of the Franciscan friars, according to which there are no less than 30,000 lepers in the archipelago, the greater portion of them in the Visayas. The disease was introduced in 1633, when the ruler of Japan sent to the Philippines a ship with 150 lepers on board, to be cared for by the missionaries there. A house to house inspection commenced in January, 1900, developed more than 100 eases "f leprosy which had l>een concealed in pri- vate houses: these were sent to the San Lararo hospital in Manila, but many others escaped into the surrounding coun- try. A commissioner has been appointed to select a suitable island or islands on which all the lepers in the archipelago may be isolated.

CONTRACT LABOR.

In a report made by General Mac Arthur to the secretary of war, and published at Washington, December 23, It is stated that the extension to tbe Philippines of the United States immigration laws without material change to meet the local conditions, had proved to be of doubtful expedi- ency, especially the laws regarding contract lalx>r. From this It would ap pear that the military government had proclaimed those laws in the islands. •It is essential.*' says the report, "for

30

AFFAIRS IN AMERICA.

March, 1901

the mercantile Interests to secure em- ployees from abroad under contract, else business will suffer." These laborers, it is asserted, do not come into competition with the native labor- ers.

EFFORTS AT CONCILIATION.

The new political association, styled the Federal party, published, Decem- ber 24, an address to the natives of the islands advising the people to seek

HON. HENRY M. TELLER,

of colorado, Independent United States Senator.

peace by acceptance of the best terms obtainable from the American govern- ment.

The number of Filipinos, says the ad- dress, who are convinced that the time for peace has come increases daily. The object of the Federal party is the re- union of all Filipinos who truly wish for peace and who are disposed to work for it. It appeals to those who will attempt to attain for the Philippines the greatest number of liberties under the application of the American Constitution. We call ourselves the Federal party because un- der American sovereignty the righteous aspirations of the Philippines will be to form a part of the American federation as states of the LTnion.

FILIPINOS PETITION CONGRESS.

A petition to "the Congress of the United States, "signed, by 2,000 natives of the Philippine islands, was pre- sented to the Senate January 10, by Senator Teller (Ind., Col.).

The petitioners, of whom Mr. Teller said that they are "the leading people" of the islands, "lawyers, and bankers, and professional men generally," demand in- dependence for their country on the ground that (1) the war has proved the national aspiration to independence to be invincible; (2) that annexation to the United States is out of the question by reason of the great difference in race and the distance of the islands from America; (3) that such autonomous government as Canada and Australia possess is "not in accordance with the aspirations of the people;" (4) that the Filipinos have con- clusively proved their capacity for self- government.

The conclusions of the petition are summed up in these terms:

"We have therefore already proven:

"1. That the revolution was the exclu- sive work of the public.

"2. That in preparing it they were moved by a great ideal — the ideal of in- dependence.

"3. That they are ready to sacrifice their whole existence in order to realize their just aspirations.

"4. That, in spite of the serious diffi- culties through which they are passing, they still expect from America that, she will consider them with impartiality and justice, and will recognize what by right belongs to them, and thus give them an opportunity to show their boundless gratitude.

"5. That the annexation of the Philip- pines to America is not feasible.

"G. That the American sovereignty is not favored by the Philippine people.

"7. That an ample autonomy cannot be imposed without violating the Filipino will.

"8. That the Filipinos are firm for self-government."

On these conclusions they base their demand,

1. That the independence of the Fili- pinos be recognized.

2. That all necessary information re- garding the events which are taking place, concerning the peaceful fowns and places which are supporting the arms of the revolution, be obtained from Fili- pinos who. by their antecedents and by their actual conduct, deserve the respect and confidence of the Filipino people.

UNITED STATES POLITICS.

31

LlQl'Olt TRAFFIC AT MANILA.

The secretary of war tail graphed 1<»

.Judge Tuft, chairman of the Philip- pine Commission, .January 1.">, these questions:

1. What is present condition Manila as to use of intoxicating Minims, drunk- enness, ami disorder?

2. How does it compare with tin- prin cipal American cities?

3. Do natives frequent American sa- 1 is or drink American liquors?

4. How much drunkenness among American soldiers?

.">. Arc houses of prostitution licensed, protected, or in any way encouraged hy authorities?

The answer, signed "Commission," was dated January IT:

"Root, Secretary of War-

"With reference to your telegram of the 15th — first, very good; second, better than any American city of same size; third, practically not at all; fourth, con- siderable. Same much more conspicuous than at home, because several barracks near heart of city and frequented saloons on narrow thoroughfares. New license law passed banishes saloons to places less Accessible and annoying for general pub- lic. Informed by army authorities that actual drunkenness not much, if any, greater than at home. Absence of home influence and lack of usual amusements would increase it. Marked Improvement in this regard since Improved political condition in city has permitted more attention to the subject.

Fifth — Xo. . . . General moral con- dition of city greatly maligned. Gambling greatly decreased. Native vino shops in Manila in August, 1K08, 4,000. now re- duced to 400; American saloons, indud ing hotels and restaurants, reduced from 224 in February, 1900, to 8S now. Of these only 48 licensed to sell spirituous liquors,

UNITED STATES POLITICS. Ex-President Cleveland's Advice.

In the Philadelphia "Saturday Even ing Tost." December 22, was published

an article by Mr. Cleveland proposing a remedy for the ills of the Demo- cratic party.

In 1S00 and again in 1000 it was dem- onstrated that the only forces that can u in Democratic success are adhesion to recognized Democratic principles and re-

liance upon Democratic counsels and leadership. The Democrats fought the last two campaigns in alliance with un- Democratic (Populist) forces; that alli- ance was inuncii-. ly costly in defeat; even with success such an alliance would have been unprofitable and dangerous. There is much for the party to do, and the future is full of Democratic duty and opportunity. The party** lighting forces will be listless and faltering if summoned to n third defeat in an alien cause.

Mr. Bryan's Future.

William .f. Bryan was the guest of honor at the annual banquet of the Jefferson Club of Lincoln. Neb., <>u the night of December L'C.

In his speech in reply to the toast. "Commercialism ■ Menace to Liberty." he adverted to his announced pnrposc "I" starting a weekly journal, '•The Com moner," and said:

"I am sure that an editorial position will furnish as much intellectual enjoy- ment as I could have had in the White House."

Then, in allusion to the result of the Presidential election:

"Shall we whose cause is just lose faith in our prinicples because our opponents have von? The defenders of trusts did not lose heart when all parties denounced combination* in restraint of trade: shall we give up the tight because monopoly has triumphed?

"Whether I shall ever be a candidate for office again is a question which must be determined by events. No one can apeak with certainty of the future, for one's destiny is not known until his life's work is complete. I shall be content if it is my lot to aid in the triumph of the principles, while others enjoy the honors and bear the responsibility of offlce. The holding of public offlce should be an in- cident, and not the extreme aim, of the citizen. It should not be an end, but tin- means for the accomplishment of a pur- pose.

'"The principles for which we contended in the last campaign still live, and we who believe in them must continue to fight for them. An election does not change principles: it only determines what principles shall for the time being

be applied.

"If we are successful in diverting pres- ent tendencies and in carrying the gov- ernment to its old foundations, we shall rejoice in the victory and profit by the reforms secured. I am confident that

32

AFFAIRS IN AMERICA.

March, 1901

we shall ultimately win; but if the trend toward plutocracy cannot be checked, it is still better that we should be defeated in a righteous undertaking than that we should join hands with those who are ignoring the inalienable rights of man."

THE FIFTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. Army Reorganization Bill.

When the Army bill was before the house, December 5, Mr. Shafroth (811., Col.) considered the proposed bill in connection with the Philippine policy of the government in its moral, legal, and practical aspects.

Looking at it in its practical aspect, he found it to be inexpedient. The official statement of the imports to the Philip- pines from all the world amounted in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, to $30,- 152,597, of which $1,050,409 was from the United States. Thus the imports from this country were not one-twentieth of the whole. Besides, these imports were made on behalf of our soldiers. Sup- pose the American exporters of those goods made a profit of ten per cent.: that would be $1G5,040. But now, what is the cost of maintaining the commerce which yields that profit? There are in the Philippines 05,000 soldiers costing at the peace-time estimate $1,000 per capita per annum, or $05,000,000. "How long will the American people stand the expenditure of $05,000,000 a year out. of moneys collected from the people for the purpose of putting into the pockets of a few of the exporters and manufacturers of goods a profit of only $105,000 a year?

"To a business man how preposterous does this proposition appear. How long would he be willing to spend $305 of his money for the purpose of putting into the pocket of some one else a profit of $1, and yet that is exactly what is being done in the Philippine islands.

"The cost of imperialism is far greater than I have stated. It is shown in the appropriations, by Congress for this year as contrasted with the appropriations for the year prior to the Spanish war. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897, they were $409,499,010. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901, the appropriations amounted to $710,150,802, a difference of nearly $250,000,000, and in addition con- tracts for the navy were authorized to the amount of $52,334,374. But greater than all cost is the loss in life of thous- ands of the flower and youth of our land from tropical diseases, which, even if we

have peace, must continue as long as we hold the islands."

There was a five hours' debate upon the bill in the seriate, January 4, in the course of which Senator Hoar (Rep., Mass.) offered an amendment relative to the employment of troops in the Philippine islands. He would have the Filipino leaders invited to Washington, there to plead their peo- ple's cause.

"Let them state their case. They can come and go in peace and honor. If we say to the Filipinos that we will not con- sider their case until they go down on their knees, lay their hands upon their hips and their lips in the dust, this war will go on, if there is a spark of spirit and principle in their breasts, until every Filipino of one sex is exterminated and until the women among them take up the fight and are exterminated also."

His amendment to the bill was:

"Provided, That no further military force shall be used in the Philippine islands, except such as may be necessary to keep order in places there now actually under the peaceable control of the United States, and to protect persons or property to whom, in the judgment of the Presi- dent, protection may be due from the United States, until the President shall' have first proclaimed amnesty for all political offenses committed against the United States in the Philippines, and, if in his power, shall have agreed upon an armistice with persons now in hostility to the United States, and shall have in- vited such number— not less than ten— as he shall think desirable, of the leaders or representatives of the persons now hos- tile to the United States there, to come to the United States and state their wishes and the condition, character, and wishes of the people of the Philippine islands to the Executive and Congress, and shall have offered to secure to them safe conduct to come, abide, and return, and shall have provided at the public charge for the expenses of their trans- portation both ways and their stay in this country for a reasonable and suffi- cient time for such purposes."

The amendment was rejected by a decisive vote.

In the senate, January »7, Senator Lodge (Rep., Mass.). in defending the proposition to raise the strength of the army to 100,000 men, based his argu- ment not only upon the necessity of

THE 111 I f-SIXTB ' ONOBESS,

33

our having always In readiness a suf- ficient force to maintain peace and order in our island i>ossession8, but also suHi'icnt to defend our own homes, our possessions, ami our com- merce against hostile aggression from any quarter. Regarding the peril of lnterf( rcnee bf foreign nations who are our commercial rivals, he said.

"I am uo alarmist, nnd I have no fears that we are in danger of war with any- body, und I do not believe there is a na- tion on the face of the earth that has any desire to attack us. But no man can tell what may happen at any time. We have come in the process of our develop- ment until we have expanded far beyond our own markets commercially, and ire are breaking into every market of the world.

"Here in the United States we are holding all the best part of the North American continent. Look at your map —a great symmetrical country, all under one flag, no separate government, your railroads running in steady connection"! and carrying freight from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Lakes to the Gulf. Europe cannot beat that. Every separate state system, every separate railroad she has, enhances the cost of her articles. We are beating her in iron and steel. We can turn them oat at a price Europe cannot meet. We are going to surpass her in other articles. She has to take coal from us. It is a mere ques- tion of time when her last stronghold, the carrying trade, will be invaded. . . .

"Any one who has read the newspa- pers lately will have noticed there has been continual talk about economic fed- erations to shut out the United States from Europe. In other words, they feel the economic pressure that we are put- ting upon them. They will try to meet us, undoubtedly, in the great field of economic rivalr>. I believe that with our resources, with the character of our people, with our new country, with our grpat continent, the victory can only b<* with us, and that there can be but one end to that conflict of