Mth Haile LUTE xa Lt OILL ELE LLLA ESF estate ttle Ld Et tid dd ht M TE tate MAME ae fee en pewrrs x NS e SALLE Woe anne ase ¥ wi a2 7 ‘ & SS % \ SAN are Ss wa N Ay SAN N SILILEELAISESSL CDA E SAX \ SEP IPLIS IIIS IAPS, SLLLLELIIIID LLILPAP SS AGL PLI LPS PILE PELL DDD IPL PEED L IDI LIPID \ { \ NES No \* - @ A . . dy i dads zs “it Zo iH ; . i) H ie ay uy! Witiua Dt i J Me: \ 1 View mir " ai i‘ Ne We Rites i re Me Che Ce ie) shi) i itieiar ay ins Oi ae A ih 1 a ni Ait ieee ‘ ay / hese | vf ‘ Nie ry mY y iy ii + i A ‘yt ha \ i ( i" Ohh | Laie 4} ret if / i r \ 7h ey eet i ; i " Viet rr ey Aga a A ( i ¥ i) A Oy: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM VOLUME 73 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1929 ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organiza- tions and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The present volume is the seventy-third of this series. The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consists of a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, in octavo form, published by the Nationa! Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum. ALEXANDER WETMORE, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. WasuineTon, D. C., July 3, 1929. II TABLE OF CONTENTS AupricH, J. M. A revision of the American parasitic flies belonging to the genus Belvosia. No. 2729, pp. 1-45. ianeAe see ew see Ma ee ey oe Salen: A eee OF Se New species: Belvosia mannt, B. australis, B. semiflava, B. mexi- cana, B. wiedemanni, B. omissa, B. ciliata, B. vittata, B. fron- talis, B. elusa, B. borealis, B. argentifrons, B. townsendi, B. nigrifrons, B. lata, B. smithi, B. spinicoxa, B. williamsi, B. canalis. New varieties: Belvosia recticornis var. ruficornis, B. ciliata var. formosa. BaltLtey, JOHN WENDELL. A revision of the lizards of the genus Ctenosaura. No. 2733, pp. 1-55. September 26, New species: Ctenosaura parkeri, C. clarki. Berry, Epwarp W. Fossil nutlets of the genus Lithosper- imum Nowe 1st pps los. iy, a NOS to. ek ee ee New varieties: Lithospermum fossilium rugosum, L. f. glabrum, L. f. aristatum. Tertiary fossil plants from the Argentine Republic. Ne ia ppa On. October) 17, 1928100 os a a kes New species: Adiantum patagonicum, Pteris nirithuaoensis, Zama australis, Fitzroya tertiaria, Rollinia (?) patagonica, Hydrangea (?) wncerta, Leguminosites calliandraformis, Ana- cardites (?) patagonicus, Sterculia washburnii, Laurelia amaril- lana, Laurophyllum chalianum, Apocynophyllum chalianum, Bignonites chalianus, Phyllites nirihuaoensis, P. mollinedia- formis. Boscuma, H. Two common species of parasitic crustacea (Sacculinidae) of the West Indies. No. 2726, pp. 1-10. May 1oisioggsrimim) iota dole ja rev wWigule J New genus: Lozxothylacus. New species: Drepanorchis occidentalis. Cooxr, C. Wytur. New Vicksburg (Oligocene) mollusks from Mexico. No. 2731, pp. 1-11. April 24, 19281..._____ New genus: Protonema. New species: Gemmula alazana, G. mexa, Pseudotoma alazana, Scobinella prionota, Glyptotoma rhombica, Borsonia agutlae, Ancilla (Ancillina) alazana, Protonema bartschi, Turritella ceibana, Natica alazana, Polynices (Lunatia) lacrimans, P. (Euspira) byramensis, Ampullina vaughani, Dentalium ovale, D. (Dentalium) alazanum, Amussium alazanum, Pecten ceibanus. New variety: Gemmula mexa var. mecxita. 1 Date of publication. 52702—29 Til Article 12 13 22 10 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Ewine, H. E. The scorpions of the western part of the United States, with notes on those occurring in northern Mexico. No, 2730, pp. 1-24. May. 24 1928 2 22. ee New species: Vaejovis yosemitensis, Centruroides sculpturatus. New variety: Hadrurus hirsutus, var. arizonensis. GILMoRE, CHARLES W. A new fossil reptile from the Triassic of New Jersey. No. 2728, pp. 1-8. March 30, 1928?'..___- New genus: Hypsognathus. New species: Hypsognathus fennert. A new pterosaurian reptile from the marine Cre- taceous of Oregon. No. 2745, pp. 1-5. June 25, 19287____ New species: Pteranodon (?) oregonensis. Gonyer, Forest A. (see D. F. Hewett and Earl V. Shannon)_ Hay, Outver P. Further consideration of the shell of Chelys and of the constitution of the armor of turtles in general. No. 2022 pppoe. WWhareb Zl VOR! 2 a pe Hewett, D. F., Eart V. SHANNON, and Forrst A. GonyER. Zeolites from Ritter Hot Spring, Grant County, Oregon. No. 273/, Ppeaise Sunerlap 1928 See Seg ew ee Hoven, Watrer. Fire-making apparatus in the United States National Museum. No. 2735, pp. 1-72. June 22, Howe, A. Brazier. Contribution to the comparative anatomy of the eared and earless seals (genera Zalophus and Phoca). No. 2736, pp. 1-142. January 26, 19291____ Krircer, Herspert W. A prehistoric pit house village site on the Columbia River at Wahluke, Grant County, Wash- ineton. No, 2732; pp: 1-29. May i7e 1a2s 0s See oe Linton, Epwin. Notes on trematode parasites of birds. No. 2782, pp l—-360Rearch PA 1926) aes eee pee ee New genus: Minuthorchis. New species: Haematotrephus fodiens, Psilostomum lineatum, P. plicitum, P. varium, Petasiger nitidus, Himasthla incisa, A por- chis rugosus, Ascocotyle plana, Minuthorchis sanguineus. LoveripGE, ArtHur. Field notes on vertebrates collected by the Smithsonian-Chrysler East African Expedition of 1926. No: 2738, pp?d-69. June 20<4926.y 20 alent -ulenee Page 24 16 16 14 15 Ly bg 1 Date of publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS Matuocy, J. R. Notes on American two-winged flies of the family Sapromyzidae. No. 2744, pp. 1-18, June 23, TOS te See ee ee eae ey ona ages an New genera: Freyia, Pseudocalliope. New species: Deutominettia approximata, D. bimaculata, Asilos- toma palpalis, A. pallipes, A. atriceps, A. flavifacies, Freyia nigrita, Minettia nigropunctata, M. argentiventris, M. infuscata, M. tucumanensis, M. quadrata, M. brunneicosta, M. verticalis, Sapromyza schwar zi. MERRILL, GreorcE P. Concerning the origin of the metal in meteorites. No. 2742, pp. 1-7, June 20, 1928'____________ Price, Emmett W. New helminth parasites from Central American mammals. No. 2725, pp.1-7. March 30, 1928!_ New genera: Bradypostrongylus, Controrchis. New species: Bradypostrongylus panamensis, Graphidium browni, Controrchis biliophilus. RatuBun, MaryJ. Twonew crabs from the Eocene of Texas. No 2727ppisGoO AprikS, BOQ cr wyo0085. cx9inace “we'd New species: Notosceles bournei, Harpactocarcinus americanus. Scuaus, Wituram. New moths of the family Ceruridae (Notodontidae) in the United States National Museum. No. 2740.cnps 1-90: “dune 27 1988 ~ 25 SF estas sas eer eS New genera: Dugonia, Rhapigia. New species: Nystalea biumbrata, N. eastmant, N. julitha, N. par- sont, N. amatura, Elymiotis corana, E. morana, E. lupicina, E. donatian, E. boisil, Proelymiotis severina, Lysana minasensis, Marthula thoreda, M. cynrica, Eudmoe carrieta, Lepasta branda, Dasylophia blaizea, Farigia liboria, F. luicana, F. thelian, F. alicia, F. sennen, Cerura purusa, Peroara caterina, Psilacron con- galla, P. gordiana, Urgedra oslaca, U. nabora, Dicentria fechima, Schizura salvador, Litodonta centigerna, Notoplusia marchiana, N. talmecana, Misogada brioca, Trumanda schiffi, Disphragis clittusa, D. epimacha, D. marusa, D. arima, D. sabaria, D. hygi- nia, D. druona, D. carantis, D. agapa, D. psalmoida, Hemipec- teros teffeina, Malocampa medommoca, M. mammerta, M. ran- dauta, M. bronacha, Rhuda decepta, Gisara meyeri, G. brewsteri, G. brauni, G. metcalfi, Boriza ignatia, Talmeca dabuisa, T. aga- thosa, Chadisra paragorna, C. finiana, C. ulrica, C. ezrana, C. celsa, C. emeteria, Meragisa salvina, M. vistara, M. simeona, M euthymia, M. mochosema, M. polycarpa, Dugonia eliera, Euxoga amatura, Rifargia haitia, R. auscharia, R. possida, R. everiti, Afilia venadia, A. purulha, Lusura turnina, Lobeza petropolia, L. gilberta, L. huacamaya, L. maronia, L. venica, L. rhenia, L. medina, L. arnoula, L. genebrarda, L. abdjesa, L. gunthierna, Eunotela chacoa, Apela archimma, Dottia boliviata, Pamcaloma abba, Hemiceras ursara, H. liboria, H. turiafa, H. climaca, H. joinvillia, H. chromona, H. teffea, H. taperinha, H. reyburni, H. Page 23 21 19 1 Date of publication. vI TABLE OF CONTENTS hidulpha, H. jovita, H. phocas, H. praxides, H. eustalhia, H. elphega, H. monegonda, H. arbogasta, H. turnina, H. vinvala, H. noctifer, Schausiades almothes, Hapigia duponti, H. hollandia, H. smerinthina, H. apiana, H. eneana, H. beuvea, H. millsi, Rha- pigia deicola, Hapigiodes argentidiscata, Spatalia bronacha, Noto- donta grahami, Cerura nicetia, Somera acasia, Stauropus briachi- sta, S. niteria, S. palladina, Fentonia gualberta, F. erconvalda, F. abraama, F. mangholda, F. cantiana, F. eingana, F. maguila, Chadisra madena, Neopheogia cathana, Phalera ordgara, P. suri- gaona, Besida vinalva, Liparopsis dympna, Pydna adjutrea, P. marconia, P. odrana, P. ubalvia, P. barasamphia, P. ercona, P. goddrica, Turnaca bryantia, T. pantaena, T. suriga, Norraca ordgara, Microphalera styxana, Pygaera hildora. New forms: Symmerista sigea, Rifargia demissa brioca, Rhapigia deicola agnesa. ScHwartz, BensAmMIn. Two new nematodes of the family Strongylidea, parasitic in the intestines of mammals. No. 2725, pps. March: 21 31008) fi. Ae eee Pens eee New genera: Phacochoerostrongylus, Oesophagostomoides. New species: Phacochoerostrongylus pricet, Oesophagostomoides gilinert. SrIWELL, H. R. Two new species of commensal copepods from the Woods Hole region. No. 2739, pp.1-5. June 4, NOG cr eee aa a a a! New species: Amphiascus commensalis, Tisbe wilsoni. SHANNON, Ear V. (see D. F. Hewett and Forest A. Gonyer)- Simpson, CHarLes Torrey. The Florida tree snails of the genus Liguus. No. 2741, pp. 1-44. May 11, 19291__ _ _- 1 Date of publication. Page 18 16 20 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES NOTES ON TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS By Edwin Linton Facing page 1 Monostome: trematode otetheloone ae: Seeees oe ee 36 2. Distomes of herring gull, laughing gull, loon, and grebe__-_________~- 36 3. Distomes:of-grebe and herring-gulle eae OL Bee SIC 36 Any Distomes, Olawhite-wineeduscoter =" = +s. — =e kee Se eee 36 5. Distomes of white-winged scoter and herring gull______-___-----_-- 36 6. Distomes of herring gull, red-necked grebe, loon, and Arctic tern_-_-_- 36 7. Distomes of Arctic tern, green heron, sanderling, and frigate bird-- -- 36 See Distomevorlaughine cule sas as ae ee ee aes ee ee eee 36 Oe Distomes of sur duck andsherring oul = 4" ee see ee ee 36 10. Distomes of herring gull, laughing gull, and ring-billed gull________~- 36 11. Distomes of laughing gull, ring-billed gull, and herring gull________~- 36 Two NEW NEMATODES OF THE FAMILY STRONGYLIDAE, PARASITIC IN THE INTESTINES OF MAMMALS By Benjamin Schwartz 1. Phacochoerostrongylus pricei, new species. ...-..---.----------+---- 6 2. Oesophagostomoides giltnert, new species. —.-....--..~..------------- 6 FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF THE SHELL OF CHELYS AND OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE ARMOR OF TURTLES IN GENERAL By Oliver P. Hay 16 Carapace of .Chenys fpmoriata__.. saw stead pa icee alt Sa alee ob. 12 2. Carapaces of Chelys and Clemmys insculpta__....------------------ 12 NEW HELMINTH PARASITES FROM CENTRAL AMERICAN MAMMALS By Emmett W. Price 1. Bradypostrongylus panamensis, new species___..._...-.--------------- 8 2. Graphidium browni, new species and Controrchis bibliophilus, new SY OSX Lots ag ns Bh eos ne seth, Sp les atte yA el beh ch = Bh 8 Two NEW CRABS FROM THE EOCENE OF TEXAS By Mary J. Rathbun 1. Notosceles bournei from the Eocene of Texas.___._.________-_-------- 6 2-3. Harpactocarcinus americanus from the Eocene of Texas______------ 6 vVul LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A NEW FOSSIL REPTILE FROM THE TRIASSIC OF NEW JERSEY By Charles W. Gilmore Facing page 1~3.. Hynsognathus fenpertg mew SPeCCleS sn sees SU oe a ee THE SCORPIONS OF THE WESTERN PART OF THE UNITED STATEs, WITH NOTES ON THOSE OCCURRING IN NORTHERN MEXIcOo By H. E. Ewing 1-2. Scorpions.of western“United’ States S522 2 0S as eee eee New VIcKsBURG (OLIGOCENE) MOLLUSKS FROM MeExico By C. Wythe Cooke j=2.. Vicksburg'mollusks from. Mexico... "ssc 2 Gece 424 ete ee ee A PREHISTORIC PIT HOUSE VILLAGE SITE ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER AT WAHLUKE, GRANT County, WASH. By Herbert W. Krieger » and pestles Oleiome.: 22 52 sa beta eel ee i ee a Ny pes Of atrowesud spear beams. ice ee ee EWES GhAbTOWREROS yo 5. pe gee gl a Hammerstones;and scaling knives2.2= ou. as) 23 Lae ee eee ee Objectssofgpersonal adormments sf) ese eta Sees ees eee Decorated objects of stone, bone, horn, and wood__-__-_-_------------ White bluffs escarpment at Wahluke, Wash., and the Columbia River at: Wahbluke* Wash= 2 S272 e ioe Wee arnae ere 8 2 Se STS oc Rp hoe A REVISION OF THE LIZARDS OF THE GENUS CTENOSAURA By John Wendell Bailey . Head and body of female of Ctenosaura acanthura____-_------------ . Sacral region and tail of female of Ctenosaura acanthura___--------- Half-grown male of Cienosauraj acanthuras.d_........-.---=-=------ ANG hhE SETENIS Cole (CHOON R TOR GRU LUO = eB eee se epeeere son asee Adult male of Ctenosaura hemilopha___------------ a indy hs capa Stuffed skin of female of Ctenosaura brachylopha___---------------- . Head and body of adult male of Ctenosaura pectinata___----------~-- Aditi nate or CrenosiiunG DECLETULG == en nee ee Ane meee aD ANohible cols Chi OUAVCR NU Os NAR ON ee oe ee a ee LOS Adultiftemale of Clenosaunamectinatws =.= aes) oa ee ee 11. Femoral pores of adult male of Ctenosaura pectinata____------------ 12: Adult male.of Clenesaunaibrevinasinis 5] se ee ee jon Half-crown male or Ctenosaund OnevinOsuits= = ee [4zeAcdultifemslerotaCtenosaunar parce na eee ee ee 15. Heads of Ctenosaura parkeri (left) and C. brevirostris (right)_-------- te, AgGult male af Clenosaina stmilise = oo eee er ee ee eos 17. Half-grown male and young male of Ctenosaura similis_______-_---- 1SawACulbitemalevotClenosaunasstnilise as sees one oe 195 Adult male of:Ctenosaurarstmilts. = PEER: BES PE Se eee 20. Typical habitats of ‘Clenosdura*simiiist 22 SY Nee be eee ai; Adultifemale of Clenosaura bakert— ... 2... 2.5222... ..-.1. ee CONAN RON SE 24 12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Ix Facing page 22. The dewlap of (a) Ctenosaura bakeri, female; (6) C. palearis, male; (c) C. malearis fenicgle yea). ceed wept See OTe kN eee 23. Adults of Ctenosaura palearis (left) female; (right) male____________ 24. Sacral region of adult male of Ctenosaura quinquecarinata__________- 25. Sacral region of adult male of Ctenosaura quinquecarinata_______-.-- 26. Adult\male of Cienosaiura.quinquecarinata..__ 222222. 2.2--._ = 21. Adultrmalaiel Crenssaura’ clarke 22022 Peo 8) Sates ee 25. Adu male of Clenosauravergikromelas. 2% 2 20.;Adult male of ‘Crencsaura erythromelass+ 2 =... 222. 2.------ a0. Adult male of Cienosaura dejenson22.-..- 28 ee FossIL NUTLETS OF THE GENUS LITHOSPERMUM By Edward W. Berry i... Fossil nutlets of the. genus: ditthospermum=se! uth o. 2 dsc 42- assess FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS IN THE UNITED States NaTIONAL MusEuM By Walter Hough 5) PSKORUREL OVE eo A bitin far aC eg pli ke «ps al ec i ae i ig ae po aS . British Guiana, West Indian, and Mexican drills___--__---_-------- Japanese sacred fire drill, full view and section__...__._.___.__-----.- Bhils; Indialtand Australian: drlis #272 LE eas 2 ees ee ok indutsacred fire: drall\Geplica)ss= 522 ae ee a eee DEBS YSG rang We asa meso Ua D FSi 5 a I ape ots he ee gh Meee A LS pee A African firewalls =e 2e Sue ee 2 SPE SS La eee eines te eee Bambpoosirersaweekhilippines se = ae — ee aaa = ee ety es ee Ee Bamboo strike-a-lights and Battak (Negrito) fire thong__-_---__---- Bamboorstrike-d-lightwivialay slau = oe. Seay Ay ee oe ee Bem OISUOUS welVicitel vista: | metas eee ne ene re ey eet ee = pop Lee oe Fear nee eugene aren eo ho: = pd pk CONTRIBUTION TO THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE EARED AND EARLESS SEALS (GENERA ZALOPHUS AND PHOCA) By A. Brazier Howell ih Mounted skeletons of an eared seal (Otariidae, below) and an earless Baie seni (Phocidactabove))- 2. cee 2 tees ces) ee ee ZEOLITES FROM RitteER Hor Sprine, GRANT County, OREGON By D. F. Hewett, Earl V. Shannon, and Forest A. Gonyer 1. a, Chabazite; b, Mesolite and Pseudomesolite; and c, Thomsonite-- --- 2. a, Pseudomesolite and Analcite; and b, Stilbite-___.---------------- FIELD NOTES ON VERTEBRATES COLLECTED BY THE SMITHSONIAN CurysLeR East AFRICAN EXPEDITION OF 1926 By Arthur Loveridge 1.£ Typical W agogo' kraaliin Dodoma’ district. Wagogo cattle sheltering under mimosa trees. Indian shops in Dodoma township--------- 2. Combined § leopard trap and cage. Building stockade at Tulo. A corner, of the birdsroom 206 a8 222202256 <= yeh ee oa taate Shas 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 142 18 18 70 70 X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Facing page (vs) . Nest and eggs of finch lark. Catching a spitting cobra. Termite workings where a tree frog was found__-__----------------__-.- 4. Zanzibar galago, the first animal obtained by Expedition. White- bearded gnu after six months in Washington. Soft-shelled tortoise from: Dodommaedy sey sper inet. yeorey numwyetnl LY pak ts pee Taye a eee Two NEW SPECIES OF COMMENSAL COPEPODS FROM THE Woops HOLE REGION By H. R. Seiwell L Amphiascusicommensaiis, new species £02 Lees ell See ee « Lisbenwilsont Me wa SMeCCies ays pe enfants ne MS i) THE FLORIDA TREE SNAILS OF THE GENUS LiGuUS By Charles Torrey Simpson 1-4. Florida tree snails of the genus Iiguus._......---_--=22-2---+--- CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF THE METAL IN METEORITES By George P. Merrill 1-3. Origin of metal in meteorites__.___________ pds Gwinn ey ene arte 2) TERTIARY FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC By Edward W. Berry 1-5. Argentine Tertiary, plants= 282 82 eo Eee ee eee TEXT FIGURES Two COMMON SPECIES OF PARASITIC CRUSTACEA (SACCU- LINIDAE) OF THE WEsT INDIES By H. Boschma 1. Two specimens of Drepanorchis occidentalis. a, From Mithrazx forceps (A. Milne-Edwards), the surface lying against the thorax of the host, X 3%. 6, The same specimen, the surface lying against the abdomen of the host, * 3%. c, From Macrocoeloma camptocerum (Stimpson), the surface lying against the thorax of the host, < 3. d, The same specimen, the surface lying against the abdomen of the host, X 3. In these figures the mantle opening is found in the upper part; the'stalk inthellower part 22> _ teal 2 fk ee 2. Drepanorchis occidentalis from Mithrax forceps (A. Milne-Edwards), VOT PAU TEE aE SECOLOU: OC a) remem ee sete waren ge oe 3. Drepanorchis occidentalis. a, Part of the external cuticle of a specimen from Pitho anisodon (von Martens), X 440. 06, Part of the external cuticle of a specimen from Mithrar forceps (A. Milne-Edwards), X 440. c, Retinaculum of a specimen from Macrocoeloma campto- cerum (Stimpson), < 440. d, Internal cuticle with retinacula of a specimen from Microphrys bicornutus (Latreille), * 110. e, Retinaculum of a specimen from Mithrazx sculptus Lamarck, X 440. f, Retinaculum of a specimen from Pitho anisodon (von Martens), xX 440. gandh, Retinacula of a specimen from Microphrys bicornu- tus) (Latreille). ><: 44020) se soe cose se SINC LO NS SE 70 70 44 28 Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XI Page 4. Two specimens of Loxothylacus panopaei (Gissler). a, From Panopeus herbstit Milne-Edwards, the surface lying against the thorax of the host, X 7%. 6b, The same specimen, the surface lying against the abdomen of the host, * 7%. c, From Hurypanopeus depressus (Smith), the surface lying against the thorax of the host, X 7%. d, The same specimen, the surface lying against the abdomen of the host, X 7%. In these figures the mantle opening is found in the upper part, the stalk in the lower part___--..__________---- 8 5. Loxothylacus panopaet (Gissler). From EHurypanopeus depressus (Smith), longitudinal section, ><. SO 273-2 a hey ce eet A atiows a 6. Loxothylacus panopaei (Gissler). a, Part of the external cuticle of a specimen from EHurypanopeus depressus (Smith), X 440. 6, Part of the external cuticle of a specimen from Panopeus herbstiz Milne- Edwards, X 440. cand d, Appendages from two different places on the external cuticle of a specimen from Panopeus herbstiz Milne- Edwards, X 440. e, Cuticular appendages of another specimen from Panopeus herbstit Milne-Edwards, * 440. jf, Cuticular append- ages of a specimen from Panopeus occidentalis (Saussure), X 440. g, Retinaculum of a specimen from Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith), xX 440. handz, Retinacula of two different specimens from Pano- peus herbstiz,Milne-Edwards, <X 440... -.-22-25---s2-s-ilees- 10 A NEW FOSSIL REPTILE FROM THE TRIASSIC OF NEW JERSEY By Charles W. Gilmore 1. Hypsognathus fenneri, new species. Lower jaws, inferior view. An, angular; C, coronoid; D, dentary; Sa. surangular; Sp. splenial_ __ - 3 2. Hypsognathus fenneri, new species. Anterior (1) dorsal vertebra. Viewed. from=thevantenmoriend 0s i252. Jo_aetiggs. ioe yulsderei 4 3. Hypsognathus fenneri, new species. Outline of skeleton as found in rock. F. F., elements of left fore foot; H, proximal end of humerus; mc, metacarpals; R, ribs; Ra, rami; S. scapulae; V. vertebrae; X, Wnidentiltem een e 2 2 2 nei a oe nc OL, QR Total tS. 6 THE SCORPIONS OF THE WESTERN PART OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH NOTES ON THOSE OCCURRING IN NORTHERN Mexico By H. E. Ewing 1. Detail drawings of parts of Centruroides vittatus Say to illustrate struc- tures of taxonomic importance; A, finger of Chelicera; B, left half of sternal region of male; C, caudal segment of male; D, anterolateral section of carapace; EF, last two segments of leg IV______________ 3 FIRE-MAKING APPARATUS IN THE UNITED States Nationa Museum By Walter Hough 1-3. 1. Fire-making set. Tlinkit Indians, Sitka, Alaska. 2. Fire- making set. Bella-Bella, B. C. 3. Fire-making set and slow match. Quinaielt Indians, Quinaielt, Wash____.__._.__.____----- 10 4. Fire-making set. Klamath Indians, Oregon______._._...-____---- 12 5. Fire-making set. Hupa Indians, California____.__._.__.._.--.--__- 13 6. Fire-making set. Washoe Indians, Nevada______._____.__-------- 14 7. Fire-making set. Pai-Ute Indians, southern Utah______._____-___- 15 XII 8. a: 10. 11- 13. 14. 15. 16. Lite 18. LO= 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 2h. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fire-making set. Pai-Ute Indians, southern Utah_________________ Fire-making set. Shoshone Indians, Wind River, Wyo______-____- Fire-making*set; /\ Hiopi‘Itidians, Arizona 282 22.22.2232 A ae. 12. Fire-making set and slow match. Zuni Indians, New Mexico___- Lower stick of fire-making set. From a cave at Silver City, N. Mex- Lower piece of fire-making set. Apache Indians, Arizona_-_-___-__-__- Fire-making set. Navaho Indians, New Mexico________-_-__-___-- Fire-making set. Natives of Talamanca, Costa Rica_____________- Fire-making set.\° Somalis; East tAdrica 2a) _ seoinig sone ee Taveite, Africans making Gre... sie >< Lalalinos: hea tae a rea 21. Fire-making set and extra hearth. Frobisher Bay. 20. Moss ina leathertr tase. .J00OU7) 2GYS VQ. Bed DINE ee Sh SPOT: eee Boring seti "Cumberland Gulf 1 2 toie 2 he Bo too iareke wilt te Fire-making set. Angmagsalik Eskimo, eastern Greenland _____-_---_ Boring set. Angmagsalik Eskimo, eastern Greenland______--__-__- Fire bag. Eskimo of Holsteinberg, west Greenland______________-_ Lower part of fire-making set (on one end is gum for cement). Mac- kenzie Rivery British Columibiat! ors k 200s iw Peas tO oma. Lower part of fire-making set. Eskimo of Mackenzie River, British Colunibial AAswiiags Poe abs OVER ba AE OMTIOEE a Pup ay: A ee Fire-making set. Eskimo of Anderson River, British Columbia_-_-_- Fire-making set (with mouthpiece of deer’s knucklebone, thong, and tinder of willow catkin). Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska______- Fire-making set (hearth showing median groove). Eskimo of Norton RSOWL TYG FeRw CS: MRM Eas 9 he ae. 2d logan ce eR EN Eee NTI oR Lo Lower piece of fire-making set (hearth). Eskimo of Cape Vancouver, Alaska tae co pot serio essed gale 28 bateydysyuegaes OE pera ret teay Fire-making set. Eskimo of Chalitmute, Kuskokwim Region, Alaska_ Fire-making set. Eskimo of Kassianamute, Togiak Region, Alaska_ Fire-making set (hearth with step and five slots). Koggiung, Bristol Bay Aladkaice Lemieews UL hep ee Be een SO ee Fire-making set (hearth with central holes and end step). Koggiung, Bristol, Bay; Alaskac oo 2. 220 2) i ee Bae peemiae epee Fire-making set. Eskimo of Bristol Bay, Alaska__.._.._.....------ Lower piece and spindle of fire-making set. Eskimo of Kodiak Island, Malay fire sticks. Models in bamboo made by Doctor Hough after A. R. Wallace’s description. The Malay Archipelago_-_--------- Hiresmoaking isticks:\) OaINGR > 54a eee eS os Se a, Strike-a-light. Seven Barrows, Berks County, England. b, Strike- a-light. Indians of Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River district, British Columbia a one ee a ne he pak ke i 1. Tinder pocket. 2. Fire bag. Mackenzie River district, British (Caan ee are ate ot OnE. Eee 3. Pyrites. 4. 4a. Flint striker and handle. Mackenzie River district, British: Columblaa2< 329s Be WE oh ee ee . Methodof using ithelstrike=a=li ohn tine eee a ee . English tinder box (with flint, flourish, and bundle of spunks). » Wiheelttinder!box-"Broadaliomn,sINney 22m 2 ees eee eee ee ee . Strike-a-light (briquet). Boulogne-sur-Mer, France___._.._-------- . Flint and steel. Otoe Indians, Kansas and Nebraska __.__-_------- . Strike-a-light (flint, steel, tinder horn, spunk, and pouch). Cheyenne Hiri ieamgy PAT Wari ee ee a ere cata oe ra 49 50 51 52 . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Strike-a-light (pouch for holding flint and steel). Comanche Indians, Flint and steel. Guadalajara Indians, Mexico_------------------- Strke-a-lipht) [@hing @e2 2 te ee oes eheh e tet Smokers’ pipe-lighting outfit (showing flint, steel, pipe pick, and pincers). Koords of Bhotan, Eastern Turkey ------------------ 53-54. 53. Rush fire set pouch. 54. Strike-a-light. Flint, steel, and 55. 56. tinder box) Ainos Of, YezOx, Japan ==. 22 eco 2 See ee eee Tinder box (showing mounted steel, flint, and bundle of shaving matches; box one-third natural size). Japan__._.-------------- Smokers) strike-a-light., “Wokio: Japans =) == ee a ee eee eee CoNTRIBUTION TO THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE EARED AND EARLESS SEALS (GENERA ZALOPHUS AND PHOCA) By A. Brazier Howell . Typical terrestrial postures of an eared seal (sea lion or otariid, Zalophus) and earless seal (true seal or Procid, Phoca, above) ---- . Dorsal view of the skull or Zalophus showing areas of muscle attach- ments labeled in capital letters; names of bones in small type---- . Dorsal view of the skull of Phoca hispida, showing areas of muscle attachments and (in small type) names of bones____------------ . Ventral view of the skull of Zalophus: names of bones in small type-- . Ventral view of the skull of Phoca hispida: names of bones in small . Lateral view of the left mandible of Zalophus (Z) and of Phoca hispida (2) showing areas of muscle attachments_7"- 2922-2 --- 2-2-2 . Lateral view of the left scapula of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca hispida (P) with areas of muscle attachments________~_ UY, ah ee Nn el Oe . Left view of the anterior limb bones of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca hispida (P) in approximate positions in which they are usually carried in . Left humerus of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca hispida (P); in lateral view Aabovevandemedialypel Owes ee eee ee ee . Left radius and ulna of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca hispida (P); in lateral viewsabovelmndamedial belowlst 22LE 21 Seaus Nene Be = ese . Left innominate bone of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca hispida (P)-_------- . Left femur of Zalophus (4) and Phoca hispida (P); anterior aspect aboverandeposterion.belows-=-2==S-=45--225-25-2<=--- 2 == 0 . Left tibia and fibula of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca hispida (P); in lateral View above ancsmedlaltnelowee see te ote ee eee . Dorsal view of left tarsus and metatarsus of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca GS ULC (2) a tere ane tenet ay emp ee ey eee a) ein ee a . Left aspect of Zalophus (Z) and Phoco hispida (P), showing platysma- panniculus carnosus sheet of musculature_______.-_-__-_--.----- . Dorsal musculature of Zalophus: superficial layer upon the left and much of the next deeper layer to the right of the medial line__-__- . Dorsal musculature of Phoca hispida: superficial layer upon the left and much of the next deeper layer to the right of the medial line_- . Ventral musculature of Zalophus: superficial layer upon the right and much of the next deeper layer to the left of the medial line--__---_ . Ventral musculature of Phoco hispida: superficial layer upon the right and much of the next deeper layer to the left of the medial line-___~- 70 71 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 20. Superficial musculature of the lateral aspect of the left anterior limb Of Zalophus os 2 f'22 4k: 52 Soe See ee ee ae Sa eee 21. Superficial musculature of the lateral aspect of the left anterior limb ofvPhocethispidass2 sees See ek See ee ee ee 22. Superficial musculature of the medial aspect of the left anterior limb OL Zalophuse kes Sse Le eR. eR eR as Sh La 2 ee 23. Superficial musculature of the medial aspect of the left anterior limb Ole hOCahispidGgmeese os S22 = ee aus Cue ee ek ee 24. Ventral aspect of the muscles extending from the innominate bone (stippled) to the posterior limb of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca his- DG) Bee re ee eS ee es > i ae eye ee ee 25. Cranio-lateral aspect of the superficial muscles of the left posterior LimibofiZalophast 22 eet Re RET AAR ee oe ee eee 26. Cranio-lateral aspect of the superficial muscles of the left posterior ISU 001 OF Gy al EP OLY hel pi Ry ov a Ke aap hae ale Me neta TE EE UE as eee 27. Caudal aspect of the musculature of the left posterior limb of Zalophus_ 28. Caudal aspect of the musculature of the left posterior limb of Phoca Pius Toh Dyes 5 cos hh EN See af nd pa aca I 1 ep aha Bey 29. Position assumed by Mirounga illustrating possible degree of vertebral 30. Diagram illustrating approximate static posture (solid lines) and degree of possible movement (broken lines) in life of each jointed segment of the posterior limbs of Zalophus (Z) and Phoca hispida (P). I, innominate; T, thigh; S, shank; H, heel (Astragalus and Caleaneum) sand yh, memainderof foots 2252) 32 eee o ne ee ee ZEOLITES FROM RirTER Hot Sprine, GRant County, OREGON By D. F. Hewett, Earl V, Shannon, and Forest A. Gonyer 1. Sketch map of Ritter Hot Spring area, Grant County, Oreg_-__----- Tue FLORIDA TREE SNAILS OF THE GENUS LIGUUS By Charles Torrey Simpson 1. Diagram illustrating the distribution and migration of Liguus in Florida. The open spaces are pine woods; those inclosed in lines, hammocks. Dotted lines show migration to and from hammocks. Some bits of forest are reached by several; others are entirely TM SSCCH Nae ARS 2 See hue a eos Se aye ae kee eee ee ele TERTIARY FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC By Edward W. Berry 1. Localities in Lago Nahuel Huapi region, Rio Negro territory; 2. Locali- ty of Mirhoja, Chubut territory; 3. Localities in Rio Chalia refion, Santa Cruz temitory ss 2202 <cipdeal Sh fou ste telsinan as 42 Notes ON AMERICAN TWO-WINGED FLIES OF THE FAMILY SAPRO- MYZIDAE By J. R. Malloch 1-2. 1. Head of Asilostoma palpalis from side. 2. Wing of A. palpalis - - 3-4. 3. Wing of Asilostoma pallipes. 4. Head of A. pallipes from side_- HALE HGOr HME yeCeIULO nied: SLOT SUC. a eee ea ee Page 68 69 72 73 83 90 91 98 98 121 125 12 for) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A NEW PTEROSAURIAN REPTILE FROM THE MARINE CRETACEOUS OF OREGON By Charles W. Gilmore 1. Left humerus of Pteranodon (?) oregonensis. Type. a, posterior view, b, anterior view; c, external view; d, proximal view_____________ 2. Dorsal vertebrae of Pteranodon (?) oregonensis. Type. a, lateral view from the left side; 6, ventral view; c, anterior view; d, posterior XV Page ae wi Ar ; roan a oan ene road - fh RPT ie) yd Aa: ne tats Phage i cn . , ea a ee iol ‘ gan! % 74 NOTES ON TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS | By Evwin Linton Of the Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania With two exceptions the hosts from which the trematodes de- scribed in this paper were obtained belong to the Woods Hole, Mass., region. Unless otherwise designated, all material obtained in the months of September to June, inclusive, was collected by the late Vinal N. Edwards. Notes on living material, as well as notes resulting from a preliminary examination of formalin material, were made in the course of successive summers at the laboratory of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. List of trematodes referred to in these notes with their hosts. Parasite Host Haematotrephus fodiens, new species_________-. Gavia immer. Psilostomum lineatum, new species___________- Larus argentatus. Psilostomum plicitum, new species______-_-__-~_. Larus argentatus. Psilostomum variuwm, new species_____-------_-. Gavia immer. Petasiger nitidus, new species__-_._-_--__--___- Colymbus auritus. Himasthia elongata (Mehlis)--_-__-_________. Larus argentatus. delawarensis. marinus, philadelphia. Nycticoraxz nycticoran naevitis. Himasthla incisa, new species_________________. Oidemia degiandi. Mesorchis pseudoechinatus (Olsson) ---._______. Larus argentatus. atricilla. delawarensis, marinus. philadelphia. Colymbus holbolli. Gavia immer. Aporchis rugosus, new species________-________. Sterna paradisea. Stephanochasmus sp-.-—-2__ a bets os te Ceryle aleyon. Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin) _--______________. Butorides virescens. Gavia immer. Larus argentatus. atricilla. delawarensis. No. 2722.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 73, ART. 1 70841—28——_1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 Parasite Host Ascocotyle plana, new species___--__--------___ Butorides virescens. Levinseniella adunca, (Linton) ~---------___-___ Crocethia alba. Pororchas woitus taintonses es hee eee Larus argentatus. Galactosomum cochleariforme (Rudolphi) ——~——~ Fregata magnificens. Minuthorchis sanguineus, new genus and species Larus atricilla. DIS COMA RD. CA ae = oe th ge SE ee Oidemia perspicillata. Distomum Spi Bae eee tee ee etd. iy Oidemia perspicillata, Ornithobilhareia spt ee ee ee oe Larus argentatus. philadelphia. = Nycticoraz nycticorar naevius. Oidemia deglandi. Proalaria indistincta (Guberlet) ---------_------ Larus argentatus. atricilla. PAUL CLQCORE AIS ys ee ce see a Larus delawarensis. Strigea bursigera (Brandes) -------------_----- Larus argentatus. atricilla. delawarensis. HAEMATOTREPHUS FODIENS, new species Figures 1-6 Free in intestine and encysted in pancreas of a loon (Gavia immer). Body of free worm nearly linear, narrowing slightly toward the anterior end; anterior half finely rugose; mouth small, terminal; anterior tip of body a subtriangular, muscular disk—the oral sucker ; no ventral sucker certainly made out. Pharynx near mouth, pyri- form; esophagus about twice the length of pharynx; intestinal rami extend to posterior end, where they appear to unite. Testes two, roundish, diagonally placed near the posterior end, and separated from each other by a space equaling or exceeding the diameter of a testis; seminal vesicle on the left side of the genital pore, which is on the median line at about the anterior sixth of the body. Ovary somewhat lobed, in front of the anterior testis and nearly on the median line. The seminal receptacle lies on the right posterior border of the ovary, and on the left anterior border of the first testis. The shell-gland lies along the anterior side and to the right, of the ovary. The uterus is very voluminous and fills the greater part of the interior of the body as far forward as the genital pore. Ova small and very numerous. The vitellaria lie between the lateral margins of the body and the intestinal rami, and extend from about the anterior fifth to near the posterior end. Dimensions of free specimen in balsam: Length 11 mm.; breadth, at genital pore 1.40, at middle 1.85, at second testis 1.68, length of triangular head 0.21, breadth at base 0.35; pharynx, length 0.24, breadth 0.15; length of esophagus 0.45; ovary, length 0.22, breadth 0.70; first testis, length 0.35, breadth 0.56; second testis, length 0.40, breadth 0.52; ova 0.024 by 0.012. LINTON 3 ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS Forms which were obtained from pedicelled cysts on the serous coat of the pancreas, although differing greatly in appearance from the free form, appear to belong to the same species. This form (fig. 3) is attenuate anteriorly, tapering from near the posterior end, where the breadth in one specimen was 0.80 mm. to a breadth of 0.05 mm. near the anterior end. The entire length of this worm was 15 mm. In this specimen the genital sucker is about 1.20 from the anterior end, and is 0.06 in diameter. The breadth of the body at the level of the genital pore is 0.12. In one of these attenuated forms the pharynx is 0.045 from the anterior end, length 0.045, breadth 0.03. The breadth of the body at the pharynx is 0.07. The testes are variable in shape, in some cases being distinctly lobed. The rami of the intestine, on account of their opaque con- tents, could be traced in a few cases to the posterior end of the worm, where they appeared to unite, although the actual continua- tion of the lumen from one to the other was not satisfactorily demonstrated. In the best preparation, although the terminations of the rami are contiguous, they did not appear to unite. The con- tents of each ended abruptly a short distance from the point of contact (fig. 6). Others removed from cysts, and more or less degenerated, did not show the contents of the intestinal rami ap- proaching as closely as in the case figured. Ova in the free form, in the degenerate forms from cysts, and in cysts which contained only ova, are essentially similar in form and size. On July 7, 1915, a loon (Gavia immer) was examined. It had been taken in a fish trap in Buzzard’s Bay, and had been kept in the pool of the United States Bureau of Fisheries for a week be- fore it died. The bird was reported by Vinal N. Edwards to have been “sick” when it was taken. The stomach and intestine were empty. The pancreas was thickly peppered with dark brown cysts from 1 to 4 mm. in diameter, not of any uniform shape, but mostly rounded or subangular. They occurred on the surface under the serous coat, and also in the substance of the pancreas. The whole pancreas was affected, but not uniformly. At the point where the cysts were most abundant there were about 25 in a space 10 mm. square. When crushed these cysts were found to be filled with small ova. There was some variation in size but the dimensions: in sea water were about 0.028 by 0.014 in the two principal diameters. It was noted that some of the ova had a cap at the smaller end. This feature has also been recognized in the mounted material. The maximum dimensions of ova in balsam are about 0.024 by 0.018. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 The genital pore in the free form (fig. 1) has become indistinct in the mounted specimen on account of the encroachment of anterior folds of the uterus due to compression. Type—Cat. No. 7915, U.S.N.M.; paratype, Cat. No. 7916. PSILOSTOMUM LINEATUM, new species Figure 8 Two distomes collected from the intestine of a herring gull (Larus argentatus) at Woods Hole by Vinal N. Edwards, January 22, 1915, are here considered. The longer of the two in formalin measured 5 mm. in length. In balsam the lengths are 3.78 and 2.66, respectively. They are nearly linear throughout with a breadth of about 0.5 mm. Neck short, evidently much shortened by contraction in these speci- mens; ventral sucker much larger than oral; pharynx much smaller than oral sucker and contiguous with it; esophagus not plainly seen, but apparently very short; intestinal rami extend to the posterior end. The genital aperture was a little removed from the anterior edge of the ventral sucker and slightly to the left of the median line. In the specimen shown in Figure 8 the neck was somewhat distorted, so that the genital pore is thrown farther from the median line than it would be in an undistorted specimen. The cirrus-pouch is dorsal to the ventral sucker, and has rather weak walls; seminal vesicle relatively long, extending behind the ventral sucker. The two testes are on the median line and separated from each other by a space a little longer than the diameter of a testis. They are relatively large and nearly circular in outline. The anterior testis is a little way back of the middle of the length of the body. The ovary is about on the median line and near the anterior edge of the first testis. It is some- what pestle-shape, with an elongated anterior lobe, while the broader posterior end is three lobed. There appears to be a seminal receptacle near the anterior edge of the ovary. The uterus lies between the ovary and the ventral sucker, the metraterm passing dorsal to the ventral sucker. The vitellaria are very diffuse, filling the body back of the testes, and extending in rather broad lateral bands as far forward as the posterior margin of the ventral sucker in one of the specimens, and to the level of the middle of the ventral sucker in the other. A vitelline reservoir was visible immediately in front of the ovary, and apparently ventral to the seminal receptacle. Dimensions of larger specimen in balsam: Length 3.78 mm.; breadth 0.5; diameter of oral sucker 0.20; pharynx, length 0.14, breadth 0.10; diameter of ventral sucker 0.32; ovary, length 0.28, breadth of anterior lobe 0.10, at posterior end 0.15; first testis. length 0.38, breadth 0.380; second testis, length 0.46, breadth 0.38; ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS——-LINTON 5 ova, collapsed and difficult to determine the exact diameters, longer diameter from 0.06 to 0.08, shorter diameter from 0.03 to 0.04. Type.—Cat. No. 7917, U.S.N.M. PSILOSTOMUM PLICITUM, new species Figure 7 The following description is based on a single specimen mounted in balsam. It is from the intestine of a herring gull (Larus argen- tatus) and was collected at Woods Hole, but the date of collecting is missing. Body elliptical in outline, longer than broad; margins of neck folded ventrally and projecting in front of the ventrally placed oral sucker; ventral sucker at about the anterior third and of about the same size as the oral sucker; pharynx relatively large, adjacent to oral sucker; esophagus none; rami of intestine begin at anterior edge of ventral sucker and extend to the posterior end; genital pore in front of ventral sucker, about at the level of the posterior end of the pharynx; cirrus-pouch at left side of ventral sucker, somewhat elon- ‘gate, its posterior end functioning as a seminal vesicle; testes two, at about the posterior third, contiguous. The posterior testis is about on the median line, the anterior, for the most part, to the right of the median line. The ovary is at the antero-median border of the first testis. It is made up of small, rounded lobes, which give to it a morulalike effect. Near its postero-median border there is a seminal receptacle. The vitellaria fill the greater part of the body from the posterior end as far forward as the level of the middle of the ventral sucker. The uterus is between the ventral sucker and the ovary. The metraterm, dorsal to the ventral sucker, appears to have rather thick, muscular walls; ova few. Dimensions in balsam: Length 1.68 mm; maximum breadth, about the middle, 0.84; diameter of oral sucker 0.20, of pharynx 0.13, of ventral sucker 0.18; ova 0.06 by 0.04. Type.—Cat. No. 7918, U.S.N.M. PSILOSTOMUM VARIUM, new species Figure 9 A single distome, found in the inetstine of a loon (Gavia immer), at Woods Hole, September 1, 1911, is here described. The following color notes were made on the living worm: General color effect purple. When the specimen was compressed the testes and ovary were seen to be a very brilliant magenta; the cirrus-pouch faint pink; rami of intestine throughout faint reddish; the very voluminous vitellaria dull, opaque magenta. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Dimensions, life, uncompressed: Length 1.68 mm.; breadth, anterior 0.21, middle 0.65; diameter of oral sucker 0.28, of pharynx 0.19(?), ventral sucker 0.42; ova 0.088 by 0.064. Length after com- pression 1.96. Dimensions in balsam: Length 1.54; maximum breadth 0.70; di- ameter of oral sucker 0.21, pharynx 0.13, ventral sucker 0.338; ova 0.08 by 0.05. Body more or less fusiform, bluntly rounded at extremities; ventral sucker much larger than oral, and placed at about the anterior third. It is provided with a sphincter, but does not appear to be as muscular as the oral sucker. Pharynx adjacent to oral sucker; esophagus none; rami of intestine extend to posterior end of the body. The cirrus-pouch is relatively large, thin-walled, long-pyriform, its posterior portion acting as a seminal vesicle. It is dorsal to the ventral sucker and extends for a short distance in front of the anterior border of the ventral sucker. The genital pore is about on the me- dian line near the posterior border of the oral sucker. The testes are broader than long (length 0.18, breadth 0.27), contiguous, one follow- ing the other on the median line, about half way between the ventral sucker and the posterior end; ovary oval-elliptical in outline, a little to the left of the median line in front of the testes and near the ventral sucker, length 0.15, breadth 0.18. The vitellaria fill all the space back of the testes and extend in a broad band, approximately equal to one-third the breadth of the body, along each lateral margin to the level of the pharynx. The uterus lies between the first testis and the ventral sucker. It passes along the dorsal side of the ventral sucker a little to the right of the median line, and parallel with the seminal vesicle, to the genital pore. The ova are large, and, consider- ing their size, rather many—approximately 75. The most conspicuous feature in the mounted specimen is the widely diffused, brownish red vitelline gland. In life the most striking characteristic was the differential coloration. Type—Cat. No. 7919, U.S.N.M. PETASIGER NITIDUS, new species Figures 10-16 From intestine of horned grebe (Colymbus auritus). Small, fusiform; head reniform with 19 spines in a single circle uninterrupted dorsally; length of spines at ventral angles of head 0.14, elsewhere 0.12; neck concave ventrally, densely covered with small spines becoming sparingly scattered on the body; ventral sucker near the middle of the length, much larger than the oral sucker; pharynx longer than broad, separated from the oral sucker by a short prepharynx; esophagus long; rami of the intestine begin ART, 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—LINTON 7 at about the level of the anterior border of the ventral sucker and extend to the posterior end of the body. The genital pore is at the anterior border of the ventral sucker a little to the left of the median line. Testes two, contiguous, diagonally placed, about half way between the center of the ventral sucker and the posterior end; cirrus- pouch and seminal vesicle dorsal to the anterior border of the ventral sucker. Ovary subglobular, at right anterior border of testes; uterus in front of ovary and testes, the ova relatively few and lying mainly between the testes and the ventral sucker, but a few usually in the metraterm dorsal to the ventral sucker, about 0.084 by 0.054 in the two principa! diameters. ‘The vitellaria are diffuse and extend from the level of the genital pore nearly to the posterior end. Excretory vessel behind the testes spacious From a series of transverse sections the following interpretations were made: In one section near the posterior edge of the ventral sucker, the opening of Laurer’s canal was seen on the dorsal side of the section. In the next two sections the canal is seen passing ventrad along the right side of the first testis. It then turns to the dorsal side of the testis, and, proceeding dorso-sinistrad, enters the shell- gland, which lies for the most part on the left side of the ovary. In the fourth section the germ duct and the vitelline duct from the trans- verse vitelline reservoir, which les along the dorsal side of the testis, between it and the postero-ventral border of the ovary, were seen entering the shell-gland. In the first of these four sections an ovum was observed in the oviduct still within the shell-gland. The neck in all the preserved material is strongly flexed ventrad, and measurements are consequently rather difficult to make. Following are dimensions of a specimen in balsam: Length 1.96 mm.; maximum breadth (at ventral sucker) 0.63; breadth of head, excluding spines, 0.28, of neck 0.21; oral sucker, length 0.105, breadth 0.063; ventral sucker, length 0.31, breadth 0.34; pharynx, length 0.096, breadth 0.051; ova 0.09 by 0.05. The ventral sucker is 0.7 mm. from the anterior end and the testes 0.5 from the posterior end. In another specimen the oral spines had the following dimen- sions: Spines at ventral angles of the head, length 0.144 to 0.150, breadth 0.024; lateral spines, length 0.105 to 0.120, breadth 0.018. Type and paratype.—Cat. No. 7920, U.S.N.M. RECORD OF COLLECTIONS Colymbus auritus. 1905, December 25. 60. Uniformly short and plump. Dimensions in formalin: Length 1.47; breadth, anterior 0.33, middle 0.56, posterior 0.16; diameter of oral sucker 0.09, of pharynx 0.05, of ventral sucker 0.30; ova 0.088 by 0.054. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 1915, January 7. 104. Dimensions in formalin: Length 2.25; diameter of head, including spines, 0.45, of neck 0.30, of body at middle 0.70, near posterior end 0.22. HIMASTHLA ELONGATA (Mehlis) Figures 17-20 1831. Distonvim elongatum MEHLIS, Isis, p. 177. 1892. Hchinostomum elongatum (Mehlis) StossicH, Boll. Soc. adriat. Se. nat. Trieste, vol. 13, p. 39. 1909. Distomum elongatum (Mehlis) Dietz, Zoolog. Anzeig., vol. 34, p. 184. Himasthia elonga (Mehlis) Dirrz, Die Hchinostomiden d. Vogel. Inaug. Diss., Konigsberg, p. 16. 1910. Dietz, Zoolog. Jahrb., Suppl. 12, pp. 360-868, pl. 13, fig. 25. Larus argentatus, L. marinus, L. ridibundus. Woods Hole, Mass.: Larus argentatus, L. delawarensis, L. marinus, L. philadelphia, Nycticorax nycticorax, intestine. These distomes, while they vary considerably in size and propor- tions, appear to belong to the same species, and are in such close agreement with H. elongata that it seems best to refer them to that species in spite of the difference in the number of circum-oral spines. H. elongata is characterized by having 29 circum-oral spines, of which the two which are situated at each angle of the oral disk are smaller than the others. In all the specimens in which they could be distinctly seen in the Woods Hole material, the number of oral spines was found to be 31, arranged as shown in Figure 18. Further- more, there is little difference in the length of the spines. The apparent difference in the camera lucida sketches is due to fore- shortening. Body slender, nearly linear, neck spinose, concave on ventral side; oral sucker ventro-terminal, small, surrounded by a reniform, spine- bearing disk. The circle of spines is interruped below so as to have a somewhat horseshoe shape. The number of oral spines is 31, of which 27 are around the border and 2 at each posterior angle of the disk. The spines differ little in size, the length being about (0.054, breadth 0.014. Pharynx near the oral sucker, longer than broad; esophagus slender; rami of intestine begin at anterior border of ventral sucker and extend to the posterior end of the body; ventral sucker much larger than oral, in some cases nearly circular in outline, in others longer than broad. Genital pore on median line at anterior border of ventral sucker; cirrus long and covered with spines; cirrus-pouch elongate and posterior to ventral sucker, with a spacious seminal vesicle at its posterior end. In a series of ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 9 tangential sections the seminal vesicle is 0.56 mm. in length and 0.20 in diameter. Testes near the posterior end of the body, one following the other, in most cases elliptical in outline and much longer than broad; ovary subglobular, nearly on the median line, or a little to the right, a short distance in front of the first testis, from which it is separated by the rather conspicuous shell-gland and vitelline reservoir, and beginning of the uterus. Laurer’s canal was traced from its opening on the dorsal surface, at the level of the ovary, to the vicinity of the beginning of the uterus, which appeared to contain sperm and germ cells associated with ova while still enveloped by the shell-gland. The vitellaria begin a little in front of the base of the seminal vesicle and extend along the lateral margins to the level of the posterior end of the second testis. Back of this point the vitellaria in most cases fill the body. In trans- verse sections the excretory vessel is seen to divide at the second testis into a right and left branch, which could be traced forward to the ovary, but are difficult to distinguish in sections through the uterus, where, with the exception of a small area at each side occupied by the vitellaria, the interior is filled with ova. The uterus fills the central region of the body from the ovary to near the seminal vesicle. Thence forward it is a straight duct, the metra- term, which passes on the dorsal side of the ventral sucker and opens at the genital pore immediately in front of the cirrus. The ova measure from 0.08 to 0.11 mm. in the longer, and from 0.05 to 0.06 in the shorter diameter. Following are tabulated measurements of balsam mounts from different hosts. Larus Nyecti- La Larus argentatus delawar Lara mar philadel-| corax nyc- ensis phia ticorax mereeum LPF ol ER ae 10.00 | 3.64! 6.58 | 5.46 | 7.00 | 8.00) 6.50 Maximum breadth___-_- . 42 +63) . OS: boxd . 63 . 84 . 50 Diameter of head____-_- . 30 say Om eee aid. . 28 . 28 Diameter of oral sucker_| . 08 aR R12 . 09 ~10%° 09 Length of pharynx__-_-_- . 09 or) (ORM Geen oP ae oS a gee G45 uk 98 Breadth of pharynx____| .05 RG: to i0%, 1h 1a OR: [eee ees apa a age 5: Diameter of ventral BIIGK Ores nce Ripe . 28 . 28 . 35 APA . 28 SOOT le Las Length of first testis____ . 72 22m fy 42) 242 Syl ial eee oan Breadth of first testis___| . 25 9 2 P86. (PS 20 Br) Ua ape eee hh S om Length of second testis_ Oe, odes VAG 89 SAU ee | eae re . 39 Breadth of second testis_ . 25 . 28 . aD . 20 He} 0 Vid he ee . 23 Diameter of ovary___-_- 15 ra dis een | i Sit (EY ek ene my Distance of ventral | sucker from anterior wlll: Ve RON 6 . 80 Bo ey i 6 . 30 . 42 . 64 Distance of second testis from posterior end___| . 63 Ok} 6 OO fi. 28 2 DO ehiercenct, te Ovum, longer diameter_; .105| .09| .10/} .11 #105. 50 . 096 Ovum, shorter diameter_| . 06 Ob 05" 1. . 06 .063 | . 54 . 051 10 Larus argentatus. 1912, February 16. 1%. ie. 1913, January 30. November 3. 17. 21. 1914, January 10. 22. September 10. December 16. 23. 1915, January February 22. 18. September 29. November 10. 1916,January 8. February 17. March 9. 1917, January 18. 1920, December 18. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 78 RECORD OF COLLECTIONS 25. 28. 2. 30. 10 mm., more or less. 1, and fragment. iL 4. Two of these were exceedingly slender, 15 and 20 mm. in length respectively, filiform for a good part of the length. 1. 12. 385. The largest, in sea water, measured 8 mm. in length and 0.65 in breadth. A small immature specimen measured 1.27 in length and 0.60 in breadth. 3. Maximum length, in formalin, 8.5. Number not recorded, slender, linear from 5 to 15 mm. in length. 267, young and adult. 4, young. 1. Length in formalin 5.25, maximum diam- eter, at level of testes, 0.56. 4, maximum 7 mm. 11. Attenuated, longest 11.5 mm. 1 and fragment. 69 and a few fragments. 11 and fragments. 129, largest, in alcohol, length 7 mm. Collected by R. A. Goffin. (Cat. No. 7921, U.S.N.M.) Differences in length of adult worms are due mainly to the degree of development of the uterus. This is shown by the following measurements made on four speci- mens in which ova had made their appearance in the uterus, which is limited to the space between the ventral sucker and the ovary. Length | Distance from | anterior end to posterior end of ventral sucker Distance from | Distance from ventral sucker | ovary to pos- to ovary terior end ‘vgge2: pias 0. 60 5. 88 2. 66 TT Lee ere 1, 05 | 3. 78 2. 54 cL gees 2 ee rte | , 84 | 1. 82 1. 02 Spl Ushgele Copia re hie 1. 43 95 ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON Kf Larus delawarensis. 1914, January 24. 11. These distomes are rather more slender than are those from the other species of gull. In a series of sections the cirrus appears to be smooth. The ova are large, 0.11 by 0.06 in a whole mount, and from 0.08 by 0.04 to 0.12 by 0.05 in sections. (Cat. No. 7922, U.S.N.M.) Larus marinus. 1922, January 10. 1. (Cat. No. 7923, U.S.N.M.) Larus philadelphia. 1918, April 18. 1, fragment, posterior end missing. Nycticorax nicticorax naevius. 1914, September 11. 1. (Cat. No. 7924, U.S.N.M.) HIMASTHLA INCISA, new species Figures 21-33 From intestine of white-winged scoter (Oidemia deglandi). Head reniform and surrounded by a circle of about 27 spines unin- terrupted dorsally ; neck short, concave beneath, densely covered with minute spines set in transverse rows. Margins of neck finely serrate, the serrations becoming more marked posteriorly, the body from a level a little back of the ventral sucker to near the posterior end being transversely and sharply corrugated. Body nearly linear, and rather slender. Oral sucker nearly circular; pharynx longer than broad, near oral sucker; ventral sucker circular and much larger than oral. In sections there appeared to be a short esophagus, although none could be seen in the whole mount. The intestinal rami extend to the posterior end of the body. The genital pore opens immediately in front of the ventral sucker; cirrus-pouch and seminal vesicle extend far back of the ventral sucker; in the mounted speci- men the posterior end of the seminal vesicle was 1.25 mm. back of the ventral sucker. The testes are oval-elliptical, one following the other, and near the posterior end of the body. The subglobular ovary is situated a little to the right of the median line in front of the first testis, from which it is separated by the relatively large shell-gland, vitelline reservoir, and beginning of the uterus. The vitellaria are abundant and extend from the posterior end of the body to within a short distance (0.5 mm. in the mounted specimen ) of the ventral sucker. The uterus fills the central space between the vitellaria from the ovary nearly to the seminal vesicle, from which point the metraterm leads to the genital pore; ova rather numerous, about 0.112 by 0.057 in the two principal diameters. Some details 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 of the anatomy are shown in the figures. Laurer’s canal opens dor- sally on the median line on a level with the posterior border of the ovary. It passes laterad along the dorsal border of the ovary, then turns medio-ventrad to the uterus, the earlier portions of which con- tain sperm. The excretory vessel behind the second testis is ‘spacious. It divides at the posterior end of the second testis. The exact num- ber of oral spines could not be made out in the balsam mount. There are at least 27. There is a single row, except at the lateral angles. (Fig. 23, sketched from a transverse section.) The longest spine measured 0.051 in length and 0.018 in breadth, shorter spine 0.039 in length and 0.012 in breadth. A striking character in the structure of the body wall is the layer of longitudinal muscle fibers. ‘These are indicated in the sketches of transverse sections. (Figs. 32, 33.) Dimensions of specimen mounted in balsam: Length 9 mm.; breadth, at level of ventral sucker 0.63, at ovary 1.17, 1 millimeter from posterior end 0.91; oral sucker, length 0.11, breadth 0.10; pharynx, length 0.09, breadth 0.056; ventral sucker, diameter 0.38; distance of anterior border of ventral sucker from anterior end 0.35; diameter of ovary 0.28; first testis, length 1.12, breadth 0.35; second testis, length 1.05, breadth 0.40. In a series of sections: Diameter of oral sucker 0.12; pharynx, length 0.10, breadth 0.08; diameter of ventral sucker 0.31. Type—Cat. No. 7925, U.S.N.M. RECORD OF COLLECTION Oidemia deglandi. 1914, June 2. 2. The living worms red, according to record of Vinal N. Edwards, collector. MESORCHIS PSEUDOECHINATUS (Olsson) Figures 34-42 1876. Distomum pseudoechinatum Oxtsson, Svensk, Vetensk. Akad. Handl., vol. 14, p. 21, pl. 4, figs. 45-49. 1892. Hchinostomum pseudoechinatum Olsson Stosstcu, Boll. Soc. adriat. Se. nat., Trieste, p. 166 (p. 24 of reprint). Mvuutine, Arch. Naturg., Jg. 64, vol. 1, p. 21. 1899. Hchinostomum pseudoechinatum Olsson StossicH, Boll. Soc. adriat. Se. nat., Trieste, vol. 19, p. 13. 1899. Echinostomum pseudoechinatum (Olsson) Looss, Zoolog. Jahrb., vol 12, Syst., pp. 685-686, pl. 25, figs. 11, 12, 15a. 1909. Hchinostomum (Mesorchis) pseudoechinatum (Olsson) Dietz, Zool. Anz., vol. 34, p. 183. 1909. Mesorchis pseudoechinatus (Olsson) Dirrz, Inaug, Diss., Konigsberg, p. 31. , Zool. Jahrb. Sup. 12, p. 451-452. ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 13 Larus marinus. Woods Hole, Mass.: Larus argentatus, L. atricilla, L. delawarensis, L. marinus, L. philadelphia, Colymbus auritus, C. holbolli, Gavia immer, intestine. These distomes from the intestines of five species of gull, two species of grebe, and the loon appear to be the same species as that described by N. C. Gilbert from the loon.t They agree in the fol- lowing characters: Oral sucker small, head reniform, surrounded by a single circle of spines interrupted on the dorsal side. The number of spines in the oral circle is 22, and they are of nearly equal size, length 0.065 to 0.07, breadth 0.015 to 0.020. The postero-median spines on each side are a little smaller than the others. Neck and anterior part of the body spinose; neck, except in relaxed and partly macerated specimens, rather short and more or less tapering; body usually nearly linear, but in some cases thickening in the vicinity of the testes or ventral sucker. There is a short prepharynx; pharynx longer than broad, its length approximating the diameter of the oral sucker; esophagus longer than pharynx; intestinal rami begin a short distance in front of the ventral sucker and extend to the posterior end of the body; ventral sucker from two to three times the diameter of the oral sucker. ‘Testes two, following one another, either contiguous or separated, and either oval-elliptical, quadri- lateral, or subtriangular in outline, depending on age and condition. In many cases the first testis is quadrilateral and the second sub- triangular. In a few cases the testes were slightly diagonal, appar- ently not due entirely to distortion of the body. Those cases in which the testes were oval-elliptical, and separated from each other, were more or less flaccid, some of them even showing signs of macera- tion. They had lost both oral and body spines. The cirrus-pouch and seminal vesicle are short and at the antero-dorsal surface of the ventral sucker. ‘The ovary, usually subglobular, is a little way in front of the first testis, from which it is separated by a short space in which lie the transverse yolk reservoir, the shell-gland, and the beginning of the uterus. The uterus lies between the ovary and the ventral sucker. Ova not numerous, in balsam measuring from 0.081 to 0.09 in the longer, and from 0.048 to 0.054 in the shorter diameter. The vitellaria are massed in the posterior end of the body, which is more or less elongated, behind the testes, and extending forward, in some cases not beyond the posterior margin of the second testis, in others extending to different levels on one or both sides of the testes, but not extending in front of the first testis. In older individuals there is a clear space on the median line back of the testes separating the vitellaria into two lateral masses. In young, robust individuals 1 Occurrence of Echinostomum spinulosum Rudolphi, Amer. Nat., vol. 39, pp. 925-927. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 the post-testicular region is filled completely with the vitellaria. Usually the testes are situated a little in front of the middle of the post-acetabular region of the body. Average length of 24 specimens in balsam 3.98, average maximum breadth of same 0.43. Of these the longest measured 6.13 in length and 0.49 in breadth; the shortest, 1.44 in length and 0.22 in breadth; the broadest, 2.52 in length and 0.68 in breadth; the narrowest, 1.44 in length and 0.22 in breadth. Transverse diameter of oral sucker, average of 18 in balsam, 0.11, of pharynx 0.06, of ventral sucker 0.27; length of pharynx, 0.10. Dimensions of testes, average of 13, in balsam: First testis, length 0.32, breadth 0.32; second testis, length 0.39, breadth 0.33; shortest first testis, length 0.14, breadth 0.42; longest first testis, length 0.55, breadth 0.34; shortest second testis, length 0.20, breadth 0.38; longest second testis, length 0.67, breadth 0.42. Anterior limits of vitellaria in 30 mounted specimens: Anterior edge of first testis 6; between the middle and anterior edge of first testis 13; between posterior edge and middle of first testis 10; pos- terior edge of second testis 1. Distance of posterior margin of second testis from anterior end, average of 29, 2.04; same from posterior end 1.54, a ratio of 4 to 3. Departures from this ratio were: 2.10 to 2.59, or a ratio of 4 to 5, and four cases where the ratio was 2 to 1. The greatest departure from the ratio 4 to 3 is the example from the loon (fig. 42), where the ratio is 1.74 to 0.36, or nearly 5 to 1. This specimen suggests Dietz’s Monilifer spinulosus (Rudolphi). RECORD OF COLLECTIONS Larus argentatus. 19138, April 8. 14. Note on formalin material: Anterior half of body white, posterior filled with vitel- laria, bluish; larger example, length 5.80, breadth 0.64; smaller example, length 3.80, breadth 0.38. 1915, August 138. 5. (Cat. No. 7926, U.S.N.M.) September 1. 1. 1917, January 17. 1. 18. 28. In the younger individuals the testes are contiguous, the anterior more or less quad- rangular, the posterior somewhat triangular in outline. In the older specimens the testes are elliptical in outline and are separated by a short interval. Dimensions in balsam: Length 3.5; diameter of head 0.30; maximum diameter, a little way back of ventral sucker, ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—LINTON 15 1927, August 18. 1. Larus atricilla. 0.56; diameter of oral sucker 0.10, of pharynx 0.06, of ventral sucker 0.24; length of pharynx 0.10; ovum 0.08 by 0.05; length of oral spines about 0.07, breadth about 0.02. 1904, August 12. 2 gulls examined, 2 distomes from one, 1 from 1911, July 24, 2. Larus delawarensis. 1914, January 24. 9. Larus marinus. the other; ova 0.080 by 0.058. Dimensions, balsam: Length 3.32; maxi- mum breadth 0.46; diameter of head 0.22, of oral sucker 0.11, of pharynx 0.07, of ventral sucker 0.25; length of pharynx 0.09; ovary, length 0.16, breadth 0.21; first testis, length 0.29, breadth 0.31; second testis, length 0.59, breadth 0.88. (Cat. No. 7927, U.S.N.M.) Note on formalin material: Slender, flaccid, and slightly macerated; most of the oral spines and all of the body spines missing. Dimensions in balsalm: Length 6.45; maxi- mum breadth 0.89; diameter of oral sucker 0.09, of pharynx 0.06, of ventral sucker 0.27; length of pharynx 0.09; diameter of ovary 0.14; first testis, length 0.36, breadth 0.25; second testis, length 0.67, breadth 0.24; ovum 0.087 by 0.051. (Cat. No. 7928, U.S.N.M.) 1914, April 28. 2. Length, in balsam, 4 mm. As nearly as can be made out there are 22 spines around the mouth, 0.069 in length and 0.018 in breadth. The neck is thickly beset with stout spines arranged in diagonal rows. There is a space on the neck of about 0.15 between the oral spines and the neck spines which is smooth. The spines become sparse toward the base of the neck, but may be seen along the mar- gin of the body back to a point opposite the middle of the posterior testis. The testes are situated at about the middle of the length of the body, contiguous with each other in one, separated by a short space in the other. In ventral view the anterior testis is elliptical in outline, but with its anterior border nearly straight, breadth 0.49, length 0.25; posterior 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Larus philadelphia. 1912, November 15. December 21. 1914, November 13. Colymbus auritus. 1905, December 25. Colymbus holbotli. 1914, February 18. Gavia immer. 2. testis somewhat triangular in outline, breadth 0.49, length 0.35. In lateral view the testes are somewhat quadrilateral in outline. (Cat. No. 7929, U.S.N.M.) Length in balsam 4.62. From 3 to 4 mm. in length. (Cat. No. 7930, U.S.N.M.) Slender, longest about 4 mm. Length in formalin 4.5 mm. Lengths approximately 2.5 and 4mm. In each the diameter of the oral sucker is 0.14, of the ventral sucker 0.28; ovum 0.08 by 0.05; length of oral spines 0.07. One of the worms is slender, length 4 mm.; maximum breadth, at level of testes 0.38; first testis, length 0.28, breadth 0.24; second testis, length 0.35, breadth 0.24. The other is fusiform (fig. 41), length 2.6 mm.; maximum diam- eter 0.64; first testis, length 0.14, breadth 0.42; second testis, length 0.24, breadth 0.29. (Cat. No. 7931, U.S.N.M.) 1911, July 24. 5. These distomes, while differing considerably in September 1. , the proportions of the body behind the testes, agree in all essentials with those from the herring gull. Lengths, in balsam, from 1.50 to 3.15 mm., breadths from 0.21 to 0.38. The ratio of the portion of the body behind the testes to that in front of the testes varies from 1:1 to 2:1. .The vitellaria extend to the anterior edge of the first testis in one, to the posterior edge of the first testis in another, and to about the middle of the first testis in the others: ova 0.09 by 0.054. (Cat. No. 7932, U.S.N.M.) This specimen differs from those of the fore- going date in the relatively short post-testic- ular region. (Fig. 42.) Dimensions in bal- sam: Length 2.20; breadth 0.70; diameter of oral sucker 0.13, of pharynx 0.08, of ventral sucker 0.30; length of pharynx 0.10, of ven- ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—LINTON 17 tral sucker 0.24; ova 0.087 by 0.054; oral spines about 0.06 in length and 0.018 in breadth. (Cat. No. 7933, U.S.N.M.) This specimen suggests Dietz’s Monilifer spinulosus Rudolphi (Zool. Jahrb. Sup. 12, pp. 465-470, pl. 15, fig. 51) and Looss’s H'ehin- ostomum euryporum Looss (Zool. Jahrb. 12, pp. 686-7, pl. 25, figs. 16, 17). 1913, December 31. 1. In formalin, length 2.85, breadth 0.55. Di- mensions in balsam: Length 1.96; maximum breadth, at level of testes, 0.45; diameter of oral sucker 0.12, of pharynx 0.07, of ventral sucker 0.28; length of pharynx 0.10; ova 0.078 by 0.054. APORCHIS RUGOSUS, new species Figures 43-49 A distome from the intestine of an Arctic'tern (Sterna paradisea) at Woods Hole, August 17, 1912, although no oral spines were pres- ent, is referred to Fuhrmann’s genus A porchis. Dimensions in life: Length 17 mm.; breadth, anterior 0.22, at ventral sucker 0.44, about middle of length 0.73, towards posterior end, maximum, 1.12; ovum, exclusive of the long filament, 0.11 by 0.03. Body elongate, slender, tapering gradually to the anterior end from a point near the posterior end, which is very slightly narrowed and bluntly rounded. Mouth subterminal, head reniform; no oral spines present, but what were interpreted as faint indications of evanescent spines were seen. Neck covered with blunt, papillate spines in close, transverse rows. Spines on anterior part of the body rather irregularly placed, becoming sparse at level of anterior limits of the vitellaria. On the lateral margins these papillate spines are very irregular (fig. 47), and show a tendency to slough off. The posterior third of the body is distinctly serrate on the lateral margins. (Fig. 48.) Dimensions in balsam: Length 16 mm.; breadth of head 0.17, at level of ventral sucker 0.35, at middle of length 0.70, near posterior end 0.80; diameter of oral sucker 0.09, of pharynx 0.05, of ventral sucker 0.22; ovary, length 0.14, breadth 0.26; first testis, length 0.22, breadth 0.39; second testis, length 0.25, breadth 0.35; ova from 0.08 to 0.11 in length, excluding the long filament, and about 0.03 in the shorter diameter; distance of anterior border of ventral sucker from anterior end 0.35. 70841—28——2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 The pharynx is pyriform, a little longer than broad, and con- tiguous to the oral sucker. The esophagus extends to the anterior border of the ventral sucker; rami of intestine reach to the posterior end of the body; genital pore at the anterior border of the ventral sucker, a little to the left of the median line. The cirrus appears to be smooth; cirrus-pouch slender, on the dorsal side of the left border of the ventral sucker, about 0.5 in length, not including its continuation into the seminal vesicle, which is about 0.17 mm. in length. ‘Testes two, near together on the median line, and near the posterior end of the body; second testis 0.6 mm. from the posterior end. Ovary oval, with the longer diameter transverse, in front of testes, most of it to the right of the median line. The ovary is separated from the first testis by a short space in which lie the shell- gland, seminal receptacle, vitelline ducts, and the beginning of the uterus. In front of the testes, for a distance of about 8.5 mm. the folds of the uterus, crowded with ova, fill the body between the marginal vitellaria. For a considerable distance behind the ventral sucker the uterus is somewhat tortuous in its course to the genital pore. Near the ventral sucker it lies dorsal and median to the cirrus- pouch. The vitellaria are lateral and lie in a narrow line along each lateral margin from a point near the middle of the length to a short distance in front of the ovary. A distinctive feature of the stained and mounted specimen is the occurrence of strong longitudinal muscle bundles from the level of the ventral sucker to the posterior end. Behind the testes about 24 of these bundles could be seen. The peculiar papillate spines are also a conspicuous character. The filament, attached to an ovum, is very long. The example illustrated (fig. 49) was lying isolated from other ova in the metraterm, and the filament was traced with the aid of a camera lucida. Type.—Cat. No. 7934, U.S.N.M. STEPHANOCHASMUS species On August 15, 1913, a kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) was examined at Woods Hole. The only parasite found was an encysted distome in the stomach. The stomach of the bird was filled with small fish (Menidia notata). Since the worm was still enclosed in its cyst, and associated with recently ingested food, with which it was probably introduced, it will be best not to regard the kingfisher as a final host of this parasite. Diameter of cyst in sea water 1.12 mm. Dimensions in balsam, specimen compressed: Diameter of cyst 1.16; length of distome 1.96; diameter, lateral view, anterior 0.14, at pharynx 0.21, at ventral ART.1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 19 sucker 0.29, near posterior end 0.58; oral sucker, length 0.11, diameter 0.11, pharynx, length 0.17, diameter 0.13; ventral sucker, length 0.29, diameter 0.21. There is a double row of spines around the mouth. The neck is covered very densely, and the body less densely with short spines. (Cat. No. 7935, U.S.N.M.) CRYPTOCOTYLE LINGUA (Creplin) 1825. Distoma lingua Crertin, Observationes de entozois, pp. 47-48 (in Lurus marinus, var. maximus). 1899. Tocotrema lingua (Creplin), Looss, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 12, p. 586. 1903. Orypthocotyle lingua (Creplin), FiscHorprr, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 17, . 548. 1905. ice ctenolabri StarFrorpD, Zool. Anz., vol. 28, p. 682 (in gills and skin of Ctenolabrus adspersus). 1918. Hallum caninum Wiepor, Journ. Amer. Vet. Med. Assn., Baton Rouge, La., pp. 254-257 (intestine of dog). 1920. Cryptocotyle lingua (Creplin, 1925) FiscHorper, 1903, Ransom, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 57, pp. 544-548; bibliography, pp. 570-573. Woods Hole, Mass.: Adult stage in intestine of Butorides vires- cens, Colymbus auritus, Gavia immer, Larus argentatus, L. dela- warensis, Nycticorax nycticorax, Sterna dougalli, S. hirundo. Encysted in gills, fins, and skin of Ctenolabrus adspersus, Tautoga onitis, and other species of fish. This distome has already been made the subject of a report (Lin- ton. Zocotrema lingua (Creplin), Jour. Parasit., March, 1915, vol. 1, pp. 128-184, text figures 1 to 3B). RECORD OF COLLECTIONS In the report cited a list of the hosts, in which this worm was found in the alimentary canal, was given. Following are additions to the record of collections reported in 1915: Butorides virescens. 1912, August 2. 1, young; length 0.40, breadth 0.18. The stomach of the heron was filled with nearly digested fish, among which a cunner (Zau- togolabrus adspersus) was noted. Plainly the distome had survived the removal of the cyst in which it had doubtless been enclosed when introduced with the food. Gavia immer. 1915, July 7. Few. August 11. Very numerous. The intestine of the loon, throughout almost its whole length, was thickly peppered with these worms, visible as minute, dark specks, on account of the clusters of dark brown eggs in the uterus. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 1916, July 4. Many; 602 counted. Larus argentatus. 1914, January 22. Many; 1,504 counted. 1915, January 22. Many; 357 counted. February 18. 1. October 5. 25. 1916, January 6. 1. 8. 23: 1917, January 18. 104. Vinal Edward’s note was: “Many small worms.” 1927, August 18. 118, from intestines of 2 gulls. Larus atricila. 1911, August 15. Recorded, but number not given, adult. (Cat. No. 7938 U.S.N.M.) Larus delawarensis. 1914, January 24. 2, adult with ova; length 1.33 breadth 0.46; ova 0.04 by 0.02. (Cat. No. 7939, U.S.N.M.) ASCOCOTYLE PLANA, new species Figure 50 Two small distomes, collected from the intestine of a green heron (Butorides virescens), at Woods Hole, September 11, 1912, although they are devoid of the circle of spines around the oral sucker, and of spines on the body, which are characteristics of Looss’s genus Ascocotyle,? are in such close agreement in other respects with that genus that it seems best to regard the spines as an evanescent character. Outline of body ovate, tapering to the anterior end, bluntly rounded posteriorly, broadest at about the posterior third. Oral and ventral suckers small, about equal, each a little broader than long; pharynx nearly cylindrical, a little longer than broad; prepharynx ample, somewhat saclike; esophagus slender; intestinal rami short, reaching barely to the level of the anterior border of the ventral sucker, which is situated at about the middle of the length of the body. Genital aperture on median line at anterior edge of ventral sucker; cirrus-pouch dorsal and to the left of the ventral sucker; seminal vesicle large, on median line behind ventral sucker, from which it is separated by a space greater than the diameter of the ventral sucker. ‘The two testes are situated at the posterior end. transversely placed, their inner ends closely apposed at the median line, their transverse diameter much greater than the longitudinal; ovary a little to the right of the median line, between the right testis 2Zool. Jahrb., 1899, pp. 698-9, pl. 26, fig. 23. ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS——-LINTON 21 and the seminal vesicle. There is a small seminal receptacle at the postero-median edge of the ovary. The vitelline glands are at the postero-lateral margins of the body. They are somewhat irregular in outline, rather compact, the length of each a little less than half the length of the post-acetabular region. The uterus occupies prac- tically all the space in front of the testes and vitellaria as far as the level of the anterior border of the ventral sucker, except what is taken up by the ovary and seminal vessels. The ova, which fill this space, are golden yellow, except in the vicinity of the ovary, where they are thin-shelled, and have taken the stain. The mass of ova prevents the making out of further details of structure. Dimensions of larger specimen, life: Length 0.75 mm.; maximum breadth 0.34; breadth of oral sucker 0.051, of ventral sucker 0.054; pharynx, length 0.05, breadth 0.03; ova 0.02 by 0.01. Dimensions in balsam: Length 0.67; maximum breadth 0.82; oral sucker, length 0.03, breadth 0.04; pharynx, length 0.030, breadth 0.027 ; ventral sucker, length 0.036, breadth 0.045; prepharynx, length 0.09, breadth 0.03; esophagus, length 0.075, breadth 0.012; testes 0.096 by 0.054 and 0.090 by 0.045; ovary, length 0.072, breadth 0.063; ova 0.020 by 0.012. Type.—Cat. No. 7940, U.S.N.M. LEVINSENIELLA ADUNCA (Linton) Figure 51 1905. Distomum aduncum Linton, Bull. U. 8S. Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 24, p. 409, figs. 195-197, intestine of Opsanus tau. Following are a few details, mainly from notes made at the time of collecting, of a small distome from the intestine of a Sanderling (Crocethia alba) shot near Cape Lookout, N. C., by Dr. John D. Milligan of the steamer Fish Hawk, August 15, 1902. It was noted that the distome appeared to be identical with a species found in the toad fish (Opsanus tau), at Beaufort, N. C. The specimen had lain in sea water over night before it was examined and the ventral and genital suckers were rather faintly shown. Dimensions in sea water, compressed: Length 0.8 mm.; breadth, anterior 0.09, at posterior third, maximum, 0.35; diameter of oral sucker 0.06, of pharynx 0.04, of ventral sucker 0.05, of genital sucker 0.056; ova 0.018 by 0.012. An examination of the stained specimen showed the testes and vitellaria, and they were added to the sketch which had been made of the worm while it was in sea water. The mounted specimen is in poor condition, and but little of the anatomy is shown. (Cat. No. 7941, U.S.N.M.) v4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 72 PARORCHIS AVITUS Linton This distome, from the cloaca of the herring gull (Larus argenta- tus), was reported in 1912.8 (Cat. No. 7942, U.S.N.M.) Prof. William Nicoll has written me suggesting that this is the same as Zeugorchis acanthus (renamed by Nicoll Parorchis acan- thus), found by him in the bursa Fabricius and cloaca of the herring gull.t I hesitate, however, at present to make any change in my classi- fication for the following reasons: Braun in 1901 gave the name Distomum pittacium to a distome, represented by a single specimen from TZringa interpres.© The main difference between D. pittaciwm, on the one hand, and P. acan- thias and P. avitus on the other, is the absence of spines and of a circumoral collar. The absence of spines is an unimportant differ- ence, as they may be more or less evanescent. The absence of a cir- cumoral collar is harder to account for, but, since Braun had only the one specimen, and that possibly not in the best state of preserva- tion, it is certain, in view of the very close resemblance in details of anatomy in these three differently named distomes, that they are very closely related, if not identical species. Nicoll notes the remarkable resemblance between LD. pittacium and P. acanthias, but indicates certain points in which they differ. Thus the ratio of the diameter of the oral sucker to the ventral sucker in D. pittacium is 1:3, while in P. acanthias it is nearly 1:2. In P. acanthias the pharynx is slightly larger and the testes much smaller than in D. pittacium. The convolutions of the uterus are much more extensive in D. pittacitwm than they are in P. acanthias, extending, as they do, to the lateral margins of the body, as well as anteriorly to about the level of the middle of the ventral sucker, and posteriorly to a level behind the testes. A reexamination of four specimens mounted in balsam shows that with respect to the uterus P. avitus is in almost exact agreement wih D. pittaciwm. In all of them the convolutions of the uterus extend to the lateral margins. In all of them, also, convolutions le on each side of the ventral sucker from about its posterior fourth to the pos- terior third of its length. In two of the four specimens convolutions of the uterus extend back to the middle of the testes, in one they extend to the posterior end of each testis, and in one they extend a little way back of the testes, as they do in the type specimen. Measurements of four specimens mounted in balsam, all more or less compressed. 8 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 46, pp. 551-555. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, pp. 519-522, figs. 4—T. 6 Zool. Jahrb., 1902, p. 146, fig. 89. ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 23 Dimensions 1 2 3 4 [eriert nee See a ie ha Pere TS ee Siti) 3. 92 5. 03 6. 10 Breadth oGoral suckeroy ess ore: te 35 . 35 36 42 DTCROLR OF DMAP VK 8 es 13 .13 18 22 Breadth of ventral sucker... 2222222222 - . 80 . 80 il 1. 36 Length of right testis_.._._._.._._---------- . 32 . 42 1. 00 . 53 Breadtinor mehtiestis.. 225264 = 2 eo . 38 . 28 Fl . 56 engi of tert vestis 220 25 25.84 SOS e he . 33 | . 40 . 98 . 53 Breadtiy oftleftstesticzs.2251) 282 o404 2 . 40 ue . 88 47 GALACTOSOMUM COCHLEARIFORME (Rudolphi) Figure 52 1819. Distoma cochleariforme Rupotrui, Entoz. Syn., pp. 681-682. 1902. Microlistrum cochleariforme (Rudolphi) Braun, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., vol. 16, p. 56. 1911. FOTO cochleariforme (Rudolphi) Pratt, Zool. Anz., vol. 38, pp. 143-148. The immature trematode here described was collected from the intestine of a man-o-war bird (/regata magnificens), at Bird Key, Tortugas, July 8, 1907, by Dr. J. B. Watson. Dimensions in balsam: Length 2.8 mm.; breadth, at oral sucker 0.42, at middle of neck, maximum, 0.70, at genital sucker 0.49, at posterior third 0.51; oral sucker, length 0.15, breadth 0.19; genital sucker, length 0.08, breadth 0.08; pharynx, length 0.11, breadth 0.08. The muscular neck is broader than the body and appears to be itself an organ of adhesion. The pharynx is pyriform. There is no esophagus, and the intestinal rami extend to the posterior end. The cirrus-pouch is dorsal and at the right of the genital sucker. Behind it, and probably continuous with it, is the relatively large and muscu- lar seminal vesicle. Their exact relation is not clearly shown in the mounted specimen. ‘The lobed testes lie on the median line, one be- hind the other, and separated from each other by a space about equal to the longer diameter of a testis. They are nearly equal, and about 0.13 in length and 0.17 in breadth. The small, nearly round ovary lies a short distance back of the seminal vesicle and a little to the right of the median line. Its length is about 0.07 and its breadth about 0.08. The vitellaria are lateral, between the rami of the in- testine and the margins, and extend from near the posterior end for- ward to a point on a level with the ovary on the left side, and about to the seminal vesicle on the right side. The uterus is not shown plainly in the mounted specimen. It could be seen indistinctly, how- ever. A diagrammatic representation of its apparent course is shown in Figure 52. Ova had not yet made their appearance. (Cat. No. 7943, U.S.N.M.) 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 MINUTHORCHIS, new genus (Murvéw, to diminish) Body oval, thickish; oral sucker terminal; ventral sucker weak, close to oral sucker; pharynx adjacent to oral sucker; no esophagus; intestinal rami extend to posterior end of body. Testes near the lateral margins, transversely placed, and in the posterior half of the body ; ovary behind testes, near the median line; vitellaria marginal; uterus voluminous, filling the interior of the body from the ovary to the genital pore, which is at the posterior edge of the oral sucker. Genotype.—Minuthorchis sanguineus, new species. MINUTHORCHIS SANGUINEUS, new species Figures 53-56 This genus and. species is based on a single distome found in the intestine of a laughing gull (Larus atricilla), July 18, 1911. The living worm was oval in outline, thickish, upper surface firm, lower surface soft and yielding. The color was blood-red. The dorsal surface was covered with minute papillae. The papillae on the anterior portion of the body are pointed, posteriorly they are blunt. They are not distinguishable in the mounted specimen. With but the slight pressure of the cover-glass to affect the dimensions the length was 7 mm., the breadth 5. At first only one sucker, the anterior, was seen. Later the ventral sucker was distinguished. It lies close to, and is of about the same size as the oral sucker. The uterus was very conspicuous, its voluminous folds ventral, and extending from the posterior to the anterior end. The ova in the posterior folds were yellow, becoming increasingly darker anteriorly, those at the anterior end being dark brown. In the living worm the ova appeared to be long-elliptical, and about 0.11 by 0.04 in the two principal diameters. Dimensions in balsam: Length 8.8 mm.; breadth 5.6; oral sucker, length, edge view, 0.24, breadth 0.46; ventral sucker, length 0.36, breadth 0.45; pharynx, length 0.24, breadth 0.18. Most of the ova are collapsed, and therefore much narrower than uncollapsed ones, the shorter diameter being less than half the longer. An uncollapsed ovum measured 0.088 by 0.047, and another 0.090 by 0.045 in the two principal diameters. The mouth is directed anteriorly; the pharynx is pyriform with the smaller end anterior. In the mounted specimen the anterior half of the pharynx is embraced by the oral sucker. The ventral sucker is separated from the oral sucker by a distance approximating its own shorter diameter. It is elliptical in outline, the longer diameter transverse, with weak musculature. The intestinal rami ART, 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 25 take their origin directly from the pharnyx, are relatively slender, and extend to near the posterior end of the body. The genital pore is at the posterior border of the pharynx. The seminal vesicle is oval-elliptical, 0.31 by 0.15, its longer diameter transverse to the body. It lies on the left side with its inner end on the median line. It has muscular walls and is filled with spermatozoa. No cirrus was seen. The two relatively small testes are nearly symmetrically placed at about the posterior fourth, opposite, and about 2.8 mm. from each other. The right testis is 0.52 in diameter, and 0.7 from the right lateral margin; the left is 0.38 in diameter, and 0.56 from the left lateral margin. The right testis is about 2.38, and the left about 2.45 from the posterior end. Ovary, length 0.46, breadth 0.56, is on the median line, behind the testes, and 1.68 from the posterior end. The vitellaria are lateral, beginning about 1.4 from the anterior end, and are distributed along the lateral margins in clusters which approach a rosette-like structure. Anteriorly these clusters form a single series, but in the posterior half of the body they lie in a double series. The uterus, filled with ova, occupies alli the interior of the body from the ovary to the oral sucker. It is tubular, from 0.15 to 0.30 mm. in diameter, and lies in many irregular convoluted folds. The complex of genital ducts in the vicinity of the shell-gland is not clearly shown in the mounted specimen. The shell-gland lies at the antero-sinistral border of the ovary, the oviduct lying in many folds on the ventral side of its anterior border. A yolk duct, leading from the left marginal vitellaria to the posterior edge of the shell-gland was noted, and another from the right vitellaria was faintly indicated. These ducts led to a small yolk reservoir. No seminal receptacle was seen. Type.—Cat. No. 7944, U.S.N.M. DISTOMUM species Two small distomes, belonging to different genera, from the intes- tine of the surf scoter (Oidemia perspicillata), are here noted. (Cat. No. 7945, U.S.N.M.) A. Figure 57 This distome was collected July 12, 1913. Dimensions, life: Length 0.32 mm.; breadth 0.17; diameter of oral sucker 0.033, of ventral sucker 0.048; ova 0.013 by 0.007. Dimensions in balsam: Length 0.30; breadth 0.11; breadth of oral sucker 0.024, of pharynx 0.014, of ventral sucker 0.041; length of pharynx 0.027. Figure 57 is a sketch of this distome stained in haematoxylin and mounted in balsam. The anatomy is not shown satisfactorily. The ventral sucker is weak, and can be distinguished 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 only by careful focussing. It is a little in front of the middle, and larger than the oral sucker; pharynx adjacent to the oral sucker, longer than broad; esophagus about twice as long as the pharynx; intestinal rami traced as far as the testes, probably extend to the posterior end. The two testes are nearly transverse, a little nearer to the ventral sucker than to the posterior end. The cirrus-pouch is on the right of the ventral sucker, and the metraterm on the left; genital pore on the median line in front of the ventral sucker. The ovary is circular in outline and situated to the right of the median line in front of the right testis. A vitelline reservoir on the ventro- median border of the ovary, and a transverse yolk-duct, leading to it from the left side, and lying in front of the left testis were clearly shown. Vitellaria mainly marginal, from level of anterior border of testes to posterior end. The uterus contained but few ova, so distributed, however, as to indicate that it passes back be- tween the testes to the posterior part of the body, and returning, passes along the left border of the ventral sucker to the genital pore. B. Figure 58 After mounting the distome described under A, above, another small distome was found on the slide. Dimensions in balsam: Length 0.24 mm.; breadth, at anterior end 0.09, at level of ventral sucker, maximum, 0.10; diameter of oral sucker 0.08, of ventral sucker 0.018; ova, maximum, 0.018 by 0.010. Short, nearly linear, truncate in front, bluntly pointed at posterior end. Oral sucker nearly terminal, its diameter nearly equal to diameter of body. No muscular pharynx was seen, the oral sucker and the esophagus appearing to be funnei-like; ventral sucker much smaller than the oral, situated at about the posterior third. The intestinal rami begin near the middle of the body, and reach barely to the level of the ventral sucker. A conical structure on the ventral side of the bifurcation of the intestine has the appearance of being a diverticulum of the intestine. The genital pore was faintly indi- cated at the anterior border of the ventral sucker; testes two, at posterior end near lateral margins, nearly transverse; ovary ventral, and at anterior border of right testis. The vitelline gland is com- pact and close to the posterior border of the ventral sucker. Ova are widely distributed in the posterior half of the body. They lie along the lateral margins from the level of the anterior border of the testes to about the anterior third of the body. They also lie between the testes, and are scattered over the median region of the body both behind and in front of the ventral sucker. ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 27 ORNITHOBILHARZIA species Figures 59-63 1912. OpHNeER, Zoolog. Anzeig., vol. 41, p. 61. From Larus argentatus, L. philadelphia, Nycticorax nycticoram, and Ozdemia deglandi. Although this distome is a blood parasite, all of the worms here considered appeared among material from the alimentary canals of their hosts. No search was made in the blood vessels or gall bladders, but in the process of removing and examining the viscera blood para- sites might easily be liberated and appear in the washings from the alimentary canal. In such characters as can be made out these worms from different specific hosts are in close agreement. The female in all cases was enclosed in the gynaecophoric canal of the male. In most cases it was shorter than the male, but in one pair it appeared to be at least as long as the male. The oral and ventral suckers are rather prominent, nearly circular, near to- gether, the ventral somewhat larger than the oral. There is no pharynx. The intestine, at first a single tube, bifurcates behind the ventral sucker, the two rami uniting toward the posterior end of the body. ‘There is a tendency in the body of the male to coil helixwise. In the male the testes were indicated as many but they were not clearly defined. In the females only the vitellaria in the posterior part of the body could be distinguished. On account of the unsatisfactory condition of the material specific allocation does not seem to be advisable. Some additional details are given in the record of collections from the several hosts. RECORD OF COLLECTIONS Larus argentatus. 1912, February 16. 6 pairs; lengths 5 mm., more or less. 1918, February 12. 2 pairs, the males 3.5 and 9 mm. in length, re- spectively. The larger male was roughly tuberculate for a distance of about 2 mm., beginning 0.7 mm. back of the oral sucker. (Fig. 59.) (Cat. No. 7946, U.S.N.M.) April 17. 1 pair; length of male 5.5 mm. 1915, February 18. 2 males. The above collections were made by Vinal N. Edwards. 1920, December 18. 5 pairs. Collected by Robert A. Goffin. Notes on specimens from the herring gull: Diameter of oral sucker of male, average of 8 specimens, 0.19 mm., of ventral sucker, average 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 72 of 8, 0.31; maximum, oral sucker 0.25, ventral sucker 0.85; mini- mum, oral sucker 0.17, ventral sucker 0.22; maximum length of male, 7 mm., minimum 3 mm.; diameter of oral sucker of a female 0.050, of ventral sucker 0.056. In one male, length 4.62; oral sucker, length 0.24, breadth 0.22; ventral sucker, length 0.32, breadth 0.31. In most cases the intestine contained dark brown material. In one male measuring 3.9 mm. in length the intestine divided at a point about 1.4 mm. from the anterior end, and the two rami united about 1.4 mm. from the posterior end. Larus philadelphia. 1912, December 21. 5; lengths from 4.5 to 5 mm. The males are rather plump; one, 4 mm. in length, has a maximum diameter of 0.52; diameter, lateral view, of oral sucker 0.13, of ventral sucker 0.17. In one specimen, length about 3.2 mm., the bifurcation of the intestine is about 0.77 from the anterior end, and the rami unite about 1.26 from the posterior end. The cuti- cle is missing from all, longitudinal muscle fibers appearing in the superficial layer. (Cat. No. 7947, U.S.N.M.) Nycticorax nycticorax naevius. 1913, July 3. 1 pair. These were rather fragile, and in the process of examination the female was lost. Length of male, in balsam, 3.36 mm.; diam- eter of oral sucker about 0.10, of ventral sucker, very indistinct, about 0.11. Oidemia deglandi. 1913, August 14. 1, male, length 5 mm.; maximum diameter 0.45; diameter of oral sucker 0.17, ventral sucker 0.21; distance of anterior edge of ventral sucker from anterior end 0.46. This speci- men, in balsam, measures 4.2 mm. in length. The point of bifurcation of the intestine ap- pears to be about 1.4 from the anterior end, and the point at which the rami unite, about 1.2 from the posterior end. (Cat. No. 7948, U.S.N.M.) ee ee ee ee er eee VE > Se Pare ee a _ int Te oe ty dal ART, 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 29 PROALARIA INDISTINCTA (Guberlet) Figures 64, 65 1922. Hemistomum confusum GUBERLET, Journ. Parasit., vol. 9, pp. 11-12, figs. 4-9, : 1923. Alaria indistincta (Guberlet), GuBERLET, Trans. Amer. Mic. Soc., vol. 41, p. 68. 1926. Proalaria indistincta (Guberlet), LARvgE, Trans. Amer. Mic. Soc., vol. 45, p. 15. Larus delawarensis, intestine. Woods Hole, Mass.: Zarus argentatus, L. atricilla. The following description is based on the specimen from L. atricilla. Dimensions, life: Length 1.30 mm.; anterior portion, length 0.60, breadth, 0.60; posterior portion, length 0.70, diameter 0.40. ‘Dimensions in balsam, compressed, and margins of anterior por- tion folded: Length 1.22 mm.; anterior portion, length 0.56, breadth 0.36; posterior portion, length 0.66, breadth 0.38; pharynx, length 0.045, breadth 0.036; oral sucker, length 0.054, breadth 0.051; ventral sucker, length 0.058, breadth 0.075; diameter of adhesive organ 0.15; ovum 0.092 by 0.061. Anterior portion of body broader and slightly shorter than pos- terior portion; oral sucker and pharynx each longer than broad, ventral sucker broader than long; pharynx adjacent to oral sucker; accessory adhesive organ close to posterior border of ventral sucker. Two conspicuous organs, one on either side of the oral sucker, 0.045 by 0.072 mm. in the two principal diameters, haye a rasplike appear- ance under high magnification. Each is crossed by about 12 trans- verse ridges. Upon focussing up and down, these structures appear to be the roughened edges of a series of plates set on edge and close together. The rami of the intestine originate very close to the pharynx and extend to the posterior end of the body. The two testes lie on the left side, the anterior one near the middle and the posterior one at about the posterior third of the posterior division of the body. They are separated by a fold of the uterus. The ovary lies on the left side at the anterior border of the first testis. The vitellaria extend through- out the entire length of the posterior division of the body, and as far forward as the posterior border of the ventral sucker, and obscure the other structures to a great degree. The ova are relatively large, not numerous, and mainly on the right side, from the posterior edge of the accessory adhesive organ to the posterior end. A few lie between the testes. The dense vitelline glands make it difficult to see details of the anatomy. The genital pore is dorsal, about 0.06 mm. from the posterior end. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 RECORD OF COLLECTIONS Larus argentatus. 1927, August 13. 2, lengths 1.40 and 1.70 mm. L. atricilla. 1913, August 15. 1, length 1.30 mm. (Cat. No. 7949, U.S.N.M.) ALARIA species Figures 66, 67 A single, somewhat damaged specimen from the intestine of a ring- billed gull (Larus delawarensis), January 24, 1914, is here noted. The oral sucker and pharynx are missing, and the specimen is broken at the level of the anterior border of the accessory adhesive organ. Dimensions, balsam: Length 2.17 mm.; anterior division, length 1.40, breadth 0.42; posterior division, length 0.77, breadth 0.42; diameter of ventral sucker 0.06; adhesive organ, length 0.17, breadth 0.10. The bursa is everted, length 0.14, breadth 0.22; cirrus exserted, length 0.14, diameter 0.05. Ova have not yet made their appearance. The anatomy is not satis- factorily shown in the mounted specimen. Vitellaria extend from about the middle of the posterior division forward to the ventral sucker, and mask the anterior testis and ovary. (Cat. No. 7950, U.S.N.M.) This distome suggests Hemistomuwm gavium (Guberlet) .° STRIGEA BURSIGERA (Brandes) Figures 68-72 1890. Holostomum bursigerum G. BranpeEs, Zool. Jahrb., vol. 5, p. 592, figs. 15-18. 1909. Strigea bursigera (Brandes) LUNE, Parasitische Plattwurmer. I. Trema- todes, Brauer’s Suswasserfauna Deuchlands, Heft 17, p. 163. Larus ridibundus. Woods Hole, Mass., Larus argentatus, L. atricilla, L. delawarensis, intestine. Length from 6 to 9 mm.; anterior division of the body more or less pyriform, posterior division subcylindrical, enlarging slightly to the posterior third, where the greatest diameter is attained in the vicinity of the testes. The anterior end is usually reflected dorsally. There are some variations from the above proportions, but they can usually be accounted for by different conditions of contraction. Oral sucker, pharynx, and ventral sucker all small, the ventral a little larger than the oral. The two testes are lobed and situated behind the middle 6 Journ. Parasit., vol. 9, pp. 9-11, figs. 10-13. ART 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—LINTON 3l of the posterior division of the body, one following the other, but separated by a space in which lie the transverse yolk reservoir, the shell gland and oétype, and the beginning of the uterus. The ovary is situated close to the anterior border of the first testis. As seen in lateral view it is long-oval, the transverse diameter greater than the longitudinal, tapering at the median end, thus becoming some- what pyriform. In a specimen from the laughing gull, mounted in balsam, the longer diameter is 0.28, shorter diameter 0.15. The first testis in this specimen had a maximum breadth of 0.45 and length of 0.24; second testis, breadth 0.59, length 0.36; distance of second testis from posterior end 1.40, or approximately one-fourth the entire length. In whole mounts of specimens from the ring- billed gull the ovary had the same dimensions as those given above; first testis, length 0.56, breadth 0.70; second testis, length 0.49, breadth 0.70; distance of second testis from posterior end -approxi- mately one-fifth the entire length in each. Behind the second testis there is a capacious seminal vesicle and a contorted, thick-walled ejaculatory duct. ‘The copulatory bursa was invaginated in all cases. It is fairly well developed, as shown in Figure 71, which is some- what diagrammatic, and occupies about one-half the distance between the second testis and the posterior end. The vitellaria are dis- tributed mainly on the ventral side from near the constriction be- tween the two divisions of the body to near the posterior end. In the specimens from the ring-billed gull and herring gull they were strongly developed, so much so as to mask much of the anatomy. The yolk reservoir is tubular. It originates on the ventral side and lies along the anterior border of the second testis. There is much variation in the number of ova. For example, in the specimen from the laughing gull there are relatively few ova, about 29, while two from the ring-billed gull contain the one 133 and the other 220, and one from the herring gull contains about 375. In one of the three series of sections the ova are few, in the others there are many. There is not much difference in the size of ova in the different ex- amples. In the balsam mounts they do not vary much from 0.11 by 0.07 in the two principal diameters. The course followed by the uterus is in all cases from its origin between the testes forward towards the anterior end of the posterior division of the body, whence it returns on the ventral side to the posterior end. There is no seminal receptacle, but the early folds of the uterus were seen, in some of the series of sections, to be filled with sperm. In one series of sections the germ duct throughout its somewhat tortuous course, from near the ovary to the shell gland, as well as the earlier folds of the uterus, was filled with sperm. Laurer’s canal opens on the dorsal surface about on a level with the anterior border of the first testis. It is a small, somewhat con- 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 torted duct, and proceeds antero-ventrad to the postero-dorsal border of the ovary, where it turns caudad, and appears to join the germ duct. The germ duct lies along the dorsal side of the first testis. It enters the shell gland, where, near the middle of the in- tertesticular space, it becomes the rather thick-walled odtype. The short duct from the yolk reservoir joins it just before it expands into the odtype. The shell gland is relatively large and lies on the left side of the intertesticular space. Beyond the odtype the uterus is at first rather thick-walled and contracted. It then enlarges, becomes thin-walled, and lies in a number of folds between the testes on the right side. These folds were, in most cases, filled with sperm. The uterus passes along the ventral side of the first testis and continues forward to a point near the constriction between the two divisions of the body, where it turns abruptly, and, returning to the posterior end of the body, opens into the ejaculatory duct near the genital pore. RECORD OF COLLECTIONS Larus argentatus. 1915, September 1. 1; length 6.5 mm.; diameter, anterior division of body 1.35, posterior 1; anterior portion orange color, posterior yellowish. (Cat. No. 7951, U.S.N.M.) 1916, January 8. 3; length of longest about 6 mm.; diameter 0.75; anterior yellowish, posterior dark bluish- grey. Dimensions, balsam: Length 9.38 mm.; diameter, anterior 1.36, at level of testes 1.40; ova, longer diameter from 0.096 to 0.108, shorter diameter from 0.063 to 0.075, average 0.10 by 0.07. Measurements made from series of sagittal sections: Oral sucker 0.09; pharynx, length 0.075, breadth 0.09; ait sucker, length 0.135, breadth 0.084; ova, average, 0.111 by 0.063. Larus atricilla. 1911, July 19. 1; white, anterior portion tinged with orange. Dimensions, balsam, lateral view: Length 6.16 mm.; diameter, anterior, 0.65, at level of testes 0.77; oral sucker, length 0.090, breadth 0.075 ; pharynx, length 0.070, breadth 0.075; ventral sucker, length 0.112, breadth 0.089; ova, average of 6, 0.115 by 0.072. (Cat. No. 7952, U.S.N.M.) ART. 1 TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—-LINTON 33 Larus delawarensis. 1914, January 24. 3; lengths 8, 9, and 11 mm., in formalin. Di- mensions, balsam: (1) Length 6.88; di- ameter, anterior 0.91, at level of testes 1.09; (2) Length 7.8; diameter, anterior 0.91, at level of festes 0.84; largest ova in each about 0.12 by 0.07. Measurements of sagittal sec- tions: Diameter of oral sucker 0.081, pharynx 0.066; ventral sucker, length 0.114, breadth 0.075; ova, average, 0.114 by 0.072. (Cat. No. 7953, U.S.N.M.) EXPLANATION OF PLATES a. ventral sucker. Oo. ovaly. bo. bursa. oe. esophagus. c. cirrus. ph. pharynx. cp. cirrus-pouch. sg. shell gland. ej. ejaculatory duct. sr. seminal receptacle. ex, exeretory vessel. sv. seminal vesicle. g. genital pore. t. testis. gd, germ duct. aw. uterus. h. holdfast organ. vd. vas deferens. 7, intestine. vg. vitelline gland. 1. Laurer’s canal. yd. yolk duct. m. metraterm. yr. yolk reservoir. Unless otherwise stated, sketches were made with the aid of the camera lucida from balsam mounts. PLATE 1 Haematotrephus fodiens, new species, from Gavia immer Fie. 1. Ventral view of free individual; length 11 mm. The dark-brown, opaque material, which filled the intestine, is not represented in the sketch. . Anterior end of same, enlarged; length of pharynx 0.10 mm. Worm from a pedicelled cyst on the serous coat of the pancreas. . Anterior end of same; length of pharynx 0.06 mm. . Portion of body of same in vicinity of genital pore; diameter 0.14 mm. . Posterior end of rami of intestine of same. > oP © PD PLATE 2 Psilostomum plicitum, new species, from Larus argentatus Fic. 7. Ventral view; length 1.61 mm. Psilostomum lineatum, new species, from Larus argentatus 8. Ventral view; length 3.78 mm. Psilostomum varium, new species, from Gavia immer 9. Ventral view; length 1.54 mm. Petasiger nitidus, new species, from Colymbus auritus 10. Ventral view; length 1.75 mm. 70841—28——3 34 Fic. Fic. Fic. Lt. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 36. 37. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 PLATE 3 Petasiger nitidus, new species (continued) . Ventral view of head, in glycerine; diameter, including spines, 0.49 mm. The recurved dorsal spines in this specimen seem to be exceptional. Ventral view of another specimen ; diameter, including spines, 0.42 mm. Dorsal view of same. Transverse section at level of ventral sucker; diameter 0.38 mm. pr. prostate gland. Transverse section at level of ovary, diagrammatic. Transverse section near posterior end; diameter 0.20 mm. Hinasthla, elongata (Mehlis), from Larus argentatus Ventral view; length 6.30 mm. Ventral view of head in glycerine; diameter, including spines, 0.36 mm. Postero-lateral spines, more highly magnified ; length of spine 0.054 mm. Female genitalia; diagrammatic, from transverse sections. PLATE 4 Himasthila incisa, new species, from Oidemia deglandi . Ventral view; length 9 mm. . Anterior end of same; diameter at level of ventral sucker 0.6 mm. . Oral spines, foreshortened, sketched from a transverse section; Spencer 6x/4 mm. . Oral spines; longer spines 0.051 by 0.018, shorter 0.039 by 0.012 mm. . Transverse section near anterior border of ventral sucker; breadth 0.43 mm. The section in front of this contained the genital pore. . Transverse section at level of ovary; breadth 0.74 mm. . Transverse section immediately behind ovary; partly diagrammatic, about four consecutive sections used; breadth 0.8 mm. PLATE 5 Himasthla incisa, new species (continued) . Transverse section at level of seminal vesicle; breadth 0.67 mm. . Transverse section near posterior end; breadth 0.88 mm. . Margin of body at anterior end of vitellaria; average length of serra- tions about 0.02 mm. . Margin of body at level of ovary; length of serrations about 0.04 mm. . Transverse section of body wall at level of seminal vesicle; Spencer 6x/4 mm.; cg. cuticular gland; Im. longitudinal muscle. . Transverse section of body wall at level of ovary; Spencer 6x/4 mm. Mesorchis pseudoechinatus (Olsson), from Larus argentatus . Ventral view of body, lateral of head and neck; length 5.82 mm. . Dorsal view of slightly macerated specimen, from which all spines had disappeared; length 4.48 mm. Ventral view of body, dorsal of head and neck; length 3.5 mm. Ventral view of head, in glycerine; diameter, including spines 0.42 mm ART. 1 Fie. 38 39. 40. 41, 42, 43. 44, TREMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS—LINTON 35 PLATE 6 Mesorchis pseudoechinatus (Olsson) (continued) . Dorsal view of head; diameter 0.82 mm., from Larus argentatus. Dorsal view of median region of body; breadth 0.6 mm. Sagittal section, median region; diameter of ventral sucker 0.22 mm. Ventral view of specimen from Colymbus holbolli; length 2.56 mm. Ventral view of specimen from Gavia immer; length 2.20 mm. Aporchis rugosus, new species, from Sterna paradisea Ventral view of anterior portion of specimen; diameter at ventral sucker 0.35 mm. Posterior portion of same; diameter 0.77 mm. Uterus somewhat diagrammatic in this and the preceding figure. . Ventral view of anterior end; diameter at ventral sucker 0.35 mm. spines diagrammatic. PLATE 7 Aporchis rugosus, new species (continued) Wie. 46. Camera lucida sketch of surface of body back of cirrus-pouch; 47. 48. 49. breadth 0.28 mm. Lateral margin at level of seminal vesicle; length of spines 0.03 mm. Lateral margin at level of testes; average length of serrations about 0.07 mm. Ovum; sketched from an ovum lying isolated from others in the metraterm; dimensions, exclusive of filament, 0.08 by 0.03 mm. Ascocotyle plana, new species, from Butorides virescens . Ventral view; length 0.67 mm. Levinseniella adunca (Linton), from Orocethia alba 51. Memorandum sketch made at time of collecting; tests and vitellaria Ga 52 added from stained specimen; length 0.8 mm. lactosomum cochieariforme (Rudolphi), from Fregata magnificens . Ventral view, uterus diagrammatic. length 2.38 mm. PLATE 8 Minuthorchis sanguineus, new genus, and new species, from Larus artricilla Fic. 53 54 55 56 . Ventral view, uterus somewhat diagrammatic; length 8.8 mm. . Anterior end of same; transverse diameter of oral sucker 0.46 mm. . Ventral view of ovary, etc, partly diagrammatic: ovary 0.56 by 0.44 mm. . Ova; longer diameter 0.09 mm. 36 Fic. 57. 60. 61. 64. 65. 66. 67. Fig. 68. 69. 70. aA 72. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73: PLATE 9 Distomum species, from Oidemia perspicillata. (See A, p. 25.) Ventral view; length 0.30 mm. Distomum species, from Oidemia perspicillata. (See B, p. 26.) . Ventral view; length 0.24 mm. Ornithobilharzia species, from Larus argentatus . Anterior end of pair, neck of male contracted; diameter of male at ventral sucker 0.6 mm. Anterior end of female, dorsal view; diameter of oral sucker 0.05 mm. Fragment of male with female; maximum diameter of male 0.52 mm. . Dorsal view of male showing intestine; length 3.9 mm. PLATE 10 Ornithobilharzia species (continued ) . Lateral view of pair; length of male 3 mm. Proalaria indistincta (Guberlet), from Larus atricilla Sketch of specimen in alcohol, slightly compressed ; length 1.383 mm. Ventral view of mounted specimen ; length 1.22 mm. b. Lateral organ. Alaria species, from Larus delawarensis Fragment, anterior, ventral view; length 1.05 mm. Fragment, posterior; length 1.05 mm. PLATE 11 Strigea bursigera (Brandes) Lateral view of specimen from Larus atricilla; length 6.3 mm. Ventral view of anterior end of specimen from Larus delawarensis; breadth 1 mm. Sagittal section of anterior end of specimen from Larus argentatus; diameter 0.56 mm. . Sagittal section, posterior end, somewhat diagrammatic; diameter 0.56 mm. Posterior end of mounted specimen; diameter 1.383 mm. O U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 1 MONOSTOME TREMATODE OF THE LOON FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 33 70841—28—4 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 2 QO ‘y} Ls, 0) DISTOMES OF HERRING GULL. LAUGHING GULL, LOON, AND GREBE FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 33 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 3 DISTOMES OF GREBE AND HERRING GULL FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 34 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 4 eo Gor ‘i Gris bx if Nel De S > £E35: @ Cont 2 aes Raat XS oe 2S ee eS ase REPT oy 3 Rl tg adet DISTOMES OF WHITE-WINGED SCOTER FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 34 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 5 20 oe e “2. ie > a DISTOMES OF WHITE-WINGED SCOTER AND HERRING GULL FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 34 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 6 38 DISTOMES OF HERRING GULL, RED-NECKED GREBE, LOON, AND ARCTIC TERN FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 35 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 7 DISTOMES OF ARCTIC TERN, GREEN HERON, SANDERLING, AND FRIGATE BIRD FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 3h PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 8 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DISTOME OF LAUGHING GULL FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 36 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 9 a me aie DIsTOMES OF SURF DUCK AND HERRING GULL FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 36 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 10 DISTOMES OF HERRING GULL, LAUGHING GULL, AND RING- BILLED GULL FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 36 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 1 PL. 11 DISTOMES OF LAUGHING GULL, RING-BILLED GULL, AND HERRING GULL FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 36 ates ath TWO NEW NEMATODES OF THE FAMILY STRONGYL- IDAE, PARASITIC IN THE INTESTINES OF MAMMALS By BensamMin ScHwartz Zoologist, Bureau of Animal Industry The first parasite described in this paper was collected by Dr. E. W. Price, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, in the course of a post-mortem examination of a wart hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus massaieus) which was received at the National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C., on October 26, 1926, and which died June 6, 1927. The worms, which represent a new genus and species, were found in the large intestine in association with three species of the nematode genus Oesophagostomum as follows: O. mwanzae, O. cury- cephalum, and O. yorkei. PHACOCHOEROSTRONGYLUS, new genus SrroneyLmar.—The mouth is directed straight forward. There are four submedian and two lateral cephalic papillae. An external and an internal leaf crown are present. The buccal capsule is rather shallow and cylindrical in shape. The esophagus is club-shaped. Male bursa with two lateral lobes and a well-developed dorsal lobe. Ventro-ventral ‘and latero-ventral rays short, parallel, and close together; externo-lateral, medio-lateral, and postero-lateral rays originate from a common trunk, the last two being parallel and close together, the externo-lateral ray diverging from them. Externo- dorsal and dorsal rays arise from a common trunk. Dorsal ray with a pair of branches anterior to its cleft. Each of the terminal branches of the dorsal ray with one small or rudimentary accessory branch. Spicules slender, filiform, and sheathed. Gubernaculum present. Vulva and anus very close together. The terminal portion of the female bent dorsad. Vagina relatively long, communicating on each side with an ovejector, the ovejectors and uteri being parallel. PHACOCHOEROSTRONGYLUS PRICEI, new species The head (fig. 1) is separated from the rest of the body by a well defined transverse constriction. The buccal capsule is supported by chitinous walls whose appearance in optical section is shown in Figure 1. The external leaf crown consists of 10 elements which: are long and pointed; the internal leaf crown consists of about 24 No. 2723.—PROCEEDINGS. U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 73, ART. 2. 77067—28 1 a PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 small elements. The first part of the esophagus consists of a broad anterior portion and a narrow posterior portion the latter gradually widening out to form the posterior part of the esophagus. The nerve ring is located approximately at the beginning of the second third of the esophagus in the region of the constricted portion of that organ. The cervical papillae are located slightly posterior to the middle of the esophagus. The lining of the walls of the esophageal funnel is modified to form six toothlike structures, triangular in shape with apex directed forwards, Male—The male is from about 8.5 to 10 mm. long by from, 370 to slightly over 400u in maximum width and from about 185 to 200 wide just anterior to the bursa, in the region of the pre-bursal papil- lae. The head is from 117» to 1254 in maximum diameter. The maximum width of the buccal capsule is about 100u. The esophagus is from 756p to 840» long by 202n in maximum width, and 84a im minimum width. The nerve ring is located at a distance of about 270u from the anterior extremity of the esophagus, and. the cervical, papillae are located approximately in the’ middle region, of the esophagus. The ventro-ventral and latero-ventral rays (fig. 6) have a horizontal direction and extend to the margin of the lateral lobes of the bursa. The medio-lateral and postero-lateral rays extend close to the margin of the bursa, whereas the externo-lateral ray which diverges from the former terminates at some distance from the margin of the bursa. The externo-dorsal ray arises at a distance of from 220,» to 250u from the tips of the terminal branches of the dorsal ray. The undivided portion of the dorsal ray has a pair of accessory branches located at a distance of about 50. from the point at which this ray becomes cleft; the accessory branches arise symmetrically (fig. 2) or asymmetrically (fig. 5) from the stem of the dorsal ray which is cleft on its posterior third, the diverging terminal branches being about. 854 long. Hach terminal branch of the dorsal ray has a small accessory branch which may be rudi- mentary (fig. 5) and is located at a distance of about 33. from the tip. The spicules (fig. 5) are slender, alate, from 672 to 840m, jong, and terminate in knoblike tips. The gubernaculum is more or less pear-shaped, from 63~ to 67~ long by about 21y in maximum width. Female-—The female is from 9 to 9.5 mm. long by 470. to 487p wide. The maximum diameter of the head is 134». Diameter of buccal capsule same as in male. The esophagus is from about 873, to 923. long by 2354 to 3194in maximum width. In one specimen the nerve ring is located at a distance of about 2854 from the anterior extremity of the esophagus, being somewhat posterior to the begin- ning of the second third of that organ. In the same specimen the cervical papillae are located at a distance of 436. from the anterior ART. 2 NEW PARASITIC NEMATODES——-SCH WARTZ 3 end of the esophagus which is slightly posterior to the middle of that organ. The distance between the vulva and anus (fig. 7) is 67p. The vagina is about 350u long and each ovejector is about 285. long or somewhat longer. The tail is 84. long and terminates bluntly. The posterior end of the female is turned dorsad and has the appearance of a foot (fig. 4) when the worm is viewed from the side. Host.—Phacochoerus aethiopicus massmeus. Location—Large intestine. Locality.—National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C. Type specimen.No. 27789. U.S.N.M. Paratypes.—No. 27790. U.S.N.M. This species is named after Dr. E. W. Price who collected the nematode specimens from the wart hog and kindly turned them over to the writer for determination. The second lot of specimens, which also represent a new genus and species, were collected by Dr. L. T. Giltner, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, from the intestine of a common wombat (Phascolomys mitchelli) about 10 years ago. The host animal in question was received at the National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C., on December 1, 1916, and died of pneumonia on July 8, 1917. Doctor Giltner made a post-mortem examination of the carcass and dis- covered a number of nematodes in the large intestine which he kindly turned over to the writer for determination. The illustrations accompanying the description of these worms (Plate 2) were made in July, 1917. Unfortunately most of the specimens were allowed to become dry at one time during the intervening perica and it is there- fore difficult to study the material at the preseny time in as great detail as is desirable. However, the salient characters of these nema- todes indicate quite clearly that they represent a new genus and species. OESOPHAGOSTOMOIDES, new genus SrroNeyLipar.—The mouth is directed straight forward. The mouth collar bears four prominent submedian and two lateral papil- lae. (Fig. 2.) The buccal capsule is of moderate depth and cylin- drical in shape. (Fig. 5.) An external leaf crown is present; an internal leaf crown is absent. The esophagus is club-shaped. <A ventral esophageal groove is absent. Male bursa with two lateral lobes and a well developed dorsal lobe. The ventro-ventral and latero-ventral rays are close together and parallel. The externo-lat- eral, medio-lateral and postero-lateral rays originate from a common trunk, the last two being close together and parallel the externo-lat- eral ray being separated from them by a relatively wide groove. Externo-dorsal and dorsal rays arise from a common trunk, the latter being cleft approximately in the posterior half, each terminal branch 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou. 73 with an accessory branch. The spicules are equal and alate; a guber- naculum is present. The vulva and anus are fairly close. The va- gina is relatively long and is connected with two parallel ovejectors. The uteri are parallel. The genus Oesophagostomoides is related to the genus Oesophagos- tomum, differing primarily from the latter in two important char- acters as follows: (1). Oesophagostomoides lacks a ventral cervical groove, which is a primary diagnostic characted of the genus Oesoph- agostomum and (2) the ovejector apparatus of Oesophagostomordes, which resembles that of the genus Phacochoerostrongylus, is a simp- ler structure than that of Oesophagostomum. In the latter each uterus opens posteriorly into an ovejector, the two ovejectors opening into a kidney shaped pars ejectrix which in turn communicates with the vagina. Inthe genus Oesophagostomoides the ovejector apparatus is relatively simple, the two ovejectors, which are continuous with the uteri, opening directly into the vagina. The specific name O. giltneri is proposed for the species from Phascolomys mitchelli as an appreciation of Doctor Giltner’s kindness in turning these'speeimens over to the writer for determination. OESOPHAGOSTOMOIDES GILTINERI, new. species The cuticle behind the mouth collar is shghtly inflated. The buccal capsule is as deep as or somewhat deeper than broad and is supported by chitinous walls the appearance of whieh in optical section is shown in Figure 5. The external leaf crown contains 8 ele- ments. (Fig. 2.) The nerve ring is located anterior to the middle of the esophagus, and the cervical papillae are located posterior to the nerve ring, their position being variable. In two well preserved specimens a definite constriction of the cuticle in the esophageal region was observed, the position of the cuticular constriction cor- responding approximately to the beginning of the second fourth of the esophagus. Whether this constriction is also present in other specimens could not be definitely determined owing to the condition of the specimens, many of which have a wrinkled cuticle as a result of having become dry at one time. Male—The male is from 10 to 11 mm. long by about 375y in maximum width. The diameter of the mouth collar is 84y. The esophagus is from 587,» to slightly over 630% long by about 120% in maximum width. The nerve ring is located approximately at the beginning of the third fifth of the esophagus. In a specimen in which the esophagus is about 630. long the nerve ring is located at a distance of 264 from the beginning of the esophagus. All the rays of the bursa (figs. 3 and 4) are gradually attenuated and terminate in pointed tips. With the exception of the externo-lateral and the ART. 2 NEW PARASITIC NEMATODES—SCHWARTZ 5 externo-dorsal rays, all the rays reach the margin of the bursa. The dorsal ray is cleft anterior to its middle, the two terminal branches being about 152» long. Each terminal branch gives off an accessory branch slightly posterior to its point of origin from the main stem of the dorsal ray. The spicules are slender, alate, about 780 long. The gubernaculum is more or less pear-shaped. Female——tThe female is from 12 to 15 mm. long by about 495, in maxunum width, some specimens being more slender. The esopha- gus is from about 620» to 6954 long by 138, to 1444 in maximum width. The nerve ring is located approximately at the beginning of the fifth ninth of the oesophagus. The vulva (fig. 1) has prom- inent lips and is located at a distance of 190 to 228, from the anus, The vagina is about 230 long. The ovejectors are about 265y long. The tail is from 90» to 105» long, its terminal portion being slender and blunt. Host—Common wombat (Phascolomys nutchelli). Location.—Large intestine. Locality —National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C. Type specimens.—No. 27198, U.S.N.M. Paratypes.—No. 19180, U.S.N.M. EXPLANATION OF PLATES @., anus; c. p. cervical papillae; d., dorsal ray; e. d., externo-dorsal ray; e. L., externo-lateral ray; g., gubernaculum; int., intestine; J. c., leaf crown element; J. p., lateral-papilla; /. v., latero-ventral ray; m. 1., medio-lateral ray; n. r. nerve ring; oes., esophagus; ovj., ovejector; p. l. postero-lateral ray ; 8p., Spicule; s. p., submedian papilla; é. d., terminal branch of dorsal ray., wt., uterus; vg., vagina; v. and vl., vulva; v. v., ventro-ventral ray. PLATE 1 Phacochoerostrongylus pricei, new genus and species. Fig. 1, anterior por- tion of body; Fig. 2, externo-dorsal and dorsal ray; Fig. 3, posterior portion of male; Fig. 4, posterior portion of female (lateral view); Fig. 5, externo- dorsal and dorsal rays; Fig. 6, male bursa; Fig. 7, posterior portion of female. PLATE 2 Oesophagostomoides gilineri, new genus and species. Fig. 1, posterior portion of female; Fig. 2, top view of head; Fig. 3, posterior portion of male (ventral view) ; Fig. 4, posterior portion of male (lateral view); Fig. 5, anterior por- tion of body. 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NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 2 PL. 1 (| LI HT Au ‘i 7a%h ig JOH PHACOCHOEROSTRONGYLUS PRICEI, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE) PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 2 PL. 2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM N N OESOPHAGOSTOMOIDES GILTNERI, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 5 FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF THE SHELL OF CHELYS AND OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE ARMOR OF TURTLES IN GENERAL By Otrver P. Hay Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 1. SUPERFICIAL, OR EPITHECAL, BONES In 1922 the writer contributed an article to the Journal of Mor- phology * entitled “ On the Phylogeny of the Testudinata and the rela- tionships of Dermochelys.” In this paper he called attention to the occurrence of certain plates of bone on the carapace and plastron of specimens of the South American pleurodire tortoise Chelys, known as the matamata. Some of the specimens studied belong to the American Museum of Natural History, New York; others are pre- served in the United States National Museum. In the case of some of the shells there are many small bones irregularly distributed over the upper and the lower surfaces. The origin and nature of these were not determined. Other and usually larger bones occurred at definite points and were interpreted as relics of a primitive super- ficial armor retained nearly complete by the great sea turtle known as the leatherback, or Dermochelys. These bones were shown to occupy positions which correspond to 5 of the 12 keels which exist on the shell of Dermochelys, 7 on the carapace, 5 on the plastron. After the publication of that article another matamata reached the United States National Museum from the Zoological Park at Wash- ington and, inasmuch as this specimen presents many such bones, it is here described and illustrated by reproduced photographs. (Pls. 1 and 2.) From the front of the carapace to its rear the length is 13.5 inches (338 mm.). As in other specimens, there are on the cara- pace three prominent keels, a median and two lateral. The median keel presents five bosses or tuberosities, one at the rear of each verte- bral scute. The hinder two are high and pointed. In each lateral keel are four such tuberosities, one at the upper rear corner of each costal scute. The marginal bones (peripherals) have each a projec- 1Vol. 26, pp. 421-445, with 2 pls. No. 2724.—PRoOcEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 73, ART. 3. 76978—28 a | 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 tion or tuberosity of greater or less prominence; and these are placed along the sharp border of the carapace, one at the rear of each marginal scute. Irom the carapace and plastron of the matamata here studied the scutes have been removed, and this has brought into view the super- ficial (epithecal) bones mentioned above. The epithecal bones of the plastron (not figured) occupy about the same positions as shown on plate 2 of the paper in the Journal of Morphology; but are more strongly developed. The one on the right gular scute spreads back- ward on the humeral scute. No such bone occurs on the hinder outer corner of the humeral scute areas of either the new specimen or of the ones previously described. From the front of each pectoral scute to the rear of the plastron there is a nearly continuous series of thin overlying bones. In the United States National Museum is a mounted skeleton of Chelys (Cat. No. 29545) whose epiplastron has along its whole lower border a rough surface which once supported an epithecal bone, where widest about 10 mm. On the carapace (pl. 1) a minute ossicle is seen on the rear of the nuchal scute. On the boss situated about three-fourths of an inch in front of the hinder border of the first vertebral scute a scale of bone is to be expected. It is not present exactly there, but just a little in front of this there appears once to have been a narrow scale about 11 mm. long. Close to the rear of the second vertebral scute is a very distinct irregular ossicle, 10 mm. long and nearly as wide. Surmounting the tuberosity of the third scute is a bone about 12 mm. square forming an inset in the fifth neural bone. A smaller ossicle caps the fourth tuberosity. On the crest of the sharp ridge travers- ing the fifth vertebral scute area are several pits from which ossicles seem to have been torn away with the horny scute. On the lateral keel of the left side the first, second, and third tu- berosities support each a distinct bone, but there is none on the fourth. The same statement may be made about the tuberosities of the right lateral keel, but an ossicie on the third was evidently carried away on the horny scute. On the left border of the carapace no epithecal bone appears on any of the first three tuberosities, but on the second scute, at the middle of the border, is a scale 10 by 15 mm. which may be looked upon as having migrated from the tuberosity just behind it. On the fourth tuberosity is a pit showing that a bone was torn away with the scute. On the left fifth scute area is a nearly circular bone 10 nm. in diameter, capping the boss. No superficial bone is seen on the sixth marginal scute. On the rear of the seventh scute area is a deep pit where a bone 20 mm. long was lodged; in fact, a part of it remains. On the rear of the eighth scute area is a scar or rough sur- face from which a superficial bone has been removed. Immediately ART. 3 CONCERNING THE ARMOR OF TURTLES—-HAY 3 above this rough surface is a patch of superficial bone 10 mm. high and 5 mm. wide, and this is to be regarded as a part of the bone which occupied the scar. On the rear of the ninth scute area is a pitlike scar, 10 mm. long, which doubtless supported a nodule of bone. On the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth scute areas the apices of the toothlike projections of the marginal bones are rough and evidently were beset with minute ossicles. _ On the right border of the carapace a rough sutural surface is seen on the fourth scute area, while on the front of the fifth area is an excavation which gives the impression that the bone of the fourth area was nearly 30 mm. long and overlapped on the fifth area. On the rear of the sixth area was a minute ossicle. A rough articular surface on the rear of the seventh scute area indicates the former presence of a bonelet 10 mm. long. A long splinter of bone, part of which remains, ran along the whole lower border of the eighth scute area, while on the rear of the ninth is a very distinct scale of bone 5 mm. in diameter. On the border of the tenth area is a rough artic- ular surface, and a similar one is present on the eleventh. On the twelfth area, near the midline, is a scale of bone 22 mm. long, loose, and almost ready to drop out of its place. 2. RESULT SECURED BY DR. H. VOLKER In my paper of 1922 I endeavored to meet. some of the arguments advanced by Doctor Versluys against my views regarding the posi- tion of Dermochelys. In so limiting myself I did not do justice to Dr. Heinrich Volker, who, under the direction of Doctor Versluys, inves- tigated in a thorough manner the skeleton of the trunk, of the limbs, and of the skin. His results were published in 1913.2 On his page 516, Doctor Volker accepts the view that on the dorsal and ventral sides of Dermochelys we must distinguish two layers of dermal bones, a superficial (epithecal) and a more deeply placed layer (thecal). To the epithecal, he concluded, belong the dorsal shield, or armor, and the ossifications of the five longitudinal keels of the ventral side. To the thecal layer belong the nuchal bone, perhaps vestiges of costal plates retained on the ribs, and the bones of the plastron. ‘The earh- est recognition of these two wholly distinct layers of bone, Volker says, is to be credited to the present writer. On his page 526 Volker wrote “Mit Hay und im Gegensatz zu Dollo (1901) nehme ich fir die gemeinsamen Vorfahren von Atheken und Thecophoren den Besitz eines Doppelpanzers an.” On only one important matter, as regards the structure of the shell of the thecophorous turtles, does Doctor Volker differ from 2 Spengel’s Zool. Jahrbiicher, Abt. Anat. Ontol., vol. 33, pp. 431-552, pls. 30-33 and 3 text-figs. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 me. He insists that the peripheral bones are equivalent to the bones of the marginal keels of Dermochelys and belong, therefore, to the epithecal layer, while I have regarded them as belonging to the deeper layer. In my original paper* I could rely only on the rela- tion of the marginal scutes to the underlying bones of tortoises in general and on certain bosses on the peripherals of Y’owxochelys to sustain my view. Now, however, that these epithecal bones have been discovered on the median and lateral keels of Chelys and on its peripherals, I do not see how Doctor Volker or anybody else can refuse to accept my identifications. It is evident that the theco- phorous peripherals were not derived from the athecate marginals. With the acceptance of this view Doctor Volker would be relieved of his difficulty (his page 525) in explaining how it happens that the horny scutes do not coincide with the peripherals. On his page 530, Volker concedes that the suprapygal bones belong to the thecal skeleton, in view of my discovery that these in 7Z’oxo- chelys were overlain by epithecal elements, but he insists that the pygal bone is an epithecal bone. As he says, “ Neither Dermochelys, nor Archelon, nor Protostega offers a solution of the question.” To this may be said that Chelys does offer the solution. This bone is covered by the rear ends of the twelfth marginal scutes. As told above, on the twelfth scute area of the right side is a large loose bone (pl. 2, fig. 1) 20 mm. long. A few millimeters above it is another small scale of bone. Near the upper left border of the pygal (same fioure) is tightly embedded an epithecal scale. In evaluating the affinity of Dermochelys with the Cheloniidae Doctor Volker places the supposed epithecal marginal bones in the balance in favor of a close relationship. If we accept his view the elements of the shells of the Thecophora and of the Athecae may be thus expressed (his page 530): Thecophora Athecae Nuchal. Nuchal. Thecal ele-} Neurals. Phe cdl Hee Possible shreds of cos- ments Costal plates. rele tal plates on the Plastral bones. ribs. Plastrals. Dermal armor, upper and lower. Marginal bones. Marginal bones. Epithecal ele- | Pygal. ments Vestigial shreds on the keels of rare species. Epithecal ele- ments If now the marginal elements and the pygal of the Thecophora belong to the thecal layer, as shown above, the statement will stand thus: 3 Amer. Naturalist, vol. 32, 1898, pp. 929-948, ART. 3 CONCERNING THE ARMOR OF TURTLES——-HAY , 5 Thecophora Athecae Nuchal. Nuchal. Neural plates. ’ Vestigial shreds on Costal plates. Thea l ele) ci stal plates. Th 1] el ments ecal ele-’ Marginal bones Plastrals, greatly re- ments Suprapygals. duced. Pygal. Plastrals. ‘ Vestigial ossicles on Upper and lower der- h le- . “eal = the keels of a few Hpithecal ele-| mal armor, includ- species. ments ing the ossicles of the marginal keels. When we consider the fact that the thecal elements of the Athecae are nearly as much reduced as the epithecal of the Thecophora it must be admitted, I believe, that the two groups are pretty widely separated. 3. ORIGIN OF THE PERIPHERAL BONES In my paper of 1922, on page 426, I suggested that the thecal peripherals of the Thecophora may have arisen from a series of bones at the outer ends of gastralia. At present I am inclined to look on them as a row of bones developed one at the distal end of each of the costal plates. The costal plates and these hypothetical pe- ripherals would have the relative positions of the large dorsal and the small lateral plates seen in the figures of Aétosaurus. The third peripheral may be regarded as belonging to the first costal plate, that overlying the second rib. The first rib is greatly reduced and no costal plate is developed in connection with it. Nevertheless, its distal plate may have bene retained as the second peripheral. Usually no neural plate is developed which corresponds to the first dorsal vertebra, but in some species of Trionychidae, as Aspideretes gangeticus (Cuvier), there is present a plate of bone, the praeneural which seems to belong with that vertebra. At present it appears to me that the nuchal bone may be a plate homologous with the neural plates and to have been in relation with the neural spine of the last less cervical. In some ancestor a cervical rib may have been overlain by a plate of bone, long ago absorbed; but an accessory plate at its distal end may have been preserved and have become the first thecal peripheral. 4. RELATION OF THE NUCHAL TO THE EIGHTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA Much importance is attached to the connection between the nuchal plate and the neural spine of the eighth cervical in the leatherback and the other sea turtles. If the writer’s suggestion is correct that the nuchal bone is a homologue of the dorsal neural plates the con- 6 * PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 nection mentioned above is a primitive one. In the great majority of tortoises this connection was lost, in order to facilitate the with- drawal of the head and neck into the shell or alongside of it. In the seafaring turtles the articulation may have been retained as a point of suspension for the head and neck. 5. SUBORDERS OF THE TESTUDINATA. Tortoises must have existed already at some time during the Permian, for in the Triassic they appear with all their essential characters. In the Permian all the species may have belonged to one family, but differentiations had begun. There were yet probably none which could withdraw the head within the shell or hide it under the edge of the carapace. No definite cervical vertebrae yet existed, but in place of each a congeries of cartilaginous or bony basalia. Nevertheless there were tendencies which later revealed themselves in the normally bent neck of the Cryptodira and that peculiar to the Pleurodira. Every chelonian is related to every other one of the order, but to some more closely than to others. I grant that Dermochelys is con- nected with the Cheloniidae more closely than with any other family of the order. In the undifferentiated condition of Permian days the ancestors of the Athecae and of the Cheloniidae may have been inti- mately related, but when the primal athecate broke away from the association, chose a life on the high seas, began to throw off the armor preferred by the others of his tribe and clothed himself with another, he won the right for his descendants to be regarded as a separate branch of the testudinate host. Doctor Volker recognized the considerable differences existing be- tween the Athecae and the other sea turtles, but he insisted that to regard the two as belonging to distinct suborders gave a very false conception of their kinship. He concluded (his page 512) that the relationship was best expressed by making Dermochelys and the other sea turtles a superfamily of the Cryptodira. If, however, this is done the other Cryptodira must constitute another superfamily and these two will form the suborder of Cryptodira. Then the Pleurodira and Trionychoidea must in their turn be given the rank of suborders. The writer believes that the Emydidae, Trionychidae, and the Chelyidae do not differ sufficiently from one another to be representations of as many suborders. Furthermore, Doctor Vélker’s scheme by no means brings out the great differences which have been demonstrated and which he concedes as existing between Dermochelys and the Cheloniidae. The writer maintains that the relationships between the groups of the Testudinata are best expressed by setting off the Athecae as a suborder opposed to the Thecophora. ART. 3 ‘CONCERNING THE ARMOR OF TURTLES—HAY 7 6. RELATION OF THE COSTAL PLATES TO THE RIBS Tn the carapace of the thecophorous chelonians the broad costal plates are intimately fused with the underlying ribs. If my explanation of the construction of the carapace is correct, those costal plates at some time in the history of these animals were free from the ribs; also it is probable, or at least possible, that in the embryologic development of some existing species the costal plates will be found to arise by distinct centers of ossification and only later to fuse with the ribs. Eminent naturalists have argued on this side of the question; others on that; a few, possibly, on both sides. Apparently Goette was the first to make a thorough investigation of the embryonic development, and he appeared to prove that the costal plate had in it no element of dermal bone. Nevertheless, Vélker found himself driven to con- clude that Goette was in error. A Japanese naturalist, Ogushi,* working on a species of soft-shelled tortoise (Z7iony#), found that Goette’s explanation compelled the conclusion that the scapula, which in other vertebrates overlies the ribs, has been brought to articulate by its distal end with the underside of the second rib. For this and other reasons Ogushi rejected Goette’s hypothesis. Joan B. Proctor,? in studying the early stages of the remarkable land tortoise, 7’estudo loveridgii, found important evidence that the costal plates originated independently of the ribs. 7. RELATION OF THE HORNY SCUTES TO THE UNDERLYING BONES Volker (his page 523) discusses the relations of the horny scutes to the underlying bones. He agrees with me that primitively the scutes coincide with the epithecal ossicles and that now in the the- cophorous turtles the coincidence no longer exists. Each horny scute may cover parts of from two to as many as 10 bones. In my paper of 1898 I connected this expansion of the scutes with that of the epithecal bones, expressing the view that these bones may once have occupied most of the space now covered by the horny scutes of the living turtles. It is, however, not necessary to suppose that they were so large; although, to judge from Chelys, some of them must have had a respectable size. It can hardly be doubted that the scutes of the Pleurodira and the Cryptodira had their origin on the dominant epithecal bones of the keels of their early ancestors. In the primitive Thecophora the bones of the deeper layer were gaining the ascendency at the expense of the superficial ones. Although the expansion of the epithecal ossicle was checked, the overlying scute continued to grow. We must suppose further that the space between the keels was in some cases occupied by small plates of bone, as now #Morphol. Jahrb., vol. 43, 1911, pp. 13-15. 5 Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1922, pp. 483-526, pls. 1-3, 21 text-figs. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 73 in Dermochelys, and that each of these was capped by a horny scute. Expansion of the large scutes was probably accomplished, not by suppression of the small scutes, but by fusion with them. As the small scutes were incorporated in the various dominating ones, the underlying ossicles may sometimes have long persisted and have produced the appearances reported in my paper of 1922. Attention may be called to the point of origin of the scutes of Chelys and the direction of their expansion; also to the fact that the scutes of our land and swamp tortoises develop in the same manner. The vertebral scutes of Chelydra and of Clemmys (pl. 2, fig. 2) have the focus of their growth near their hinder border and they expand for- ward and laterally. The center of growth of the costal scutes is usually near the upper hinder border of the area and the expansion is upward, forward, and principally downward. The focus in each marginal scute is on the edge of the carapace, at the rear end of the scute; and the growth is directed forward and away from the border on both the upper and the lower side of the shell. This correspond- ence of the centers of origin and growth of the scutes of all the scute-bearing chelonians furnishes strong evidence that these centers correspond to the bony patches found on the tuberosities of Chelys and to bones in the keels of Dermochelys. Tt is interesting to observe that in the case of all the scutes the growth is mostly forward, very little, or not at all, backward; and it is somewhat difficult to determine the reason therefor. At pres- ent it seems probable that it is connected with the growth of the front part of the shell to the end of furnishing a retreat for the head and forelegs. This has been accomplished principally by the for- ward expansion of the nuchal, the first costal plates, and the anterior 2 or 38 peripherals. As the nuchal borders moved forward and laterally the growth of the first vertebral scute was in the same directions and little energy was left backward growth. Naturally the second vertebral scute grew forward to fill the space left vacant; and so for the succeeding scutes. The same explanation appears to serve for the costal and the marginal scutes. On the lower side of the shell the anterior plastral bones expanded forward and inward. The median, or interplastral, row of epithe- eal bones, with their scutes, were early suppressed, so that the definitive scutes were supplied from the bones of the lateral plastral keels. As a result we find that the horny scutes have their centers of growth on the outer and rear borders. In most Thecophora there are left few or no indications of the inframarginal keels of Dermochelys except perhaps the scutes at the ends of the bridges. In species of Baéna there is on each bridge a row of large inframarginal scutes. Where such scutes are missing ART, 3 CONCERNING THE ARMOR OF TURTLES—HAY 9 the space is filled by outward expansion of the humeral and abdomi- nal scutes. In 7'errapene the space is obsolete. It seems worth while to try to account for the extension of the scutes beyond the bone on which they originate. Briefly expressed the explanation is that they were originally associated each with an epithecal bone which later ceased to support it, leaving it to wander until it reached the obstructing border of its neighbors. Sometimes parts of three or more bones are traversed to meet the boundary; sometimes only two. By the superior growth of epithecal bones along certain lines the keels of the early ancestors of turtles were produced. In the course of time some of the bones of the keels be- came enlarged at the expense of other bones and of the scutes over- lying them. Along the middle of the back of Toxochelys we find enlarged epithecals reposing on the neurals. We may suppose that the most favorable position of an epithecal would be on or near a suture between two neurals, since blood vessels and nerves could more readily reach it. If now an epithecal of the size of those of Toxo- chelys were lodged across each neural suture the neural bone itself would tend to be suppressed; and among the early Thecophora the neurals themselves were gaining the upper hand. Hence about alter- nate epithecals were suppressed. Although the dominating epithecal was itself later dispensed with, the horny scute associated with it would expand forward to reach the scute situated the length of two neural plates in front. The same explanation will apply to the fore-and-aft width of the costal scutes, which may cover one costal bone, a part of the one behind, and a part of the one in front. When we examine the marginal scutes we find each one covering a portion of one peripheral and a larger portion of the next periph- eral in front. It seems to the writer that the explanation is as follows: The epithecals of this row were small and one for each peripheral did not menace the development of the latter. Hence its scute could spread only over a part of the next peripheral in front. 8. DR. G. K. NOBLE’S OBSERVATIONS ON CHELYS In 1923 Dr. G. K. Noble reviewed my paper ® of 1922 and gave an interesting account of his observations made on a young matamata of about three-eighths the size of the animal described in the present article. In his specimen he was able to find no traces of the epi- thecal bones. Considering this young animal in connection with the adult in which the bones were absent Noble concluded that my “hypothesis should not be accepted without additional materials.” The present paper describes the additional materials desired. * Amer, Naturalist, vol. 57, pp. 377-379. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM Vou, 73 It must be remembered that we are dealing with structures which, as the writer maintains, became useless thousands of generations ago and ceased to be reproduced by the great majority of turtles. It is not strange, therefore, that they appear in the matamata irregularly and in some cases not at all. Doctor Noble must recall what happens in the case of the canine teeth of mares and of the first premolars of horses in general, not to mention other similar examples. Doctor Noble appears to suggest the attacks of parasites on these captive matamatas, but he does not pursue the subject. The life history of such a parasite would be interesting, if it exists. Doctor Noble, however, finally concludes that the ossicles in question seem to be bony deposits over injuries received either during captivity or rarely in nature. He ought to have told us whether he has observed similar bony deposits beneath the uninjured epidermal scutes of snapping turtles and terrapins kept in confinement. 9. PROCTOR’S RESULTS FROM THE STUDY OF TESTUDO Mention has just been made of the work of Joan B. Proctor on the anatomy of Yestudo. In her effort to determine whether the costal plates are simply expansions of the ribs or originate inde- pendently of them that author examined the recently hatched young. She found that the embryonic costal plate was in contact with the rib; also that the rib was undergoing degeneration at a time when the costal plate was growing vigorously. She concluded, therefore, that the plate was not derived from the rib. She was led to consider also the relation of the developing horny scutes to these costal plates and in doing so she hit upon a condition which, then unknown to her, had been described by Richard Owen. In the young tortoise the horny scutes are already present and relatively large. Inasmuch as the vertebral scutes alternate with the costal scutes, there is along each side of the dorsal region a zigzag series of points, from each of which radiate the edges of three scutes. The author cited found that a costal plate developed immediately under each of these triradiate structures and that the forms of these plates in their early stages of development were in strict correlation with the sutures between the superincumbent epidermal shields. Now, with few exceptions, and these probably of secondary origin, the plates and scales of dermal bone in reptiles underlie and support the horny scutes, and the two structures agree more or less exactly in form and size. If the explanation proposed by Proctor is correct the costal plates take their origin at the intersections of the borders of three scutes and these scutes determine the early forms of the plates. The present writer believes that these conclusions are erroneous. The presence of the bones beneath the borders of the ArT. 3 CONCERNING THE ARMOR OF TURTLES—HAY 11 scutes is a coincidence and these are not the cause of the ossification or of the forms of those plates. In the genus Jestudo alternate costal plates are proximally broad, so as to articulate with three neurals; intervening ones are narrow. In the embryo figured the costals were preparing to assume those alternating forms. It will hardly be contended that the shapes finally taken by the costal plates, interlocking as they do, are determined by the horny shields. Furthermore, the proximal end of each embryonic plate is pretty certainly at the point where it quits the rib and reaches out to meet the neural plate. If the growth of the costal is determined by the epidermal shield the point where the rib becomes free ought to be just below the outer extremity of the vertebral scute. A study of the shells of a few species of tortoises will show no such relation. The vertebral shields may be very broad while the rib-heads are short. It is the contention of the present writer that the horny shields of tortoises had primarily no relation to the costal plates, but to more superficial bones, the epithecals. As a result of the suppression of the epithecals the horny shields were brought into contact with the more deeply lodged thecal bones. In Chelys the epithecals are repro- duced in many individuals and from these the horny scutes spread out over the thecal bones. The only effect the scutes appear to have on the thecals is to impress on their surface the radiating and con- centric lines of growth. The shields do not grow at their edges merely, but a new layer of horn is laid down on its whole lower face, and these layers may often be separated from one another. 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM von, 73 EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 Chelys fimbriata View of carapace from above. 0,44 c. Ss. 1—e. s. 4. Costal scutes. . 8. 1—m. s. 12. Marginal scutes. . S. Nuchal scute. . 8. 1—y. s. 5. Vertebral scutes. A PRB PLATE 2 Fig. 1. Chelys fimbriata View of rear of carapace from behind. xX 1 To show specially the large epithecal bone on the twelfth marginal gscute. m. sg. 11, m.s. 12. Eleventh and twelfth marginal scutes. vy. s. 5. Fifth vertebral scute. Fig. 2. Clemmus insculpta View of carapace from above. X 1 Shows the vertebral, costal, and marginal scutes, their areoles, the outcrop- ping edges of the successive horny layers, and the direction of expansion, ) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 3 PL. 1 CARAPACE OF CHELYS FIMBRIATA FOR EXPLANATION OF SEE PLATE PAGE 1/2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 3 PL. 2 CARAPACES OF CHELYS AND CLEMMYS INSCULPTA FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 12 NEW HELMINTH PARASITES FROM CENTRAL AMERICAN MAMMALS By Emmett W. Price Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture Among some specimens forwarded to the Bureau of Animal In- dustry by Mr. Harold W. Brown of Johns Hopkins University, Bal- timore, Md., were a few specimens of small nematodes which had been collected from the small intestine of a three-toed sloth, Bradypus sp., at Penonomé, Panama, July 17, 1926. The specific identity of the host is doubtful, since Miller (1924) lists three species of three- toed sloths, Bradypus castaniceps, B. griseus, and B. ignavus, from Central America. The nematodes belong in the family Trichostron- gylidae Leiper, 1912, and subfamily Trichostrongylinae Leiper, 1908, two species being represented. One species appears to belong to a new genus, for which the name Bradypostrongylus is proposed; the other species is placed in the genus G'raphidiwm Railliet and Henry, 1909. In this paper there is also described a species of trematode which was collected by the writer from the gall bladder of a gray spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, which died in the National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C., October 8, 1926. This animal had been received from Nicaragua about two years previously. Since conditions in the monkey house are such as to practically preclude the acquirement of a trematode infestation, it is assumed that the infestation must have been acquired by the monkey before its arrival here, and presumably was acquired in Central America. This trematode belongs in the family Dicrocoeliidae Odhner, 1910, but owing to the peculiar ar- rangement of the testes, it has not been possible to allocate this species to any existing genus. The new genus Conérorchis is, therefore, pro- posed for it. NEMATODA Family TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE BRADYPOSTRONGYLUS, new genus Generic diagnosis—Trichostrongylinae: Cephalic cuticle inflated and coarsely striated. Oral aperture simple; esophagus slender, varying little in diameter. Bursa of male with two large lateral No. 2725.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 73, ART. 4. 77068—28 pA 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 73 lobes and an indistinct dorsal lobe. Ventro-ventral and latero-ven- tral rays slightly thicker than the other rays and with their tips divergent; externo-lateral, medio-lateral, and postero-lateral rays about equal in size, parallel proximally and diverging distally; ex- terno-dorsal ray arises from the base of the dorsal ray and is more slender than the other rays; dorsal ray thick, forming two branches distally and with each branch bifurcate; on each side of the dorsal ray, immediately in front of the two branches, a small lateral pro- jection is present. Spicules similar, short, twisted, and with a rela- tively long, twisted, median process. Gubernaculum double and heavily chitinized. Telamon present. Tail of female terminates in a slender tip and is also provided with three spike-like processes. Vulva in posterior fourth of body; ovejectors and sphincters well developed; uteri divergent. Eggs oval, with thin shells of uniform thickness, and not embryonated within the uterus. Type species—Bradypostrongylus panamensis, new species. BRADYPOSTRONGYLUS PANAMENSIS, new species Specific diagnosis —Bradypostrongylus: Cuticle of cephalic ex- tremity inflated and coarsely striated transversely. (Fig. 1.) The expanded cuticle is about 85 long and 50u in diameter. The head, exclusive of the cuticular expansion, measures 32 in diameter. The oral aperture is simple. The esophagus is about 770» long and 52p, in diameter at the posterior extremity. The nerve ring is situated about 270, from the anterior end. Cervical papillae not apparent. Male 9.5 mm. long with a maximum diameter, in front of the pre- bursal swellings, of 1564. The bursa (fig. 2) is large, elongated dorso-ventrally, and composed of two large lateral lobes and an indis- tinct dorsal Jobe. The rays of the bursa, with the exception of the externo-dorsals, terminate near the edge of the bursa. The ventro- ventral and latero-ventral rays are slightly thicker than the other rays and divergent; the externo-lateral, medio-lateral, and postero- lateral rays are about equal in size and with their tips well separated; the externo-dorsal rays are more slender than the other rays and terminate some distance from the edge of the bursa; the dorsal ray is heavy and bifurcates to form two branches distally; each branch in turn bifurcates to form an incurved median branch and a long, slender, widely divergent, lateral branch. A small, cone-like lateral prominence is present on each side of the dorsal ray, immediately in front of the primary bifurcation. ‘The cuticle in front of the bursa is expanded laterally and supported by strong prebursal papillae. The spicules are equal, 205y long, twisted, and with a twisted filamentous process arising from the inner aspect of each spicule. (Fig. 3.) The gubernaculum is double and consists of two slightly curved, ART. 4 NEW HELMINTH PARASITES—PRICH > parallel, well chitinized pieces, each measuring 44» in length. The telamon is composed of two feebly chitinized parts embedded in the wall of the cloaca; the anterior part appears as a relatively wide band showing a deep notch in the antero-dorsal border and a similar notch in the postero-ventral border; the posterior part is composed of a narrow band extending across the dorsal wall of the cloaca and the two ends of this band appear to unite or fuse with a V-shaped structure embedded in the ventral wall. (Fig. 4.) Female 14 mm. long and 220, in diameter. The vulva is a trans- verse slit located about 3.5 mm. from the end of the tail. The tail (fig. 5) terminates in a slender filamentous tip and is also provided with three spike-like processes. The terminal filament is about 23p long and the spines about 16 long. The anus is located about 185y from the tip of the tail. The ovejectors (fig. 6) are strongly muscu- lar and with a combined length, including sphincters, of 585 to 600n. The eggs (fig. 7) are oval, 66 to 69n long and 33 to 40 wide. Host—Three-toed sloth, Bradypus sp. Location.—Small intestine. Locality Central America (Penonomé, Panama). Type specimens.—United States National Museum Helmintho- logical Collections No. 27002. The female of this species closely resembles that of the genus Anoplostrongylus, a genus proposed by Boulenger (1926) for cer- tain trichostrongyles of bats; the male, however, appears to be more closely related to Ornithostrongylus 'Travassos, 1914, and in the key given by Yorke and Maplestone (1926) it would run out at that genus. The dorsal ray, spicules, and gubernaculum appear to be sufficiently different from those of either of the above genera to war- rant the creation of a new genus. GRAPHIDIUM BROWNI, new species Specific diagnosis—Graphidium: Cuticle of the anterior extremity slightly inflated and coarsely striated transversely. (Fig. 8.) The cuticular expansion is about 77» long and 38. in diameter. The body shows numerous fine, wavy striations, and is also finely striated transversely. The oral aperture is surrounded by three small incon- spicuous lips. The esophagus is 650» long in the male and 740 long in the female, slender, slightly enlarged posteriorly, and is 32p wide about the middle and 58, wide at the enlarged posterior por- tion. The nerve ring is situated 237 to 260, from the anterior end. The excretory pore opens ventrally 340 to 390. from the anterior end. Cervical papillae not apparent. Male 8.5 mm. long and with a maximum width of about 130, in front of the bursa. The bursa (fig. 9) is composed of two lateral 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 lobes and a smaller inconspicuous dorsal lobe. The rays are well separated and extend to near the edge of the bursa. The ventro- ventral and latero-ventral rays are divergent and about equal in size; the externo-lateral ray is shghtly thicker and longer than the other rays; the medio-lateral and postero-lateral rays are divergent; the externo-dorsal rays arise from the base of the dorsal ray and are curved dorsad near their posterior third; the dorsal ray forms two branches near its tip and each branch is bidigi- tate. Prebursal papillae present. The spicules are equal in length, slender, modified tubular in shape, and 532, long. The tips of the spicules are pointed and incurved, and have a sharp pointed process on the median aspect a short distance from the tip. The shaft of each spicule appears twisted about 156 from its anterior end. The gubernaculum is elongated, curved, well chitinized, and is 128 long. The telamon is composed of two similar, feebly chitinized, retort- shaped structures, embedded in the ventral and lateral walls of the cloaca. (Fig. 10.) ‘The genital cone is small, rounded, and bears two prominent papillae; these papillae are pedunculated and are situ- ated on each side of the cloacal aperture. Female 14 mm. long and with a maximum width of 166y. The vulva is situated about 2.7 mm. from the posterior end of the body. The tail (fig. 11) is slender and pointed. The anus is located about 160» from the end of the tail. The ovejectors (fig. 12) are strongly muscular and have a combined length, including sphincters, of 400,. The eggs are oval, 64n to 70u long by 32n to 384 wide, with shells of uniform thickness, and are not embryonated within the uterus. Host.—Three-toed sloth, Bradypus sp. Location.—Small intestine. Locality —Central America (Penonomé, Panama). Type specimens.—United States National Museum Helmintho- logical Collections No. 27003. This species differs from Graphidium strigosum (Dujardin, 1845), the type of the genus, in the following respects: In G@. strigoswm the spicules, according to Hall (1916), are tubular and measure 1.2 ta 2.4 mm. in length; in G. browni they are modified tubular and their length is only about one-half of the minimum length given for G. strigosum. The gubernaculum in @. brown is long and well chiti- nized; in G. strigoswm it is short and so imperfectly chitinized as to be almost invisible. In G. strigoswm the diameter of the female dimin- ishes abruptly behind the vulva; in G. browni the attenuation is gradual. The cuticular inflation of the cephalic extremity is very distinct and coarsely striated in G. brownd, but this character is not mentioned for G. strigosum. An examination of the specimens of the latter species, donated to the Bureau of Animal Industry by ART. 4 NEW HELMINTH PARASITES—PRICE 5 ‘Professor Railliet, shows that a coarse striation of the anterior end of the body is present but the cuticular inflation is not marked. TREMATODA Family DICROCOELIIDAE CONTRORCHIS, new genus Generic diagnosis.—Dicrocoeliinae: Body oval in outline and with greatest width at the middle of the body. Oral sucker strongly muscular and directed anteriorly. Pharynx well developed; pre- pharynx absent. Esophagus short; intestinal ceca slender and ex- tending to the posterior third of the body. Acetabulum large, situ- ated about one-fourth of the body length from the anterior end. Vitellaria compact, extracecal, and not extending anteriorly beyond the posterior border of the posterior testis. Ovary oval in shape and situated immediately posterior to the posterior testis. Uterus with one ascending and one descending limb, each with numerous trans- verse coils, extending to the posterior end of the body. Testes oval, one lying anterior and the other posterior to the acetabulum. Genital orifice immediately behind the intestinal bifurcation. Excretory pore terminal. Type species.—Controrchis biliophilus, new species. CONTRORCHIS BILIOPHILUS, new species Specific diagnosis.—Controrchis: Length 2.5 to 3 mm.; width 0.85 to 11 mm. In preserved specimens the anterior end is slightly curved ventrally. The anterior third of the body is covered with small scalelike spines. The oral sucker is strongly muscular, 200, to 213» long by 148 to 184, wide, and with the oral aperture terminal. © The pharynx is situated immediately behind the oral sucker and measures 84u to 99 long by 7iu to 844 wide. The esophagus is short, 67» to T1p in length, and bifurcates a short distance in front of the anterior testis to form simple, slender, intestinal ceca which extend to the posterior third of the body. The acetabulum is circular, strongly muscular, 188» to 3554 in diameter, and situated in the median line about 500. from the anterior end of the body. The testes are ovoid, elongated transversely; the anterior testis is situ- ated anterior to the acetabulum and measures 140 to 210 by 280, to 430u; the posterior testis is situated posterior to the acetabulum and measures 140p to 210u by 350u to 430n. The cirrus pouch is pyriform, 142n to 227 long and 65p to 100 wide, and contains a relatively large vesicula seminalis, a small prostate, and a short ejaculatory duct. The genital orifice is situated immediately behind the intestinal 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou, 73 bifurcation. The ovary is oval, 99u to 114 by 127, to 170, and is situated immediately posterior to the posterior testis. The recepta- culum seminis and shell gland are located a short distance behind the ovary. The vitellaria are made up of few compact irregular fol- licles, occupying a space 350 to 400. long, on each side of the body iateral to the intestinal ceca, and not extending anteriorly beyond the level of the posterior edge of the posterior testis. The uterus consists of an ascending and decending branch and of numerous lateral coils, extending posteriorly to the posterior end of the body and anteriorly to the ovary. The eggs are small, oval, brown in color, and are 35» to 38, long and 21, to 24 wide. Host.— Ateles geoffroyi. Location.—Gall bladder. Locality.—National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C. l'ype specimens.—United States National Museum Helmintho- logical Collections No. 27599; paratypes, No. 27369. REFERENCES BouLencer, C. L. 1926. Report on a collection of parasitic nematodes, mainly from Heypt. Part IV. Trichostrongylidae and Strongylinae, Parasitology, Cambridge (Hng.), vol. 18 (1), January 22, pp. 86-100. Hatt, Maurice C. 1916. Nematode parasites of mammals of the orders Rodentia, Lagomor- pha, and Hyracoidea. Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., vol. 50, pp. 1-258, pl. 1, fig. 290. MILter, Gerrit S. 1924, List of North American recent mammals. U. §. National Museum. Bull. 128, pp. xvi+673. YORKE, WARRINGTON and MAPLESTONE, Pil: 1926. The nematode parasites of vertebrates. With a foreword by C. W. Stiles. xi-+-536 pp. 307 figs. London. ART. 4 NEW HELMINTH PARASITES—PRICE 7 EXPLANATION OF PLATES ABBREVIATIONS ac. acetabulum; c. p. cirrus pouch; d. dorsal ray; e. egg; e. d. externo-dorsal ray; ¢. J. externo-lateral ray; e. p. excretory pore; gb. gubernaculum; ge. genital cone; g. p. genital pore; int. intestine; J. v. latero-ventral ray; m. l. medio-lateral ray; os. oral sucker; ov. ovary; ovj. 1, 2, 3, ovejectors; pgc. papil- lae on the genital cone; ph. pharynx; p. 1. postero-lateral ray; sp. spicules; tf. telamon; ¢. a. anterior testis; ¢. p. posterior testis; wt. uterus; vit. vitellaria; vul. vulva; v. v. ventro-ventral ray. PLATE 1 Fic. 1. Bradypostrongywus panamensis. Anterior end of female. 2. Bradypostrongylus panamensis. Bursa of male; dorsal view. 3. Bradypostrongylus panamensis. Spicules and gubernaculum; ventral view. 2 4. Bradypostrongylus panamensis. Telamon; dorsal view. 5. Bradypostrongylus panamensis. Posterior end of female. 6. Bradypostrongylus panamensis. Ovejectors. 7. Bradypostrongylus panamensis. Egg. PLATE 2 8. Graphidium brown. Anterior end of female. 9. Graphidium browni. Posterior end of male. 10. Graphidium browni. Telamon and genital cone; ventral view. 11. Graphidium browni. Posterior end of female. 12, Graphidium browni. Ovejectors. 13. Controrchis biliophilus. Ventral view. (a Bus as “Ae tte AREY ah outed gi oi! a Pee EK ar Bh) & . impair, Le Tee a Ries 6 HEL i toned : U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 4 PL. 1 YOM 7) Lol) Z BRADYPOSTRONGYLUS PANAMENSIS, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 7 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 4 PL. 2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM NEW SPECIES AND CONTRORCHIS BIBLIOPHILUS, NEW GRAPHIDIUM BROWNI, SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 7 TWO COMMON SPECIES OF PARASITIC CRUSTACEA (SACCULINIDAE) OF THE WEST INDIES By H. Boscuma Of the University of Leiden, Holland The chief characteristics defining the genera of the Rhizocephala concern the shape and the situation of the internal organs. One of the most important is the manner in which the. visceral mass is attached to the mantle by a mesentery, which may be thin, as in Sacculina and allied genera, or thicker, as in Peltogaster and other parasites of the group. Smith (1906), the author of a monograph on the Rhizocephala, based the taxonomy of the group for a large part on the differences in the size and the place of the mesentery. This author created the new generic name Heterosaccus, the type species of which is Sacculina hians Kossmann, which is characterized by a very short mesentery. In this species it is confined to the imme- diate vicinity of the stalk only. According to Smith the internal structure of the other parasites of the group which live on crabs does not show any morphological differences, and consequently he united them under the name Sacculina carcint. In this respect, however, Smith’s conclusions are wrong, for there are a number of. species which can be distinguished from 4. carcint by constant morphological features. The mesentery of Sacculina carcim is complete; it stretches from the stalk to the mantle opening. In some other parasites, which have been described as species of the genus Sacculina, the mesentery is incomplete, for it terminates at some distance from the mantle opening. For these species of Sacculinidae with incomplete mesen- tery, in a recent paper (Boschma, 1927) I have founded the new genus Drepanorchis, the type species of which is D. neglecta (Saccu- lina neglecta Fraisse). Another constant feature of all the species belonging to this genus is found in the shape of the testes; they are curved, whereas in Sacculina they consist of more or less straight tubes. There are a few species of Sacculinidae which in some respects constitute intermediate forms between the genera Sacculina and No. 2726.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VoL. 73, ART. 5 76867—28 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Drepanorchis. In these species the mesentery is complete, as in Sac- culina; the testes, however, have a curved shape, as in Drepanorchas. They differ from Sacculina as well as from Drepanorchis in another anatomical respect: The visceral mass is not (as in these two genera) connected with the stalk, but it is attached to the mantle at some dis- tance from the stalk. I unite here the species which show the above- mentioned characteristics under the new generic name Lowothylacus. Accordingly, I consider the family Sacculinidae composed of four genera with the following chief characteristics: Sacculina: Mesentery complete, testes straight, visceral mass united with the stalk. Loxothylacus: Mesentery complete, testes curved, visceral mass united with the mantle at some distance from the stalk. Drepanorchis: Mesentery incomplete, testes curved, visceral mass united with the stalk. Heterosaccus: Mesentery almost wanting (confined to the imme- diate vicinity of the stalk). There are a great number of species belonging to the Sacculinidae, although this number is smaller than Giard (1887, 1888) assumed, who upheld that every species of crab had its own species of rhizo- cephalous parasite. This theory (the theory of the absolute specific- ity of the parasites) has been combated by Smith (1906), who, how- ever, went to the other extreme and expressed as his opinion that all the parasites of the genus Sacculina belong to one and the same valid species, S. carcint Thompson. Smith based this conclusion on the fact that he found no morphological differences between the para- sites on different crabs in the material at his disposal. Now, this conclusion also was too far-reaching, for Giard (1887) had proved already that the parasite called by him Saceulina fraisset (=Drepanorchis neglecta (Fraisse), see Boschma, 1927) differs from 8S. carcint in constant morphological characteristics, the form and situation of the testes in both species being very different. Moreover, Kossmann (1872) had described morphological differences between species of Sacculinidae which were found on different hosts. His diagnoses of new species were based mainly on the structure of the chitinous covering of the mantle, which in many cases bears definitely shaped small excrescences. Kossmann also was convinced that a certain species of Sacculina could live on one species of host only and accordingly described too many forms as new species. The discovery of the appendages of the cuticle, however, was a valuable progress in the study of the Sacculinidae as it furnishes reliable data for the taxonomy of the group. Especially in tropical species (Kossmann’s material had been collected at the Philippine Islands) these small projecting parts of the external cuticle are dis- tinctly visible. In the same way in the collection of the Siboga ART. 5 PARASITIC CRUSTACEA OF WEST INDIES—-BOSCHMA 3 Expedition from the East Indian Archipelago also, the greater part of the Sacculinidae are sufficiently characterized by the peculiar struc- ture of the excrescences on the external cuticle of the mantle (Van Kampen and Boschma, 1925). In the paper cited we were able to prove that a number of morphologically well defined species of Sacculina occur in the East Indies. Two more striking facts were observed, first, that a single species may occur as a parasite of several species of crabs, and, second, that certain species of crabs may be infested with two or more different species of Sacculina. Conse- quently this paper proves conclusively that the opinions of Giard as well as Smith can not be upheld. A comparative study of a great number of European representa: tives of the genus Sacculina (Boschma, 1927) yielded almost the same results: Among the European forms one species of para- site may infest different species of crabs, as in the case of Sacculina carcint. In this region, however, two morphologically different species have never been found as parasites on one species of host. Previously Guérin-Ganivet (1911) published a paper in which notes were given on the anatomy of many European Sacculinids, and this author has already pointed out that a great number of the so-called species of Giard’s have no real systematic value. According to Guérin-Ganivet we may regard a certain form as a definite species only in those cases in which morphological differences from other species can be demonstrated. In the paper cited I based my conclu- sions on the same premises. In some cases a certain parasite infests exclusively crabs belonging to a small systematic group, as Drepanorchis neglecta (Fraisse), which is known to occur on the species of the genera Macropodia and Inachus. Both of these genera belong to the subfamily Inachinae (family Majidae) and the parasite, which is structurally very dif- ferent from all other known European Sacculinids, is the only species of the group which is known to infest these crabs. The parasite of Dorynchus thomsoni, another species of the same subfamily, belongs to quite a different species (Saceulina atlantica), which is not found on any other crab. Another well defined species, Sacculina eriphiae, also seems to occur on one species of crab only, namely, Hriphia spinifrons. On the other hand Sacculina carcini infests a large number of hosts belonging to different families of Brachyura. The West Indian species of Sacculinidae are very imperfectly known. One species has been described as Sacculina panopaei by Gissler (1884) after its host Panopeus herbstii (Milne-Edwards). The external form of this parasite is known, for the description is ac- companied by two text-figures; its internal anatomy and the structure of its cuticle have not been described in the cited paper. Fortunately 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 my material includes a number of specimens which undoubtedly belong to the same species and a diagnosis of this species is found in the following pages. The study of its anatomy proves that it belongs to the genus Lowothylacus. In the West Indian region, however, more than one species of Sacculinidae occur. Besides that described by Gissler, this family is represented by many other species, as I demonstrated a few years ago when I examined the material collected by Dr. Van der Horst at Curacao (Boschma, 1925). Three specimens of Sacculina were represented in this collection, each of which constituted the type specimen of a new species. Although there are a great number of West Indian species of Sacculinidae, only two seem to occur as common forms. One of these is Gissler’s species, the other, which is described in the present paper under the name Drepanorchis occidentalis, has not been recorded before. It is an interesting fact that each of these species is found on several species of crabs, but each infests a definite group of systematically related hosts. Drepanorchis occidentalis lives on crabs of the family Majidae, whereas Lowothylacus panopaei is known as a parasite of Panopeus and nearly allied genera, all of which are representatives of the family Xanthidae: Consequently just as in European species the Sacculinidae of the West Indian region are restricted to definite families of crabs within which these two common parasites infest several different species. The descriptions of the two species that follow are entirely based on the material of the United States National Museum, in which both are represented by a number of specimens. DREPANORCHIS OCCIDENTALIS, new species Type.—Cat. No. 60608, U.S.N.M., on Mithraw forceps (A. M.-E.), “Fish Hawk” Sta. 71538. Deadman’s Bay, west coast of Florida. The shape of the animals is roundish or somewhat irregular, often with more or less well-marked angular tips. (Fig. 1.) The size is variable, some specimens have a greater diameter of 4 mm. or less, whilst others are much larger. The largest specimen in the collec- tion (fig. 1c, d@) measures 11.5 mm. from the dorsal to the ventral surface (the diameter at right angles with the axis through the mantle opening and the stalk). As in other species of Sacculinidae the size of the parasites depends at least partially on the size of their hosts: The larger specimens are found on crabs belonging to species which may attain a comparatively large size. The mantle opening, which hes approximately opposite the stalk, is rather wide. It is often surrounded by a wall-shaped projection of the mantle, which may form a tubelike expansion: ART. 5 PARASITIC CRUSTACEA OF WEST INDIES—BOSCHMA 5 The internal anatomy of the species resembles strongly that of the type species of the genus, Drepanorchis neglecta (see Boschma, 1927). The closed end of the testes in D. occidentalis is found in the posterior part of the visceral mass (nearer to the stalk than to the mantle opening) ; in D. neglecta this part of the testes is situated at a com- paratively greater distance from the stalk. The testes of D. occi- dentalis have a fairly large size. (Fig. 2.) The colleteric glands occupy about the center of the lateral sur- faces (in D. neglecta these organs are much nearer to the mantle opening). The colleteric glands contain a comparatively small num- ber of branched tubes. Fie. 1.—Two SPECIMENS OF DREPANORCHIS OCCIDENTALIS. 4@, FROM MITHRAX FORCEPS (A. MILNE-EDWARDS), THE SURFACH LYING AGAINST THE THORAX OF THE HOST, X 334. 0b, THD SAME SPECIMEN, THE SURFACE LYING AGAINST THE ABDOMEN OF THH HOST, X 334. Gy, FROM MACROCOELOMA CAMPTOCERUM (STIMPSON), THH SURFACH LYING AGAINST THE THORAX OF THD HOST, X 3. d, THH SAME SPECIMEN, THE SURFACE LYING AGAINST THE ABDOMEN OF THH HOST, X 3. IN THESE FIG URES THE MANTLE OPENING IS FOUND IN THH UPPER PART, THE STALK IN THH LOWER PART The typical characteristics of D. occidentalis are those of the ex- ternal and internal cuticle of the mantle. The external cuticle is a thin layer of chitin; its thickness does not exceed 10u. It has a smooth surface without any excrescences. Seen from above the sur- face is divided into small areas which have a diameter of 10 to 1ldp and are surrounded by more or less meandering lines. (Fig. 3 a, 0.) On the internal cuticle of the mantle a great number of retinacula are found, more than in any other species of Sacculinid. (Fig. 3, c-h.) The internal cuticle is divided into small areas of approxi- mately 100» diameter; in detached pieces of this cuticle the marginal parts of these areas are more or less wrinkled. Each of these small 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 areas bears one or two retinacula. (Fig. 3d.) The retinacula are about 30, long; their broadened basal part is surrounded by a circular _ groove at the place where they are attached to the cuticle. The apical part of the retinacula bears 5 to 10 spindle-shaped excrescences of about 15, length, which are provided with small lateral barbs. (Fig. 3 ch.) In the material of the United States National Museum Drepanor- chis occidentalis occurs on the following hosts: Macrocoeloma camptocerum (Stimpson) ; of Florida. Macrocroeloma diplacanthum (Stimpson) ; Cuba. Microphrys bicor- Fa (UES deferens nutus aiding off ; Florida; Cuba; _ Ba- Y ..,. hamas. o | hese Mithrax forceps A (Herbst) ; Bahamas. Mithrax forceps (A. Milne-Edwards) ; west coast of Florida. (Host of type.) Mithrax sculptus (Lamarck) ; Jamaica. Pitho anisodon (von | maztle Martens); off Florida. a cavity Pitho lherminieri gq with § Schramm; Key West WF oor =~west coast of Florida. Fic. 2.—DREPANORCHIS OCCIDENTALIS FROM MITHRAX Stenocionops furcata FORCEPS (A. MILNE-EDWARDS), LONGITUDINAL SECTION, coelata ( Milne-Ed- oes? wards) ; off Florida. Among these crabs the species of the genera Macrocoeloma, Mi- crophrys, and Mithrax belong to the family Periceride, and the family Majide is represented by the genera Pitho and Stenocionops. a 4 oe ny cee A a si Mo a Dey aa eD Nero At PORT se OS SRN RR Se ee M4, ee fa EMG ha, Oa Se LOXOTHYLACUS, new genus Body laterally compressed, mantle opening opposite the stalk. Visceral mass attached to the mantle at some distance from the stalk. Mesentery thin, extending from the place where the visceral mass is united with the mantle to the mantle opening. Colleteric glands with a number of branched tubes, in or near the central part of the lateral surfaces of the visceral mass. Testes curved, the convex part running along the mesentery. ART. 5 PARASITIC CRUSTACEA OF WEST INDIES—BOSCHMA 7 The type species of this genus is Sacculina corculwum Kossmann. Among my material I have complete series of sections of three specimens belonging to this species. All of these have a complete mesentery and curved testes, whilst the visceral mass is united with the mantle at some distance from the stalk. Kossmann’s figure of the type species does not show distinctly the unusual place of the stalk.2 The other characteristics of the genus (the curved testes and the complete mesentery) are clearly drawn in another figure by the ee eee oe Fig. 3.—DREPANORCHIS OCCIDENTALIS. d, PART OF THE EXTHRNAL CUTICLE OF A SPECI- MEN FROM PITHO ANISODON (VON MARTENS), X 440. 0b, PART OF THE HXTERNAL CUTI- CLE OF A\SPECIMEN FROM MITHRAX FORCEPS (A. MILNE-EDWARDS), X 440. C¢, RET- INACULUM OF A SPECIMEN FROM MACROCOELOMA CAMPTOCERUM (STIMPSON), X 440. d, INTERNAL CUTICLE WITH RETINACULA OF A SPECIMEN FROM MICROPHRYS BICORNUTUS (LATRBILLE), X 110. e¢€, RETINACULUM OF A SPECIMEN FROM MITHRAX SCULPTUS LAMARCK, X 440. jf, RETINACULUM OF A SPECIMEN FROM PITHO ANISODON (VON MARTENS), X 440. g AND h, RETINACULA OF A SPECIMEN FROM MICROPHRYS BICORNU- TUS (LATREILLE), X 440 same author.? Probably the first of Kossmann’s above cited figures. was not altogether correct, for all other peculiarities of my speci- mens closely fit in with this author’s description. As in the type specimen their external cuticle is provided with long and stout spines. On account of the last-named feature the species Lowothylacus corculum. (Kossmann), is one of the best characterized species of the whole family. The West Indian species which is described below differs from L. corculum especially in the smaller size of its cuticular excrescences. 1$ee Van Kampen and Boschma, 1925, pl. 2, fig. 3. 2 See Kossmann, 1872, pl. 2, fig. 5b. %Idem. pl. 2, fig. da. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 LOXOTHYLACUS PANOPAEI (Gissler) Sacculina panopaei GissiEr, 1884 The animal has a roundish shape; in some cases the mantle has more or less distinctly marked tips. (Fig. 4.) The size is variable, though in general the parasites of this species are small; the largest specimen in the collection has a greater diameter of about 6 mm. | The mantle opening lies at the top of a small tube-like expansion -of the mantle, which is usually directed towards the surface which lies against the thorax of the host. In the type specimen (see Vic. 4.—TWwo SPECIMENS OF LOXOTHYLACUS PANOPARI (GISS- LER). Gd, FROM PANOPEUS HERBSTII MILNE-HDWARDS, THE SURFACH LYING AGAINST THE THORAX OF THE HosT, X 77%. 0b, THH SAMH SPECIMEN, THD SURFACH LYING AGAINST THE ABDOMEN OF THH HOST, X 7%. ec, FROM EURYPANOPHUS DEPRESSUS (SMITH), THE SURFACH LYING AGAINST THE THORAX OF THE HOST, X 7%. d, THH SAME SPECIMEN, THE SURFACE LYING AGAINST THE ABDOMEN OF THE HOST, X 7%. IN THESE FIGURES THS MANTLD OPENING IS FOUND IN THD UPPER PART, THE STALK IN THE LOWER PART \ *Gissler, 1884, figs. 1 and 2) this tubular expansion of the mantle also is well developed. In the accompanying figure (fig. 5), a longitudinal section parallel to the dorsal and the ventral surfaces, all the characteristics of the genus Lowothylacus are visible: The stalk is attached to the mantle at some distance from the visceral mass, a section of the closed part -of one of the testes is found in the posterior part of the visceral mass, and in the lower part of the figure (consequently in the anterior part of the animal) the visceral mass is attached to the mantle by the mesentery. The section is from the immediate vicinity of the mantle opening, a part of the sphincter which surrounds the mantle opening is visible in the lower part of the figure. art.5 | PARASITIC CRUSTACEA OF WEST INDIES—BOSCHMA 9 The testes are strongly curved, their extremity lies at a short dis- tance from the vasa deferentia (in LZ. corculwm the closed end of the testes lies much nearer to the mantle opening). The colleteric glands occupy about the central part of the lateral surfaces; they contain a large number of tubes. The external cuticle of the mantle is rather thin, 8-12» approxi- mately. Its upper surface consists of small areas which have an irreg- ular contour; the diameter of these areas is about 9-12. In some of the specimens of the material each of the cuticular areas bears a small spine (fig. 66); in other specimens a much smaller num- ber of these spines occurs, as only about one-fourth of the total number of areas has such an excrescence (fig. 6a). These spines are tapering from the base to the top, which is evenly rounded; they may attain a length of 20n and a thickness (at the base) of 3y. In different parts of the mantle of one speci- men of L, panopaei the spines may be of different sizes. (See fig. 6c, d.) On the whole the differences between the cuticular excrescences of different speci- mens (even those which live on different hosts) are not more striking than those found among the spines of different parts of the mantle of one specimen, ™0,-—esetsnacus ravoratt (isstnn) The internal cuticle of the LONGITUDINAL SECTION, X 380 mantle bears small retinacula (fig. 6, g-2) which consist of a very insignificant basal part and a number (3 to 5) of spindle-shaped excrescences of 6-9 length. Lateral barbs could not be detected on these spindles. The material of the United States National Museum contains specimens of Lowothylacus panopaei on the following hosts: Panopeus occidentalis (Saussure) ; Porto Rico. Eurypanopeus depressug (Smith) ; Florida (?); Texas, Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards; Jamaica; Cuba. left testis {s aL oft a ‘Motori land mesentery * 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Gissler’s specimen on which the original description of the species was based was a parasite of Panopeus herbstii, collected on the coast of Florida (Tampa). AV MM oR sie t Fic. 6.—LOxOTHYLACUS PANOPAEI (GISSLER). @, PART OF THE EXTERNAL CUTICLE OF A SPHCIMEN FROM EURYPANOPERUS DEPRESSUS (SMITH), X 440. 0b, PART OF THE PXTHR- NAL CUTICLE OF A SPECIMEN FROM PANOPEUS H®PRBSTII MILNE-EDWarpDS, X 440. € AND d, APPENDAGES FROM TWO DIFFERENT PLACES ON THE EXTERNAL CUTICLE OF A SPECIMEN FROM PANOPEUS HERBSTII MILNE-EDWARDS, X 440. €, CUTICULAR AP- PENDAGES OF ANOTHER SPECIMEN FROM PANOPEUS HERBSTII MILNH-EDWARDS, X 440. f, CUTICULAR APPHPNDAGES OF A SPECIMEN FROM PANOPEUS OCCIDENTALIS (SAuUS- SURE), X 440. g, RETINACULUM OF A SPECIMEN FROM EURYPANOPEUS DHPRESSUS (SMITH), X 440. h, AND i, RETINACULA OF TWO DIFFERENT SPECIMENS FROM PANO- PEUS HERBSTII MILNE-EDWARDS, X 440 LITERATURE H. BoscuMa, 1925. Rhizocephala of Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Afi. 24. , 1927. Uber europiiische Formen der Gattung Sacculina. Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Syst., vol. 54. A. GriarpD, 1887. La Castration Parasitaire et son Influence sur les Caractéres extérieurs du sexe male chez les Crustacés Décapodes. Bull. Scient. du Nord de la France et de la Belgique, ser. 2, vol. 18. 1888. Le Laboratoire de Wimereux en 1888 (Recherches fauniques). Bull. Scient. du Nord de la France et de la Belgique, ser. 3, vol. 19. C. F. Gisster, 1884. The Crab Parasite, Sacculina. American Naturalist, vol. 18. J. Gutrin-Ganivet, 1911. Contribution A l’Etude systématique et biologique des Rhizocéphales. Trav. Sci. du Lab. de Zool. et de Physiol. Maritimes de Conearneau, vol. 3. P. N. VAN Kampen and H. BoscuMa, 1925. Die Rhizocephalen der Siboga- Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie, Monographie, 31bis. R. KossMAnn, 1872. Beitrige zur Anatomie der schmarotzenden Ranken- fiissler. Verh. med. phys. Ges. Wiirzburg, new series, vol. 3 (also in: Arb. zool.-zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg, vol. 1, 1874). ‘G. SmirH, 1906. Rhizocephala. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 29. Monographie. @) TWO NEW CRABS FROM THE EOCENE OF TEXAS By Mary J. Rarusun Associate in Zoology, United States National Museum The species here described come from the same general region in. Texas. The Raninid was taken in a core drill, Lane No. 1, depth. 260 feet, by the Marland Oil Co., a part of the Thomas Jordan Survey of land in Navarro County. The Lane farm is located about 4 miles north of Kerens and 8 or 10 miles west-southwest of Tool in. Henderson County. Until now the genus Notosceles was known: from only one species, a Recent one. The Xanthid was collected by John E. Adams, Bureau of Eco- nomic Geology, Austin, Tex., in the bed of Little Brazos Creek, Brazos County, on both sides of the old Bryan and Brazos Valley Railroad bridge. The type-specimens are in the United States National Museum. Family RANINIDAE Genus NOTOSCELES Bourne Notosceles Bourne, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., London, vol. 35, 1922 po 73s type, NV. chimmonis Bourne, a Recent species from the Sulu Sea. NOTOSCELES BOURNEI, new species Plate 1 Raninoides sp. RATHBUN, in Hull, Bull. Amer. Assoc, Petroleum Geologists,. vol. 9, No. 1, 1925, p. 169. Carapace (pl. 1, fig. 4) about two-thirds as wide as long, widest. at the middle of its length, lateral spine in front of middle of antero- lateral margin. Surface minutely punctate, punctae close together ; except on the frontal and orbital regions where the surface is densely and roughly granulate. The granulation begins just in front of the: base of the lateral spine and at the end of a curved (convex forward): ridge which passes obliquely forward to a point just behind the: inner of the orbital fissures and then transversely behind the front: No. 2727.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUsEuUM, VOL. 73,, ART... 63. 76793—28 L 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 the surface of the ridge as well as the space anterior to it is granu- late. Front with a sharp well advanced median tooth with a small tooth on either side; outline obscure but the accessory tooth points obliquely outward. Orbital slits deep and open, the inner sinus longer than the outer, its outer margin exceeding the inner margin, while the reverse is true of the outer sinus; margin between the sinuses oblique and nearly straight. Outer orbital tooth broad, tipped by a long, but thick and slightly curved spine, convex outside. The antero-lateral spine of the carapace is similar to the orbital spine but longer; it also is curved but directed very slightly outward, but not so far as the line of the widest part of the carapace. The postero-lateral margin is slightly sinuous and marked by a raised line formed by a single row of close granules; it rounds into the truncate posterior margin. Length of carapace 12.6, width 8 mm. The above description is made from a small specimen imbedded in a cross section in such a way that only the dorsal surface of the carapace is exposed. Cat. No. 369608, U.S.N.M. Fortunately another specimen showing sternal as well as dorsal surface was taken previously from the Midway, basal Eocene, near Kerens, Navarro County; it was submitted to Dr. W. L. Stephenson by D. W. Ohern, Borealis Oil Co., Oklahoma City. 'This specimen lacks the frontal and orbital regions; it measures 25.6 mm. in length up to the anterior base of the lateral spine; approximate width 22 mim., estimated length 34.6 mm. Carapace (pl. 1, fig 1) very convex from side to side, high in the middle where it forms a broad smooth ridge; either side of it on the posterior half of the carapace there is a shallow depression; at the widest part of the carapace on the left side (the right side is broken away) there is a large round smooth boss. I am not sure that this is natural to the crab as it looks much like a swelling due to parasitism. Additional occurrence.—Two specimens were taken in the Midway of southwestern Arkansas at Buzzard Bluff, sec. 16, T.14 S.,R 26 W., Miller County, by J. P. D. Hull, and were returned to him. Comparison with type-species.—So far as the carapace and sternum (pl. 1, fig. 2) are concerned this species agrees in all essentials with ‘the Recent or type-species of the genus. The postero-lateral margins converge more rapidly and the posterior margin is correspondingly shorter than in V. chimmonis. The lobe at the middle of the supra- orbital margin is subquadrate instead of triangular. ART. 6 NEW EOCENE CRABS FROM TEXAS—-RATHBUN 3 Family XANTHIDAE Genus HARPACTOCARCINUS A. Milne Edwards Harpactocarcinus A. Mitne Epwarps, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., ser. 4, vol. 18, 1862, pp. 46 and 64; type, H. punctulatus (Desmarest) from the Eocene of Priabona. HARPACTOCARCINUS AMERICANUS, new species Plates 2 and 3 The specimens were obtained chiefly from the interior of con- cretions, but the material was so friable that the fossils broke into many pieces. One female and one male were in a layer 10 feet be- low the concretions; they are used as holotype and paratype. Diagnosis—Lateral teeth behind the orbit five, very small. Sur- face of carapace uneven in posterior two-thirds. Chelipeds similar and of moderate size in the female, unequal in male, the major one of enormous size, the fingers greatly elongate. Description—Carapace of female holotype (pl. 2, fig. 3) very little broader than long; chord of antero-lateral margin nearly as long as postero-lateral margin, and amply rounded; postero-lateral margin slightly sinuous, nearly straight. Surface very convex, more so from front to back than from side to side; punctate and very finely granulate. From either side of the widest part of the meso- gastric region a broad, nearly longitudinal furrow runs back to the intestinal region stopping short of the posterior margin. <A large but low swelling occupies the inner angle of the branchial region, and a larger but less well defined one adjoins it in an antero- lateral direction. From the lateral tooth a very blunt ridge runs backward and inward and upward on to the dorsal surface. At the end of this ridge and a little above and within the postero-lateral margin there is a round shallow depression. The postero-lateral margin is very thick and not clearly defined, the antero-lateral is thin but blunt and furnished with five small teeth behind the orbit; their tips are for the most part broken off; the anterior or first tooth is very slight, scarcely a tooth but a very oblique angle in the margin; the other teeth appear to be normal to the margin, the second one very small, the third and fourth larger and perhaps subequal, the fifth probably considerably larger, judging from a section of the base. The intervening sinuses are unequal and in the order of their length on the left side are 1.3.2.4.5, the first sinus longest, the fifth shortest. On the right side the first tooth is nearer the orbit. The upper margin of the orbit is approximately a semi- circle viewed from above, the outer angle narrow and well advanced; at the lower inner angle there is a strong, conical, subacute tooth, more advanced than the outer tooth. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 73 The under side of the carapace (pl. 2, fig. 4) is more coarsely granulate than the upper, the granules more distant; on the margins and along the pterygostomian ridge the granulation is fine and ‘close. The remains of the buccal cavity and the outer maxillipeds indicate the following: The buccal cavity widens forward, its an- ‘terior margin sinuous. The exognath and endognath of the maxil- lipeds are wide, the exognath widest at the middle; endognath obliquely placed, ischium widening distally, merus obliquely placed, its anterior margin fitting against the arch of the buccal margin. On the sternum at the base of the cheliped and either side of the proximal end of the terminal segment of the female abdomen there is a large tubercle obliquely compressed. The first five seg- ments of the mature abdomen are short, the sixth is nearly twice as long as the fifth, measured at the middle, and is longer at the sides, the distal margin being a broken line; terminal segment not quite so long. Surface coarsely and unevenly punctate. Length of cara- pace approximately (front margin broken off) 35 millimeters; width to base of lateral tooth, 44.6; fronto-orbital width, 23 millimeters. Cat. No. 369607, U.S.N.M. A pair of loose chelae, one with fingers (pl. 2, figs. 1 and 2), may belong to the holotype as they have the same rusty coloration and gloss. Left palm about two-thirds as high as right. A large tuber- cle opposite the digital sinus and an oblique line of three tubercles on the proximal half; the upper and middle tubercles are elongate and similar, the middle one shorter; the lowest one is conical; a lobe on inferior margin at proximal end. Upper margin incomplete in both palms but having three large tubercles, while the hinder portion in the smaller palm is produced in a lamina bearing three smaller tubercles (fig. 2, 3¢). An outer margin of the upper surface shows a few low swellings. The inner surface (pl. 2, fig. 2) has through the middle a short longitudinal line of granules, three on the larger palm, four on the smaller. Fingers of the larger chela similar, short, triangular in side view; prehensile edge largely occupied by two huge, low molariform teeth or tubercles. Paratype a: One concretion yielded not only the body of a crab but a manus. The front between the eyes is fairly well shown (pl. 2, fig. 6); the median teeth are separated by a very shallow sinus and are only slightly in advance of the lateral pair. Paratype 6 (pl. 2, fig. 5) shows the position of the outer maxillipeds and the basal antennal article (a). Males——Paratype c: The male (pl. 3, figs. 1 and 2) which was found outside a concretion is much larger than any of the females; carapace about 72 millimeters wide, but so damaged that few charac- ters are discernible. One lateral tooth (perhaps the third) remains (pl. 3, fig. 2¢); it is strong, conical, obliquely upturned; the inter- ART. 6 NEW EOCENE CRABS FROM TEXAS—RATHBUN 5 mediate marginal granules are of important size, almost tubercles. The surface is more even than in the smaller females. The right ‘cheliped is present and the stumps of three ambulatory legs (pl. 3, fig. 1). Cheliped massive, its chela as long as the carapace is wide. ‘Surface of carpus and chela coarsely granulate. Carpus (pl. 3, fig. 2) a little longer than wide; on the upper side a shallow groove runs parallel to the distal margin. Chela strongly curved both cross- wise and lengthwise following the conformation of the lower surface of the body. Palm (pl. 3, fig. 1) increasing rapidly in height from the proximal to the distal end, but not attaining a height equal to its length. The outer surface is bent strongly over horizontally to form an upper surface (pl. 3, fig. 2); the lower margin is very con- cave, accented by the strongly deflexed finger. Outer surface (pl. 3, fig. 1) with a high conical swelling (s) opposite the interdigital sinus and further back from the margin than in the female; of the three proximal tubercles only the uppermost (7) is preserved, a short longitudinal ridge highest at its middle and sloping down to either end. Upper surface of palm (pl. 3, fig. 2) oblique and convex in both directions except at the distal end, where there is a depression; its inner margin is marked by a row of four large tubercles on the proxi- mal half and a suggestion of two others on the distal half; its outer margin has near the middle three or four small and very low tuber- cles. Fingers very broad at the base where they meet when closed, but rapidly tapering to long, narrow, thick fingers, broad-oval in cross section, with subacute tips. Each finger (pl. 3, fig. 1) has at base on the occludent margin a large conical tooth or tubercle, the dactylar tooth folding within or proximal to the propodal tooth. Near the middle of the dactylus is a similar though smaller tooth; extremity of immovable finger unknown. The stump of the merus of the left cheliped suggests that the latter was much smaller than the right cheliped. The merus of the ambulatory legs is long and nar- row, the cross section narrow-oval. Paratype d: Distal half of dactylus of a larger male chela than any preserved showing a part of the large tooth at middle (pl. 3, fig. 5¢. Paratype e: A much worn left palm of medium size with stumps of fingers. The remoteness of the large tubercle from the fingers indicates a male. Paratype /: A piece of a left cheliped com- prising merus and carpus (pl. 3, fig. 3); the former is short and stout, not quite so high as long, its margins bluntly rounded except at the proximal end of the lower outer margin, which is drawn to a thin, sharp edge (¢). The subtriangular outer surface of the carpus ends proximally in a projecting point (p). Sex indeterminable. Hf. americanus, the first species of the genus to be described from the American continent, resembles several European species. In its 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 few and small lateral teeth it is like H. guadrilobatus (Desmarest) ,1 and H. sowverbiei (A. Milne Edwards) ;* in the shape of the major chela of the male it resembles H. macrodactylus (Milne Edwards) ;* while the astonishing sexual dissimilarity and inequality of the chelipeds is paralleled by H. punctulatus (Desmarest), which is de- scribed at length from abundant material by A. Milne Edwards.* The chelae of the female are of the same type as those of Zanthopsis leachit (Desmarest)* and have similar ornamentation. The carapace of H. americanus, however, though uneven is not lumpy as it is in even the smoothest of the Zanthopsis species. EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 Notosceles bournei Fies. 1-3. Paratype, near Kerens, Navarro County, dorsal view, X 1. 1. Dorsal view. 2. Ventral view. 3. Left profile, ventral side uppermost. 4, Holotype, 4 miles N. of Kerens, dorsal view, < 10. PLATE 2 Harpactocarcinus americanus Figs. 1 and 2. Chelae, supposedly of holotype, X 1144. 1. Outer view. 2. Inner view; St, 3 tubercles on lamina. 3and4. Holotype, 2, X 1%. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Ventral view. 5. Paratype b, ventral view, X 2;,a, basal article of antenna. 6. Paratype a, 2, fronto-dorsal view, X 2. & PLATE 3 Harpactocarcinus americanus Fies. land2. Paratype c, ¢$, X 1%. 1. Ventral view; e, end of movable finger ; r, uppermost of 3 proximal tubercles on palm; s, conical swelling opposite interdigital sinus. 2. Dorso-frontal view; ft, sole antero-lateral tooth; r and s, as above. 3. Paratype 7, merus and carpus of left cheliped, upper-outer view, XxX 1%; p, posterior angle of carpus; ¢, thin proximal-outer edge of merus. 4, Merus of a left ambulatory leg, outer view, X 2. 5. Paratype d, left dactylus of ¢, outer view, X 1%; ¢, tooth at middle. 1A. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool., ser, 4, vol. 18, 1862, pl. 4, fig. 1. 2Tdem, pl. 6, fig. 3. 8 Idem, pl. 10, fig. 1a. “Idem, pp. 68-70, pl. 8, figs. 1, 1a; pl. 9, figs. 1, 1a. 5 Bell, Monograph Foss. Malac. Crust. Great Britain, pt. 1, 1857 (publ. 1858), pl. 1. fig. 3. O U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 6 PL. 1 NOTOSCELES BOURNE! FROM THE EOCENE OF TEXAS ° FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 6 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 6 PL. 2 Ras | Se aes HARPACTOCARCINUS AMERICANUS FROM THE.EOCENE OF TEXAS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 6 ) U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 6 PL. 3 HARPACTOCARCINUS AMERICANUS FROM THE EOCENE OF TEXAS FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 6 th & ‘y nt Ad } A NEW FOSSIL REPTILE FROM THE TRIASSIC OF NEW JERSEY By Cyartes W. Ginmore, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, United States National Museum INTRODUCTION Through the generosity of Dr. C. N. Fenner of the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, the United States National Museum has come into possession of a fossil specimen of considerable scientific interest. Found in the Upper Triassic of New Jersey, this specimen is important as adding one more form to the meagerly known fauna of that geological period. Under date of October 19, 1926, Doctor Fenner wrote me regard- ing the discovery of this specimen as follows: It was found on or about September 10, 1926, by Herbert R. Fenner, 64 Broad Street, Clifton, at the intersection of the street with the tracks of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad. An excavation was being made there to change the grade of the street and carry it under the railroad tracks and the specimen had evidently been turned up in these operations. It was found as a loose slab. Search was made in the vicinity for the missing portions of the skeleton, but they were not found. While I was at my brother’s home last summer I visited the excavation a number of times and took note of the character of the strata. They consisted of the usual irregularly bedded alternations of reddish brown sandstone and shale that are characteristic of the Triassic of this region. There are occa- sional thin beds or strings of pebbles. Frequently the dividing surfaces between sandy layers were smooth, almost glossy, films of shale, such as might be left by the drying up of a pool of muddy water and very pretty rill mark- ings were common, but no mud cracks or ripple marks. The smooth films of shale carried many small circular markings, perhaps bubble rings. There were also numerous little oval lumps of which the structure was too poorly preserved for any definite conclusion, but they vaguely suggested replacements of vegetable growths, such as cones or collections of short, acicular leaves. The locality is about 0.3 mile to the east of the First Watchung trap ridge, and the gentle westerly dip would make the stratigraphic position about 400 feet below the base of the sheet, if there are no intervening faults. As you doubtless know, the Triassic of this region has been supposed to be entirely Upper Triassic. At first glance the specimen gives the impression of being in an excellent state of preservation, but this idea is soon dispelled when No. 2728.—PRocEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 73, ART. 7. 76979—28 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 its study is begun. Those details of structure so essential for reach- ing a satisfactory decision as to affinities and relationships are largely wanting, and for that reason its classification within the order Reptilia remains much in doubt. However, it seems to represent an undescribed genus and species for which the name Hypsognathus fennert is proposed, the specific name being in honor of Mr. Herbert R. Fenner, who found the type specimen. The illustrations were made by Mr. Sydney Prentice, draughtsman of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMEN HYPSOGNATHUS, new genus The characters of this genus are included in the following descrip- tion of the type and only species: HYPSOGNATHUS FENNERI, new species Type.—Cat. No. 11,648, U.S.N.M. Consists of bone impressions of much of the axial skeleton anterior to the pelvic region. Type locality—Clifton, Passaic County, New Jersey. Geological horizon.—Brunswick shale, Upper Triassic. When received the specimen was imbedded in a single block of sandstone, the ventral side downward (see pl. 1) and, with the ex- ception of some disarrangement of the neck vertebrae, the remaining parts of the axial skeleton more or less articulated. The posterior vertebral column, from a point in front of the sacrum, is missing, having been inclosed in another slab of rock which was not recovered. Likewise, the skull and upper parts of the vertebrae and ribs were held in the block of sandstone that split off the top of the specimen and for which unsuccessful search was made by Mr. Fenner. The lower jaws occupy their proper relative position in front of the verte- bral column, and the ribs of both right and left sides are spread out in sequential order on either side of the line of vertebrae. Of the appendicular skeleton only the proximal end of a humerus and por- tions of one foot are recognized; the latter, from its position in rela- tion to the skeleton is regarded as being the left manus. Unfortunately, the soft chalky nature of the fossil bone did not permit developing the skeleton along the usual lines by freeing it from the matrix, and it was only after some experimentation that it was decided to remove the bones so as to leave their natural molds in the rock. (PI. 2.) Casts were then made of these impressions, thus securing accu- rate replicas of many of the actual bones. For purposes of study and description these casts were found to serve almost as well as the originals. ART. 7 NEW FOSSIL REPTILE—GILMORE 3 Skull and lower jaws.—The skull is entirely missing except for the articular ends of the quadrate bones which remained in an articulated position in relation to the lower jaw. This fact leads to the conclusion that the skull was originally present. The impression left by the removal of the left quadrate shows the articu- lar end to have been bi-lobed. Measured across the quadrates the skull had a greatest width of 48.5 millimeters and from the ante- rior end of the rami to the center of the articular end of the quad- rate it measures 42.5 millimeters, which allows the inference that the length and width of the skull were about equal. The impressions left by the mandibles show them, to lie in perfect relation to each other. They are broadly separated behind, and in front turn strongly inward to form a relatively wide, broadly rounded anterior end. The two rami meet in a strong sutural symphysis in which apparently the splenial bones did not participate. The strik- ing characteristics of the man- dible are the great depth of the prearticular portion and the transversely swollen char- acter of the median portion of the jaws which enclosed the \“ large Meckelian orifice. The Fic. 1—HyrsocnarHus FENNERI, NEW SPECIES. “et 4 Typr, Cat. No. 11643, U.S.N.M. NaturaL posta ticular processes are Sizh. LOWER JAWS, INFERIOR VIEW. DRAWN relatively short, thin dorso- FROM A CAST MADE FROM THE NATURAL MOLD t ie bik ‘d ete IN THD ROCK. An, ANGULAR; (, CORONOID; ventrally but widened trans- D, DENTARY ; Sa. SURANGULAR; Sp, SPLPNIAL versely, especially on the outer border where a thin shelf of bone is developed that becomes gradually wider in an anterior direction, reaching its maximum width slightly forward of the cotylus of the jaw. This feature is clearly shown in Figure 1, a sketch made from a cast of the impression left in the rock. Viewed externally the angular is plainly visible as a triangular area interposed between the lower posterior end of the dentary and the lower anterior end of the surangular. The suture separating the angular from the surangular appears to pass backward nearly to the extremity of the jaw. The surangular is relatively short, its anterior extremity being about opposite the middle of the coronoid process. The dentary as usual forms the great part of the ramus and except for the dentigerous border its mold is completely preserved. Although much of the bony matter of the dentaries was present when the specimen was received, nowhere did I find evidence of tooth roots or the presence of alveoli. This would seem to indicate that if teeth were present they were not held in distinct sockets, and this 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 fact allows the suggestion that the dentation may have been acrodont in character. None of the sutures on the internal side of the jaws can be detected, rendering it impossible to differentiate the elements. Meckel’s groove is prominently developed and leads back to the enlarged cavity in the swollen part of the jaw. It would seem that the for- ward part of this groove was open and that it was not covered by the splenial as in many reptiles. ‘There seems to have been a small sub- circular internal mandibular foramen at a point immediately oppo- site the coronoid section of the jaw. (See fig. 1.) A slight indenta- tion immediately forward of the midlength of the ramus on the inner side strongly suggests the presence of a second but smaller foramen. The unusual height of the mandible as a whole, its relatively short surangular, receding chin, and transversely swollen portion posterior to the middle are all features found in the jaw of the cotylosaurian reptile Diadectes. Measurements Millimeters Greatest length of mandible______________ 46.5 Greatest width across center of symphysis. 14.5 Greatest width across posterior ends of Fie. 2.— HYPSOGNATHUS FEN- NS MC LM TL peer wes ite ee’ 48.5 NDRI, NEW SPECIES. TyYPH, ft Cam. No. 11643, U.S.N.M. Greatest depth of mandible at center______ +12. 5 ANTERIOR (1) DORSAL verTE- Greatest width of postecornoidal part______ 13.0 BRA, VIEWED FROM THE AN- Greatest width at center of ramus________ ie TPRIOR BND. NATURAL SIZE. E K a , DRAWN FROM A CAST MADE V ertebrae.—Evidence 1s found showing FROM THE NATURAL MOLD IN chat ais Fes the presence of at least 17 presacral verte- brae, but none is sufficiently well preserved to show the complete details of structure. Those immediately pos- terior to the lower jaws are widely scattered, but the remaining parts of the vertebra! column were in articulated series, except for a short gap near the posterior end of the slab. The centra are deeply amphicoelous and may have been noto- choidal, though there is lack of positive evidence of this last sugges- tion. Neither do I find any evidence of the presence of intercentra. The zygapophyses are of good size and have the articulating planes horizontal as in Seymouria and Telerpeton. The mold of a vertebra lying on its posterior face, immediately posterior to the right ramus (pl. 3) serves to illustrate the great conical concavity of the centra. Furthermore it shows the relatively large size of the neural canal, the high arch, and the general heaviness of the vertebra as a whole as shown in Figure 2. From its position in relation to the rest of the skeleton I am led to the conclusion that it pertains either to the posterior cervical or the anterior dorsal region. Ne ee an ae ee eee et ae ART. 7 NEW FOSSIL REPTILE—GILMORE 5 For the most part the dorsal vertebrae protruded into the over- lying block of sandstone which was split off and lost, and hence little _ knowledge is to be had of the upper portions of the remaining dorsal vertebrae. These seem to have had broad centra with slightly con- cave sides with a slight median keel developed on the ventral side. Five articulated centra in the mid-presacral region have a combined length of 44mm. Single vertebra vary from 714 to 8 mm. in length. These measurements indicate an animal approaching the size of Kotloskiosaurus, a colytosaurian from the Triassic of Germany near Coburg, described by Huene.* Telerpeton from the Triassic of Eligin, Scotland, has 24 presacral vertebrae in the complete series, and from the fragmentary evidence at hand it would seem that the specimen now before me may have had an equal number of vertebrae in the complete presacral series. fibs.—Impressions of 14 ribs of the left side and 11 of the right side are present. While only a few are preserved in their entirety, they show a gradual lengthening from the neck to the middle of the dorsal region, posterior to which they become progressively shorter and more slender. The longest rib measures 53 mm. from end to end. All of the ribs having a complete proximal end may be called single headed, though in reality both capitulum and tuberculum are probably present though connected. Williston? has suggested the term holocephalous for this type of rib articulation. He also points out that this form of articulation is almost invariable among the Cotylosauria, occurring occasionally in the Theromorpha and in the living Sphenodon. Those ribs that remain in articulated position, and there are at least eight of them, have their heads lying opposite the sides of their respective centra, a fact that seems to indicate their articulation to have been with transverse processes on the side of the vertebrae and not intercentral. Pectoral girdle—Two deep, slot-like impressions lying on either side of the vertebral column and in front of the longer ribs (fig. 3S), a position entirely in accord with the relative position of the pec- toral girdle, are doubtfully regarded as having been made by the blade portions of the scapulae. The one point opposed to such a conclusion is the fact that the greatest diameter of these impressions lies transverse to the vertebral series, whereas, in the properly articu- lated skeleton the longer diameter of these bones would be more or less parallel with the backbone. Further development might dis- close the true nature of these molds but this course was deemed inadvisable inasmuch as surrounding impressions would be destroyed. If these do represent the pectoral bones, and if they occupy their proper position in relation to the lower jaws, it would be evidence 1Huene, F. yon, Die Cotylosauria der Trias, Palaeontographica, vol. 59, 1919, p. 75. ? Williston, S. W., Osteology of the Reptiles, 1926, p. 113. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. T3 opposed to cotylosaurian affinities, as Williston states that “the pec- toral girdle [in the Cotylosauria] is almost invariably found lying immediately back of the skull, the front end of the interclavicle, indeed, between the angle of the jaws.” If this is true, I would favor an assignment to the Theromorpha on account of the longer neck. Fore foot.—The natural molds of a group of small disarticulated bones on the left side of the skeleton and clear of the rib ends are regarded as being the ele- ments of the left fore foot. (See fig. 3, F. Ff.) Two of the longest of these are thought to be metacarpal bones (see fig. 3, me.); the longest has a greatest length of 10 mm., the other 9.4 mm. The molds of some smaller bones lying anterior to the metacarpals may represent carpal bones, but I have been unable to identify any of them. Obscure indica- tions show the presence of phalangeal elements, includ- ing one slightly curved, Fie. 3.—HyYPsOGNATHUS FENNERI, NEW SPECIES. Typr, Cat. No. 11643, U.S.N.M. OUTLINE OF pointed, ungual phalanx that SKELETON AS FOUND IN THE Rock. Asour has a greatest length of 5.5 ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE. F. F'., BLEMENTS OF 2 : LEFT FORE FOOT; H, PROXIMAL END OF HU- mm. The preservation 1S MERUS; mc, METACARPALS; R, RIBS; Ra, such that I have been unable RAMI; S, SCAPULAE; V, VERTEBRAE; X, UN- OVO D ° apes at to positively identify the proper articulated relation- ships of any of these scattered bones. One of the metacarpal bones has a wide shaft with expanded extremities, while the longest has a shaft that is subcircular in cross-section. DISCUSSION OF RELATIONSHIPS In the absence of the skull and other diagnostic parts of the skele- ton no satisfactory conclusion has been reached concerning the family and other relationships of the specimen under consideration. The presence of holocephalous ribs, deeply amphicoelous vertebrae, den- tary of unusual height with receding chin, and mandible greatly ART. 7 NEW FOSSIL REPTILE—GILMORE 7 swollen transversely are a combination of characters in which Hypsognathus seems to show cotylosaurian affinities. On the other hand, as Dr. E. C. Case has pointed out to me, the relatively narrow and high neural arches of the vertebrae seem to be opposed to such a relationship. After an examination of a cast of the type specimen he says: l The neural arches of all cotylosaurs are low and very broad; this is high. _ I know of no exception to this rule, low broad neural arches in the Cotylosauria. _ Broili’s Solenodonsaurus is reported by him to have narrow neural arches, but others who have seen the specimen say this is obviously due to compression. Perusal of the literature shows the above generalizations to be cor- rect, though it seems to me they do not fully apply to certain of the cotylosaurians from the European Triassic described by Huene.* Reference is made to the vertebrae of Hoiloskiosaurus, which appears to have a neural arch equally as high and narrow as the vertebrae of Hypsognathus. ‘The spinous processes are likewise of nearly equal height. Furthermore, the lower jaw of Kioloskiosaurus in its con- siderable height with receding anterior end, and rapidly reducing height of the end posterior to the coronoid processes are features held in common with the mandible of Hypsognathus. If correct in my identification of a portion of a limb bone as being the proximal end of the humerus, this end is shown to be much expanded as in other coty- losaurian reptiles. The few metapodials preserved are also in accord with such relationships. While the evidence thus briefly reviewed is insufficient to certainly determine the affinities of the present speci- men to lie within the Cotylosauria, it nevertheless strongly suggests such relationship. Of the few known elements of the Upper Triassic fauna of North America Stegomosuchus longipes (Kmerson and Loomis) is the only form that need be compared with the present specimen. The larger size of Hypsognathus, the absence of dermal armor, the deeper heavier mandible, and the short and stout metapodials are a group of features that seem quite sufficient to show its distinctness from that species. In size and general proportions it closely approxi- mates (odloskiosaurus coburgiensis Huene, and in general appear- ance it would probably not be greatly unlike Huene’s restoration of that animal. On account of the several resemblances to certain Triassic coty- losaurians discussed above I propose to provisionally refer Hypsog- nathus fennert to the Order Cotylosauria in the hope that the discovery of better preserved and more diagnostic specimens will either confirm this tentative reference or reveal its true rela- tionships. 8 Die Cotylosauria der Trias, Palaeontolographica, vol. 59, 1912, pp. 69 to 102. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE 1 Hypsognathus fenneri, new species. Type, Cat. No. 11643, U.S.N.M. About three-fourths natural size. Shows the condition of the specimen as received. PLATE 2 Hypsognathus fenneri, new species. Type, Cat. No. 11643, U.S.N.M. About three-fourths natural size. Shows the natural molds of the various bones of the specimen after the removal of the chalky osseous matter. PLATE 3 Hypsognathus fenneri, new species. Type, Cat. No. 11643, U.S.N.M. More than three-fourths natural size. Wash drawing which more clearly depicts the form and relationships of the preserved skeletal parts, O U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 7 PL. i HYPSOGNATHUS FENNERI, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 8 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART. 7 PL. 2 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM HYPSOGNATHUS FENNERI, NEW SPECIES FOR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 8 PROCEEDINGS, VOL. 73, ART- wt PE. 3 U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM HYPSOGNATHUS FENNERI, NEW SPECIES FoR EXPLANATION OF PLATE SEE PAGE 8 A REVISION OF THE AMERICAN PARASITIC FLIES BELONGING TO THE GENUS BELVOSIA') & By J. M. Aupricu, Associate Curator, Division of Insects, United States National Museum The present paper contains descriptions of 36 species and 2 varieties of flies belonging to the genus Belvosia, of which 19 species and 2 varieties are new to science. It is based on the material in the United States National Museum, together with that in the American Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas, the Vienna Natural History Museum, and that in the private collections of C. W. Johnson, Prof. Jas. S. Hine, and Prof. A. L. Melander. Mr. C. H. Curran, in charge of the Diptera of the Canadian National Collection, kindly furnished paratypes of two of his species that I had not seen. I should especially mention the generosity of Dr. F. Maidl, of the Vienna museum, who sent all the material in that museum which had been studied? by Messrs. Brauer and Bergenstamm. Genus BELVOSIA Robineau-Desvoidy Belvosia RoBinEAv-DeEsvoipy, Myodaires, 1830, p. 103.—Osten SackeEn, Catalogue N. A. Diptera, 1878, p. 153.—Van DER WuLP, Biologia, Dipt., vol. 2, 1888, p. 29.—WIL.isToN, Insect Life, vol. 5, 1893, p. 238.—BravER and BereEnstaMM, Zweifl. Kais. Mus., pt. 6, 1893, p. 238.—Apams, in Williston’s Manual, 1908, pp. 372, 373.—TownsEenbD, Taxonomy Muse. Flies, 1908, p. 103.—Curran, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 22, 1927, p. 150. Latreillia Ropinzavu-Desvoipy, Myodaires, 1830, p. 104.—BravEeR and BrerGenstamM, Zweifl. Kais. Mus., pt. 4, 1889, p. 97; pt. 6, 1893, pp. 123, 204. Willistonia BRavER and BERGENSTAMM, Zweifl. Kais. Mus., pt. 4, 1889, p. 97; pt. 5, 1891, pp. 349, 403; pt. 6, 1893, p. 123.—TownsmNnp, Muscoid Flies, 1908, p. 103. Latreillimyia TowNsEND, Muscoid Flies, 1908, p. 105. Goniomima TowNnsEnD, Muscoid Flies, 1908, p. 105. Triachora TowNnsEND, Muscoid Flies, 1908, p. 105. Belvosiomima TownsEnND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 413. Belvosiopsis TOWNSEND, Revista Museu Paulista, vol. 15, 1926, p. 248. The sole original species of Belvosia was bicincta, new, from Carolina and the Antilles. Latreillia contained two American species, Musca No. 2729.—PROCEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, VOL. 73, ART. 8 78957—28——1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 bifasciata Fabricius and unzfasciata, new, as well as eight from the Old World. Brauer and Bergenstamm apparently indicated bifasciata as type, and this species was definitely designated by Coquillett,! Latrei- lia being preoccupied, Latreidlimyia was proposed to replace it, taking the same genotype. Willistonia had but one originally included species, Musca esuriens Fabricius. Goniomima had but one originally included species, Belvosia luteola Coquillett, which was also designated as type. Triachora had but one originally included species, Latreillia unifasciata Robineau-Desvoidy, which was also designated as type. Belvosiomima had but one originally included species, fostert, new, which was also designated as type. Belvosiopsis was proposed for the single species brasiliensis, new, also designated as type; this I place as a synonym of Belvosia leucopyga Van der Wulp. Thus it appears that there are seven different generic names to consider in this group, each based on a different type species. I have studied with care all the type species, with reference not only to the generic characters originally mentioned but to others which might have this value. In nearly 40 species, represented by about 700 specimens, there is such a complete blending of the characters that I can not find one which will divide the mass in a consistent manner; nor do I see how a satisfactory division can be made into half a dozen or more genera. ‘The genera have all been made on too few species, and the describers attribute higher value to length of antennae, dis- tance of vibrissae from oral margin, etc., than I can find. It is true that certain species when compared with each other seem generically distinct in the absence of others which connect them; and I thought for some time that two or three genera could be maintained. The genitalia are very homogeneous and the reproductive habits are the same throughout, as far as known. Willistony in his 1893 paper, discussed the characters in an able manner, and showed that those used by Brauer and Bergenstamm were not of generic value. He saw that if they were even specific there must be many more species than were then supposed, but left the question of specific limits for future study. The generic characters of Belvosia as here taken are as follows: | The head is uncommonly wide, but short, the anterior surface flat- tened; length at vibrissae not much less than at antennae; front broad | in both sexes; eyes bare; ocellar bristles absent, frontals varying widely in the sexes and in different species, from three irregular rows to one nearly regular; proclinate orbitals present in all females, and in the males of luteola, unifasciata, fostert, ochriventris, slossonae, and equi- noctialis ; vibrissae considerably above the oral margin, the distance in general about the same as the length of the second antennal joint; parafacials broad, bare; facial ridges always bristly to nearly one-half 1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, 1910, p. 558. ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 3 their height, often much more; penultimate joint of arista distinct and a little elongated, not geniculate; arista usually thickened for most of its length, sometimes flattened nearly to the tip; cheeks uni- formly a little less than half the eye height; palpi and proboscis nor- mal. Thorax with usually four sternopleurals (from three to six or more); scutellum with a row of long, depressed laterals, from four to six pairs, and sometimes a smaller, suberect, spiny apical pair, which are highly variable and poorly developed as a rule. The number of laterals is somewhat variable also and of slight importance in sepa- rating the species. Abdomen generally broad, never with discals, the genitalia of the male rather small and showing but feeble specific characters; they are of a common type, consisting of inner and outer pairs of thick, short forceps, the penis elbowed and ending in a vase- like opening. The wings are very uniform, third vein with only a few bristles at base, apical cell open far before the tip. Legs with good characters in the male pulvilli, which are usually enlarged, and with the bristles of the outer side of the hind tibia variously developed but subject to sexual variation in the species. The characters which seem most useful are the color of the small hairs below the lowest frontals, and the extent of the pale pollen on the third and fourth abdominal segments; other details of the pollen of the abdomen furnish many minor points, and these seem to be very constant in well-preserved specimens. I have omitted the tho- racic chaetotaxy almost entirely, as it is too uniform to give any spe- cific characters except in rare cases. A delicate character of some importance in males is the shape of the upper curve of the compound eye; where this is more broadly rounded the front does not begin to widen for a short distance from the vertex; but in some species (bifas- ciata, for example) the eye is narrow and almost pointed above, so that the front widens immediately from the vertex. The pollen of the parafrontals gives a number of good specific characters, especially in males. The frontal bristles I view with suspicion, as they seem highly variable. The length of the third antennal joint as compared with the second has a considerable value, although some variation must be expected. The pulvilli of the males offer several degrees of development, and seem constant for the sex and species. The nearest related genus is perhaps Atacta Schiner, in which the thoracic and abdominal structure are much like wnifasciata; it, how- ever, has a narrow front in the male, very flat facial ridges, frontal bristles reduced, and the ocellars are present. The reproductive habits are the same in all species as far as known; the females lay large numbers of minute eggs on foliage which are swal- lowed by caterpillars along with the leaf which they are eating. This is the second group of Pantel, which includes Gonia, Spallanzania, etc. The genus is known only from the New World. 10. 11. 13. 14. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 73 KEY TO SPECIES OF BELVOSIA . Fourth abdominal segment wholly shining black, the usual pollen absent__2. Fourth abdominal segment black, with a conspicuous large spot of pale pollen above, which does not extend down the sides nor reach the tip; abdomen elsewhere black (Argentina, Brazil) --____ weyenberghiana Van der Wulp. Fourth abdominal segment densely pollinose on basal half or more, the pollen extending down the sides and ranging in color from almost white to‘reddish' orange U2 2 Ua 252. Bs Uae ih a Ts eee ee ae 3. . Second abdominal segment with two or three pairs of spinelike median mar- ginal bristles; large, spinose, robust species (Bolivia) __manni, new species. Second abdominal segment with a continuous marginal row of about 18 bristles ; medium-sized, less spinose species (south Brazil). australis, new species. . Both third and fourth abdominal segments with pollen of deep orange or reddish color 22 02 22 ep Wah a ea pale hed | ahs pire sn eae ee 4, Polien not alike on the two segments, or else paler, at most golden______ 5. . Pollen of head brown except facial ridges and a spot on parafacial, where it ispsilvery.i( San Domingo) 22 Mugs soa oe ee es vanderwulpi Williston. Pollen of head silvery white (Jamaica) ____________ ferruginosa Townsend. . The small hairs below lowest frontals are pale and delicate___-_______-__ 6. These hairs are black and generally less delicate_________________--___ 14, . Fourth abdominal segment wholly pale pollinose to apex____--_-_-______ % Fourth abdominal segment with the tip black, including bases of marginal bristles (Sopithe vi oricla ts ei aaa a ea slossonae Coquillett. . Third and fourth segments of abdomen with broad, uninterrupted cross- bands of dense yellow pollen; basal abdominal segments black__-__-____ 8. Third segment not strongly contrasting with second, the band if broad clearly interrupted; abdomen generaly more reddish or yellow in ground WOO rj eek ee Saas aa a BAIS oS a LO aS ae LD) . Third segment densely yellow pollinose to tip, like the fourth (United SSE SRS) snc wa ea aN oA kl aa semiflava, new species. Third segment black at tip (Mexico, Brazil) _------_- mexicana, new species. . Second abdominal segment shining translucent yellow, with median black stripe (Porte Rico! ‘Berw) Uf 4 et aa ee ee See luteola Coquillett. Second abdominal segment with obvious pollen over most of its surface, or black:im @roundcolore22 Se oe a read 10. Ground color of abdomen yellow (Mexico, Panama). ochriventris Van der Wulp. Ground color of abdomen black, sometimes tending toward reddish but not Male ‘with!orbitils) bi) th aS map te ae a ay a ge de eee aa 13. . Third antennal joint black (Mexico, Peru, Ecuador) _-_recticornis Macquart. Third antennal joint almost entirely red (Brazil). recticornis var. ruficornis, new. Third antennal joint six times the second in the male, in the female three times; male pulvilli small (Paraguay, Brazil) --_--_-_--- fosteri Townsend. Third antennal joint hardly three times the second in the male, twice in the female; front pulvilli in male longer than last tarsal joint (Peru, Guate- mala} Porto; Bice) 2223 ten 4 eee equinoctialis Townsend. Fourth abdominal segment with dense yellow pollen to tip___-___-_____- 15. Fourth abdominal segment black at tip, including the bases of the marginal RV TERS Gea ESET BS oI ERO TRON cee el 22. he 16. yg 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. | ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 5 Pollen of second and third abdominal segments gray, that of fourth deep golden, strongly contrasting (northern species) ~__--_-__-__-_--------_ 16.. Pollen of second and third abdominal segments velvet black, that of fourth pale'golden: (Brazil) ic ccivollos solo pita y wiedemanni, new species. MoHEH NOE aS GeScriped s- Sus SAL ey ee ee ie Oe ee See Ne lee oo 17. Thorax indistinctly striped, male with orbitals; front in both sexes translu- cent yellow, shining, not pollinose (eastern United States). unifasciata Robineau-Desvoidy. Thorax very distinctly striped; male without orbitals; front much darker C@Varginia Meryl y fet Seay ie eae ed be ae ork omissa, new species. Large blackish species; male with large pulvilli_____________-_-________- 18. Moderate-sized species; male with small pulvilli except possible in vittata__20, Third abdominal segment wtih broad, deep yellow uninterrupted pollinose band matching the fourth and leaving only the apical quarter black (Memico ABrazil)) 0. Gis) wi tunes ieee NP ee mend ee mexicana, new species. Third segment not as described (compare canalis also) _-___----__-~------ 19. Third abdominal segment with very narrow basal pollinose band; male with outer forceps brown, not swollen (Mexico, Costa Rica; analis of authors). ciliata, new species. Third abdominal segment with interrupted pollinose band covering basal half; male with outer forceps yellowish except at tip, distinctly swollen (South America, Panama, West Indies) __--____ ciliata var. formosa, new. Thorax very distinctly striped; third antennal joint of male very long, seven or eight times the second (Paraguay) —----___________ vittata, new species. Thorax indistinctly striped; third antennal joint not so long__--__---__ Pale Third antennal joint red, hairs of cheeks pale yellow (Brazil). frontalis, new species. Third antennal joint black, hairs of cheeks blackish but delicate (Brazil). elusa, new species. Third abdominal segment with complete dense golden pollinose band cover- ing all but the apical fourth or fifth, which is black _________________ 20. Third abdominal segment wholly golden pollinose to the apex on the sides, a narrow hind margin along the middle of the dorsum black (Alberta, BLL GE i VCE) a a a a canadensis Curran. Third abdominal segment with narrower or distinctly interrupted cross- Third segment entirely black, the only pale pollen being on the fourth (Brazil) Venezuela) tes. 222285 < Sai ne ees ae 2 rhe leucopyga Van der Wulp. Cheeks with very thin pollen, the black ground color showing through; para- frontals shining black (Manitoba, Illinois, Kansas) _____ splendens Curran. Hee KS Wwithedense cwinlte OOM eee ee i ag eI 24. . Front calypter blackened, frequently the hind one also; wings blackish; Melee TAU LORMISLES shel Li Meet Mer ed ae A CP ES oe We ae et 25. Front calypter white or barely yellowish; wings brown; not so large____26. First and second abdominal segments with three pairs (rarely two) of median marginals; male with front pulvilli long, much longer than last tarsal joint. The largest species of all (United States, mostly northeast). borealis, new species. First and second abdominal segments with only a single pair each of median marginals; male with front pulvilli short, not equalling last tarsal joint (if with long pulvilli see mexicana) (United States, Guatemala). bifasciata Fabricius. 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 26. Male with bright silvery parafrontals; antennae black, third joint in male three times the second; facial ridges of male strongly bristly (eastern Wnited: States))vi6 se bve. whepe aah Pekiels papitata eal argentifrons, new species. Male with parafrontals generally with yellowish pollen, dull; antennae some- what reddish, third joint in male twice the second; bristles of facial ridges not uncommonly strong (United States) ____townsendi, new species. 27. Third antennal joint only a little longer than second; vibrissae more than two-thirds the length of the third antennal joint above oral margin (wide- SPOTC SUG) Pe eR a lo DA a rey age bicincta Robineau-Desvoidy. Third joint usually more than twice the second, vibrissae never more than half the length of the third joint above the oral margin_____________ 28. 28. With only a single row of frontal bristles, not counting the orbitals in Perm alle iis eerie 28 yy ete yh ee Mai a or pes ae a papas Ne Dl ee ae eh pt ee Nae 29. With at least: a partial second row of frontals..-__.--+_-=_--__ + _- 30. 29. Third abdominal segment with only narrow trace of poilinose basal band, male with bright silvery parafrontals (Brazil) ~-_____- potens Wiedemann. Third abdominal segment with pale yellow basal crossband covering half of cher segment s( Sak vac Ors) oss hk a) ye) aaa aed nigrifrons, new species. 30. Second abdominal segment with two or three pairs of median marginals; robust, spiny species (Guatemala, Brazil) _-_-___-_-______ lata, new species. Second abdominal segment with only one pair of median marginals as LSU Es) [epee Nw Vig A UMRAO OR OP EAP ROL Deak MME AIRMAN Loe CoA, gee Ey 31 31. Third abdominal segment with only a very narrow basal pollinose band, covering about one-sixth of its width (Brazil) _---____ smithi, new species. Third abdominal segment with interrupted band covering about one-half of its \widthe frameliyi a EEE Vee a i ae ee 32. 32. Hind coxae on inner side with two or three strikingly long, stout spines directed backward (Paraguay, Brazil, Cuba) —_____ spinicoxa, new species. Hind coxae with distinct but not striking bristles_______________________ 33. 83. Hind tibia stout, with coarse, irregular bristles on outer side (Brazil). esuriens Fabricius. Hind tibia with a dense row of almost even cilia on outer side__________ 34. 34. Second abdominal segment shining black, parafrontals in male dark plumbe- OUSHGBraZil MB ribishsG ular) oe ee Ne Nan ep ae williamsi, new species. Second abdominal segment opaque black, parafrontals in male with dense yellowish pollen (Canal Zone, Brazil) --_-__-__-_______ canalis, new species. BELVOSIA WEYENBERGHIANA Van der Wuilp Belvosia weyenberghiana Van DER Wo Pp, Tijdsch. v. Ent., vol. 26, 1883, p. 26. pl. 1, fig. 16. Male.—F¥ront at vertex 0.34 of the head width, the sides nearly parallel for a short distance; face, parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits white pollinose. Parafrontals with much thinner pollen, dark and subshining over most of their area. Frontal bristles very irreg- ular, hardly in three rows, more erect than in most of the species. The hairs of the upper parafacials are black; cheek nearly two- thirds the eye height, with black hairs, some quite bristly. Anten- nae blackish, the third joint quite short, one and a half times the second. Vibrissae about the length of the second antennal joint, above the oral margin; facial ridges with black bristles extending above the middle. Palpi yellow. ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 7 Thorax black, with gray pollen in front, becoming brown behind, decidedly so on the scutellum. Sternopleurals variable, from three to six. Abdomen black subopaque, of uniform color, except on the fourth segment, which has a very striking spot of pale yellow pollen cover- ing the whole upper surface except the apical fifth. This pollinose area bears no small hairs and ends abruptly at the sides. - Second segment with 4 to 6 marginals. Legs black. Front pulvill elongated, nearly twice the last tarsal joint. Hind tibia with a row of nearly a dozen bristles of increasing size on the basal two-thirds, a few coarse hairs with these and extend- ing to the tip. Wings almost black, fourth vein rather strikingly curved backward at the bend, which is rounded. Calypters blackish. Female-—Front 0.35 of the head width, widening from vertex. Front pulvilli small. Length, 10 mm. Redescribed from 1 male specimen collected at Sao Paulo, Brazil (Dr. A. Lutz), and 6 males and 10 females in the Vienna Museum, 12 of which are labeled ‘‘ Beske, Brasilien”; 3 are “ Natterer Brasil’’; 1 simply “Brasilien.” Three of these are added to the National Museum collection. The type was a male from Argentina. BELVOSIA MANNI, new species Female.—A large robust species without pale pollen on the abdomen. Front at vertex 0.38 of the head width, widening immediately from the level of the anterior ocellus. Parafrontals with thin plumbeous pollen, becoming shining in the middle region. Frontal stripes almost black, the frontal bristles in two irregular rows, besides three proclinate orbitals each side, the small hairs below the frontals are black. Parafacials and cheeks with almost white pollen, both very broad, the cheek fully one-half the eye height, with black hairs. Facial ridges with small bristles about halfway up. The vibrissae more than half the length of the third joint above the oral margin. Anten- nae black, the third joint less than twice the second and somewhat protuberant near the arista. Palpi dark yellow; beard white. Thorax decidedly black, with thin gray pollen which changes to dark brown on thescutellum. Scutellum with six pairs of long bristles in the described specimen, without any smaller apical suberect pair. Abdomen very broad, entirely black, rather dull, without distinct pollen. The first segment with three pairs of marginal bristles, the second with three on one side and two on the other, the third with a marginal row of about 14; the fourth with a row of about the same number situated at two-thirds of the length, a few smaller bristles on the extreme apex. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Legs black, claws and pulvilli yellow; hind tibia with six or eight suberect bristles on the outer side, just behind which are numerous sloping cilia. Wings dark brown, bend of fourth vein rather close to margin, the distance about half of that between hind cross vein and bend. Both calypters blackish. Length, 15.5 mm. Described from one female collected at Ixiamas, Bolivia, in Decem- ber, 1921, by Dr. W. M. Mann, while director of the Mulford Biological Exploration. Type.—Female, Cat. No. 40474, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA AUSTRALIS, new species Female.—Front 0.35 of the head width at level of the front ocel- lus, widening rapidly below; parafrontals with thin plumbeous pollen, having a blackish appearance in some directions but not actually shining. The frontal bristles mostly in a single row except three pairs of proclinate orbitals. The hairs below the frontals are rather numerous and distinctly black. Face, parafacial, and cheek shining white pollinose, almost silvery; vibrissae not so far above the mouth as in most species, the distance being somewhat less than the length of the second antennal joint; facial ridges bristly to the middle; antennae blackish, third joint one and a half times the second. Palpi yellow, rather large and swollen; beard white. Thorax black with gray pollen, that of scutellum dark brown. Abdomen wholly black, the last two segments rather shining, the first with two pairs of median marginals, the second with a complete marginal row of about 20, the third with a marginal row of 14, the fourth more shining black than in the preceding, with a submarginal row of smaller bristles, about 14 in number. Legs black, claws and pulvilli yellow, the hind tibia with a rather even row of sloping small bristles or stout cilia, about 25 in number, one below the middle somewhat larger. Wings dark brown; both calypters blackish. Length, 11 mm. Described from one female, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from the collection of C. W. Johnson, to whom the specimen has been returned. BELVOSIA VANDERWULPI Williston Belvosia vanderwulpi W1LLIston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 13, 1886, p. 303. Female (type).—Vertex 0.30 of head width. Head with brown pollen throughout except the facial ridges and an indefinite spot on the lower part of the parafacial; the facial ridges contrast strongly in color with the face, they being of a dull silvery or slightly plumbeous ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 9 color, which extends to the oral margin; frontal] bristles in a single row, the lowest two or three extending almost transversely toward the eye. Antennae black, second joint more than one-half the third; arista missing. Palpi black. The parafacial hairs below the frontals are black and rather strongly developed; the hairs of the cheek are also black. The hair on the back of the head and the beard are rather dark brown in color, a very unusual mark. Mesonotum damaged with glue so the pollen is spoiled. Sterno- pleural four on one side and three on the other. Calypters brown. Abdomen uniformly black on the first and second segments; the third and fourth uniformly and densely covered with pollen of a peculiar deep reddish orange or burnt orange color, which extends to the tips of the segments including the rows of bristles. The color of this pollen is very characteristic and quite unlike the common forms. Legs black. Wings brown with a distinct yellowish tinge along the front part near the base and becoming subhyaline around the anal angle. Bend of fourth vein slightly oblique, its distance from the margin only a little less than from the cross vein. Third vein with two bristles at base. Length, 13 mm. Redescribed from the type specimen, now in the University of Kansas collection; it is from San Domingo, West Indies. BELVOSIA FERRUGINOSA Townsend Belvosia ferruginosa TOWNSEND, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 22, 1895, p. 71. The original description is as follows: Length nearly 12mm. Eyes green in life; front brownish red on each side, more or less silvery pollinose; frontal vitta soft brownish golden; facial depres- sion, sides of face and cheeks, rich silvery white pollinose, cheeks hairv. Antennae dark brown, the third joint linear and nearly three times as long as second; arista brown; palpi brownish black, yellowish on tips; vertex somewhat yellow- ish; posterior orbits silvery white. Thorax and scutellum brownish red, the former thinly pollinos before, leaving the beginnings of four narrow vittae; poste- rior corners of mesoscutum yellowish, also a little yellowish behind humeri. Abdo- men of a beautiful iron-rust yellow, in the first and second segments the yellow shade predominating, in the third and fourth the iron-rust’shade; first segment brownish under scutellum; a median pair of macrochaetae on first and second, & marginal row on third and fourth segments. Legs soft blackish, pulvilli and claws yellow. Wings uniformly pale fuscous; tegulae same color. Bath, Jamaica (E. M. Swainson); bred from a lepidopterous chrysalis; one male, A beautiful species. Type in coll. Townsend. The type of this species appears to be lost, as it is not in the Uni- versity of Kansas collection where the other early types of Town- send’s are deposited. JI have not found any specimens which I could identify as belonging to this species. 78957—28——2 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 BELVOSIA SLOSSONAE Coquillett Belvosia slossonae CoQquiLLETT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 47, 1895, p. 312; Revis. Tachin., 1897, p. 84. Male.—Front 0.37 to 0.41 of the head width at vertex, inner mar- gins of eyes diverging only slightly, so that the front is nearly as wide as the face, rather prominent at the antennae. Parafrontals silvery on lower part, translucent brownish above except in diagonal view; frontal bristles in about three rows and there are in addition two pairs of proclinate orbital bristles as in female; face, parafacial, cheek, and posterior orbit silvery pollinose, the small hairs below the frontals are pale; cheek with pale hairs, and at the lower edge an irregular double row of black bristles. Palpi yellow; beard white. Antennae black, first two joints brown, third joint elongated and somewhat swollen at the origin of the arista, more than four times the length of the second joint. Arista thick and flattened, broad to the tip, which is bluntly rounded; its total length is about three- fourths of the third antennal joint. Vibrissae quite close to the oral margin, the distance being only half the length of the second anten- nal joint; facial ridges with stout bristles for more than two-thirds their height, almost up to the arista. There are some white hairs on the ridges outside of the bristles. Thorax black, densely cinereous pollinose, with four indistinct blackish stripes; pleurae with some pale, delicate hairs mixed with darker and larger bristles; scutellum black, the margin slightly reddish. Abdomen black, second segment with gray pollen, fading out near the middle in most angles, but in certain directions visible almost to the hind margin; third segment about the same, but with a more distinct black hind border; fourth segment with denser and slightly more yellowish pollen on the basal two-thirds, mixed with a consid- erable number of erect black hairs. None of the pollen of the abdo- men is very deep yellow. First and second segments with one pair of median marginals, third and fourth with a marginal row. Wings brown, more yellow basally; both calypters white, contrast- ing with the wing. Legs black, front pulvilli nearly as long as last two tarsal joints; hind tibia with a sparse, suberect row of about 13 bristles, the largest just below the middle. Female.—Front at vertex 0.38 to 0.41 of the head width; front not so brown as in the male; third antennal joint shorter and second longer, so that the third is hardly more than twice the second; the facial ridges are much less bristly than in the male. Length, 9-12 mm. Described from a series ‘of 5 males and 13 females, collected by C. H. T. Townsend at Miami, Fla., October 26-November 14; 2 ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH Il of these specimens were compared by Prof. A. L. Melander with the single female type of slossonae, formerly in the collection of Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson, but now in that of the American Museum of Natural History. It was collected by Mrs. Slosson at Charlotte Harbor, Fla. BELVOSIA SEMIFLAVA, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.40 of the head width, widening only a lit- tle for a short distance. Frontal bristles in three irregular rows, the parafrontals with white pollen becoming thinner and more gray above, the upper part black and subshining; face, parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits silvery white. Facerathernarrow. The hairs below the frontal bristles are pale with a yellow tinge. Cheek almost half the eye height, with pale hairs. Antennae nearly black, basal joint somewhat paler, the third joint a little more than twice the second- Vibrissae rather high above the mouth, facial ridges with half a dozen small bristles reaching about halfway up their length; palpi rather dark yellow, in some specimens brown. Beard white. Thorax black, not much pollinose except in front; scutellum more brownish. Abdomen deep black on first two segments, not very shining, the remaining two entirely covered with deep yellow pollen. First and second segments with a single pair of median marginals, third and fourth with marginal] rows of about 10. Legs black; front pulvilli elongated, but scarcely equal to the last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia with suberect row of bristles on outer hind side, one larger below middle. Wings brown, except toward base; calypters decidedly brown. Female——Front at vertex 0.40 (in two) of the head width; third antennal joint twice the second. Length, 11-13 mm. Described from 25 specimens of both sexes. The type and allo- type are from Rio Ruidoso, White Mountains, N. Mex., collected July 19, on flowers of Rhus glabra (Townsend); 15 specimens from Kan- sas (Bourbon, Franklin, Linn, and Cheyenne Counties; R. H. Beamer, Williams), received from University of Kansas; 1, Agricultural Col- lege, Miss. (Wheeler); 3, Clemson College, S. C. (Conradi); 1, Oak Grove, Va. (Townsend); and 3 from the Kansas collection labeled “W.T.’ in not very legible writing. I take these labels to be in Williston’s handwriting and to mean Washington Territory, but as the species is common in Kansas and not otherwise known from the Northwest I fear a mistake in labeling has occurred. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40467, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA MEXICANA, new species Male.—Front at vertex rather broad, 0.37 of head width in two specimens, widening almost immediately. Parafrontals gray pollinose 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 anteriorly, subshining near the vertex, the black color showing through on most of their surface. Frontals in three irregular rows. Face, parafacial, cheek, and orbit white pollinose with satiny reflection. The hairs below the lowest frontals are black, cheek with fine blackish hair. Antennae reddish brown on basal joints; the third joint black, a little more than twice as long asthe second. Vibrissae considerably above the oral margin, the distance being about equal to the second antennal joint. Facial ridges bristly almost to the arista. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black with thin pollen anteriorly, posterior part and scu- tellum brown. Abdomen black on the two basal joints, the third with broad golden yellow band covering all but the apical fourth; fourth entirely golden pollinose; first and second segments each having one pair of median marginal bristles; third and fourth with a marginal row. Legs black, front pulvilli elongated, as long as last two tarsal joints- Hind tibia with numerous large, irregular bristles on outer side. Wings and calypters dark brown. Female.—Front at vertex 0.40 of the head width. Length, 13.5-14 mm. Described from two males and one female. The type is a male from Federal District, Mexico (E. G. Smyth), the other male is labeled simply ‘‘ Mexico,’ while the female was collected at Campi- nas, Brazil (F. X. Williams), 1924. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40482, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA LUTEOLA Coquillett Belvosia luieola CoQuiLLETT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 253. Goniomima luteola TowNsEND, Taxonomy of Muscoid Flies, 1908, p. 105. Male —Front 0.40-0.41 of the head width at vertex, not widening very rapidly; frontal bristles in two or three sparse rows, quite irreg- ular; two pairs of proclinate orbitals. Parafrontals yellowish polli- nose on lowest part, the remainder translucent and subshining; face, parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits silvery on light ground color. Hairs of upper parafacial and cheek white. Antennae with basal joints reddish brown, third joint black, elongated, four times the second. Arista flattened nearly to the apex, which is acute. Vibris- sae not very far above the oral margin, the distance equaling the length of the second antennal joint; facial ridges with about six bris- tles, not quite reaching the level of the arista; several small white hairs outside the bristles. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black with rather dense yellow pollen, the usual stripes narrow and distinct; sternopleurals three or four; scutellum dark yellow in ground color. art. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 13 Abdomen subtranslucent yellow in ground color, except a median dorsal stripe which is black. Second segment when viewed from behind covered with yellow pollen at the base, which thins out pos- teriorly; the third segment has a much denser coating of yellow pol- len, which, however, is not distinctly visible in some angles. The hind margins of the second and third segments are shining in all angles; fourth segment smaller than in most species, densely covered with yellow pollen to the apex. First and second segments with single pair of median marginals, those on the first quite small; third and fourth segments with a marginal row of about eight. Geni- talia a little larger in proportion than in some of the species, outer forceps very slender and straight, blunt at tip; inner forceps broad at base with long hairs on the middle portion which extend forward beyond the apices. Legs black; front pulvillismall, shorter than last tarsal joint. Hind tibia with irregular bristles, one larger at middle. Wings decidedly brown, the veins a little yellow toward the base. Calypters almost pure white. Length, 9-11 mm. Redescribed from the single male type, Vieques Island, P. R., Feb- ruary, 1899 (August Busck); and from seven additional males col- lected at Chosica, Peru, 3,000 feet, May 8 and 9, 1913, on flowers of Mikania (C. H. T. Townsend). BELVOSIA OCHRIVENTRIS Van der Wulp Cnephalia ochriventris VAN DER WULP, Biologia, Dipt., vol. 2, 1890, p. 47. Male.—Front at vertex 0.35 of the head width, not widening very rapidly for a short distance. Parafrontals yellow pollinose, near the vertex showing a darker and subshining ground color. Frontal bris- tles in three irregular rows, with two pairs of proclinate orbitals; face, parafacials, and cheeks silvery with a tinge of yellow; posterior orbits more densely yellow. Antennae reddish about to the arista, remain- der black; third joint rather slender except at base, three times the second. Arista distinctly flattened but the apex acute. Vibrissae considerably above the oral margin, the distance equal to the length of the second antennal joint; facial ridges with about eight bristles extending up almost to the arista. Palpi yellow. Parafacials with pale yellow hairs above in an uncommonly large patch; cheek with hairs of same color, and there are some additional ones on the facial ridges outside the bristles; beard pale yellow. Thorax black with dense, yellowish-gray pollen showing only very narrow, longitudinal lines. Scutellum rather yellow in ground color with dense yellow pollen. Abdomen red in ground color except in an almost hidden median stripe; first segment subshining at the sides, remainder of the abdo- 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 men rather uniformly covered with deep yellow pollen, the hind margins of second and third segments not shining, the fourth seg- ment has this pollen to the apex. First and second segments with a single pair of median marginals, third with a marginal row of 8 or 10, fourth with a submarginal row of 8 considerably smaller. Legs black, front pulvilli elongated, equal to the last two tarsal joints. Hind legs missing in the specimen. Wings light brown, yellow toward the base. Calypters rather pure yellow. Female.—Front at vertex 0.37 of the head width, with three pairs of orbitals. Antennae more yellowish, rather slender, the second joint a little more than half the third in length; facial ridges with three widely spaced bristles on one side, two on the other above the vibrissae. Other characters as in the male. The second and third abdominal segments at some angles show a shining reddish hind mar- gin, in other angles this disappears. Length, 10-11 mm. Redescribed from two spevimens; one male from Higuito, San Mateo, Costa Rica (Pablo Schild); and one female, Potrero, Mexico, April 10,1923 (H. T. Osborn), reared from ‘‘ army worms,’’ identified for Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. Originally described from the State of Guerrero, in southern Mexico. Type.—Iin the British Museum. BELVOSIA RECTICORNIS Macquart Gonia recticornis Macquart, Dipteres Exotiques, Suppl. 5, 1854, p. 118 sep. 98). a nh te recticornis BRAUER, Sitzungsber. Kais. Mus., vol. 106, 1897, . 354, Balosia bella Gtauio-Tos, Boll. R. Univ., Torino, vol. 8, 1893, No. 158, p. 3; Ditt. del. Mess., pt. 3, 1894, p. 30, fig. 6. Male.—Front 0.30 to 0.32 of the head width at vertex, not widen- ing rapidly for a short distance, beyond which the inner margins of the eyes diverge rapidly to the lower part so that the face is broad. Frontal bristles mostly in two irregular rows, the parafrontals with rather dense yellowish-gray pollen anteriorly, which becomes only a little thinner toward the vertex. Face, parafacials, cheeks, and pos- terior orbits silvery pollinose with a very slight yellowish cast, the small hairs below the lowest frontals pale and those of the cheek also mostly pale. Antennae brownish black, a little more reddish basally, the third joint about three times the second, considerably broadened in the neighborhood of the arista. The distance from the vibrissae to the oral margin is about equal to the length of the second anten- nal joint; facial ridges with strong bristles almost up to the arista; palpi reddish brown to brown. Thorax black, somewhat cinereous on the anterior part, the hind angles a little reddish; scutellum nearly black. ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 15 Abdomen black, second segment with a narrow and sometimes rather indistinct basal pale crossband interrupted in the middle; third segment with a gray pollinose crossband, interrupted in the middle, its width depending very much on the angle of view, some- times covering all but the apical third of the segment, but in most angles about half; fourth segment densely light yellow pollinose to the extreme apex, the upper surface bare, or with a few scattered hairs; first and second segments with a pair of median marginals, third with a row of 8 or 10, fourth with a row of about 6 smaller. Legs black, front pulvilli elongated, equal to the last two tarsal joints; hind tibia with a row of bristles the whole length, one larger at the middle. Wings brown, both calypters of the same color. Female—Front at vertex 0.33 to 0.35 of the head width; facial ridges less bristly, third antennal joint about two and one-half times the second. Hind tibia with a row of suberect bristles of increasing size on the basal three-fifths, a few smaller beyond. Length, 9.5-11.5 mm. Redescribed from 34 specimens of both sexes. Nine were reared by James Zetek at Fort Amador, Canal Zone, from Hylesia sp. (Zetek 2445); five from Balboa Heights, Canal Zone (Zetek 2142); one from Ancon, Canal Zone, reared by Zetek from Hylesia darlingi Dyar (Zetek 1212); six from Ancon, Canal Zone (A. H. Jennings), one of them reared from Hylesia sp.; five specimens from Porto Bella, Panama (A. Busck); two specimens, Paraiso, Canal Zone, bred from Hylesia (A. Busck) ; one from Corozal, Canal Zone (Busck) ; one specimen from Misantla, Mexico, reared from Hylesia alinda (Wm. Gugelmann); four specimens, Guayaquil, Ecuador (J. B. Rorer). Type—The type of bella is a female labeled ‘‘Mexico”’ in the Zoological Museum of the Royal University at Turin, Italy. I have not seen it. Until I saw the Vienna Museum material I had called this species bella Giglio-Tos. In that collection are two series of 20 specimens in all. The first, of 12 specimens from Brazil, determined on the individual specimens as Willistonia by Brauer and Bergenstamm, has a label on 1 specimen, ‘‘Gonia recticornis Mcq. Vidi Typ. Br.” This connects with Brauer’s notes on the Macquart types in the Bigot collection, which he received from Verrall for study; in these notes, cited above, Brauer writes that an undetermined species in the Vienna Museum is the same as the Macquart type. He also says that pfeifferi Schiner MS. is closely related but somewhat smaller. This connects with the second lot of the Vienna material, eight specimens under Schiner’s name. These are labeled “Ind. or.?” and “ Pfeifferi det B. B.” These do not differ, except slightly in size, from the first series. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 BELVOSIA RECTICORNIS variety RUFICORNIS, new Male.—Front 0.32 and 0.33 of the head width at vertex, widening but little for a short distance, then more rapidly. The face and posterior orbit are silvery white, the facial ridges, parafacials, and cheeks pale yellow pollinose with satiny reflections; parafrontals rather more deeply yellow pollinose, the upper third, however, sub- shining and somewhat dark; frontals in three very irregular rows, the hairs below them pale yellow, as are also those of the cheek and a few on the facial ridges outside the bristles. Cheek almost half the eye height; antennae red, the third joint tending to become a little brown in the male, more distinctly so in the female. The third antennal joint two and a half times the second, arista thickened almost to the apex, the tip, however, slender. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, the sides and scutellum obscurely yellowish, the pollen moderately dense in front. Abdomen brownish black, second segment with interrupted, basal, light yellow crossband, which in some lights extends almost to the middle of the segment, gradually fading out; third segment with a similar but somewhat more distinct crossband which from some angles covers considerably more than half of the segment; fourth segment covered with dense yellow pollen to the apex; first and second segments with a single pair of median marginals, third with a marginal row, fourth with a submarginal weaker row. The yellow- ish pollen on the second and third segments is distinctly visible underneath and not so changeable as above. Legs black; front pulvilli as long as the last two tarsal joints; hind tibia with a row of bristles of increasing size on basal three-fifths, only a few sloping hairs adjacent to these. Wings light brown, both calypters pale yellow in color. The pteropleura and adjacent parts bear a considerable cluster of fine, yellow hairs. Length, 10-11 mm. Female.—Front 0.37 of the head width, the upper part of the parafrontals subshining, but this region is not sharply limited. Described from three specimens, Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith), from the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, and one female from the Vienna Museum, bearing only the label, “‘potens p. p. 266. Coll. Winthem.” Paratype.—Male, Cat. No. 40475, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA FOSTERI Townsend Belvosiomima fosteri TOowNSEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, 1915, p. 413. Male.—Front 0.45 of the head width at vertex; the eyes diverge from each other along their inner border very slightly so the face in ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELYOSIA—ALDRICH LZ its lower part is not much wider than the vertex. Frontal bristles in several irregular rows; three proclinate orbitals present; face and parafacials silvery, cheeks and posterior orbits with a yellow tinge, the hairs on the upper parafacial pale, also those of cheeks and some just outside the bristles of the facial ridges. Facial depression decidedly deep, the vibrissae not much above the mouth, facial ridges with very strong bristles almost to the arista. Antennae red at base, third joint becoming brown beyond the arista and nearly black at tip; second antennal joint short, only about one-sixth the length of the third, which is considerably elongated. Arista flattened almost to the apex, which is acutely pointed. Palpi yellow; beard pale yellow. Thorax black with thin gray pollen; scutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen black, the sides tinged with reddish in ground color. Second segment with indistinct pale yellowish band, very narrow in most angles, sometimes, however, spreading almost across the segments; third segment with yellow pollen covering almost three-fourths of its length in the most favorable light, but so changeable that it usually seems to cover about one-half; fourth segment entirely deep yellow pollinose with scattering erect hairs. First segment with a small pair of median marginals; second with a normal pair; third with a marginal row; fourth with a sparse marginal row smaller than those on the third. Genitalia small, brown. Legs black; front pulvilli minute; hind tibia on the outer side with a suberect, irregular row of about 10 bristles. Wings slightly infuscated, bend of fourth vein with or without slight appendage. Subepaulet orange yellow, calypters pale yellow. Female.—Front at vertex 0.43 to 0.44 of the head width. Third antennal joint hardly three times as long as the second, more slender at the base than in the male. Abdomen much more reddish than in the male. Length, 10-11 mm. Redescribed from original type series, two males and one female, Sapucay, Paraguay (W. T. Foster); and one male sent by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, collected by F. X. Williams at Campinas, Brazil. ‘ Type.—Female, Cat. No. 19607, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA EQUINOCTIALIS Townsend Triachora equinoctialis TowNSEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, 1912, p. 348. ? Belvoisia insularis Curran, Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 260, 1927, p. 4. ? Belvosia antilliana Curran, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 22, 1927, p. 151, in key but not described; Mr. Curran informs me that by an oversight this name was not changed to insularis as intended. It is the same species. 78957—28——3 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 73 Male.—Front at vertex 0.37-0.39 of the head width, widening from about the level of the posterior ocelli. Frontal bristles in three irreg- ular rows, with two pairs of proclinate orbitals. Parafrontals with yellowish pollen anteriorly, most of their surface subshining and rather dark, a little translucent. Face, parafacials, cheeks and posterior orbits silvery white, the small hairs below the frontals white; cheek with white hair. Antennae reddish-yellow about to arista, remainder more blackish. Third joint hardly three times the second. Arista decidedly flattened almost to the apex, which is more blunt than usual. Vibrissae not far above the edge of the mouth, the distance being about half the length of the second antennal joint. Facial ridges with 6 or 7 bristles extending up almost to the level of the arista. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, with rather uniform thin gray pollen. Scutellum reddish. Abdomen red in ground color at the sides, black in the median portion; second segment with changeable yellowish pollen which is thin and almost invisible over most of the surface, leaving the shining red and black ground color distinctly visible in most angles. Third segment much more densly pollinose with deeper yellow. A median narrow black stripe usually and an apical black or reddish shining band always visible; fourth segment entirely yellow pollinose with scattered black hairs in addition to the usual apical bristles. First and second segments with a single pair of median marginals, third with a row of about 12. Genitalia small, the outer forceps somewhat longer than the inner and decidedly sharp at apex. Legs black, pulvilli elongated, the front ones almost equal to the last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia with a row of unusually erect bristles on the outer side. Wings considerable brownish at base, less so apically. Calypters whitish, the anterior with a slight yellow tinge, both with yellow rim. Female.—Front at vertex 0.35-0.37 of the head width. Three pairs of proclinate bristles, antennae more slender, third joint less than double the second. Facial ridges with only three or four bristles. Length, 9-10 mm. Redescribed from the type lot, consisting of five males and two females collected at Piura, Peru, August 28 and September 4 and 8, 1910 (C. H. T. Townsend); the museum also has two additional males from Peru (Townsend), and Professor Hine has sent a female which he collected March 18, 1905, at Panzos, Guatemala. Jnsularis was described from a single female from Barrios, P. R., which I had pre- viously compared with this typeseries and with some doubt pronounced identical. Type—Female, Cat. No. 15191, U.S.N.M. ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—-ALDRICH 19 BELVOSIA WIEDEMANNI, new species Male.—F ront at vertex 0.33 and 0.34 of the head width, widening almost immediately. Face and parafacials, cheeks and posterior orbits light grayish-yellow pollinose. Parafrontals are the same color anteriorly, posterior part a little darker. Frontal bristles very irregularly placed, hardly in three rows. Hairs of upper parafacials black and coarse, few in number. Hairs of cheek pale and fine. Palpi brownish red; antennae nearly black, second joint and extreme base of third a little brown. Arista not flattened, tapering to a fine point. Third antennal joint rather long, three times the second. Vibrissae about the length of the second antennal joint, above the edge of the mouth. Facial ridges bristly almost to arista; the face not much depressed. Pollen of mesonotum gray; scutellum subshin- ing black. Abdomen almost entirely velvet black above, except the fourth segment which is densely covered with pale yellow pollen to the apex. First abdominal segment without median marginal; second with a single pair; third with a marginal row of 14 or more; fourth with a submarginal row of about 12. Legs black, front pulvilli rather large but hardly longer than the last tarsal joint. Wing blackish. Female.—Front at vertex 0.32 and 0.34 of the head width. Length, 10 mm. Described from eight males and five females sent from the Vienna Museum. The specimens have evidently been taken out of alcohol and are somewhat shriveled, hence the width of the front may not hold good with fresh specimens. They all bear the same labels “Hetschko 89 Blumenau,” “copulata det. B. B.’’; ‘Coll. Winthem.”’ Two males and two females, paratypes, are retained in the National Museum collection, the remainder including the type returned to the Vienna Museum. The species Tachina copulata Weidemann was based upon two specimens belonging to very distinct genera, one of these belonging to the genus Hystricia has already been designated as the type, hence a new name is necessary for the present species. J have discussed the original specimens in these Proceedings (vol. 72. 1927, art. 7, p. 10). Paratype-——Male and female, Cat. No. 40564, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA UNIFASCIATA Robineau-Desvoidy Latreillia unifasciata RopinEAU-Desvorpy, Mycdaires, 1830, p. 105. Exorista flavicauda RiuexY, Second Missouri Report, 1870, p. 51; Gen. Index Mo. Repts , p. 88, quoted. Belvosia unifasciata CoQquILLeETtT, Revis. Tachin., 1897, pp. 10, 84.—JoHNson, Cat. Ins. of New Jersey, 1899; ed. 2, 1909.— FELT, 21st N. Y. Report, 1905, py. 65.—Jounson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 437.— BRIMLEY, Ent. News, vol. 33, 1922, p. 21. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Goniomyia unifasciata SHERMAN, Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 8, 1915, p. 299.— Brirron, Check-List Dipt. of « onn., 1920. Triachora unifasciata TOWNSEND, Muscoid Flies, 1908, p. 105. Male.—Front at vertex 0.36 to 0.39 of the head width, the eyes not diverging very much to the lower part of the face. Parafrontals with a little pale pollen below, most of the surface dark and subshin- ing. Frontal bristles in three irregular rows, with the addition of two or three proclinate orbitals. Below the lowest frontals are some rather conspicuous dark hairs which in some specimens and at some angles may appear pale in color, at least partly. Face and parafacials white, almost silvery, the former rather broad on the lower part and the latter considerably narrower below than in most species. Cheek about one-fourth the eye height with yellow pollen and mostly black- ish hairs. Antennae red at base, third joint black, nearly four times the second. Arista flattened in a uniform width almost to the apex. Vibrissae not very far above the mouth, the distance a little less than second antennal joint; facial ridges bristly almost to the arista. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, rather densely gray pollinose, the stripes slender. Scutellum entirely black. Abdomen black, gray pollinose on the first and second segments, the latter more shining at tip; third segment with pollen slightly more yellowish; fourth segment with deep golden pollen to apex. First and second segments each with a single pair of median mar- ginals; third and fourth with a marginal row. Legs black, front pulvilli minute; hind tibia with coarse sloping bristles mixed with hairs on the outer side. Wings light brown. Calypters white, the margin a little darkened. Female—Front at vertex 0.36 of the head width, the same in three specimens. Facial ridges more flattened than in the male. Third antennal joint hardly twice the second. Length, 9.5-11 mm. About 100 specimens of this species have been examined. Those belonging to the National Museum collection include the following: Two types of Hxorista flavicauda Riley from Missouri; 1 specimen from Georgia; 2 from New York (Southwick); 38 from the District of Columbia and adjacent Virginia and Maryland, collected by Town- send, McAtee, Shannon, Greene, Quinter, and Aldrich; 14 from Mount Holyoke Gap, Mass. (Townsend); 1, Clarke County, Va. (Aldrich); 2, Chesapeake Beach, Md. (Aldrich). In the Aldrich col- lection, recently donated to the National Museum, are 18 specimens from Lafayette, Ind., and 4 from Ghent, N. Y., 2 from Castle Rock and Fern Rock, Pa. (Harbeck); 1, Habana, Cuba (C. F. Baker). From Dr. A. L. Melander three specimens were received, one from Dixie Landing, Va. (Townsend); one from Pennsylvania and one ART. § REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 21 from Illinois (Forbes). From Prof. Jas. S. Hine were received 1 specimen from West York, Miss., and 16 from Ohio, collected by him at Sandusky, Jefferson, Ira, Fort Ancient, Columbus, and Cincinnati. From the American Museum were received one specimen from Forest Hill, N. J. (Weidt); one, Valley of Black Mountains, N. C. (Beuten- miiller); one from Mount Vernon, N. Y. (Weidt). The last is a male without orbitals but agreeing otherwise and no doubt belonging to this species. This species has been reared from the army worm several times, first by Riley (the type of Eworista flavicauda). Sherman has pub- lished some notes on this habit in the Journal of Economic Ento- mology (vol. 8, 1914, p. 299). We have no other host record. The type was from Philadelphia, in the Dejean collection. BELVOSIA OMISSA, new species Male.—Front broad, 0.40 of the head width at vertex (the same in four specimens), narrowest at the level of the front ocellus, evenly widening to the lower part of the face. Parafrontals shining dark gray, gradually more pollinose toward the frontal stripe, the frontal bristles in three irregular rows; no orbitals, a few dark hairs below the lowest of the bristles. Parafacials silvery-white, the face more pure white, cheek nearly half the eye height, thickly covered with dark hairs; facial ridges rather flattened, strongly bristled nearly to the arista. Vibrissae not very much above the edge of the mouth, the distance equaling hardly more than half the second antennal joint. Antennae black, the second joint rather reddish-brown, the third fully four times the second. Arista tapering from near the base, apical portion slender. Palpi brown; beard white. Thorax black, including scutellum; the dorsum gray pollinose, leaving four shining black stripes very perceptible to the naked eye, the inner pair extending only a short distance behind the suture; a short dark median stripe just before the scutellum. First three segments of abdomen black with rather a uniform gray pollen, which, however, is slightly changeable in some lights; fourth abdominal segment entirely deep orange pollinose on same ground color. First segment without median marginals; second segment with one pair; third segment with a marginal row of about 14; fourth segment with a subapical row of about 10, and rather numerous black hairs scattered over the pollinose surface. Genitalia small, the inner forceps short, black; the outer forceps yellow and considerably swollen, about as long as the inner. Legs black, front pulvilli shorter than last tarsal segment, the other pulvilli small. Hind tibia with a single dense row of rather short cilia on the outer hind side with one stout bristle just beyond the middle. yp PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Wing subhyaline, brownish along the veins, the third vein with three or four small setules at base. Both calypters white. Length, 11 mm. Female.—Front 0.40 of the head width, with three stout proclinate orbitals on each side; palpi brownish-yellow; third antennal joint three times the second. Length, 11.5 mm. Described from five males and one female collected near Washing- ton, D.C. The type and one other male are from Falls Church, Va., collected June 10, 1913 (S. A. Rohwer), on flowers of chestnut. Another male was collected near Glen Carlyn, Va. (W. L. McAtee), June 11, 1916; one at Difficult Run, Va., September 14, 1913 (Shannon); and the fifth one at Plummer Island, Md. (H. L. Viereck), July 4, 1916. The single female (allotype) was collected at Falls Church, Va. (C. T. Greene), on Ceanothus flowers, July 4, 1917. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40473, U.'S.N.M. BELVOSIA CILIATA, new species Male—Front 0.30 to 0.31 of the head width at level of anterior ocellus, widening gradually for a short distance, then more rapidly; frontal bristles in three irregular rows, the hairs below them black and rather coarse; parafrontals with gray pollen below which becomes very thin above, so that the dark ground color shows through to some extent; face, parafacial, cheek and posterior orbit silvery white; cheek with black hairs. Vibrissae a little higher above the epistoma than in most of the species but not quite as high as in bicincta. Facial ridges with strong bristles almost up to the arista; third antennal joint black, rather slender, concave on front side, hardly twice as long as the second, which is reddish brown in color. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, the sides and scutellum reddish, anterior part with thin gray pollen and with inconspicuous stripes. ; Abdomen black, sometimes slightly reddish on the sides, the sec- ond segment with at most a mere trace of pollen at base, sometimes none; third segment with a narrow interrupted basal band of pale pollen, or sometimes none at all on upper surface; fourth segment with whitish or pale yellow pollen extending to the tip. First and second segments each with one pair of marginal bristles, third with a marginal row, fourth with a rather scattered submarginal row smaller than those on the third segment. Legs black, front pulvilli fully as long as the last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia with dense, stout cilia apparently in several rows close together. cies ae he age : <> tece F a ee eae > = “ z — re) ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 23 5 Wings and both calypters brown. Female——Front rather narrow for this sex, measuring at vertex _ 0.35 to 0.37 of the head width; three pairs of proclinate orbitals. Length, 12-14 mm. Described from 24 specimens of both sexes. The principal series, including type and allotype, were reared by Hy. Edwards from a _ Hesperid, collected in Mexico, without more definite locality. This series, including 11 specimens, bears the Edwards number 15671 and is received from the American Museum of Natural History. Other specimens received from the same museum include three from Tacubaya, D. F., Mexico (William M. Wheeler), and one from Brazil _ (H.H.Smith). In the National Museum collection are the following _ specimens: One from Ancon, Canal Zone, collected by A. H. Jennings, identified by Coquillett as Belvosia analis Macquart; one from Mex- ico without collector, with the same identification; one labeled ‘‘on Automeris leucane Mex.’’; one, Mexico City (O. W. Barrett) from the collection of C. W. Johnson; two, Federal District, Mexico (one from Juan Miiller); one, Jalisco, Mexico, bred from Copazxa laven- dera ?, reared by H. L. Bowers; one, Cordoba, Mexico, collected by Wiliam Schaus; one female from Mountain Grove, Mo. (M. P. Somes). In Professor Hine’s collection there is one specimen from Mexico. There is another in the Canadian National Collection. Paratypes.—Males, Cat. No. 40476, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA CILIATA var. FORMOSA, new This variety is the same as the preceding except that the band on the third abdominal segment is very much wider, covering a little over one-half of the segment at the base; it is narrowly but distinctly interrupted. Described from 11 specimens; 3 males, including the type, are from St. Clair, British West Indies (F. W. Urich), reared from larva of Automeris species; the allotype is from Ancon, Canal Zone (A. H. Jennings); 2 specimens in the Canadian National Collection from Mexico, bred from Saturnia orizaba by N.K. Bigelow; 1 specimen in the American Museum of Natural History from Chapada, Brazil (H. 3. Smith); 1 specimen from Higuito, Costa Rica (Pablo Schild) ; there is also a male in the Vienna Natural History Museum, which I have lately examined and I am including as a paratype. Itis labeled “ Brazil Coll. Winthem” and came to me under the identification esuriens Fabricius. Type—Male, Cat. No. 40477, U.S.N.M. Some of the specimens approach rather closely to bicincta, but can be separated very easily by having the pollen of the fourth abdominal segment extending to the extreme apex. Lh PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 BELVOSIA VITTATA, new species Male.—Front 0.36 of the head width at vertex, widening from about the level of the front ocellus. Frontal bristles in about three irregu- lar rows, the parafrontals with changeable dark pollen almost tessel- lated in effect; the outer and upper portion shining black. Face, cheeks, and posterior orbit white pollinose with satiny reflection; below the frontal bristles there are only one or two black hairs. Cheek with fine brown hairs. Antennae dark red, the third joint very long, seven or eight times the second, black all along the front margin and about the apex. Arista broken off. Vibrissae quite close to the mouth, the distance being as usual about equal to the second antennal joint. Facial ridges not very prominent, with sparse stout bristles extending slightly above the middle. Thorax black, the pollen distinct so as to leave four black stripes very plainly visible to the naked eye and reaching almost to the scu- — tellum, which is black with gray pollen. Sternopleurals 3; scutellum with scars of five stout lateral bristles, no differentiated apicals and three pairs of small discals. Abdomen black, with changeable gray pollen on the basal part of the second segment, which is not distinctly limited; the third segment is yellowish gray pollinose on about the basal half, narrowly inter- rupted in the middle and extending on the venter; the fourth segment is covered with dense rather light-yellow pollen to the apex, but with a narrow median black shining stripe. The first segment has no median marginals, the second a single pair, the third a marginal row, the fourth a sparse submarginal row of six or eight. Wings brownish, the calypters whitish-yellow, in the center a little infuscated. Legs black, front ones missing; hind tibia with cilia in a single dense, even row with one stronger bristle at three-fifths the length. Length, 11 mm. Described from one male, Sapucay, Paraguay, taken May 24, 1902, by an unknown collector. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40469, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA FRONTALIS, new species Male.—Front 0.36 to 0.38 of the head width at vertex, the sides diverging quite rapidly. Face white pollinose, a distinct shade of light yellow in the dense pollen of the parafacial, cheek, and posterior orbit; parafrontals with thin yellowish pollen through which the light ground color shows considerably. In the type there is a sharp line of division just above the lowest frontal, above which the pollen is more distinctly yellow; but in the paratype this line of division is barely perceptible. Antennae deep reddish-yellow, the third joint four times the second. Vibrissae rather close to the oral margin, , “art. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—-ALDRICH 25 facial ridges bristly almost to the arista. The hairs on the upper parafacial are black. Cheek with fine pale hairs which look a little darker in some angles. Palpi pure yellow. Thorax black, the pollen forming more distinct stripes than in many of the species. Scutellum reddish around the margin, but with gray pollen. Abdomen black except the last segment, but somewhat damaged in the type, so that it is impossible to describe the third segment very - satisfactorily; the fourth segment with pale yellow pollen to the apex covering its whole surface, which is also sprinkled with sparse but coarse black hairs. First segment without median marginal bristles; - second with a single pair; third with the usual marginal row; fourth with a rather sparse row of smaller size. Legs black, the front pulvilli minute; hind tibia with dense, short cilia in a single row, with one bristle at the lowest third. Wings _ light brown; calypters pale yellow. Length, 10 mm. Described from two males collected at Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith), received from the American Museum of Natural History. Paratype—Male, Cat. No. 40470, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA ELUSA, new species Male —Front at vertex 0.30 to 0.35 of the head width, not widen- ing for a short distance from the level of the ocelli. Parafrontals with gray pollen below, becoming darker over most of the area. Face, parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits white with satiny reflection; the hairs below the frontal bristles and on the cheek are black. _ Antennae brown, third joint more blackish, a little more than twice the length of the second. Vibrissae about half the length of the sec- ond antennal joint above the oral margin; facial ridges with strong bristles extending to the level of the arista. Palpi yellow. Thorax black, the scutellum and posterior part brownish. The cinereous pollen rather dense before the suture, showing four narrow black stripes. Abdomen subshining black, the second segment with more or less of a faint basal interrupted band of pale yellow pollen, a similar but much more distinct band on the third segment, which in most angles of view covers about one-half of the segment; fourth segment with pale yellow pollen to the extreme apex, the first and second segments each have one pair of marginal bristles, the third a rather dense row of about 14, the fourth a row of 8 or 10. Legs black, front pulvilli minute, shorter than last tarsal joint; hind tibia with a row of more or less coarse cilia. Female—Front at vertex 0.34 to 0.35 of the head width, the whit- ish pollen of the anterior part more extended, so that the dark sub- shining portion is restricted to part of the upper half. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Length, 10-11 mm. Described from two males and two females, including the type and allotype, collected at Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith), received from the American Museum of Natural History; and one male from San Bernardino, Paraguay (K. Fiebrig). Paratype.—Male and female, Cat. No. 40468, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA CANADENSIS Curran Belvosia canadensis CurRAN, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 22, 1927, p. 152. Male.—Front 0.42 and 0.43, in two, of the head width at vertex, : widening rather gradually; parafrontals cinereous pollinose, the pollen becomes thinner in the middle, but still somewhat evident; frontal — bristles in about three irregular rows. Face, parafacials, cheeks and | posterior orbits white, the parafacial and orbit silvery, the few hairs | below the frontals and those of cheek black. Antennae black except at junction of second and third joints, of moderate size, the third joint slightly more than twice the second. Arista flattened for most of its length, but sharply pointed. Vibrissae considerably above the oral margin, the distance about equal to the second antennal joint. Facial ridges with a single row of moderate bristles about to the middle of the third antennal joint. Palpi brown, extreme apex paler; beard white. ‘Thorax black, with thin gray pollen in front. Hind angles and scutellum dark brown; sternopleurals three, the fourth hairlike. Abdomen black, third and fourth segments golden pollinose, except a narrow hind margin, which in the third segment only occurs along the middle, the golden pollen extending to the extreme apex of the segment along the sides; in the fourth segment there is a distinct shining black margin all the way around. The first and second segments with a single pair of median marginals; third with a row of 12; fourth with about 8 considerably smaller. Legs black; front pulvilliminute; hind tibia with a row of bristles of increasing size on the basal three-fifths, six or seven in all, not very large. Wings blackish, front calypters the same color, hind calypters almost white. Female.—Front at vertex 0.42 of the head width, the same in three, widening rather rapidly; three proclinate orbitals, the frontals in three irregular rows but not very strong. Third antennal joint less than twice the second. Length, 9-11 mm. Redescribed from a male and female paratype, the former from Calgary, Alberta, September 2, 1902; the latter, Douglas County, Kans., May 19, 1923 (W. J. Brown); 1 male collected by Professor ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—-ALDRICH 27 Hine at Fort Ancient, Ohio, June 10-12, 1902; 1 female, Mandan, _N. Dak., June 16, 1918 (Aldrich) ; 1female, Madison Junction, Yellow- stone Park (Melander); and a series of 18 specimens from various counties in Kansas (Beamer, Williams, Brown), received from the University of Kansas collection. The type is in the Canadian National Collection. Paratypes—Male and female, Cat. No. 40371, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA LEUCOPYGA Van der Wulp Belvosia leucopyga VAN DER Wu tp, Notes frm the Leyden Museum, vol. 4, 1882, p. 84; Tijdsch. v. Ent., vol. 26, 1883, p.27; Biologia, Dipt., vol. 2, 1903, p. 470. Belvosiopsis brasiliensis TOwNSEND, Revisto Musou Paulista, vol. 15, 1926, pp. 248, . 89. Male—Front 0.31 of the head width at vertex, the sides nearly i parallel for a short distance, then diverging rapidly; face, parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits densely white pollinose with satiny reflec- tion. Parafrontals gray pollinose anteriorly, the pollen becoming thinner above so that the dark ground color is quite conspicuous; frontal bristles in two irregular rows, the hairs below them black; hairs of cheek almost all pale. Antennae black, basal joints brownish _ red, the third joint not quite three times thesecond. Aristamoderately flattened, the apex, however, slender. Vibrissae rather high above the - mouth, the distance being greater than the length of the second anten- nal joint; facial ridges with the bristles almost to the level of the arista. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, the posterior angles and scutellum brown pollinose. Sternopleurals four on one side, five on the other. Abdomen deep black, not very shining, the fourth segment densely yellow pollinose except the apical fourth. The pollen extends all the _way down the sides and is interrupted by a slender median line - above. Legs black, front and hind ones broken off. Wings dark brown, fourth vein with a rather short bend almost ‘ angular. Calypters blackish. Length, 11 mm. Female.—Front 0.35 of the head width at vertex, somewhat rubbed, the parafrontals a little inflated, with very thin pollen so that the black ground color is conspicuous. From the scars it would appear _ that most of the bristles are in a single row; there were three pro- clinate orbitals. The hind tibia has a row of bristles on the basal two-thirds, too much broken to describe further. Length, 10 mm. Redescribed from one male and one female, collected at Valera, Venezuela, by Dr. E. P. DeBellard. Van der Wulp described it from Brazil and in 1903 reported it from Yucatan. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 73 _ BELVOSIA SPLENDENS Curran Belvosia splendens Curran, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 22, 1827, p. 153. Male.—Front 0.40 to 0.42 of the head width at vertex, widening immediately so that the narrowest portion is very short; parafron- tals almost entirely shining black, only the lower portion gradually becoming gray pollinose; bristles in about three rows with coarse hairs outside of them. Face gray pollinose, the pollen of the para- facials more shining and thinner so that the dark ground color shows through perceptibly; cheek subshining black with only a little pollen, half the eye height, with black hairs, the lower ones rather coarse; posterior orbits rather plumbeous, shining black above, the hairs below the lowest frontals black. Antennae black, reddish at junction of second and third joints; second joint a little longer than usual, fully half the length of the third; arista thick basally, flattened toward apex, which is, however, acutely pointed. Vibrissae not very high above the oral margin, the distance only about half the length of the second antennal joint; facial ridges with partly double row of medium-sized bristles extending up almost to the arista. Palpi blackish basally; apices brownish-yellow; beard white. Thorax shining black, but little pollinose in front, the scutellum shining dark brown; sternopleurals five. Abdomen black, first and second segments subshining, third and fourth golden pollinose except the apical fourth or less, including the marginal row of bristles; first and second segments with a single pair of median marginals. Legs black; front pulvilli only a little enlarged, about as long as the last tarsal joint. Hind tibia with a row of irregular bristles on the outer side, about 14. Wings dark brown, both calypters the same. Female.—Front at vertex 0.40-0.45 of the head width. Parafron- tals shining as in male, but not so bristly; the usual three or four proclinate orbitals present. Length, 13 mm. Redescribed from one male and one female paratype, Aweme, Manitoba, bred from Lepidopterous larva by E. and A. Criddle. I have also seen a male and female from Glen Ellyn, IIl., in Profes- sor Melander’s collection, and a specimen from Kansas in that of the University of Kansas. Type.—In Canadian National Collection. Paratypes—Male and female, Cat. No. 40372, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA BOREALIS, new species Male.—Front 0.36 to 0.38 of the head width at vertex, widening rather gradually for some distance; frontal bristles in three irregular rows. Parafrontals white pollinose below, the pollen becoming art. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 29 considerably thinner above so as to show the) dark ground color to some extent. Face, parafacials, cheeks and posterior orbits densely silvery white pollinose. The hairs below the upper parafacials and those of thecheeks black. Antennae black, rather long, the third joint about two and a half times the second; vibrissae situated consider- ably above the oral margin. Facial ridges bristly almost to the arista. _ Palpi yellow to brown, beard white. Thorax black, dorsum quite shining with very thin pollen anteriorly; scutellum dark brown; sternopleurals usually six or seven. Scutellum with six or seven pairs of lateral bristles, no distinct apicals. Abdomen black and subshining on the first two segments, the remaining two deep golden pollinose except apical fourth. First seg- ment with four to six spiny marginals, second segment with the same number; third and fourth witha marginal row. Venter with clusters spines mostly on the tergites. Legs black, front pulvilli elongated, almost equal to last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia with rather long bristles and numerous coarse hairs. Wings blackish, both calypters of the same color. Female.—Front 0.39 to 0.40 of the head width at vertex. Length, 15-16.5 mm. The species is very robust, one of the females measuring 9 mm. across the abdomen. Described from 5 males and 15 females. The type is from Harris- burg, Pa. (Sanders), and two females, including allotype, are from the same place (Walton); one female, Rockville, Pa. (Champlain); one female, Inglewood, Pa. (Kirk); one, Linglestown, Pa. (Fisher, this with the two preceding in Mr. Walton’s donation to the Museum); one male, Charter Oak, Pa. (Knull); three females, Springfield, Mass. (Dimmock), identified about 1894 by Brauer and Bergenstamm as “TLatreillia bifasciata Fab.;’’ One, Colebrook, Conn. (Wheeler), received from C. W. Johnson; one, Reading, Pa.; one, Pimmit Run, Va. (Knab); one, Difficult Run, Va. (Shannon); two, Ira, Summit County, Ohio (Hine); one, Agricultural College, Miss. (Turman, received from C. H. Curran). From the American Museum were received two females from Black Mountains, N. C. (Beutenmiiller), and one from West Farms, New York City (Angus). Type—Male, Cat. No. 40481, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA BIFASCIATA Fabricius Musca bifasciata Fasricius, Systema Ent., 1775, p. 777; Ent. Syst., vol. 4, 1794, p. 325; Syst. Antl., 1805, p. 299. Ocyptera bifasciata LATREILLE, Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vol. 24, 1804, p. 195. Tachina,bifasciata WirDEMANN, Auss. Zweifl., vol. 2, 1830, p. 305. Latreillia bifasciata Rospinrau-Desvorpy, Myodaires, 1830, p. 104. Nemoraea bifasciata Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt., vol. 2, 1835, p. 104.— Bigot, in Sagra’s Cuba, vol. 7, 1857, p. 342. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Belvosia bifasciata Macquart, Dipt. Exot., vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 214 (sep. p. 57).—OstTEN SackEn, Cat. N. Amer. Dipt., 1878, p. 153.—Van DER WuLP Tijdsch. v. Ent., vol. 26, 1883, p. 23; Biologia, Dipt., vol. 2, 1888, p. 30, pl. 2, fig. 8, and 1903, p. 469.—Ritey, Fifth Mo. Rept., 1873, p. 140, fig.; Fourth Rept. U. 8. Ent. Comm., 1885, p. 110.—Répzmr, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1885, p. 345.—TownseEnD, Psyche, vol. 8, 1897, p. 128.—CoguILLETT, Revis. Tachin., 1897, pp. 10 and 84.—Jounson, List Ins. N. J., 1899.— Howarbp, Insect Book, 1902, pl. 22, fig. 15.—Jounson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 332; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 32, 1913, p. 72.—F. H. Snow, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 2, 1903, p. 217.—W1.tis- ron, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 13, 1886, p. 302; Insect Life, vol. 5, 1893, p. 238.—Harvey, Bull. Brit. Col. Ent. Soc., December, 1906, p. 2.—WatrTon, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol.14, 1912, p. 22—ReinHarp, Ent. News, vol. 30, 1919, p. 280.—Britrron, Checklist Dipt. Conn., 1920.— GREENE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 60, art. 10, p. 14, fig —Brimuzy, Ent. News, vol. 33, 1922, p. 20—Watcort, Checklist Ins. Porto Rico, 1923, p. 222.—_Jounson, List Dipt. New England, 1925, p. 193. Lalage bifasciata RoBinEAv-DeEsvoipy, Dipt. Env. Paris, vol. 1, 1863, p. 563. Willistonia bifasciata BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Zweifl. Kais. Mus., pt. 4, 1889, p. 97, fig.; pt. 6, 1893, p. 123. Latreillimyia bifasciata TowNsEND, Muscoid Flies, 1908, p. 103.—JoHnNson, Cat. Ins. New Jersey, 1910, p. 779. Male.—Front from 0.40 to 0.45 of the head width at vertex, wid- ening immediately, as the upper portion of the eye is very narrow, almost running to a point. Parafrontals almost silvery below, the pollen becoming thinner upward so as to show the black ground color over a considerable area. Frontal bristles in about three very irreg- ular rows. Face, parafacials, cheeks, and posterior orbits silvery pol- linose, the parafacials especially shining. Hairs below the lowest frontals black, cheek with black hair. Antennae black, reaching nearly to the vibrissae, the third joint about three times the second. Vibrissae considerably above the mouth, the distance nearly equal to the length of the second antennal joint. Facial ridges bristly to a little below the arista. Palpi varying from yellow to blackish; beard white. Thorax black, somewhat shining, with thin pollen anteriorly. Sternopleurals from four to six. Abdomen black on first two segments, but the second sometimes showing a trace of pollen at the base; third and fourth segments with broad dense bands of golden pollen covering all but the apical fourth or fifth, which is shining black. The first and second segments each have a single pair of median marginals, the third and fourth a mar- ginal row. Venter without unusual development of soft hair. Legs black, front pulvilli noticeably smaller than in most of the species, hardly as long as the last tarsal jomt. Hind tibia with sev- eral large bristles on the basal three-fifths of the outer side. Wings blackened; front calypters brown, the hind one of the same color, at least on the basal half, tending to become paler on the apical half, especially in southern and western specimens. art. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 31 Female.—Front at vertex from 0.37 to 0.47 of the head width, widening immediately asin the male. The pollen of the parafrontals is in some cases thin enough to show a considerable dark area, but in most of the specimens is not very dark. Third antennal joint only a little more than twice the second. Length, 11-14.5 mm. Redescribed from 99 specimens of both sexes as follows: 11 from the vicinity of the District of Columbia, including Chesapeake Bay, Md., and Oak Grove, Va. (Viereck, Shannon, Greene, Aldrich, Townsend, and McAtee), also 3 reared by the late Henry F. Schoen- born from Citheronia regalis Huebner and Anisota rubicunda Fabricius, and 1 reared by Pergande from the former host; 4 from Sandusky, Columbus, and Cincinnati, Ohio (Hine, Allen); 2, North Carolina, 1 being from Southern Pines (Manee); 5 from Florida, 2 collected by Charles Palm without other data, the other 3 from Miami (Townsend); 4 from Mississippi, 1 with illegible place (J. I. Hurst), 2, Agricultural College (Allen), and 1, McHenry (Allen); 2 from Arkansas, 1 being from Lake Village (KE. E. Holley), the other, _ Benton (D. G. Hall); 15 from Texas, 13 of these being from College _ Station (Reinhard), 1 Bryanand 1 Austin (Melander); 37 from Ari- zona, of which 36 are from Sabino Basin and Sombrero Butte (Town- send), 1 from Fort Grant (Hubbard); 1 from Socorro, N. Mex. (Williston) ; 1 from Lancaster, southern California, reared by Koebele from Hemileuca sp.? and 1 from San Pedro Madero, Chihuahua, _ Mexico (Townsend); 4 additional specimens are without localities. There are nine specimens, correctly determined, in the Vienna Museum material. Two are from Kentucky; three are labeled “Texas Boll”; two ‘Am. b. Georgia’”’; one ‘“N. America”; and one only labeled ‘‘Pép. 852,’’ which I take to mean the collector P6ppius. . The following seven specimens were sent by C. W. Johnson: One _ each from Hamilton, Mass. (J. B. Smith, reared from Telea polyphemus _ Linnaeus); Dedham, Mass. (Johnson); Philadelphia, Pa. (Johnson) ; - Suffolk, Va. (Johnson); St. Augustine, Fla. (Johnson); Bear Creek -~ Canyon, Colo.; and Blanco, Tex. From the American Museum the following six specimens were received: Two from Jacksonville and Biscayne Bay, Fla. (Slosson) ; one each from Brooklyn, N. Y. (Akhurst); Brownsville, N. Y. (Woodruff); Browns Mills, N. J.; and one from the Williston collec- tion without locality. From the University of Kansas were received 10 specimens, 5 of them from Bourbon, Morris, Marshall, Wilson, and Morton Counties (Beamer, Martin, Williams); 1, Magdalena Mountains, N. Mex. (Snow); 1, Cochise County, Ariz. (Snow); 1, Galveston, Tex. (Snow) ; and 1, District of Columbia. 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Originally described from the West Indies and redescribed by Wiedemann from the original specimens and some additional ones which he refers to as South American. I have been unable to dis- cover any trace of the original Fabrician material, or even of the specimens added to the species by Wiedemann. On this account the identification is to some extent a traditional one, the species being the common one of eastern North America which is identified in most collections under this name. It is reasonably certain that Robineau-Desvoidy had this species identified as bifasciata since he refers to the black calypters and mentions specimens from Virginia and Carolina, but he probably had more than one species, as he mentions other specimens from the Antilles. In Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863, a Fabrician specimen is redescribed, the statement being made that it bears a label in the handwriting of Fabricius. This seems to agree with the accepted interpretation. The literature of this abundant species is confused, since up to the present several species have not been separated. Osten Sacken and Coquillett followed Macquart in including bicincta as a synonym; Williston first indicated the distinctness of the latter, but in 1893 hesitated to recognize the forms he figured as distinct species. He suggested, however, that if these characters are specific, there must be “at least a dozen species’? in America. Walton in tabulating variations of chaetotaxy in bifasciata in 1912 included in his series of ten specimens three which I now place in townsend: and four of my borealis. In the distribution it is distinctly a species of the Temper- ate Zone, although not rare in southern Florida and represented by one specimen from Guatemala. The species has been reared from Lepidoptera, mostly the large kinds; published host records include Citheronia regalis Fabricius (Coquillett, 1897), Basilona imperialis Drury (Brimley, 1922), Ani- sota senatoria Smith and Abbott (Brimley, 1922), Ceratomia undulosa Walker (Brimley, 1922), Dryocampa rubicunda Fabricius (Riley, 1873), Hemileuca sp. (Coquillett, 1897). An unpublished host is Ceratomia amyntor Huebner, the parasite being reared by C. Zeimet at Black Mountain, N. C. BELVOSIA ARGENTIFRONS, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.34 to 0.37 of the head width, not widening for a short distance. Face, posterior orbit, and cheek silvery, this color extending in an unusual manner upon the parafrontals almost to the vertex; frontal bristles mostly in one row, but a few irregular, the hairs below them black; cheek two-fifths of the eye height with black hairs, some quite coarse. Vibrissae not so far above the mouth as in many of the species, the distance being hardly equal to the ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 33 length of the second antennal joint; antennae brownish black, the third joint three times the second; palpi yellow. Thorax black, the gray moderately dense with faint stripes. Scu- tellum with pollen of the same color as the thorax but more dense. Abdomen black, second segment with a very narrow interrupted basal pollinose band of pale yellow; third and fourth segments with dense yellow pollen, the apical fifth however shining black. Geni- talia small, shining black, the outer forceps concolorous, with rounded tips. Legs black; front pulvilli slightly shorter than the last two tursal joints; hind tibia on outer side without cilia, but with a scattered row of bristles of increasing size on the upper three-fifths. Wings light brown, both calypters white, with only a slight tinge of yellow. _ Female.—Front at vertex 0.37 to 0.40 of the head width, the para- frontal silvery below, but with a larger dark region above than in the male. _ Described from six specimens of both sexes. Three males and two females, including type and allotype, were reared by C. T. Greene at Falls Church, Va., from a lepidopterous pupa (Hopkins 14802 F); one specimen from Georgia which was figured in Howard’s Insect Book (1902, plate 22, fig. 15) as Belvosia bifasciata; the remaining specimen, a male, was sent for study by the American Museum of Natural History; it was bred at Brooklyn, N. Y., by J. Akhurst, host not given. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40478, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA TOWNSENDI, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.32-0.36 of the head width, continuing _ forward quite perceptibly before becoming wider; parafrontals very distinctly yellow pollinose, the ground color showing through very little except quite far back. The bristles are in three irregular rows, the smaller hairs below them and on the cheeks are very distinctly black. Face, parafacials, and cheeks as well as posterior orbits silvery pollinose. Antennae black, junction of second and third segments reddish, the third fully twice as long as the second, with almost par- allel sides. Vibrissae about as far above the epistoma as the length of the second antennal joint. Facial ridges with smallish erect bristles not quite to the level of the arista. Just outside the bristles there are also some distinct black hairs. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, gray pollinose in front, the scutellum, except the base, with yellowish pollen. Abdomen black, the second segment with a distinct but very nar- row and widely interrupted basal whitish pollinose crossband. Third 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 and fourth segments with golden pollen except on the apical fourth; the black hind margin becomes a little narrower underneath; first and second abdominal segments each with a single pair of median marginal bristles; third and fourth with a marginal row. Genitalia rather small, the outer forceps rather narrow at base and broad at tip. Legs black, front pulvilli elongated, equal to the last two tarsal joints. The hind tibia on outer side with about eight irregular sloping bristles and next to them on the hind edge some sloping hairs. Wings brown; calypters very pale brown, appearing nearly white at first glance. Length, 11 mm. Female.—Front 0.36-0.37 of the head width, the parafrontals with- out yellow pollen, but rather dark and semishining. Antennae tending toward reddish. Length, 12 mm. Described from 54 specimens of both sexes; the principal series, consisting of 24 males and 4 females (including type and allotype), was collected by C. H. T. Townsend between July 29 and August 1 at Oak Grove, Va., on flowers of carrot; 2 specimens, male and female, were reared from Citheronia regalis by Riley on July 17 and September 17, 1873, the first being mentioned by Coquillett under bifasciata on page 10 of his Revision of the Tachinidae; in the Aldrich collection are 4 specimens, 3 from Pennsylvania originally collected by C. W. Johnson, 1 of which is labeled ‘“‘from chrysalis of Eacles imperialis 6/9/1891’; the fourth specimen collected at Lafayette, Ind. Re- cently received from C. W. Johnson for identification are two speci- mens, one male from Clementon, N. J., August 29, 1919, the other a female from Bainbridge, Ga. (J.C. Bradley). From Walton’s collec- tion are two males and one female, one male from Hertford, N.C., the other two from Catawissa, Pa., reared from Hacles imperialis from the same larva. These are Nos. 1,2,and 4 of the analytical table published by Walton,? where they are included under bifasciata; two females from H. W. Allen, one collected at Mount Laurel, N.J., by L. B. Par- ker, the other collected at Palmyra, N.J., September 10, 1924, by R. J. and N. B. Sim; two females from Clemson College, S. C., Septem- ber 23, 1908 (F. Conradi), received from J. O. Pepper; three males from the American Museum of Natural History, one collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson at Lake Toxaway, N.C., one collected in New York, reared from Eacles imperialis by Hy. Edwards, the third from Newark, N.J., July, 1923; one from Wauseon, Ohio, sent by Prof. J. S. Hine; one male, Falls Church, Va., reared by C. T. Greene from large lepidopterous pupa (Hop. 14802 F); three males, Black Moun- tain, N. C., reared from Ceratomia amyntor on May 23, 1923, by Carlo Zeimet; one male, near Peaks of Otter above 3,000 feet, collected by 2Proec. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 15, 19138, p. 27. ART. 8 - REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 35 William Palmer; one male, Falls Church, Va. (Greene); and one male from Riley County, Kans., in the University of Kansas collection. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40466, U.'S.N.M. Named in honor of Dr. C. H. T. Townsend, a very keen and experienced collector of the muscoid flies. BELVOSIA BICINCTA Robineau-Desvoidy Belvosia bicincta RoptnEAU-DeEsvoipy, Myodaires, 1830, p. 103.— WILLISTON, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 13, 1886, p. 302.—TownseEnp, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 19, 1892, p. 89; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, 1897, p. 33.—F. H. Snow, Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 2, 1903, p. 217.— Jounson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 46, 1894, p. 278; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 41, 1919, p. 436. Senometopia bicincta Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt., vol. 2, 1835, p. 112. Belvosia bifasciata Fasricitus (part), Macquart, Dipt. Exot., pt. 2, No. 3, (Mem. Soc. Sci. et Arts Lille, 1843), p. 212 (sep. 55).—Ostren Sacxen, Cat. N. A. Dipt., 1878, p. 153.— Van per Wu Lp, Tijdsch. v. Ent., vol. 26, 1883, p. 23.—CoquIiL_teEt, Revis. Tachinidae, 1897, p. 84. Belvosia piurana TownsEND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, 1912, p. 349. Male—Front 0.27 to 0.32 of the head width at vertex, widening rapidly after a short distance; frontals in two irregular rows, one containing the largest bristles is rather distinct ; parafrontals densely covered with dark hair which inclines toward the median line above, while on the lower part it becomes somewhat more proclinate espe- cially near the orbits. The parafrontals are almost silvery pollinose at the lower end, but the pollen rapidly becomes thinner upward and in their middle and upper portion they are dark and subshining- Face, parafacials, cheeks and posterior orbits silvery white pollinose. The face is a little less glistening. The hairs immediately below the frontal bristles and those of the cheek are black. Antennae brownish black, smaller than in related species, reaching a little more than half of the distance to the oral margin; second joint somewhat elongated, from one-half to two-thirds the length of the third. The vibrissae are a little higher above the oral margin than in any of the related species, although some have nearly the same distance. Facial ridges bristly up to about the middle of the third antennal joint, somewhat less than half of the total height. Palpi unusually yellow; beard white. Thorax black, becoming brown behind, anterior portion with thin gray pollen. Scutellum shining brown. Abdomen black, frequently with a trace of red in the ground color of the sides; second segment with a narrow basal pollinose band of gray or pale yellow interrupted in the middle; third segment with a much broader band of the same color, which is very slightly or not at all interrupted; fourth segment with denser and usually deeper yellow pollen on the basal two-thirds or three-fourths, the apex, how- 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 ever, very distinctly subshining black. First segment with a small pair of median marginals; second with a normal pair; third with a marginal row; the fourth has the usual row of bristles mixed with long hairs. Genitalia brownish-black, both pairs of forceps moderately elon- gated, the inner bent up at tip, the outer ones slender with parallel sides, the tip bluntly rounded. Legs black, front pulvilli longer than the last two tarsal joints; hind tibia ciliated on the outer side with dense sloping bristles of uniform size, mostly in a single row. Wings brown, calypters varying from nearly white to brown. Female.—Front 0.33 to 0.35 of the head width at vertex, the para- facials with denser white pollen than in the male, so that the dark ground color shows through much less distinctly, the frontal bristles are mostly in a single row with the addition of three proclinate orbit- als; the hairs of the parafrontals are much shorter than in the male and are inclined in several directions. Spines of hind coxae long and stout as in spinicora. Ciliation of hind tibia coarser and less regular than in male. Length, 11.5-14 mm. Redescribed from 82 specimens of both sexes; 35 of these were col- lected in southern Brazil by H. H. Smith and received from the American Museum of Natural History; from the same museum there is one from Coparo, Trinidad. Eleven specimens were received from Prof. Jas. S. Hine, including five from Bartica, British Guiana, April 13-May 4, 1901; one from Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, March, 1905, and four from Holguin, Cuba, December 31, 1904, and March 7, 1905. These Cuban specimens agree in having black palpi and blackish calypters. Two specimens are from the Canadian National Collection—one, British Guiana; one, Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society, Kartabo, British Guiana. From the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Experiment Station were received two specimens from Blairmont, British Guiana, and one from Mera, Ecuador, all collected by F. X. Williams. In addition to the mate- rial cited, the National Museum has 18 specimens with the following data: Three from San Antonio, Tex. (Crawford); one, Brewster County, Tex. (Mitchell and Cushman); one from Rio Piedras, P. R.; one from Higuito, San Mateo, Costa Rica (Schild); one, Puerto Bar- rios, Guatemala (Deam); one, Culebra, Canal Zone; two, Jamaica, “reared from hawk moth pupa’; and three specimens collected in Bolivia by Dr. W. M. Mann while a member of the Mulford Bio- logical Exploration. One of the last lot is from Rurrenabaque, Beni; one from Cavinas, Beni; the third from Rio Ivon; one from Sapucay, Paraguay. Also 10 specimens from Sullana and Piura, Peru (Town- send), types of Belvosia piurana Townsend. Three specimens from ant. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 37 C. W. Johnson, Caura Valley and Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, and Bartica, British Guiana. In the Vienna Museum material are 11 specimens; 7 in one series are labeled ‘‘Saida Exp. 1887. Dr. Paulay. R. d. Janeiro, aus ein. gr. Raupe gez.”’* Of the four other specimens, one is “ Brasilien,”’ and ‘‘ Willistonia bei esuriens. Fiihler anders’’; another is also from Brazil and is labeled ‘‘esuriens coll. Winthem’’; and in faded brown ink, ‘‘T. esuriens H. Muscaes. F. Para. Brasilia.”’? The tenth is labeled “Ind. or.’ “‘ Willistonia det. B. B.”’; and on a folded paper I find “Ind. or. oder Amazonen fl.” The last bears ‘‘Wthm” and “ Willistonia det. B.B.” Although two of these bear the name esuriens, they do not agree with Wiedemann’s statement that the third antennal joint in that species is more than twice as long as the two preceding. The types of bicincta were said to be from Carolina and the Antilles. BELVOSIA POTENS Wiedemann Tachina potens WIEDEMANN, Auss. Zweifl., vol. 2, 1830, p. 299. Willistonia potens BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Zweifl. Kais. Mus., pt. 5, 1891, p. 403. Belvosia potens AupRIcH, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 72, art. 7, p. 33. Male.—Front at vertex 0.34 of the head width, the narrowest point being directly across the anterior ocellus; the entire front of the head and the posterior orbits are silvery pollinose, the frontal stripe, how- ever, brown. In this specimen the reddish ground color of the para- facials, facial ridges, and cheeks shows through to a noticeable extent and the suture is distinctly bordered with a darker tinge to its lowest end. Frontal bristles in a single row, the hairs below the lowest are black as are also the hairs of the cheek. Face considerably depressed in the middle, the vibrissae about the length of the second antennal joint above the oral margin; facial ridges with well-developed bristles up to a point above the middle of the third antennal joint. Antennae black, second joint more dark brown with a tinge of red at the junc- tion with the third, which is three times as long as the second and a little tapering. Palpi dark yellow, cheek almost half the eye height, beard white. Thorax brownish black with usual thin pollen, more distinct in front. Scutellum brown with four pairs of bristles, the median pair of the same appearance as the others. The disk has about a dozen depressed small bristles. Calypters brown. Sternopleurals 4 on one side, 5 on the other. Abdomen black, with faint reddish tinge at the sides; third segment with only a very narrow basal interrupted, white, pollinose crossband, aA note on this materia] occurs in Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweifl. Kais. Mus., pt. 7, 1894, p. 580. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 73 hardly more than a line; fourth segment with dense pale yellow pollen, the apical third black. Legs black, front pulvilli slightly longer thie last two tarsal joints; hind tibia on outer side with a row of small, suberect bristles mixed with a few hairs not so bushy in appearance as in many species. Wing brown throughout, narrow at apex, bend of fourth vein rec- tangular and rounded, its distance from the hind margin less than half of that to the large crossvein; third vein with two bristles. Genitalia smaller than in most of the species, the inner forceps black, closely pressed together near tip and bent forward almost with an angle; outer forceps hardly so long, dark yellow in color, flat and bluntly rounded at tip. Female.—The front is not silvery in the female, but covered with rather dense gray pollen through which the dark ground color is slightly visible. Length, 10 mm. Redescribed from Wiedemann’s type specimen which was received for examination from the Vienna Natural History Museum. One additional male has been examined from Brazil, sent by C. H. Curran; and there are two females in the National Museum collection from Ypiranga, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Fonseca). BELVOSIA NIGRIFRONS, new species Female.—Front rather broad, measuring at vertex 0.38 of the head width (the same in two specimens, the other not in condition to measure), widening rapidly so that the inner border of the eye when viewed from in front is perceptibly concave. Parafrontals shining blackish gray along the inner border next to the frontal stripe, with gray pollen; frontal bristles in a single row, with some rather stout reclinate bristly hairs just outside of them; three or four proclinate orbitals of varying size. Parafacials pure white, slightly glistening; cheeks and posterior orbits of the same color. The parafacials are a little wider than usual. Vibrissae about the usual distance above the mouth; facial ridges not very prominent, bristly almost to the level of the arista. Antennae black, reddish between the joints, the third joint about twice the second, reaching nearly to the vibrissae. Cheek with black hairs; there are also a few minute black hairs on the parafacial, just below the lowest frontals. Thorax black, rather densely gray pollinose along the front border, the scutellum with reddish ground color and brown pollen. Abdomen black, first two segments shining; third segment shining on about the apical half, the basal half bearing an interrupted gray fascia, which fades out posteriorly; fourth segment with dense very pale yellow pollen, except the narrow apex bearing the bristles, which is shining black; the pollinose portion is destitute of hairs. arr. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 39 Legs black, hind tibia with several large suberect bristles on the outer hind side of increasing size, the largest a little below the middle. The pulvilli are decidedly small. Wings and calypters uniformly blackened; four or five bristles on base of third vein. Length, 10.5 mm. Described from three females. The type and one other female were reared from pupae of Callosamia colleta, which were collected at Mirasol in the Republic of Salvador at 4,000 feet altitude, by F. Deininger. The adult emerged November 20, 1913. The third specimen was reared at La Laguna, Republic of Salvador, August 1913, by the same collector, from pupa of Attacas orizaba; received from C. W. Johnson. Type.—Female, Cat. No. 40472, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA LATA, new species Female.—Front at vertex 0.35 to 0.37 of the head width, increasing in width rapidly; frontal bristles mostly in a single row, with three proclinate orbitals; parafrontals with rather plumbeous pollen, nearly black in some angles; face, cheeks, and posterior orbits densely white pollinose, almost silvery. The hairs below the frontals are black; cheek one-half the eye height, with black rather sparse hairs. Anten- _ nae black, more or less reddish at the junction of the second and third joints, the third somewhat less than twice the second. Vibrissae considerably above the level of the mouth, not quite so much as in bicincta. Facial ridges rather flat, bristly about half way. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, anterior part densely cinereous pollinose, the hind edge and scutellum with brown pollen. Sternopleurals 3-4. Abdomen deep black, hardly at all shining, second segment without any basal pale pollen; third segment with a very narrow interrupted basal band of pale yellow; fourth segment with dense light yellow pollen covering all but the apical fourth, which is strikingly black. First abdominal segment with one pair of stout blunt median mar- ginals; second with two or three pairs, which like the marginal row on the third segment are uncommonly stout, erect, and blunt; the second segment also with one bristle of this kind on the margin at the side; the fourth segment with a submarginal row of about 12, almost as stout as on the third segment. Between these and the extreme tip there is another row of smaller bristles. Venter with stout spines mostly on the inflexed tergites. 4A male and 7 females of Belvosia nigrifrons, new species, were received later from P. V. Siggers, La Cieba, Honduras. He reared them from a single larva of a large moth of the genus Rothschildia. The male has a narrower basal pale band on the third segment, and the front is not so strikingly darkened, being silvery with a perceptible dark tinge. The front in the male is narrowest at the vertex, where it is 0.33 of the head width. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 Legs black, coxae with strong curved bristles or spines. Hind tibia with a row of erect bristles of increasing size ending just before the middle; rather numerous small hairs and bristles extending all the way to the tip. Wings brown, both calypters deeply infuscated. Length, 14-15 mm. Described from four females; two, including the type, were collected at Puerto Barrios, Guatemala, March 5, 1905, by Prof. Jas. S. Hine, from whom they were received; another was collected in Brazil by H. H. Smith and was received from the American Museum of Natural History; the fourth is in the collection of the Vienna Museum, labeled “Schott. Brasilien,” and ‘“ Willistonia det. B. B.’”’ This last has but three marginals on the second abdominal segment, but agrees in other characters, especially in the dense spines of the middle ventral region. Type.—Female, Cat. No. 40471, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA SMITHI, new species Male.—¥ront rather narrow, 0.30 to 0.32 of the head width, the narrow space continuing a little in advance of the ocelli, thence rap- idly widening. Frontal bristles in three irregular rows, the outer not very strong. Parafrontals with thin somewhat plumbeous pollen. Face, parafacial; and cheek with shining white pollen, the last with yellowish brown hairs which in certain lights look pale; a few dark hairs below the frontals on the parafacial, but these are not quite black in some lights. Facial ridges bristly more than halfway. Third antennal joint black, noticeably tapering toward the tip, twice as long as the second; the first and second joints yellowish brown. Vibrissae almost half the length of third joint above the oral margin; palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, brownish along the sides, with gray pollen, that of the scutellum more brown. Abdomen subshining black, the third segment with a narrow and sometimes faint interrupted pale pollinose band at extreme base; fourth segment pale yellow pollinose, except the apex including the bristles and a distinct median black line; the pale pollinose portion has a few erect hairs rather large on the sides and the black of the apex expands underneath to include the whole width of the segment; in other words, the pale pollen does not extend much below the middle of the side of the segment; first and second segments with a single pair of median marginal bristles. The venter has rather striking soft black hair which is dense on the second and third segments, but does not form distinct patches. Genitalia blackish, outer forceps somewhat paler, not distinctly swollen. Legs black, front claws and pulvilli much elongated, the latter as long as the last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia with dense ciliation in several rows. art. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 41 Wings uniformly brown, rather long and narrow. Bend of fourth vein rather close to hind margin, the distance being about half of that between the hind crossvein and the bend. Both calypters brown. Length, 14-15 mm. Female.—Front at vertex 0.36 of the head width; pollen of head as in male. Antennae slightly shorter, the third joint little enlarged at base, of more uniform width. Hairs of cheek and upper parafacial decidedly black. Ciliation of hind tibia rather coarser and more - bristly than in the male. Length, 12 mm. Described from two males and one female, collected at Chapada, Brazil, by H. H. Smith. Sent for identification by the American _ Museum of Natural History. The male paratype is retained by the National Museum. Named in honor of the late H. H. Smith, a wonderfully capable and energetic collector of insects. Paratype—Male, Cat. No. 40479, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA SPINICOXA, new species Male.—Front rather narrow at vertex, measuring 0.34 to 0.37 of the head width; the sides above subparallel for a short distance; para- frontals shining brownish-black, more pollinose adjacent to the frontal stripe. Frontal bristles in two or more irregular rows, a few black hairs below the lowest ones; parafacials pure glistening white; face and cheeks of the same color. Vibrissae a little higher above the mouth than in most of the species, almost as in bicincta. Antennae black, second joint brown, the third a little over twice the second, considerably swollen at the base near the arista, which tapers evenly to its apex. Facial ridges moderately prominent, bearing small bristles a little more than half way to the base of the antennae, Palpi yellow. Thorax black with the usual pale pollen anteriorly. The scutellum brown in ground color and with brownish pollen. Abdomen black in ground color; base of second segment with a very narrow pale fascia, broadly interrupted in the middle; second seg- ment densely yellowish white pollinose on the basal half or more, gradually fading out posteriorly; fourth segment densely pollinose with light yellow except rather broad apical black portion including the marginal] bristles, the light yellow part destitute of hairs. The first and second segments have one pair of marginal bristles, the third and fourth a marginal row. Legs black, front pulvilli nearly as long as last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia with several rather striking suberect stiff bristles on the outer hind side in addition to numerous smaller and more sloping bristles and hairs. 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 73 Wings dark brown, front calypters the same, the hind ones rather pale brown. Bend of fourth vein a little nearer the hind margin than usual, the distance being about two-thirds of that from the bend to the hind cross vein. Described from 15 specimens of both sexes. Three males, includ- ing the type, are from Sapucay, Paraguay; the allotype and another pair are from Cavinas, Beni, Bolivia (Mulford Biological Exploration, collector W. M. Mann); six specimens were received from the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, collected at Chapada, Brazil (H. H. Smith), and one from East Amazonas; one from Guantanamo, Cuba (Ramsden), was received from C. W. Johnson; and one female from Yucatan (G. F. Gaumer) was received from the University of Kansas. Length, 13.5 mm. Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40480, U.S.N.M. BELVOSIA ESURIENS Fabricius Musca esuriens Fasricius, Syst. Ant}., 1805, p. 301. Tachina esuriens WIEDEMANN, Auss. Zweifl., vol. 2, 1830, p. 309. Willistonia esuriens BRAUER and BERGENSTAMM, Zweifl. Kais. Mus., pt. 4, 1889, p. 97; pt. 5, 1891, pp. 349, 403; pt. 6, 1893, pp. 123, 204. Belvosia esuriens AupRIcH, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 72, 1927, p. 32. Male.—Front at vertex 0.31 of the head width; the eye rather broadly rounded above so that the narrow part continues forward from the ocelli, then rapidly widening; parafrontal with three very irregular rows of bristles inclined toward the center, the pollen gray, becoming very thin toward the vertex. Face and parafacials pure white, the latter somewhat silvery; hairs below the lowest frontals black, in certain lights two or three may have a pale reflection; cheek white pollinose and with white hairs among which three or four are black. Vibrissae almost the length of the second antennal joint above the oral margin; facial ridges with seven or eight strong bristles, the row almost reaching level of arista; third antennal joint three times the second, which is brown in color; palpi yellow. Thorax black with thin gray pollen anteriorly; the scutellum subshining with a brown tinge. Calypters decidedly brown. Sterno- pleurals, 4. Abdomen black, subshining; second segment with narrow basal band of light-yellow pollen; third segment with a distinctly inter- rupted band of almost white pollen covering a little more than the basal half and extending on the venter; fourth segment decidedly pollinose except the tip where the bristles arise, which is black; there is also a slender black median line scarcely interrupting the pale pollen. First and second segments with one pair of median marginals; third and fourth with a marginal row. Legs black, the front claws and pulvilli elongated, the latter slightly longer than the last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia with several rather ant.8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 43 large suberect bristles on the outer side on the upper half, the lower half with uniform row of smaller bristles. All these bristles stand along the outer side of some more depressed hairlike ones. Wings rather light brown in color, narrow toward the apex, bend of fourth vein rectangular but rounded, a little nearer the margin of the wing than usual; base of third vein with three or four hairs. Length, 11.5 mm. Redescribed from a male specimen received from the Vienna Nat- ural History Museum, which is apparently one of those which Wiede- - mann had before him when he redescribed esuriens. It is from Brazil, labeled ‘‘ Coll. Winthem.” and bears the small, square, red tag without writing which Brauer says indicates Wiedemann’s original specimen. Wiedemann erroneously calls this specimen a female. Four addi- tional specimens of this species, a male and three females, have been received from the American Museum of Natural History; they were collected at Chapada, Brazil, by H.H.Smith. The male has a longer third antennal joint and a narrower band on the third abdominal segment than the Vienna specimen, but the females are like the latter. BELVOSIA WILLIAMSI, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.28 to 0.30 of head width, widening very slowly for a short distance. Parafrontals almost black except for a short distance anteriorly, where they aregray. Frontals in two irregu- larrows. Face, parafacials, cheeks, and orbits silvery white, the hairs below lowest frontals are black. Cheek with fine hairs which show a slightly reddish reflection. Antennae brown at base, third joint black, twice as long as the second. Facial ridges bristly to a little below the arista. Palpi yellow; beard white. Thorax black, subshining, with a little gray pollen in front; scu- _ tellum more shining brown. Abdomen shining black on the first two segments, the second with a faint trace of a basal pollinose line; third segment with a basal interrupted pale yellow crossband covering approximately one-half of the segment in the most favorable viewpoint, the remainder of the segment shining black; fourth segment with dense yellow pollen on the basal three-fourths, narrowly interrupted on the middle line; first and second segments with a single pair of median marginals; third and fourth with a marginal row. Legs black, front pulvilli greatly enlarged, a little longer than the last two tarsal joints. Hind tibia rather evenly ciliated on the outer side with the usual larger bristle below the middle. Length, 10.5-12 mm. Described from three males. The type is from Campinas, Brazil, March, 1924 (F. X. Williams); one from Brazil without further dat4; the other, received from C. H. Curran, is from Kartabo, British Guiana, 1924. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 78 Type—Male, Cat. No. 40483, U.S.N.M. Named in honor of F. X. Williams, the collector. BELVOSIA CANALIS, new species Male.—Front at vertex 0.30 of the head width, not widening for a little distance. Parafrontals with distinctly yellowish pollen from the anterior part almost to the vertex, where the ground color begins to show dark. Frontals in two somewhat irregular rows. Face, parafacial, cheek, and orbit silvery pollinose. Hairs below the low- est frontals black, cheek with mostly pale hairs. Antennae black, third joint a little more than twice the second. Vibrissae rather high above the mouth, the distance being about equal to the second antennal joint. Facial ridges bristly almost to the arista; palpi yellow; beard white. Dorsum of thorax subshining, more pollinose anteriorly; scutellum with brown pollen. Abdomen deep black, not very shining on the first two segments; third segment with pale yellow basal pollinose band, covering almost half and interrupted on the middle line. Fourth segment with dense pale yellow pollen, covering all but the apical fifth and even here more or less distinctly visible in diagonal view. First and sec- ond segments of the abdomen with a single pair of median marginals, the hairs of the median region more upright than usual. Third and fourth segments with a marginal row of bristles. Venter with more soft hair than usual, but not so much as in smithi. Outer forceps black, strongly swollen in the basal and middle part, the tip thin. Legs black, front pulvilli enlarged, as long as the last two tarsal joints; hind tibia coarsely ciliated, with two larger bristles near middle. Wings and calypters brown. Female—Front 0.36 and 0.37 of head width at vertex. Para- frontals not with yellow color, rather plumbeous. Three pairs of proclinate orbital bristles. Length, 11-12 mm. Described from one male and two females; the male is from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone (Greene); the females from Campinas, Brazil, March, 1924 (F. X. Williams). Type.—Male, Cat. No. 40484, U.S.N.M. UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES BELVOSIA OBESULA Van der Wulp Cnephalia obesula VAN DER WuouL?P, Biologia, Dipt., vol. 2, 1890, p. 46, pl. 3, fig. 3. The original description is as follows: Blackish; head white; frontal band, palpi, and base of the antennae rufous; scutellum testaceous; front margins of the abdominal segments with yellowish- r ART. 8 REVISION OF THE FLY GENUS BELVOSIA—ALDRICH 45 cinereous reflections, the anal segment wholly of that color; the abdomen some- what transparent. Length, 10.5 mm. Face and sides of the front silvery-white; front much broader than the eyes; frontal band and vertex rufous; frontal bristles forming on both sides three rows, the inner row descending to the end of the second antennal joint; the bristles of the intermediate row shorter and weaker; oral margin not prominent; above the vibrissae are four bristles on the facial ridges; cheeks without black hairs; beard and pilosity of the occiput whitish; eyes bare, a row of short black bristles behind them. Antennae longer than in the preceding species; basal joints rufous; third joint black, with rufous base; second joint elongate, bristly; third joint twice as long as the second; arista indistinctly jointed, thickened to near the tip. Pro- boscis blackish; palpi rufous, thickened toward the end. Thorax blackish, before the transverse suture with whitish-grey tomentum and two black lines; pleurae greyish; scutellum testaceous. Abdomen short ovate, very convex; first segment black; second segment blackish, with grey reflections and a white front margin, laterally rufous, slightly transparent; third segment yellowish-grey, with brown _ reflections on the hind margin; anal segment short, pale ochraceous; macrochaetae as in the preceding species. Legs black; shorter and more robust than in C. onusta, but with similar bristles; foot-claws and pulvilli short. Tegulae white. Wings brownish-grey, intense yellow at the base; venation like that of C. onusta. Hab. Mexico, Teapa in Tabasco (H. H. Smith). A single female example. Although it is clear that this species belongs to Belvosia, I have not _ been able to identify it in the material seen. BELVOSIA ANALIS Macquart Belvosia analis Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl., vol. 1, 1846, p. 160, pl; 14, fig. 4.—Gratio-Tos, Ditt. dell Mess., vol. 3, 1894, p. 29. Originally described from Brazil, the typenow presumably destroyed, Giglio-Tos identified a specimen from Tuxpango, Mexico, and Coquil- lett identified Mexican material as belonging to this species; but the original description says that the abdomen is blue, which seems to exclude it from this genus entirely, as none of the known species of _ Belvosia have this peculiar color. I have described Coquillett’s species as ciliata. BELVOSIA AURULENTA Bigot Frontina aurulenta Biaot, Annales Soc. Ent. France, 1888, p. 84. Willistonia aurulenta BRAUER, Sitzungsber. Kais. Mus., vol. 106, 1897, p. 356. The type is a female from Brazil, and has been examined by Brauer, who referred it to Willistonia. I do not find either in his remarks or in the original desciption the necessary characters to connect the name with any of my species. 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By H. E. Ewrne, - Of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION _ During recent years many inquiries have been received in regard to the identity, habits, and the seriousness of the stings of our sc scorpions. Most of these have come from the Seiretern. States W yhere scorpions are abundant and where the activities of the people ‘bring many of them in frequent contact with these venomous arach- Mids. Scorpions in this section of the country are a great annoyance. Although serious cases of stinging have been few there, across the border in northern Mexico many reports of serious consequences following scorpion stings have been made. In the State of Durango even death has been attributed to thers.” ‘Bédatise of thése inquiries and reports it was decided to investigate especially the scorpions o the Southwest. This paper is the first to be prepared dealing With them. In it a taxonimic synopsis is given of all the species r reported from the United States west of the Mississippi River. In dealing with the more common species the distribution, as far as known up to the present, has been given. Although but little has been learned of the life histories, habits, and effects of the venom of most of our species, that which is known is summarized. More com- plete revisionary papers dealing with the taxonomy and literature of le species occurring in North America are planned. _ Notes are frequently added concerning species occurring in north- e2 rr Mexico. These are of particular value since the writer has had the opportunity of studying a large collection of scorpions taken in Di irango, Mexico and some other localities in that country by Dr. W. . J. Baerg, of the University of Arkansas. Also it is of much importance to know if the species which are being reported as being tal to man in Durango occur within our borders and if so to hat extent and under what conditions. No. 2730.—PROcEEDINGS U. S. NATIONAL Museum, VOL. 73, ART. 9. 78958—28——_1 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 73 | Before attempting the present synopsis the writer was sent by — the Bureau of Entomology to the States of Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona to investigate scorpion conditions and make collections. While there something was learned of the habits of scorpions and — of man’s encounters with them; also many live specimens were — captured. Various persons in the Southwest aided the writer in | securing information and in collecting specimens. Special mention should be made of the following: Mr. E. V. Walter, Bureau of Entomology, San Antonio, Tex.; Mr. H. B. Parks, apiculturist, State Apicultural Research Laboratory, near San Antonio, Tex.; | Mr. V. L. Wildermuth, Bureau of Entomology, Tempe, Ariz.; Mr. E. E. Russell, Bureau of Entomology, Yuma, Ariz., and several — members of the Bureau of Entomology staff at Dallas, Tex. CONCERNING SCORPIONS IN GENERAL Scorpions are large, more or less crablike, arachnids of very ancient origin. By leading authorities they are considered as the most an- cient and generalized of the true arachnids. They have the body divided into two definite regions, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. | The latter, however, has the posterior part greatly narrowed and formed into a so-called “tail.” This region, known as the post- abdomen, bears on its distal segment the sting, the only weapon | which the scorpion has to make itself dreaded by man. The legs of a scorpion are eight in number throughout life. They | are clawed at the end and are all similar. The palpi are greatly | enlarged, and the last two segments form a powerful pinching struc- | ture known as the chelae. The true jaws, which should be known as | the chelicerae, are much smaller structures than the chelae and are partly concealed from above by the front edge of the carapace, the | hard covering of the cephalothorax. ' The organs of special senses are poorly represented; however, the = nom a = eyes are conspicuous and of two kinds. There is a pair of me eyes situated on the sides of a turret or tubercle near the middle of the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax and several smaller eyes, or | ocelli, situated on the lateral margins. The more important i | tures used in taxonomy are given in the accompanying illustration. Scorpions are found in greatest abundance in tropical and sub-| tropical countries. Only a few species range far into the temperate | | zones and none extend across either of these zones. The taxonomic | work on the United States species has been done chiefly by Wood, Marx, and Banks. In the past 20 years no extended paper has. appeared dealing with our species. The subject of the control of scorpions and of the treatment of their stings will be dealt with in a subsequent paper. | ART. 9 SCORPIONS OF WESTERN UNITED STATES—EWING 3 - But four families of scorpions occur in the United States and northern Mexico. These may be separated as follows: KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF SCORPIONS OCCURRING IN WESTERN UNITED STATES AND NORTHERN MEXICO A*. Sternum subpentagonal, with sides almost parallel. B*. Membrane at base of last tarsal segment of most of the legs with a sin- aK gle spur; postabdomen frequently reduced_-___-_________ Scorpionidae. 4 B?. Membrane at base of last tarsal segment of most of the legs with two : spurs. C*. Only two ocelli on each lateral margin of carapace______ Chactidae. : (Only one genus, Broteas, in United States and Mexico.) \ C*. With 3 to 5 ocelli on each lateral margin of carapace____Vaejovidae. 7 Sternum triangular, the sides being strongly convergent anteriorly; mem- brane at the base of last tarsal segment of most of the legs with two i unbranched spurs; fixed arm of chelicerae without ventral tooth. ay Buthidae. Me Nesicle _ Supernumerary C / f / i teeth ; sting Genital operculum | I Anterior \ B lamellae Subaculear spine re /\ Sternom 71 Middle a Un 7 lamellae = — — —Tarsal claws ‘ck — — Protarsus = — — Pedal spurs 3 eo Tarsus Front margin of cardpace 'Pectinal teeth Fig. 1.—DETAIL DRAWINGS OF PARTS OF CENTRUROIDHS VITTATUS SAY TO ILLUSTRATB _ STRUCTURES OF TAXONOMIC IMPORTANCE: A, FINGDR OF CHELICHRA; B, LEFT HALF OF _ STERNAL REGION OF MALE; C, CAUDAL SEGMENT OF MALE; D, ANTERO-LATERAL SECTION OF CARAPACE; E, LAST TWO SEGMENTS OF LEG IV Family SCORPIONIDAE ss ‘In this family the sternum is subpentagonal in shape, the sides being almost parallel. The membrane at the base of the last tarsal segment of most of the legs bears a simple spur. The postabdomen is usually somewhat, or even decidedly, reduced. - The family is an represented in Central America and the tropical regions of the Old World but is poorly represented in the central part of South America and in the United States. Dr. de Mello Campos (1924) mentions only a single species as occurring in Brazil, and but } 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL. 73 } three species are known from the United States. Our two sub- families and two genera may be separated as follows: KEY TO THH SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE FAMILY SCORPIONIDAD OCCURRING IN THE UNITED STATES A’. No spine or tubercle under the sting on caudal vesicle. Subfamily Ischnurinae. Only a single genus represented in the United States. Opisthacanthus Peters. A?, A spine or tubercle under the sting near its base__Subfamily Diplocentrinae. Only a single genus represented in the United States. } , Diplocentrus Peters. | Genus OPISTHACANTHUS Peters In Opisthacanthws the pedipalps are very large, and the post- — abdomen is reduced and compressed. The carapace is deeply emar- inate in front and has a median groove for the entire length. There are three ocelli on each side. The tarsi have two ventral rows of small spines. The pectines are short, with only a few teeth. Formerly this genus included species occurring in tropical Africa and Madagascar as well as those found in tropical America. Now the African species are placed in a distinct genus. We have but a single representative, O. leptwrus Palisot de Beauvois, which has — been reported from Florida. Formerly this species was known as QO. elatus Gervais. The species occurs in Panama and the West Indies. Records of its occurrence in Mexico appear to be wanting. — Genus DIPLOCENTRUS Peters In Diplocentrus the anterior margin of the carapace is deeply — emarginate; there are three ocelli on each side; and the ocular | tubercle is in front of the middle of the cephalothorax. The fingers of the chelae are provided with a close-set longitudinal series of teeth and a lateral series on each side of scattered teeth some being en- larged. The fifth segment of the postabdomen has a ventral semi- circular area bounded by a row of granules. The sting is provided | with a basal tubercular tooth. | The genus is found throughout most of tropical America. Dr. de Mello Campos (1924) records a single species from Brazil. Three species occur in the United States, two in the Southwest and one in | Florida. The southwestern species may be separated as follows: KEY TO THE WESTDRN UNITED STATES SPECIES OF DIPLOCENTRUS Color very dark reddish brown, almost black; length from 5 to 7 cm.; pectinal — teeth 14000 20 eu ea oe nn eae D. whitei (Gervais). | Color reddish brown but not approaching black; length from 4 to 5.5 cm.; pec-_ tinal teeth 9-112 20___2 2 te th tt t---ab its D. keyserlingi Karsch. ART. 9 SCORPIONS OF WESTERN UNITED STATES—EWING 5 DIPLOCENTRUS WHITEI (Geravais) D. whiteé is a very dark reddish brown scorpion, from 5 to 7 cm. in length, with large stout chelae and short fingers. The sting is scarcely half as long as the vesicle that bears it and is strongly curved. The subaculear tooth is large and shaped like a tubercle. The caudal vesicle bears several long setae distally. Although the type specimen of this species came from Mexico, ac- cording to Pocock (1902) : “ No exact locality in Mexico has ever been assigned to specimens of this species.” Pocock further states that the “example in the British Museum is the type of the species, which is dried and too imperfect to be available for description.” In the United States National Museum there are only two specimens. They were taken on the Mohave Desert, Calif. The description and figures given by Pocock (1902) were from an adult male and female taken at San Diego, Tex. In the Baerg collection there is a single adult _ specimen taken at Tlahualilo, Mexico. The writer has been inclined to associate serious scorpion stinging with this species. The descriptions of scorpions given by a number | of people living near the Mexican boundary, involved in serious ' stinging cases, apply best to this species, although all descriptions given have been devoid of that exactness demanded in scientific taxonomy as being necessary for identification, Most individuals | interviewed insisted upon the scorpions with the “ deadly ” sting | being “black” ones, and that they were not the big light-colored | species and were not the smaller striped ones. Speculation, however, upon hearsay evidence is a hazardous procedure. What is needed is | experimental demonstration. Unfortunately this scorpion is seldom taken alive. I have seen none in a wild state. DIPLOCENTRUS KEYSERLINGI Karsch This scorpion is very similar to D. white? but is smaller and of a ii lighter color and has not more than 11 teeth in the pectinal comb, “while D. white: has 14. Also the carapace is more granulate than in _D. whites. _ Comparatively little is known concerning the distribution of this “species. Pocock gave but two records for it, both from Mexico. Banks (1910) reports it from California, stating that there are speci- | mens in the Marx collection labeled “ California.” The specimens referred to, which are said to be “nearly black” are probably those “marked “Diplocentrus venustus.” These large very dark speci- mens have from 10 to 12 teeth in the pectines, and may prove to be | either a new species or a variant of D. white?. Specimens in the National Museum from Paisano, Tex., determined as D. whitei should be considered as D. keyserlingi. In the Baerg collection there are 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 two large specimens from Durango, Mexico, and six smaller ones (including some that are evidently immature) from Atotonilco, Mexico. It would be of much importance to experiment with this species to see if it could be implicated in any way in the serious cases of scor- pion stinging reported from Durango, Mexico. Family CHACTIDAE The family Chactidae differs from our other American scorpion | families in having only two ocelli on each side of the carapace. The sternum has straight, but slightly converging sides and an outwardly angulate anterior margin. It is as long as, or longer than broad. The family has a wide distribution in the world but is wanting in the Ethiopian and Australian regions. Kraepelin (1905) lists - four genera and 29 species for the Neotropical Region, all of which are characteristic of this region. In the United States but a single genus and species is found. \ : Genus BROTEAS Koch In the genus Broteas the latest tarsal sezment bears two rows of short spines on the under surface. Segments I-IV of the postab- domen are keeled below and the stigmata are slitlike. Only one species occurs in the United States. BROTEAS ALLENI (Wood) ALLEN’S SCORPION This is a small dark-brown species. The hands are slightly keeled and swollen; the fingers are very short, being but little over one-half as long as the hand. The small, slender tail has the vesicular seg- ment depressed; the sting broadens out proximally into the vesicle. A National Museum specimen measures 3 cm. in length. This species occurs, as far as known, only in the extreme south- western part of North America. The type was taken at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. There are two specimens in the National Museum collection, both from Fort Tejon, Calif. These two records are the only ones known to the writer, hence it is assumed that the. species is rare. Its habits are unknown. Family VAEJOVIDAE Members of the family Vaejovidae have the sternum subpentag- onal, the sides being subparallel. There are two spurs on the mem- brane at the base of the last tarsal segment, and from three to five ArT. 9 SCORPIONS OF WESTERN UNITED STATES—EWING 7 ocelli on each side of the cephalothorax. This family is rather closely related to the family Chactidae, but differs from it in having more than two ocelli on each side of the cephalothorax. The family is best represented in North and Central America, but also occurs in the northern part of the Old World and in South America. Dr. de Mello Campos (1924) does not mention it in his synopsis of the Brazilian scorpions. The four genera found in the United States may be separated as follows: KRY TO THE GENERA OF VAEJOVIDAE OCCURRING IN THE UNITED STATES At. Middle area of pectines broken up into more than eight small pieces, the most of which are subcircular; first four segments of postabdomen with- out single ventral keel. B*. Movable finger of chelicera with a spinelike tooth on the lower surface. Large hairy scorpions_—~_-~_----+-+-----------+-_- Hadrurus Thorell. B?. Movable finger of chelicera without ventral tooth---~-- Vaejovis Koch. A®. Middle area of pectines more or less indistinctly broken up into seven or less pieces. ‘ B*. Divisions of middle area of pectines unequal and few in number; sting sometimes bulbous near base_£—--=_--=—_ Anuroctonus Pocock. B?. Most of the divisions of the middle area of pectines subequal and num- bering over five; sting normal__------~~-------_- Uroctonus Thorell, Genus HADRURUS Thorell In Hadrurus the middle area of the pectines is broken up into more than eight small pieces, those toward the distal end being very small and subcircular. The first four segments of the postabdomen, or cauda, are without the single median keel. The movable finger of the chelicera has a spinelike tooth on its lower surface. This genus includes only a few North American species. One species and a variety occurs in the southwestern part of the United States and another species in Mexico. These may be separated by means of the following key: KEY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN FORMS OF HADRURUS A’. Length over 70 mm.; body reddish brown; appendages and postabdomen very hairy ; number of teeth in pectines 34 to 40. B*. Frontal space of carapace finely granular; hand and brachium finely and closely granular; movable finger longer than carapace. H. hirsutus Wood. B?, Frontal space of carapace sparsely studded with large round granules; hand and brachium smooth except on crests; movable tinger shorter (hen, Geta Ae se erat ear eee Eee Be ee H. aztecus Pocock. A?. Length not over 60 mm.; body olive gray; appendages and postabdomen less hairy ; number of teeth in pectines 25 to 382. H. hirsutus var. arizonensis, new variety. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vou. 73 HADRURUS HIRSUTUS Wood GIANT HAIRY SCORPION This species (pl. 1, fig. 1) is our largest and most distinctive species. The region in front of the ocular tubercle is very white and in live specimens shows up in sharp relief the lateral ocelli giving the scorpion the appearance of having a face. The body as a whole ~ | is a dark yellowish or reddish brown. The appendages and the post- — | abdomen are very hairy, hence the name hirsutws. Some of the alcoholic specimens in the National Museum collection measure over 11 cm. in length. Many spec'mens are much smaller, and in desert | situations they are scarcely more than half this size. These, however, — should be regarded as a distinct variety. 7 This large arachnid is found in many places in southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. National Museum speci- — mens are from Nevada, Arizona, and California, in the United — States, and Sonora and Lower California, Mexico. Pocock (1902) — questionably reports the species from Guatemala and mentions “two — smaller examples for which no locality is known,” which probably — should be referred to the variety to be described farther on in this — paper. The writer obtained a live overwintering female specimen ~ of this species at Tucson, Ariz., March 27, 1927, and has kept her in © captivity up to the time of writing this paper, July, 1927. Between — April 27 and May 19 she ate three large roaches, two being adults of Periplaneta americana. Since that time she has refused to eat. The specimen at once excavated a pit in the earth at the bottom of the breeding cell and occupied it at all times afterward. 2 tS HADRURUS HIRSUTUS, var. ARIZONENSIS, new In the desert regions about Phoenix and Tempe, Ariz., there occurs a scorpion that should be regarded as only a variety of Airsutus. It is smaller, less hairy, and the color of the appendages and legs is a light yellowish, while the abdomen is almost black. Length, varying from 4 to 7 cm. Type locality—Papago Saguaro National Monument, Ariz. Type.—Cat. No. 971, U.S.N.M. Four specimens obtained, all by the writer; three, including the type, from under stones, Papago Saguaro National Monument, Ariz., March 31, 1927, and one (kept alive) from Tempe, Ariz., March 29, 1927. This live individual was taken from under a stone in a rocky place at Tempe, Ariz. It was a female specimen much distended, apparently with developing eggs. She was placed in a museum jar and carried about all the way to the Pacific coast and back to Wash- ington, D. C. On April 26 I arrived at Washington and placed her ART. 9 SCORPIONS OF WESTERN UNITED STATES—EWING 9 in a jar with a deep layer of soil at the bottom and a small piece of wood inclined against one side of the jar. The idea in placing the wood in the jar was to give the scorpion a place to conceal itself as it normally does in nature. One edge of the wood, however, was lifted enough to allow easy vision of the specimen when the jar was held to the light. During the very first day the scorpion started digging in the sandy soil. This was accomplished by sudden backward jerky movements of one or two legs on a side at a time. The first and second or the second and third legs of a side were most frequently used. After a considerable amount of excavation had been made she remained com- paratively quiet in the hole under the wood. Although offered several roaches as food, none were eaten. During the latter part of May she came out from under the piece of wood and did not return until she had dug a tunnel similar to those of gophers. Inside of this tunnel she rested contentedly. This specimen, as well as others kept in captivity, at first showed much activity during the night. When the lights were turned on the scorpion would be found: scrambling up the sides of the jar, lifting itself as high as possible by the cauda, then falling back again. HADRURUS AZTECUS Pocock MEXICAN HAIRY SCORPION Pocock (1902) described as new a species taken at Jalapa, Mexico. In general appearances it is almost exactly like the well known H. hirsutus of the Mexican border, but differs from the latter in a number of minor characters. In aztecus the frontal area of the carapace is studded with large round granules instead of being closely and finely granular; the terga are mostly smooth in front and mesially instead of being finely and coarsely granular as in hirsutus. There are several other differences. The distribution and habits of this species have not been studied. There are no specimens of it in the United States National Museum, and it is not represented in the Baerg Mexican collection. Genus VAEJOVIS Koch Vaejovis is similar to Hadrurus but is easily distinguished from the latter by the absence of the spinelike tooth on the ventral side of the movable finger of the chelicerae. | The species of Vaejovis are smaller than those of Hadrurus and, with but a single exception in the United States, are much less hairy. In this genus is to be found a majority of the North Amer- ican members of the family Vaejovidae. One of its species far out- ranges all other scorpions to the northward in America being found up to, or possibly over, the northern boundary of the United States. 78958—28——2 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL, 73 KBY TO THE UNITED STATES SPECIES OF VABJOVIS ? A’. Hands provided with ridges or keels and granular. B’. Caudal vesicle densely beset with long hairlike setae, some of which equal the sting in leneth. 0 Wot J es be V. hirsuticauda Banks. B*. Caudal vesicle practically bare. C*. Ventral keels distinct on all the segments of postabdomen; sting about as long as the vesicle from which it arises. D*. Second and third segments of postabdomen longer than broad. — E*. Middle dorsal keel hand well developed, as prominent as the others; sting curved throughout and a little longer than the vesicle that bears it______ V. punctipalpis Wood. EH’. Middle dorsal keel of hand obsolete; sting curved distally and shorter than vesicle____V. yosemitensis, new species. D*. Second and third segments of postabdomen broader than long. V. minimus Kraepelin. C’. Ventral keels on first two segments of postabdomen vestigial or wanting; sting not over two-thirds as long as the vesicle from which it arises. D*. Integument smooth or finely granular. <A light yellowish brown or sTéenish Sspeciesis othr bs rato «Saree V. boreus Girard. D’. Integument coarsely granular. A dark reddish brown species. V. mexicanus Koch. A*. Hands without keels and smooth. B*. Segments IV and V of postabdomen stouter than those in front of them; color greenish or yellowish, with broad, indistinct, yellowish, median stripe on dorsum of abdomen and 4 dark longitudinal lines on under SidevOL POStab Gomme nyse eee tee ee eee ee V. spinigerus Wood. B®. Segments IV and V of postabdomen scarcely as stout as those in front of them. C*. Hand slender, not swollen on inside, about twice as long as wide. Western’ Speciesi Vhs it UAE EVR IS OSes SPE V. flavus Marx C’?. Hand not slender, markedly swollen on inside, about one and a half times as long as wide. D*. Segments III and IV of postabdomen without ventral subme- dian keels. Eastern species______ V. carolinianus Beauvois. D*. Segments III and IV of postabdomen with ventral submedian keels. Western species______________ V. subcristatus Pocock. VAEJOVIS HIRSUTICAUDA Banks Banks (1910) has described a scorpion of this genus with a very hairy tail. It is reddish brown, very granular, with a slender and very strongly keeled postabdomen, the vesicle of which is brushy because of the large number of hairlike setae it bears. The length is about 31 mm. It was taken in San Bernardino County, Calif. VAEJOVIS PUNCTIPALPUS Wood V. punctipalpus is a long species, larger specimens being 6 cm. in length, with a well developed postabdomen. The hands are stout and keeled. It is of a uniform reddish brown color. 1The species described by Borelli as V. silvestrii is not included in this key, as its status is somewhat in doubt. Eee Arr. 9 SCORPIONS OF WESTERN UNITED STATES—EWING ll This species occurs in the southwestern part of the United States and the northwestern part of Mexico. In the National Museum collection there are specimens from Utah, Nevada, California, New Mexico, and Lower California. Essig (1926) reports it also from Arizona. VAEJOVIS YOSEMITENSIS, new species YOSEMITE SCORPION As far as known only a single species of scorpion occurs in the _ Yosemite Valley. This species (pl. 2, fig. 3) was taken during the spring of 1927 under the rocks at the base of the Yosemite Falls. Here, and only here, in a perpetual fog of spray from the falling waters of one of the world’s highest cataracts, could specimens be obtained. Just why such a situation was so well suited to the species is hard to understand. Usually scorpions prefer much hotter and drier places. The technical description follows: General color reddish brown, with the finger of the pedipalps and the abdomen proper darker than the rest. Hands stout and well keeled, the inner dorsal keel continues almost to the tip of the fixed finger, the outer dorsal keel ends with the hand, middle keel reduced, obsolete, but darkened with pigment. Fingers strongly upcurved and equal to the hand in length. Carapace with broad deep anterior marginal notch, deep median groove and granular surface. Ab- domen uniformly colored above. Pectinal comb reaching to the sides of the abdomen, with 14 teeth and 10 to 12 pieces in middle area. Postabdomen longer than abdomen proper, ventral keels strongly tubercular and on all segments except the caudal vesicle. Sting much less in length than the vesicle, almost straight at the base and very broad. It is black at the tip but of the same color as the vesicle at the base. Total length, 40 mm.; length of postabdomen, 23.5 mm.; greatest width of carapace, 7.4 mm. (measurements made from fresh alcoholics). Type locality — Yosemite Valley, Calif. Type.—Cat No. 972, U.S.N.M. Description based on three specimens taken during April, 1927, by Dr. Fred Ewing and the writer on the ground under rocks at the base of Yosemite Falls. One of these was a young specimen. It was taken on April 14th. The other two were adults and were taken on the 15th. VAEJOVIS MINIMUS Kraepelin > Kraepelin (1911) described a small species of Vaejovis from San Pedro, Calif. In this species the upper side of the body is reddish brown and the under side, as well as the legs, is yellowish. The post- abdomen is very short, each of the first three segments being broader 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM VOL. 73 than long. There are 10 teeth in the pectinal comb in the male and 9 in that of the female. Nothing is known of the habits or dis- tribution of the species. VAEJOVIS BOREUS (Girard) NORTHERN SCORPION This scorpion (pl. 1, fig. 2), the most northern in its distribution of any American species, is unmarked and dark yellowish brown. In length it varies from 3.5 to 5 cm., and is of slender proportions. The sting has a broad base which expands imperceptibly into the vesicle. Webster (1923) reported the species as occurring in North Dakota in the region known as the “ Bad Lands.” His specimens were identi- fied by the writer. Chamberlin (1924) identified a specimen of this species taken at Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. It is not known for sure, however, that V. boreus is actually established in Alberta. Scorpions are constantly found under artificial conditions far north of their natural range, where they have been transported by ship- ments of household goods, fruit, lumber, or other materials. Such specimens have been determined by the writer from Washington and Philadelphia. It is well known, however, that in a state of nature scorpions are not found in the environs of either of these two cities. In the National Museum there are specimens from the fol- lowing States: Arizona, Nebraska, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Mon- tana, South Dakota, and North Dakota. It is believed that this material indicates fairly well the natural distribution of the species. Nothing is known concerning its habits other than the situations in which they are found, which are those common to most scorpions. VAEJOVIS MEXICANUS Koch MEXICAN VAEJOVIS This scorpion is dark, reddish brown and is very granular. The postabdomen is large, the vesicle rather slender and the sting short. There are no ventral keels on the first two segments of the postabdo- men. Length about 4.5 to 5.5 cm. The species is probably the most widely distributed of any in Mexico occurring from Mexico City to the southwestern part of the United States. In the mountainous regions of Mexico it breaks up into two distinct subspecies, dugesi Pocock and smithi Pocock. In the National Museum collection there is but a single specimen which was taken at Eagle Pass, Tex. In the Baerg collection there is a specimen from Durango, Mexico, and two from Guatimape, Mexico. ART. 9 SCORPIONS OF WESTERN UNITED STATES—EWING 13 VAEJOVIS SPINIGERUS (Wood) STRIPED-TAILED SCORPION This species (pl. 2, fig. 4) is easily recognized from the others occur- ring in the region where it is found by its large size and the presence of four longitudinal dark stripes on the under side of the “tail,” or postabdomen. It varies in length from about 5 to 8 cm. and is rather stout-bodied and is exceeded in size in the Southwest only by Hadru- | rus hirsutus (Wood) (pl. 1, fig. 1), a hairy species of a different genus. Its home is the desert region of the Southwest where it has been reported from Texas to California. The type specimens were taken in Texas. This species must range far into northern Mexico, but it is not represented in the Baerg collection from the State of Durango. It is found particularly in rocky waste places where there is some moisture. However, during the spring of 1927 the writer took two adults under a large rock at a street corner in the center of the town of Tempe, Ariz. It is the most common scorpion in the Papago Saguaro National Monument, in the Salt River Valley, Ariz. At Yuma, Ariz., a persistent search for it by the writer failed in locating specimens. However, on May 4, 1927, E. E. Russell, of the Bureau of Entomology, took three specimens here along the reclamation levee and railroad track. A few years ago the writer determined a number of specimens of this species from southern New Mexico, for Dr. W. J. Baerg. Baerg (1924) allowed this species to sting him and reported the results as follows: “The sensation was very much like that of a pin prick, and the resulting pain, which was very slight, lasted scarcely half an hour. _ There was no white area around the punctures and not the slightest swelling or inflammation.” VAEJOVIS FLAVUS Marx This yellowish species is probably our most slender representative of the genus. The pedipalps are particularly weak and slender and the hands smooth and without keels. The fourth and fifth segments of the postabdomen are scarcely as stout as those in front of them. The species occurs in the arid Southwest, but is rarely encountered. Two specimens are in the National Museum, one from Albuquerque, N. Mex., and one from “ Fort Yuma,” Ariz. Records from Mexico appear to be wanting. The species doubtless occurs in that country near the United States border. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM you. 73 VAEJOVIS CAROLINIANUS Beauvois | SOUTHERN UNSTRIPED SCORPION Besides the common striped scorpion, Centruroides vittatus (Say) (pl. 2, fig. 5), there is another scorpion species somewhat smaller that is found in many of the Southern States. This species, V. caro- Uinianus, is unmarked, of a dark reddish brown, with a large post- — abdomen and rather slender pedipalps. A museum specimen meas- _ ures slightly over 4 em. in length. The species ranges from South Carolina to Texas. In the Na- tional Museum collection there are specimens from Alabama, Georgia, and Kentucky. Little is known about the habits of this species. VAEJOVIS SUBCRISTATUS Pocock This Mexican scorpion is of medium size (length 5.15 cm. male,